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Vesković M, Pejović M, Šutulović N, Hrnčić D, Rašić-Marković A, Stanojlović O, Mladenović D. Exploring Fibrosis Pathophysiology in Lean and Obese Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: An In-Depth Comparison. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7405. [PMID: 39000518 PMCID: PMC11242866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
While obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is linked with metabolic dysfunctions such as insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation, lean NAFLD more often progresses to liver fibrosis even in the absence of metabolic syndrome. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of liver fibrosis in lean NAFLD. The most commonly used lean NAFLD models include a methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet, a high-fat diet with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and a high-fructose and high-cholesterol diet. The major pro-fibrogenic mechanisms in lean NAFLD models include increased activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, elevated expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen type I, and TGF-β, and modulation of fibrogenic markers such as tenascin-X and metalloproteinase inhibitors. Additionally, activation of macrophage signaling pathways promoting hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation further contributes to fibrosis development. Animal models cannot cover all clinical features that are evident in patients with lean or obese NAFLD, implicating the need for novel models, as well as for deeper comparisons of clinical and experimental studies. Having in mind the prevalence of fibrosis in lean NAFLD patients, by addressing specific pathways, clinical studies can reveal new targeted therapies along with novel biomarkers for early detection and enhancement of clinical management for lean NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Vesković
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 9, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milka Pejović
- Primary Health Center “Vračar”, Velimira Bate Živojinovića 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Šutulović
- Institute of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Hrnčić
- Institute of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Rašić-Marković
- Institute of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Institute of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Mladenović
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 9, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Liu J, Li L, Xu D, Li Y, Chen T, Liu Y, Bao Y, Wang Y, Yang L, Li P, Xu L. Rab18 maintains homeostasis of subcutaneous adipose tissue to prevent obesity-induced metabolic disorders. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:1170-1182. [PMID: 38523235 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Metabolically healthy obesity refers to obese individuals who do not develop metabolic disorders. These people store fat in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) rather than in visceral adipose tissue (VAT). However, the molecules participating in this specific scenario remain elusive. Rab18, a lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein, mediates the contact between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and LDs to facilitate LD growth and maturation. In the present study, we show that the protein level of Rab18 is specifically upregulated in the SAT of obese people and mice. Rab18 adipocyte-specific knockout (Rab18 AKO) mice had a decreased volume ratio of SAT to VAT compared with wildtype mice. When subjected to high-fat diet (HFD), Rab18 AKO mice had increased ER stress and inflammation, reduced adiponectin, and decreased triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in SAT. In contrast, TAG accumulation in VAT, brown adipose tissue (BAT) or liver of Rab18 AKO mice had a moderate increase without ER stress stimulation. Rab18 AKO mice developed insulin resistance and systematic inflammation. Rab18 AKO mice maintained body temperature in response to acute and chronic cold induction with a thermogenic SAT, similar to the counterpart mice. Furthermore, Rab18-deficient 3T3-L1 adipocytes were more prone to palmitate-induced ER stress, indicating the involvement of Rab18 in alleviating lipid toxicity. Rab18 AKO mice provide a good animal model to investigate metabolic disorders such as impaired SAT. In conclusion, our studies reveal that Rab18 is a key and specific regulator that maintains the proper functions of SAT by alleviating lipid-induced ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200232, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liangkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Dijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yeyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Longyan Yang
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200232, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200232, China.
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Lan X, Huang H, Liu J, Zhao J, Li G, Zuo M, Xing X, Ren X. Compromised very-low density lipoprotein induced polyunsaturated triglyceride accumulation in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatic steatosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114519. [PMID: 38369053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), a carcinogen in some foods and medications, is linked to liver damage similar to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study explores how NDEA disrupts liver lipid metabolism. Sprague-Dawley rats were given two doses of NDEA (100 mg/kg) orally, 24 h apart. Liver response was assessed through tissue staining, blood tests, and biochemical markers, including fatty acids, lipid peroxidation, and serum very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. Additionally, lipidomic analysis of liver tissues and serum was performed. The results indicated significant hepatic steatosis (fat accumulation in the liver) following NDEA exposure. Blood analysis showed signs of inflammation and liver damage. Biochemical tests revealed decreased liver protein synthesis and specific enzyme alterations, suggesting liver cell injury but maintaining mitochondrial function. Increased fatty acid levels without a rise in lipid peroxidation were observed, indicating fat accumulation. Lipidomic analysis showed increased polyunsaturated triglycerides in the liver and decreased serum VLDL, implicating impaired VLDL transport in liver dysfunction. In conclusion, NDEA exposure disrupts liver lipid metabolism, primarily through the accumulation of polyunsaturated triglycerides and impaired fat transport. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of NDEA-induced liver injury and its progression to hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerao Lan
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guowei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mingyang Zuo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiumei Xing
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Wang M, Sun Z, Ou Y, Ge W, Yuan M, Xu B. Electroacupuncture Mediates Fat Metabolism and Autophagy via a Sirt3-Dependent Mechanism in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300370. [PMID: 37840428 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the therapeutic potential of electroacupuncture (EA) on obesity, focusing on its influence on autophagy and energy metabolism, utilizing a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model. Treatment with EA significantly reduces body weight, fat deposition, and lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice. Additionally, EA effectively ameliorates metabolic imbalances, reducing blood glucose levels and plasma markers of liver function. At the molecular level, EA enhances the expression of thermogenesis-associated genes in brown adipose tissue and decreases p53 expression, suggesting a decrease in apoptosis. Autophagy in white adipose tissue is inhibited by EA, as demonstrated by the suppression of key autophagy-related proteins. Further experiments highlight the critical role of Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) in EA's anti-obesity effects. Sirt3 supplementation combined with EA results in reduced body weight, fat deposition, and lipid accumulation, along with modulations in key metabolic indicators. Moreover, EA's modulatory effect on uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (Pgc-1α), and p53 is found to be Sirt3 dependent. In conclusion, EA exerts beneficial effects against obesity through Sirt3-dependent modulation of autophagy and energy metabolism, indicating a potential therapeutic approach for obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
| | - Yanggang Ou
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
| | - Mengqian Yuan
- Department of Acupuncture Rehabilitation, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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Habibullah M, Jemmieh K, Ouda A, Haider MZ, Malki MI, Elzouki AN. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a selective review of pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1291501. [PMID: 38323033 PMCID: PMC10845138 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1291501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a novel terminology introduced in 2020 to provide a more accurate description of fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction. It replaces the outdated term nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and aims to improve diagnostic criteria and tailored treatment strategies for the disease. NAFLD, the most prevalent liver disease in western industrialized nations, has been steadily increasing in prevalence and is associated with serious complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is also linked to insulin resistance syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. However, current studies on NAFLD have limitations in meeting necessary histological endpoints. Objective This literature review aims to consolidate recent knowledge and discoveries concerning MAFLD, integrating the diverse aspects of the disease. Specifically, it focuses on analyzing the diagnostic criteria for MAFLD, differentiating it from NAFLD and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), and exploring the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and management approaches associated with MAFLD. The review also explores the associations between MAFLD and other conditions. It discusses the heightened mortality risk associated with MAFLD and its link to chronic kidney disease (CKD), showing that MAFLD exhibits enhanced diagnostic accuracy for identifying patients with CKD compared to NAFLD. The association between MAFLD and incident/prevalent CKD is supported by cohort studies and meta-analyses. Conclusion This literature review highlights the importance of MAFLD as a distinct terminology for fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction. The review provides insights into the diagnostic criteria, associations with CKD, and management approaches for MAFLD. Further research is needed to develop more accurate diagnostic tools for advanced fibrosis in MAFLD and to explore the underlying mechanisms linking MAFLD with other conditions. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and healthcare professionals seeking a comprehensive understanding of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaleed Jemmieh
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amr Ouda
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Abdel-Naser Elzouki
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Internal Medicine Department, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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6
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Shreya S, Grosset CF, Jain BP. Unfolded Protein Response Signaling in Liver Disorders: A 2023 Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14066. [PMID: 37762367 PMCID: PMC10531763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site for synthesis and folding of secreted and transmembrane proteins. Disturbance in the functioning of ER leads to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins, which finally activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. The three branches of UPR-IRE1 (Inositol requiring enzyme 1), PERK (Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR)-like ER kinase), and ATF6 (Activating transcription factor 6)-modulate the gene expression pattern through increased expression of chaperones and restore ER homeostasis by enhancing ER protein folding capacity. The liver is a central organ which performs a variety of functions which help in maintaining the overall well-being of our body. The liver plays many roles in cellular physiology, blood homeostasis, and detoxification, and is the main site at which protein synthesis occurs. Disturbance in ER homeostasis is triggered by calcium level imbalance, change in redox status, viral infection, and so on. ER dysfunction and subsequent UPR signaling participate in various hepatic disorders like metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease, liver cancer, viral hepatitis, and cholestasis. The exact role of ER stress and UPR signaling in various liver diseases is not fully understood and needs further investigation. Targeting UPR signaling with drugs is the subject of intensive research for therapeutic use in liver diseases. The present review summarizes the role of UPR signaling in liver disorders and describes why UPR regulators are promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Shreya
- Gene Expression and Signaling Lab, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India;
| | - Christophe F. Grosset
- MIRCADE Team, U1312, Bordeaux Institute in Oncology, BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Buddhi Prakash Jain
- Gene Expression and Signaling Lab, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India;
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Pérez-Luz S, Lalchandani J, Matamala N, Barrero MJ, Gil-Martín S, Saz SRD, Varona S, Monzón S, Cuesta I, Justo I, Marcacuzco A, Hierro L, Garfia C, Gomez-Mariano G, Janciauskiene S, Martínez-Delgado B. Quantitative Lipid Profiling Reveals Major Differences between Liver Organoids with Normal Pi*M and Deficient Pi*Z Variants of Alpha-1-antitrypsin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12472. [PMID: 37569847 PMCID: PMC10419530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Different mutations in the SERPINA1 gene result in alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency and in an increased risk for the development of liver diseases. More than 90% of severe deficiency patients are homozygous for Z (Glu342Lys) mutation. This mutation causes Z-AAT polymerization and intrahepatic accumulation which can result in hepatic alterations leading to steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocarcinoma. We aimed to investigate lipid status in hepatocytes carrying Z and normal M alleles of the SERPINA1 gene. Hepatic organoids were developed to investigate lipid alterations. Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells overexpressing Z-AAT, as well as in patient-derived hepatic organoids from Pi*MZ and Pi*ZZ individuals, was evaluated by Oil-Red staining in comparison to HepG2 cells expressing M-AAT and liver organoids from Pi*MM controls. Furthermore, mass spectrometry-based lipidomics analysis and transcriptomic profiling were assessed in Pi*MZ and Pi*ZZ organoids. HepG2 cells expressing Z-AAT and liver organoids from Pi*MZ and Pi*ZZ patients showed intracellular accumulation of AAT and high numbers of lipid droplets. These latter paralleled with augmented intrahepatic lipids, and in particular altered proportion of triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and cardiolipins. According to transcriptomic analysis, Pi*ZZ organoids possess many alterations in genes and cellular processes of lipid metabolism with a specific impact on the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and peroxisome dysfunction. Our data reveal a relationship between intrahepatic accumulation of Z-AAT and alterations in lipid homeostasis, which implies that liver organoids provide an excellent model to study liver diseases related to the mutation of the SERPINA1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pérez-Luz
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (J.L.); (N.M.); (S.G.-M.); (S.R.-D.S.); (G.G.-M.)
| | - Jaanam Lalchandani
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (J.L.); (N.M.); (S.G.-M.); (S.R.-D.S.); (G.G.-M.)
| | - Nerea Matamala
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (J.L.); (N.M.); (S.G.-M.); (S.R.-D.S.); (G.G.-M.)
| | - Maria Jose Barrero
- Models and Mechanisms Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sara Gil-Martín
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (J.L.); (N.M.); (S.G.-M.); (S.R.-D.S.); (G.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER U758, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Ramos-Del Saz
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (J.L.); (N.M.); (S.G.-M.); (S.R.-D.S.); (G.G.-M.)
| | - Sarai Varona
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (S.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Sara Monzón
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (S.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.V.); (S.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Iago Justo
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (I.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Alberto Marcacuzco
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (I.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Loreto Hierro
- Paediatric Hepatology Service, Research Institute of University Hospital La Paz, (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina Garfia
- Digestive Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gema Gomez-Mariano
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (J.L.); (N.M.); (S.G.-M.); (S.R.-D.S.); (G.G.-M.)
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics and Genetic Diagnostic Units, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-L.); (J.L.); (N.M.); (S.G.-M.); (S.R.-D.S.); (G.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER U758, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Reyes-Soffer G, Liu J, Thomas T, Matveyenko A, Seid H, Ramakrishnan R, Holleran S, Zaghloul N, Sztalryd-Woodle C, Pollin T, Ginsberg HN. TM6SF2 Determines Both the Degree of Lipidation and the Number of VLDL Particles Secreted by the Liver. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.23.23291823. [PMID: 37425717 PMCID: PMC10327233 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.23.23291823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, exome-wide studies identified a glutamine176lysine (p.E167K) substitution in a protein of unknown function named transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2). The p.E167K variant was associated with increased hepatic fat content and reduced levels of plasma TG and LDL cholesterol. Over the next several years, additional studies defined the role of TM6SF2, which resides in the ER and the ER-Golgi interface, in the lipidation of nascent VLDL to generate mature, more TG-rich VLDL. Consistent results from cells and rodents indicated that the secretion of TG was reduced in the p.E167K variant or when hepatic TM6SF2 was deleted. However, data for secretion of APOB was inconsistent, either reduced or increased secretion was observed. A recent study of people homozygous for the variant demonstrated reduced in vivo secretion of large, TG-rich VLDL1 into plasma; both TG and APOB secretion were reduced. Here we present new results demonstrating increased secretion of VLDL APOB with no change in TG secretion in p.E167K homozygous individuals from the Lancaster Amish community compared to their wild-type siblings. Our in vivo kinetic tracer results are supported by in vitro experiments in HepG2 and McA cells with knock-down or Crispr-deletions of TM6SF2, respectively. We offer a model to potentially explain all of the prior data and our new results.
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Jin R, Juventus Aweya J, Lin R, Weng W, Shang J, Wang D, Fan Y, Yang S. The bioactive peptide VLATSGPG regulates the abnormal lipid accumulation and inflammation induced by free fatty acids in HepG2 cells via the PERK signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
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10
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Sarmiento-Ortega VE, Moroni-González D, Diaz A, García-González MÁ, Brambila E, Treviño S. Hepatic Insulin Resistance Model in the Male Wistar Rat Using Exogenous Insulin Glargine Administration. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040572. [PMID: 37110230 PMCID: PMC10144445 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are a worldwide health problem. Insulin resistance (IR) is their distinctive hallmark. For their study, animal models that provide reliable information are necessary, permitting the analysis of the cluster of abnormalities that conform to it, its progression, and time-dependent molecular modifications. We aimed to develop an IR model by exogenous insulin administration. The effective dose of insulin glargine to generate hyperinsulinemia but without hypoglycemia was established. Then, two groups (control and insulin) of male Wistar rats of 100 g weight were formed. The selected dose (4 U/kg) was administered for 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Zoometry, a glucose tolerance test, insulin response, IR, and the serum lipid profile were assessed. We evaluated insulin signaling, glycogenesis and lipogenesis, redox balance, and inflammation in the liver. Results showed an impairment of glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and peripheral and time-dependent selective IR. At the hepatic level, insulin signaling was impaired, resulting in reduced hepatic glycogen levels and triglyceride accumulation, an increase in the ROS level with MAPK-ERK1/2 response, and mild pro-oxidative microenvironmental sustained by MT, GSH, and GR activity. Hepatic IR coincides with additions in MAPK-p38, NF-κB, and zoometric changes. In conclusion, daily insulin glargine administration generated a progressive IR model. At the hepatic level, the IR was combined with oxidative conditions but without inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Enrique Sarmiento-Ortega
- Laboratory of Chemical-Clinical Investigations, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 14 Sur. FCQ1, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla City 72560, Mexico
| | - Diana Moroni-González
- Laboratory of Chemical-Clinical Investigations, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 14 Sur. FCQ1, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla City 72560, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Diaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 22 South, FCQ9, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla City 72560, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel García-González
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 22 South, FCQ10, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla City 72560, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Brambila
- Laboratory of Chemical-Clinical Investigations, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 14 Sur. FCQ1, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla City 72560, Mexico
| | - Samuel Treviño
- Laboratory of Chemical-Clinical Investigations, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 14 Sur. FCQ1, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla City 72560, Mexico
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11
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Xu L, Li H, Zhang O, Zhang F, Song M, Ma M, Zhao Y, Ding R, Li D, Dong Z, Jin S, Han W, Ding C. Melatonin alleviates diet-induced steatohepatitis by targeting multiple cell types in the liver to suppress inflammation and fibrosis. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:JME-22-0075. [PMID: 36356262 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is complex and implicates multiple cell interactions. However, therapies for NASH that target multiple cell interactions are still lacking. Melatonin (MEL) alleviates NASH with mechanisms not yet fully understood. Thus, we herein investigate the effects of MEL on key cell types involved in NASH, including hepatocytes, macrophages, and stellate cells. In a mouse NASH model with feeding of a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet, MEL administration suppressed lipid accumulation and peroxidation, improved insulin sensitivity, and attenuated inflammation and fibrogenesis in the liver. Specifically, MEL reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression and inflammatory signal activation and attenuated CD11C+CD206- M1-like macrophage polarization in the liver of NASH mice. The reduction of proinflammatory response by MEL was also observed in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. Additionally, MEL increased liver fatty acid β-oxidation, leading to reduced lipid accumulation, and restored the oleate-loaded primary hepatocytes. Finally, MEL attenuated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and fibrogenesis in the liver of MCD-fed mice and in LX-2 human HSCs. In conclusion, MEL acts on multiple cell types in the liver to mitigate NASH-associated phenotypes, supporting MEL or its analog as potential treatment for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ouyang Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengming Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menghui Song
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengchen Ma
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youjuan Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongxiu Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhixiong Dong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengnan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiping Han
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Chunming Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Shi H, Prough RA, McClain CJ, Song M. Different Types of Dietary Fat and Fructose Interactions Result in Distinct Metabolic Phenotypes in Male Mice. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 111:109189. [PMID: 36272691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fat and fructose are the two major components over-represented in the Western diet. The aim of this study was to determine the combined effects of different types of dietary fat and fructose on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a murine model. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed with high-fat diet enriched with saturated fat (HSF), or omega-6 polyunsaturated fat (n6HUSF), or omega-3 polyunsaturated fat (n3HUSF) with 42% of calories derived from the fat. Fructose supplementation was given via 10% fructose (w/v) in the drinking water ad libitum for 20 weeks. While both HSF and n6HUSF fed mice developed obesity, HSF fed mice exhibited severe hepatic steatosis associated with hepatomegaly and liver injury. Fructose feeding promotes the development of liver fibrosis in HSF fed mice. n6HUSF fed mice were characterized with moderate hepatic steatosis, accompanied with hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipidemia. Notably, fructose supplementation led to remarkable glucose intolerance in n6HUSF fed mice compared to controls. Hepatic lipidomic analysis revealed that the total saturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly increased by fructose in the free fatty acid pool in HSF fed mice. Moreover, fructose supplementation increased hepatic and plasma cholesterol levels in the HSF fed mice. Our data suggest that excess energy from HSF intake results in fat storage in the liver, likely due to impaired triglyceride secretion; whereas excess energy from n6HUSF diet is stored in the periphery. Both effects are exacerbated by fructose supplementation. n3HUSF is beneficial, even consumed with fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ming Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center.
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13
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Magee N, Ahamed F, Eppler N, Jones E, Ghosh P, He L, Zhang Y. Hepatic transcriptome profiling reveals early signatures associated with disease transition from non-alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis. LIVER RESEARCH 2022; 6:238-250. [PMID: 36864891 PMCID: PMC9977163 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. The molecular events that influence disease progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to aggressive non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remain incompletely understood, leading to lack of mechanism-based targeted treatment options for NASH. This study aims to identify early signatures associated with disease progression from NAFL to NASH in mice and humans. Materials and methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat, -cholesterol, and - fructose (HFCF) diet for up to 9 months. The extent of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis was evaluated in liver tissues. Total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted to determine liver transcriptomic changes. Results After being fed the HFCF diet, mice sequentially developed steatosis, early steatohepatitis, steatohepatitis with fibrosis, and eventually spontaneous liver tumor. Hepatic RNA-seq revealed that the key signatures during steatosis progression to early steatohepatitis were pathways related to extracellular matrix organization and immune responses such as T cell migration, arginine biosynthesis, C-type lectin receptor signaling, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Genes regulated by transcription factors forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and negative elongation factor complex member E (NELFE) were significantly altered during disease progression. This phenomenon was also observed in patients with NASH. Conclusions In summary, we identified early signatures associated with disease progression from NAFL to early NASH in a mouse model that recapitulated key metabolic, histologic, and transcriptomic changes seen in humans. The findings from our study may shed light on the development of novel preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Magee
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Forkan Ahamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Natalie Eppler
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lily He
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Liver Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
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14
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Bhardwaj R, Bhardwaj A, Dhawan DK, Tandon C, Kaur T. 4-PBA rescues hyperoxaluria induced nephrolithiasis by modulating urinary glycoproteins: Cross talk between endoplasmic reticulum, calcium homeostasis and mitochondria. Life Sci 2022; 305:120786. [PMID: 35809664 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Urinary glycoproteins such as Tamm Horsfall Protein (THP) and Osteopontin (OPN) are well established key regulators of renal stone formation. Additionally, recent revelations have highlighted the influence of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and mitochondria of crucial importance in nephrolithiasis. However, till date conclusive approach highlighting the influence of ER stress on urinary glycoproteins and chaperone in nephrolithiasis remains elusive. Therefore, the present study was focussed on deciphering the possible effect of 4-PBA mitigating ER stress on urinary glycoproteins and calnexin (chaperone) with emphasis on interlinking calcium homeostasis in hyperoxaluric rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Post 9 days of treatment, animals were sacrificed, and renal tissues were investigated for urinary glycoproteins, calnexin, calcium homeostasis, ER environment, redox status, and mitochondrial linkage. KEY FINDINGS 4-PBA appreciably reversed the altered levels of THP, OPN, and calnexin observed along with curtailing the disrupted calcium homeostasis when assessed for SERCA activity and intra-cellular calcium levels. Additionally, significant improvement in the perturbed ER environment as verified by escalated ER stress markers, disturbed protein folding-aggregation-degradation (congo red assay) pathway, and redox status was found post 4-PBA intervention. Interestingly, linkage of ER stress and mitochondria was established under hyperoxaluric conditions when assessed for protein levels of VDAC1 and GRP75. SIGNIFICANCE 4-PBA treatment resulted in rectifying the repercussions of ER-mitochondrial caused distress when assessed for protein folding/aggregation/degradation events along with disturbed calcium homeostasis. The present study advocates the necessity to adopt a holistic vision towards hyperoxaluria with emphasis on glycoproteins and ER environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Bhardwaj
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankita Bhardwaj
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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15
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Molecular mechanisms of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1347-1366. [PMID: 36148775 PMCID: PMC9508552 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a condition of fat accumulation in the liver in combination with metabolic dysfunction in the form of overweight or obesity and insulin resistance. It is also associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hepatic lipid metabolism is regulated by a combination of the uptake and export of fatty acids, de novo lipogenesis, and fat utilization by β-oxidation. When the balance between these pathways is altered, hepatic lipid accumulation commences, and long-term activation of inflammatory and fibrotic pathways can progress to worsen the liver disease. This review discusses the details of the molecular mechanisms regulating hepatic lipids and the emerging therapies targeting these pathways as potential future treatments for MAFLD.
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16
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Lockridge A, Hanover JA. A nexus of lipid and O-Glcnac metabolism in physiology and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:943576. [PMID: 36111295 PMCID: PMC9468787 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.943576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although traditionally considered a glucose metabolism-associated modification, the O-linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) regulatory system interacts extensively with lipids and is required to maintain lipid homeostasis. The enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling have molecular properties consistent with those expected of broad-spectrum environmental sensors. By direct protein-protein interactions and catalytic modification, O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes may provide both acute and long-term adaptation to stress and other environmental stimuli such as nutrient availability. Depending on the cell type, hyperlipidemia potentiates or depresses O-GlcNAc levels, sometimes biphasically, through a diversity of unique mechanisms that target UDP-GlcNAc synthesis and the availability, activity and substrate selectivity of the glycosylation enzymes, O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). At the same time, OGT activity in multiple tissues has been implicated in the homeostatic regulation of systemic lipid uptake, storage and release. Hyperlipidemic patterns of O-GlcNAcylation in these cells are consistent with both transient physiological adaptation and feedback uninhibited obesogenic and metabolic dysregulation. In this review, we summarize the numerous interconnections between lipid and O-GlcNAc metabolism. These links provide insights into how the O-GlcNAc regulatory system may contribute to lipid-associated diseases including obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Lockridge
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John A. Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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17
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Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj R, Saini A, Dhawan DK, Kaur T. Impact of Calcium Influx on Endoplasmic Reticulum in Excitotoxic Neurons: Role of Chemical Chaperone 4-PBA. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1619-1635. [PMID: 36002608 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propoinic acid (AMPA) receptors instigates excitotoxicity via enhanced calcium influx in the neurons thus inciting deleterious consequences. Additionally, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is pivotal in maintaining the intracellular calcium balance. Considering this, studying the aftermath of enhanced calcium uptake by neurons and its effect on ER environment can assist in delineating the pathophysiological events incurred by excitotoxicty. The current study was premeditated to decipher the role of ER pertaining to calcium homeostasis in AMPA-induced excitotoxicity. The findings showed, increased intracellular calcium levels (measured by flowcytometry and spectroflourimeter using Fura 2AM) in AMPA excitotoxic animals (male Sprague dawely rats) (intra-hippocampal injection of 10 mM AMPA). Further, ER resident proteins like calnexin, PDI and ERp72 were found to be upregulated, which further modulated the functioning of ER membrane calcium channels viz. IP3R, RyR, and SERCA pump. Altered calcium homeostasis further led to ER stress and deranged the protein folding capacity of ER post AMPA toxicity, which was ascertained by unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway markers such as IRE1α, eIF2α, and ATF6α. Chemical chaperone, 4-phenybutric acid (4-PBA), ameliorated the protein folding capacity and subsequent UPR markers. In addition, modulation of calcium channels and calcium regulating machinery of ER post 4-PBA administration restored the calcium homeostasis. Therefore the study reinforces the significance of ER stress, a debilitating outcome of impaired calcium homeostasis, under AMPA-induced excitotoxicity. Also, employing chaperone-based therapeutic approach to curb ER stress can restore the calcium imbalance in the neuropathological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhardwaj
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rishi Bhardwaj
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Avneet Saini
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | | | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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18
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Lin H, Wang L, Liu Z, Long K, Kong M, Ye D, Chen X, Wang K, Wu KKL, Fan M, Song E, Wang C, Hoo RLC, Hui X, Hallenborg P, Piao H, Xu A, Cheng KKY. Hepatic MDM2 Causes Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease by Blocking Triglyceride-VLDL Secretion via ApoB Degradation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200742. [PMID: 35524581 PMCID: PMC9284139 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional triglyceride-very low-density lipoprotein (TG-VLDL) metabolism is linked to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD); however, the underlying cause remains unclear. The study shows that hepatic E3 ubiquitin ligase murine double minute 2 (MDM2) controls MAFLD by blocking TG-VLDL secretion. A remarkable upregulation of MDM2 is observed in the livers of human and mouse models with different levels of severity of MAFLD. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of MDM2 protects against high-fat high-cholesterol diet-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation, accompanied by a significant elevation in TG-VLDL secretion. As an E3 ubiquitin ligase, MDM2 targets apolipoprotein B (ApoB) for proteasomal degradation through direct protein-protein interaction, which leads to reduced TG-VLDL secretion in hepatocytes. Pharmacological blockage of the MDM2-ApoB interaction alleviates dietary-induced hepatic steatohepatitis and fibrosis by inducing hepatic ApoB expression and subsequent TG-VLDL secretion. The effect of MDM2 on VLDL metabolism is p53-independent. Collectively, these findings suggest that MDM2 acts as a negative regulator of hepatic ApoB levels and TG-VLDL secretion in MAFLD. Inhibition of the MDM2-ApoB interaction may represent a potential therapeutic approach for MAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Lin
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Zhuohao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- Department of NeurosurgeryShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhen518000P. R. China
| | - Kekao Long
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
| | - Mengjie Kong
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
| | - Dewei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of EducationGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510000P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
| | - Kelvin KL Wu
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
| | - Mengqi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of EducationGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510000P. R. China
| | - Erfei Song
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou510000P. R. China
| | - Cunchuan Wang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou510000P. R. China
| | - Ruby LC Hoo
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Xiaoyan Hui
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Philip Hallenborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Southern DenmarkSouthern Denmark5230Denmark
| | - Hailong Piao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116000P. R. China
| | - Aimin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Kenneth KY Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
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19
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NAFLD: Mechanisms, Treatments, and Biomarkers. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060824. [PMID: 35740949 PMCID: PMC9221336 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is one of the most common causes of liver diseases worldwide. NAFLD is growing in parallel with the obesity epidemic. No pharmacological treatment is available to treat NAFLD, specifically. The reason might be that NAFLD is a multi-factorial disease with an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms involved, an absence of accurate and inexpensive imaging tools, and lack of adequate non-invasive biomarkers. NAFLD consists of the accumulation of excess lipids in the liver, causing lipotoxicity that might progress to metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanisms for the pathogenesis of NAFLD, current interventions in the management of the disease, and the role of sirtuins as potential targets for treatment are discussed here. In addition, the current diagnostic tools, and the role of non-coding RNAs as emerging diagnostic biomarkers are summarized. The availability of non-invasive biomarkers, and accurate and inexpensive non-invasive diagnosis tools are crucial in the detection of the early signs in the progression of NAFLD. This will expedite clinical trials and the validation of the emerging therapeutic treatments.
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20
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Li H, Zhang O, Hui C, Huang Y, Shao H, Song M, Gao L, Jin S, Ding C, Xu L. Deuterium-Reinforced Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Reducing Oxidative Stress. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:790. [PMID: 35744053 PMCID: PMC9228393 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Oxidative stress is implicated in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) through the triggering of inflammation. Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFAs) are more resistant to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-initiated chain reaction of lipid peroxidation than regular hydrogenated (H-) PUFAs. Here, we aimed to investigate the impacts of D-PUFAs on oxidative stress and its protective effect on NASH. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups and were fed a normal chow diet, a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet, and an MCD with 0.6% D-PUFAs for 5 weeks. The phenotypes of NASH in mice were determined. The levels of oxidative stress were examined both in vivo and in vitro. Results: The treatment with D-PUFAs attenuated the ROS production and enhanced the cell viability in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-loaded hepatocytes. Concurrently, D-PUFAs decreased the TBHP-induced oxidative stress in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Accordingly, D-PUFAs increased the cell viability and attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine expression of macrophages. In vivo, the administration of D-PUFAs reduced the phenotypes of NASH in MCD-fed mice. Specifically, D-PUFAs decreased the liver transaminase activity and attenuated the steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the livers of NASH mice. Conclusion: D-PUFAs may be potential therapeutic agents to prevent NASH by broadly reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Ouyang Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Chenmin Hui
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Yaxin Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Hengrong Shao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Menghui Song
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Lingjia Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Shengnan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chunming Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (O.Z.); (C.H.); (Y.H.); (H.S.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Yamaguchi T, Yoshida K, Murata M, Suwa K, Tsuneyama K, Matsuzaki K, Naganuma M. Smad3 Phospho-Isoform Signaling in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116270. [PMID: 35682957 PMCID: PMC9181097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis with insulin resistance, oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, adipokine secretion by fat cells, endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) released by gut microbiota, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Together, these factors promote NAFLD progression from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and eventually end-stage liver diseases in a proportion of cases. Hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis often progress together, sharing inflammatory pathways. However, NASH can lead to hepatocarcinogenesis with minimal inflammation or fibrosis. In such instances, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity can directly lead to liver carcinogenesis through genetic and epigenetic alterations. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling is implicated in hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) and activated-Ras/c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) differentially phosphorylate the mediator Smad3 to create two phospho-isoforms: C-terminally phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3C) and linker-phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3L). TβRI/pSmad3C signaling terminates cell proliferation, while constitutive Ras activation and JNK-mediated pSmad3L promote hepatocyte proliferation and carcinogenesis. The pSmad3L signaling pathway also antagonizes cytostatic pSmad3C signaling. This review addresses TGF-β/Smad signaling in hepatic carcinogenesis complicating NASH. We also discuss Smad phospho-isoforms as biomarkers predicting HCC in NASH patients with or without cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; (K.Y.); (M.M.); (K.S.); (K.M.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-804-0101; Fax: +81-72-804-2524
| | - Katsunori Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; (K.Y.); (M.M.); (K.S.); (K.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Miki Murata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; (K.Y.); (M.M.); (K.S.); (K.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Kanehiko Suwa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; (K.Y.); (M.M.); (K.S.); (K.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan;
| | - Koichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; (K.Y.); (M.M.); (K.S.); (K.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Makoto Naganuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; (K.Y.); (M.M.); (K.S.); (K.M.); (M.N.)
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Lipoprotein Levels in Early Adulthood and NAFLD in Midlife: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. J Nutr Metab 2022; 2022:1727711. [PMID: 35462864 PMCID: PMC9023214 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1727711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the association of apolipoprotein B (apoB) with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) in early adulthood with concordant/discordant associations and midlife NAFLD. Methods Participants from the CARDIA study were included (n = 2,655; baseline mean age: 25.0, 59.1% female, and 48.6% black). NAFLD was defined as liver attenuation ≤40 Hounsfield units after excluding other causes of liver fat. Logistic regression models assessed the odds of Y25 NAFLD among tertiles of apoB, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG and quartiles of the apoB/TG ratio. Discordance/concordance analyses examined the association of apoB with each lipid marker and Y25 NAFLD. Results The Y25 NAFLD prevalence was 10%. The high-tertile TG group (OR 1.87, 95% CI, and 1.30–2.69) and the low- (OR 1.98, 95% CI, and 1.30–3.01) and middle-apoB/TG ratio groups (OR 1.78, 95% CI, and 1.17–2.72) had the greatest odds of midlife NAFLD. Using discordance/concordance analysis, the high-apoB/high-TG group had the highest odds of NAFLD (OR 1.69, 95% CI, and 1.09–2.61) followed by the low-apoB/high-TG group. The high apoB/low TG group had the lowest odds of NAFLD. Conclusions Among the studied lipid markers in early adulthood, TG levels have the strongest and most consistent association with midlife NAFLD.
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FGF21 Reduces Lipid Accumulation in Bovine Hepatocytes by Enhancing Lipid Oxidation and Reducing Lipogenesis via AMPK Signaling. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070939. [PMID: 35405926 PMCID: PMC8996872 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the periparturient period, dairy cows suffer drastic metabolic stress because of plasma increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) that stem from a negative energy balance. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hepatokine that activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway to maintain intracellular energy balance and tissue integrity via the promotion of catabolism and the inhibition of anabolic regulation. FGF21 treatment caused a 50% reduction in triglyceride (TG) content in liver in dairy cows. However, it is not clear whether FGF21 regulates lipid metabolism in bovine liver. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of FGF21 on lipid metabolism via AMPK signaling in bovine hepatocytes. The hepatocytes isolated from calves were treated with different concentrations of FGF21 or co-treated with AMPK inhibitor (BML-275). Herein, the study showed that FGF21 significantly reduced TG content in a dose–response manner and promoted very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion via an up-regulation of the proteins (ApoB 100, ApoE and MTTP) involved in VLDL secretion. Otherwise, the genes associated with lipid transport (LDLR and CD36) and lipid oxidation (PPARGC1A, ACOX1 and CPT1A), were up-regulated following FGF21 treatment. Moreover, FGF21 treatment inhibited lipogenesis via SREBF1, ACACA, FASN and ACLY inhibition. After being co-treated with the AMPK inhibitor, FGF21-induced changes were reversed in some genes. In conclusion, these results indicate that FGF21 adaptively regulates energy metabolism for a negative impact on lipogenesis, strengthens lipid oxidation, and inhibited lipid transportation via AMPK signaling in bovine hepatocytes. The present data suggest the possibility that FGF21 has potential value in alleviating perinatal metabolic diseases in dairy cows, and specific research in vivo should be studied in more detail.
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24
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Conlon DM, Schneider CV, Ko YA, Rodrigues A, Guo K, Hand NJ, Rader DJ. Sortilin restricts secretion of apolipoprotein B-100 by hepatocytes under stressed but not basal conditions. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:144334. [PMID: 35113816 PMCID: PMC8920325 DOI: 10.1172/jci144334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants at the SORT1 locus in humans, which cause increased SORT1 expression in the liver, are significantly associated with reduced plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB). However, the role of hepatic sortilin remains controversial, as genetic deletion of sortilin in mice has resulted in variable and conflicting effects on apoB secretion. Here, we found that Sort1-KO mice on a chow diet and several Sort1-deficient hepatocyte lines displayed no difference in apoB secretion. When these models were challenged with high-fat diet or ER stress, the loss of Sort1 expression resulted in a significant increase in apoB-100 secretion. Sort1-overexpression studies yielded reciprocal results. Importantly, carriers of SORT1 variant with diabetes had larger decreases in plasma apoB, TG, and VLDL and LDL particle number as compared with people without diabetes with the same variants. We conclude that, under basal nonstressed conditions, loss of sortilin has little effect on hepatocyte apoB secretion, whereas, in the setting of lipid loading or ER stress, sortilin deficiency leads to increased apoB secretion. These results are consistent with the directionality of effect in human genetics studies and suggest that, under stress conditions, hepatic sortilin directs apoB toward lysosomal degradation rather than secretion, potentially serving as a quality control step in the apoB secretion pathway in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Conlon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Carolin V Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Amrith Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Kathy Guo
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J Hand
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Yang L, Yu S, Yang Y, Wu H, Zhang X, Lei Y, Lei Z. Berberine improves liver injury induced glucose and lipid metabolic disorders via alleviating ER stress of hepatocytes and modulating gut microbiota in mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 55:116598. [PMID: 34979291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver injury mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can cause many kinds of liver diseases including hepatic glucose and lipid metabolic disorders, and long term liver injury would lead to cirrhosis and hepatic cancer. Therefore, effective drugs for treating liver injury are urgent in need. Berberine is a multifunctional drug of traditional Chinese medicine, and it can improve various liver diseases. To study the effects of berberine on ER stress-induced liver injury, tunicamycin was administrated to C57BL/6 mice with or without berberine pre-treatment. H&E staining was used to check the morphology and histology of liver tissues. The serum and liver tissues were harvested to test biochemical indexes and the expression levels of genes related with glucose and lipid metabolism, ER stress and unfold protein response (UPR). 16S rDNA sequence technology was conducted to check the fecal microbiota. Pre-administration with berberine could alleviate the excess accumulation of triglyceride (TG) in the liver of mice treated with tunicamycin. Tunicamycin administration caused significant increase of the expression level of genes related to ER stress and UPR, such as CHOP, Grp78 and ATF6, but the berberine pre-treatment could significantly downregulate the expression level of these genes. Tunicamycin administration resulted in increased ratio of Prevotellaceae to Erysipelotrichaceae at the family level of the fecal microbiota in mice, and this trend was reversed by the pre-treatment of berberine. These results demonstrated that berberine could improve liver injury induced hepatic metabolic disorders through relieving ER stress in hepatocytes and regulating gut microbiota in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China; School of Biological Engineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wenjin West Road 201#, Wuhu 241003, P.R. China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Siping Yu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (School of Clinical Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Nong-Lin-Xia Road 19#, Yue-Xiu District, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China; School of Biological Engineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wenjin West Road 201#, Wuhu 241003, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China; School of Biological Engineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wenjin West Road 201#, Wuhu 241003, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zili Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
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Xu L, Li D, Zhu Y, Cai S, Liang X, Tang Y, Jin S, Ding C. Swertiamarin supplementation prevents obesity-related chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Adipocyte 2021; 10:160-173. [PMID: 33794740 PMCID: PMC8023247 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1906510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation, which underlies insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside that has been reported to ameliorate diabetes and NAFLD in animal models. However, the effects of swertiamarin on obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance have not been fully elucidated. Thus, this study investigated the effects of swertiamarin on inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD or HFD containing swertiamarin for 8 weeks. Obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation were assessed in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and livers of the mice. Swertiamarin attenuated HFD-induced weight gain, glucose intolerance, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, and enhanced insulin signalling in mice. Compared to HFD-fed mice, the swertiamarin-treated mice exhibited increased lipolysis and reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and macrophage infiltration in eWAT. Moreover, swertiamarin alleviated HFD-mediated hepatic steatosis and inflammation by suppressing activation of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways within the eWAT and liver of obese mice. In conclusion, supplementation with swertiamarin attenuated weight gain and hepatic steatosis, and alleviated obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqin Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Suili Cai
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Liang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Tang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengnan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunming Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
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Xu L, Chen Y, Nagashimada M, Ni Y, Zhuge F, Chen G, Li H, Pan T, Yamashita T, Mukaida N, Kaneko S, Ota T, Nagata N. CC chemokine ligand 3 deficiency ameliorates diet-induced steatohepatitis by regulating liver macrophage recruitment and M1/M2 status in mice. Metabolism 2021; 125:154914. [PMID: 34656648 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. Chemokines and their receptors have potential as therapeutic targets of NAFLD. We investigated the role of CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) in the development of murine and human NAFLD. METHODS CCL3-knockout mice (CCL3-/-) and littermate CCL3 wild-type control mice (WT) were fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat (CL) diet for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD. We investigated the impact of CCL3 gene deletion in bone marrow cells and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice on CL diet-induced steatohepatitis. We assayed the serum CCL3 levels in 36 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and nine healthy control subjects. RESULTS Compared with normal chow (NC), the CL diet induced steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis and elevated the plasma CCL3 level. In the liver, CCL3 protein colocalized with F4/80+ macrophages, especially CD11c+ M1-like macrophages, rather than other cell types. CCL3-/- attenuated CL diet-induced steatohepatitis and fibrosis associated with M2-dominant liver macrophages compared with the WT. The reconstitution of bone marrow (BM) cells from CCL3-/- attenuated steatohepatitis in WT mice fed a CL diet. Furthermore, crossing CCL3-/- onto the ob/ob background prevented CL diet-induced NAFLD in ob/ob mice, which was associated with a lesser inflammatory phenotype of liver macrophages. Also, the serum and hepatic levels of CCL3 were significantly increased in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) compared to those with simple fatty liver (NAFL) and healthy subjects. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that CCL3 facilitates macrophage infiltration into the liver and M1 polarization in the progression of steatohepatitis and highlight the need for further studies to determine the effect of CCL3-CCR1 and -CCR5 signaling blockade on the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongping Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mayumi Nagashimada
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yinhua Ni
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Fen Zhuge
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Guanliang Chen
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tongtong Pan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tatsuya Yamashita
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tsuguhito Ota
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Naoto Nagata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Function Analysis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
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Quiroz-Figueroa K, Vitali C, Conlon DM, Millar JS, Tobias JW, Bauer RC, Hand NJ, Rader DJ. TRIB1 regulates LDL metabolism through CEBPα-mediated effects on the LDL receptor in hepatocytes. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146775. [PMID: 34779419 DOI: 10.1172/jci146775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants near the TRIB1 gene are highly significantly associated with plasma lipid traits and coronary artery disease. While TRIB1 is likely causal of these associations, the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here we sought to investigate how TRIB1 influences low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in mice. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Trib1 (Trib1Δhep) in mice increased plasma cholesterol and apoB and slowed the catabolism of LDL-apoB due to decreased levels of LDL receptor (LDLR) mRNA and protein. Simultaneous deletion of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPα) with TRIB1 eliminated the effects of TRIB1 on hepatic LDLR regulation and LDL catabolism. Using RNA-seq, we found that activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3) was highly upregulated in the livers of Trib1Δhep but not Trib1Δhep CebpaΔhep mice. ATF3 has been shown to directly bind to the CEBPα protein, and to repress the expression of LDLR by binding its promoter. Blunting the increase of ATF3 in Trib1Δhep mice reduced the levels of plasma cholesterol and partially attenuated the effects on LDLR. Based on these data, we conclude that deletion of Trib1 leads to a posttranslational increase in CEBPα, which increases ATF3 levels, thereby contributing to the downregulation of LDLR and increased plasma LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Vitali
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Donna M Conlon
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - John S Millar
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Robert C Bauer
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Nicholas J Hand
- Department of Genetics.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine.,Department of Genetics.,Department of Pediatrics, and.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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SREBP1c silencing reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and related apoptosis in oleic acid induced lipid accumulation. MARMARA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.5472/marumj.1009096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Larsen LE, van den Boogert MAW, Rios-Ocampo WA, Jansen JC, Conlon D, Chong PLE, Levels JHM, Eilers RE, Sachdev VV, Zelcer N, Raabe T, He M, Hand NJ, Drenth JPH, Rader DJ, Stroes ESG, Lefeber DJ, Jonker JW, Holleboom AG. Defective Lipid Droplet-Lysosome Interaction Causes Fatty Liver Disease as Evidenced by Human Mutations in TMEM199 and CCDC115. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:583-597. [PMID: 34626841 PMCID: PMC8688563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recently, novel inborn errors of metabolism were identified because of mutations in V-ATPase assembly factors TMEM199 and CCDC115. Patients are characterized by generalized protein glycosylation defects, hypercholesterolemia, and fatty liver disease. Here, we set out to characterize the lipid and fatty liver phenotype in human plasma, cell models, and a mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with TMEM199 and CCDC115 mutations displayed hyperlipidemia, characterized by increased levels of lipoproteins in the very low density lipoprotein range. HepG2 hepatoma cells, in which the expression of TMEM199 and CCDC115 was silenced, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells from patients with TMEM199 mutations showed markedly increased secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB) compared with controls. A mouse model for TMEM199 deficiency with a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in of the human A7E mutation had marked hepatic steatosis on chow diet. Plasma N-glycans were hypogalactosylated, consistent with the patient phenotype, but no clear plasma lipid abnormalities were observed in the mouse model. In the siTMEM199 and siCCDC115 HepG2 hepatocyte models, increased numbers and size of lipid droplets were observed, including abnormally large lipid droplets, which colocalized with lysosomes. Excessive de novo lipogenesis, failing oxidative capacity, and elevated lipid uptake were not observed. Further investigation of lysosomal function revealed impaired acidification combined with impaired autophagic capacity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the hypercholesterolemia in TMEM199 and CCDC115 deficiency is due to increased secretion of apoB-containing particles. This may in turn be secondary to the hepatic steatosis observed in these patients as well as in the mouse model. Mechanistically, we observed impaired lysosomal function characterized by reduced acidification, autophagy, and increased lysosomal lipid accumulation. These findings could explain the hepatic steatosis seen in patients and highlight the importance of lipophagy in fatty liver disease. Because this pathway remains understudied and its regulation is largely untargeted, further exploration of this pathway may offer novel strategies for therapeutic interventions to reduce lipotoxicity in fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars E Larsen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wilson A Rios-Ocampo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Donna Conlon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick L E Chong
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Han M Levels
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roos E Eilers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vinay V Sachdev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Raabe
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas J Hand
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David J Rader
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G Holleboom
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chen Q, Fang W, Cui K, Chen Q, Xiang X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Mai K, Ai Q. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces hepatic steatosis by transcriptional upregulating lipid droplet protein perilipin2. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21900. [PMID: 34547130 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100739rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to hepatic steatosis in several manners. However, how lipid droplet (LD) proteins participate in this process has rarely been reported. In the present study, ER stress was induced at both in vitro and in vivo levels with tunicamycin in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Effects of LD protein perilipin2 (PLIN2) on hepatic lipid accumulation and lipoprotein transport under normal physiological condition and ER stress were then explored using dsRNA mediated knockdown. Subsequently, the transcriptional regulation of plin2 expression by transcription factors generated in the unfolded protein response (UPR) was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility-shift assay. We demonstrated that ER stress could promote LDs accumulation and inhibit lipoprotein transport by transcriptionally upregulating PLIN2 in liver. Among the transcription factors generated by UPR, spliced X-box binding protein1 can directly upregulated the expression of plin2, whereas C/EBP homologous protein can upregulate the expression of plin2 through peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor α. These results revealed that the LD protein PLIN2 played an important role in ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis, which might be a novel mechanism explaining hepatic steatosis triggered by ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchi Chen
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fang
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cui
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Xiang
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhi Zhang
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqiang Zhang
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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32
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Bile acid activated receptors: Integrating immune and metabolic regulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. LIVER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fang W, Chen Q, Cui K, Chen Q, Li X, Xu N, Mai K, Ai Q. Lipid overload impairs hepatic VLDL secretion via oxidative stress-mediated PKCδ-HNF4α-MTP pathway in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:213-225. [PMID: 34116177 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid overload-induced hepatic steatosis is a major public health problem worldwide. However, the potential molecular mechanism is not completely understood. Herein, we found that high-fat diet (HFD) or oleic acid (OA) treatment induced oxidative stress which prevented the entry of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) into the nucleus by activating protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) in vivo and in vitro in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). This reduced the level of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) transcription, resulting in the impaired secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and the abnormal accumulation of triglyceride (TG) in hepatocytes. Meanwhile, the detrimental effects induced by lipid overload could be partly alleviated by pretreating hepatocytes with Go6983 (PKCδ inhibitor) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger). In conclusion, for the first time, we revealed that lipid overload impaired hepatic VLDL secretion via oxidative stress-mediated PKCδ-HNF4α-MTP pathway in fish. This study may provide critical insights into potential intervention strategies against lipid overload-induced hepatic steatosis of fish and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuchi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Flynn BP, Birnie MT, Kershaw YM, Pauza AG, Kim S, Baek S, Rogers MF, Paterson AR, Stavreva DA, Murphy D, Hager GL, Lightman SL, Conway-Campbell BL. Corticosterone pattern-dependent glucocorticoid receptor binding and transcriptional regulation within the liver. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009737. [PMID: 34375333 PMCID: PMC8378686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultradian glucocorticoid rhythms are highly conserved across mammalian species, however, their functional significance is not yet fully understood. Here we demonstrate that pulsatile corticosterone replacement in adrenalectomised rats induces a dynamic pattern of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding at ~3,000 genomic sites in liver at the pulse peak, subsequently not found during the pulse nadir. In contrast, constant corticosterone replacement induced prolonged binding at the majority of these sites. Additionally, each pattern further induced markedly different transcriptional responses. During pulsatile treatment, intragenic occupancy by active RNA polymerase II exhibited pulsatile dynamics with transient changes in enrichment, either decreased or increased depending on the gene, which mostly returned to baseline during the inter-pulse interval. In contrast, constant corticosterone exposure induced prolonged effects on RNA polymerase II occupancy at the majority of gene targets, thus acting as a sustained regulatory signal for both transactivation and repression of glucocorticoid target genes. The nett effect of these differences were consequently seen in the liver transcriptome as RNA-seq analysis indicated that despite the same overall amount of corticosterone infused, twice the number of transcripts were regulated by constant corticosterone infusion, when compared to pulsatile. Target genes that were found to be differentially regulated in a pattern-dependent manner were enriched in functional pathways including carbohydrate, cholesterol, glucose and fat metabolism as well as inflammation, suggesting a functional role for dysregulated glucocorticoid rhythms in the development of metabolic dysfunction. Adrenal glucocorticoid hormones are released in a characteristic ultradian rhythm that becomes dysregulated during chronic stress, disease, or synthetic corticosteroid treatment. Metabolic dysfunction is a comorbidity associated with all these conditions, but the role that altered glucocorticoid dynamics play is unknown. As the liver is a major site of glucocorticoid action on metabolic homeostasis regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor, we have assessed how different patterns of hormone replacement in adrenalectomised rats differentially regulate gene pathways involved in type II diabetes, cirrhosis, and fatty liver development, via altering the pattern of glucocorticoid receptor binding to regulatory sites. We believe our findings have important implications for therapies that can reproduce the endogenous glucocorticoid rhythm and thus minimize adverse metabolic side-effects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Flynn
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew T. Birnie
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne M. Kershaw
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Audrys G. Pauza
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sohyoung Kim
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Songjoon Baek
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark F. Rogers
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R. Paterson
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Diana A. Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Murphy
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon L. Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Becky L. Conway-Campbell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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35
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Hartwick Bjorkman S, Oliveira Pereira R. The Interplay Between Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Nrf2 Signaling in Cardiometabolic Health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:252-269. [PMID: 33599550 PMCID: PMC8262388 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are by-products of normal physiology that may disrupt cellular redox homeostasis on a regular basis. Nonetheless, failure to resolve sustained mitochondrial stress to mitigate high levels of mtROS might contribute to the etiology of numerous pathological conditions, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent Advances: Notably, recent studies have demonstrated that moderate mitochondrial stress might result in the induction of different stress response pathways that ultimately improve the organism's ability to deal with subsequent stress, a process termed mitohormesis. mtROS have been shown to play a key role in regulating this adaptation. Critical Issue: mtROS regulate the convergence of different signaling pathways that, when disturbed, might impair cardiometabolic health. Conversely, mtROS seem to be required to mediate activation of prosurvival pathways, contributing to improved cardiometabolic fitness. In the present review, we will primarily focus on the role of mtROS in the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway and examine the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in coordinating the convergence of ER stress and oxidative stress signaling through activation of Nrf2 and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Future Directions: The mechanisms underlying cardiometabolic protection in response to mitochondrial stress have only started to be investigated. Integrated understanding of how mtROS and ER stress cooperatively promote activation of prosurvival pathways might shed mechanistic insight into the role of mitohormesis in mediating cardiometabolic protection and might inform future therapeutic avenues for the treatment of metabolic diseases contributing to CVD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 252-269.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hartwick Bjorkman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Renata Oliveira Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Heeren J, Scheja L. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101238. [PMID: 33892169 PMCID: PMC8324684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or as recently proposed 'metabolic-associated fatty liver disease' (MAFLD), is characterized by pathological accumulation of triglycerides and other lipids in hepatocytes. This common disease can progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, and eventually end-stage liver diseases. MAFLD is closely related to disturbances in systemic energy metabolism, including insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia. SCOPE OF REVIEW The liver is the central organ in lipid metabolism by secreting very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and, on the other hand, by internalizing fatty acids and lipoproteins. This review article discusses recent research addressing hepatic lipid synthesis, VLDL production, and lipoprotein internalization as well as the lipid exchange between adipose tissue and the liver in the context of MAFLD. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Liver steatosis in MAFLD is triggered by excessive hepatic triglyceride synthesis utilizing fatty acids derived from white adipose tissue (WAT), de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and endocytosed remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In consequence of high hepatic lipid content, VLDL secretion is enhanced, which is the primary cause of complex dyslipidemia typical for subjects with MAFLD. Interventions reducing VLDL secretory capacity attenuate dyslipidemia while they exacerbate MAFLD, indicating that the balance of lipid storage versus secretion in hepatocytes is a critical parameter determining disease outcome. Proof of concept studies have shown that promoting lipid storage and energy combustion in adipose tissues reduces hepatic lipid load and thus ameliorates MAFLD. Moreover, hepatocellular triglyceride synthesis from DNL and WAT-derived fatty acids can be targeted to treat MAFLD. However, more research is needed to understand how individual transporters, enzymes, and their isoforms affect steatosis and dyslipidemia in vivo, and whether these two aspects of MAFLD can be selectively treated. Processing of cholesterol-enriched lipoproteins appears less important for steatosis. It may, however, modulate inflammation and consequently MAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Pereira S, Moore J, Li JX, Yu WQ, Ghanim H, Vlavcheski F, Joseph YD, Dandona P, Volchuk A, Cummins CL, Tsiani E, Giacca A. 4-Phenylbutyric acid improves free fatty acid-induced hepatic insulin resistance in vivo. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:861-872. [PMID: 34319253 PMCID: PMC8346193 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) are elevated in obesity and can induce insulin resistance via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, it is unknown whether hepatic insulin resistance caused by the elevation of plasma FFAs is alleviated by chemical chaperones. Rats received one of the following i.v. treatments for 48 h: saline, intralipid plus heparin (IH), IH plus the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), or PBA alone and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed during the last 2 h. PBA co-infusion normalized IH-induced peripheral insulin resistance, similar to our previous findings with an antioxidant and an IκBα kinase β (IKKβ) inhibitor. Different from our previous results with the antioxidant and IKKβ inhibitor, PBA also improved IH-induced hepatic insulin resistance in parallel with activation of Akt. Unexpectedly, IH did not induce markers of ER stress in the liver, but PBA prevented IH-induced elevation of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor-2α protein in adipose tissue. PBA tended to decrease circulating fetuin-A and significantly increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) without affecting markers of activation of hepatic protein kinase C-δ or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that we have previously involved in hepatic insulin resistance in this model. In conclusion: (i) PBA prevented hepatic insulin resistance caused by prolonged plasma FFA elevation without affecting hepatic ER stress markers; (ii) the PBA effect is likely due to increased FGF21 and/or decreased fetuin-A, which directly signal to upregulate Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessy Moore
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen Qin Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Husam Ghanim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Filip Vlavcheski
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Allen Volchuk
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Giacca:
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Huang Y, Zhao C, Kong Y, Tan P, Liu S, Liu Y, Zeng F, Yuan Y, Zhao B, Wang J. Elucidation of the mechanism of NEFA-induced PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway regulation of lipid metabolism in bovine hepatocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 211:105893. [PMID: 33819629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During the periparturient transition period, negative energy balance (NEB) characterized by high concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) may cause fatty liver and ketosis in dairy cows. Previous studies have shown that the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) branch of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response plays an important role in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. This study, therefore, investigated the role of the PERK-branch in NEFA-induced fatty liver. Different concentrations of NEFA or GSK2656157 (a novel catalytic inhibitor of PERK) were used to treat hepatocytes isolated from calves. The NEFA treatment significantly increased the triacylglycerol (TG) content, the phosphorylation level of PERK and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and the abundance of glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FASN), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), apolipoprotein B (APOB), and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Compared with the 1.2 mM NEFA group, inhibition of PERK activity further increased the TG content in hepatocytes, the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) content in the supernatant and the protein abundance of APOB while reducing the expression and nuclear levels of SREBP-1c and PPARα, as well as the expression of CPT1A and CPT2. In conclusion, the results showed that the NEFA-induced PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway promotes lipid synthesis, lipid oxidation, but inhibits the assembly and secretion of VLDL. Therefore, during the transition period, the activation of the PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway in the liver of dairy cows could defeat the acid-induced lipotoxicity and provide energy to alleviate NEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yezi Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Panpan Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Siqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yaoquan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Fangyuan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as the abnormal accumulation of lipids in the liver, called hepatic steatosis, which occurs most often as a concomitant of the metabolic syndrome. Its incidence has surged significantly in recent decades concomitant with the obesity pandemic and increasing consumption of refined carbohydrates and saturated fats. This makes a review of the origins of NAFLD timely and relevant. RECENT FINDINGS This disorder, which shares histologic markers found in alcoholic fatty liver disease, was named NAFLD to distinguish it from the latter. Recently, however, the term metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been suggested as a refinement of NAFLD that should highlight the central, etiologic role of insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. The complexity of the pathways involved in the regulation of hepatic triglyceride synthesis and utilization have become obvious over the past 10 years, including the recent identification of monogenic causes of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. These include PNPLA3, transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2, GCKR, membrane-bound O-acyltransferase 7 suggest targets for new therapies for hepatic steatosis. SUMMARY The current review can serve as a guide to the complex pathways involved in the maintenance of hepatic triglyceride levels as well as an introduction to the most recent discoveries, including those of key genes that have provided opportunities for new and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leinys S Santos-Baez
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Allard J, Bucher S, Massart J, Ferron PJ, Le Guillou D, Loyant R, Daniel Y, Launay Y, Buron N, Begriche K, Borgne-Sanchez A, Fromenty B. Drug-induced hepatic steatosis in absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction in HepaRG cells: proof of multiple mechanism-based toxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:151-175. [PMID: 32535746 PMCID: PMC8012331 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Steatosis is a liver lesion reported with numerous pharmaceuticals. Prior studies showed that severe impairment of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mtFAO) constantly leads to lipid accretion in liver. However, much less is known about the mechanism(s) of drug-induced steatosis in the absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction, although previous studies suggested the involvement of mild-to-moderate inhibition of mtFAO, increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and impairment of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion. The objective of our study, mainly carried out in human hepatoma HepaRG cells, was to investigate these 3 mechanisms with 12 drugs able to induce steatosis in human: amiodarone (AMIO, used as positive control), allopurinol (ALLO), D-penicillamine (DPEN), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), indinavir (INDI), indomethacin (INDO), methimazole (METHI), methotrexate (METHO), nifedipine (NIF), rifampicin (RIF), sulindac (SUL), and troglitazone (TRO). Hepatic cells were exposed to drugs for 4 days with concentrations decreasing ATP level by less than 30% as compared to control and not exceeding 100 × Cmax. Among the 12 drugs, AMIO, ALLO, 5FU, INDI, INDO, METHO, RIF, SUL, and TRO induced steatosis in HepaRG cells. AMIO, INDO, and RIF decreased mtFAO. AMIO, INDO, and SUL enhanced DNL. ALLO, 5FU, INDI, INDO, SUL, RIF, and TRO impaired VLDL secretion. These seven drugs reduced the mRNA level of genes playing a major role in VLDL assembly and also induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Thus, in the absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction, drug-induced steatosis can be triggered by different mechanisms, although impairment of VLDL secretion seems more frequently involved, possibly as a consequence of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Allard
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Simon Bucher
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Julie Massart
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Ferron
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
- HCS Pharma, 250 rue Salvador Allende, 59120 Loos, France
| | - Dounia Le Guillou
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Roxane Loyant
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S, Faculté de Médecine, rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Yoann Daniel
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Youenn Launay
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nelly Buron
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S, Faculté de Médecine, rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Karima Begriche
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Annie Borgne-Sanchez
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S, Faculté de Médecine, rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Gao B, Sakaguchi K, Ogawa T, Kagawa Y, Kubo H, Shimizu T. Functional Analysis of Induced Human Ballooned Hepatocytes in a Cell Sheet-Based Three Dimensional Model. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:217-224. [PMID: 33517537 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ballooned hepatocytes (BH) are a key histological hallmark of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), yet their consequences for liver-specific functions are unknown. METHODS In our previous study, an experimental model of human induced-BHs (iBH) has been successfully developed based on cell sheet technology. This study aimed to determine the functions of iBHs in the primary human hepatocyte/normal human dermal fibroblast (PHH/NHDF) co-culture cell sheets. Normal hepatocytes in the PHH/3T3-J2 co-culture cell sheets were set as a control, since 3T3-J2 murine embryonic fibroblasts have exhibited previously long term maintenance of PHH functions. RESULTS It was found that, albumin secretion was not affected in iBHs, but urea synthesis as well as cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) activities including CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, were significantly reduced in iBHs. Besides, loss of bile canaliculi was observed in iBHs. These findings are consistent with clinical studies of human NASH. In addition, PHH/NHDF cell sheets demonstrated two fold higher TGF-β1 secretion compared with PHH/3T3-J2 cell sheets. Furthermore, treatment with a TGF-β inhibitor and a semi-synthetic bile acid analogue (obeticholic acid, phase 3 trial of NASH therapy) ameliorated the histological appearance of established iBHs. CONCLUSION In summary, this study demonstrates the priority of iBHs in recapitulating not only histology but also clinically relevant hepatic dysfunctions in human NASH and suggests TGF-β and bile acid related signal pathway may play important roles in the formation of iBHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Gao
- Guangdong Key Lab of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Materials Products, National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510550, China.,Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Sakaguchi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ogawa
- Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Nihon Kohden Corporation, TWIns, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yuki Kagawa
- Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Nihon Kohden Corporation, TWIns, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kubo
- Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Nihon Kohden Corporation, TWIns, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
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Ota T. Molecular Mechanisms of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:223-229. [PMID: 33783745 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide and has garnered increasing attention in recent decades. NAFLD is characterized by a wide range of liver changes, from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH is very complicated and involves lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. In addition, NAFLD is closely associated with complications such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. In particular, the clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, and therapeutic options of NAFLD share many things in common with diabetes. Insulin resistance is an underlying basis for the pathogenesis of diabetes and NAFLD. This chapter focuses on the molecular mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, and NASH/NAFLD including those that drive disease progression such as oxidative stress, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, adiponectin, cytokines, and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuguhito Ota
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
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43
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Zhang B, Yang W, Wang S, Liu R, Loor JJ, Dong Z, Zhao Y, Ma X, Xia C, Xu C. Lipid Accumulation and Injury in Primary Calf Hepatocytes Challenged With Different Long-Chain Fatty Acids. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:547047. [PMID: 33195520 PMCID: PMC7607255 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.547047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is one of the most common disorders afflicting dairy cows during the postpartum period, and is associated with increased blood non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) uptake by the liver. Major long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in NEFA are palmitic (PA), palmitoleic (POA), stearic (SA), oleic (OA), and linoleic (LA) acid. In order to investigate the characteristics of lipid accumulation and injury caused by these NEFA, primary calf hepatocytes were isolated and challenged for 12 h with 1.2 mmol/L PA, POA, SA, OA, LA, or a mixture of these LCFA (NEFA). Compared with POA, OA, and LA, culture with PA and SA led to greater abundance of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein, glucose-regulated protein 78 mRNA, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 mRNA along with greater concentrations of H2O2, malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although culture with POA, OA, and LA led to lower very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentration in cell culture medium, POA and OA led to greater concentrations of triacylglycerol, protein abundance of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1, ApoB100, and sortilin 1 (SORT1). Compared with individual fatty acids, culture with NEFA led to an intermediate degree of lipid accumulation and hepatocytes damage. Overall, the data suggest that saturated fatty acids cause more severe oxidative and ER stress. However, unsaturated fatty acids cause serious lipid accumulation. Furthermore, a fatty acid balanced nutrient regulation was suggested useful improve liver health of transition period dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Runqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Zhihao Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xinru Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Lachkar F, Papaioannou A, Ferré P, Foufelle F. [ER stress and NAFLD]. Biol Aujourdhui 2020; 214:15-23. [PMID: 32773026 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent pathology associated with obesity. It encompasses a spectrum of hepatic disorders ranging from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been widely involved to drive in NAFLD progression through the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). While transient UPR activation can boost hepatic ER functions, its continuous activation upon a chronic ER stress contributes to lipid accumulation, inflammation and hepatocyte death, which are determinant factors for the progression to more severe stages. The aim of this review is to describe the mechanisms through which the UPR can take part in the transition from a healthy to a diseased liver and to report on possible ways of pharmacological manipulation against these pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Lachkar
- Centre de recherches des Cordeliers, UMRS1128 Inserm, Sorbonne Université, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
| | - Alexandra Papaioannou
- Centre de recherches des Cordeliers, UMRS1128 Inserm, Sorbonne Université, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
| | - Pascal Ferré
- Centre de recherches des Cordeliers, UMRS1128 Inserm, Sorbonne Université, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- Centre de recherches des Cordeliers, UMRS1128 Inserm, Sorbonne Université, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
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Abstract
Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug that can cause the development of steatohepatitis as well as liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The molecular mechanisms of amiodarone-mediated liver injury remain largely unknown. We therefore analyzed amiodarone-mediated hepatocellular injury in patients with chronic heart failure, in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. We found that amiodarone-treated patients with chronic heart failure revealed significantly higher serum levels of caspase-cleaved keratin-18, an apoptosis biomarker, compared to healthy individuals or patients not receiving amiodarone. Furthermore, amiodarone treatment of hepatocytes resulted in apoptosis associated with lipid accumulation and ER-stress induction. Liver cell steatosis was accompanied by enhanced de novo lipogenesis which, after reaching peak levels, declined together with decreased activation of ER stress. The decline of amiodarone-mediated lipotoxicity was associated with protective autophagy induction. In contrast, in hepatocytes treated with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine as well as in autophagy gene (ATG5 or ATG7)-deficient hepatocytes, amiodarone-triggered toxicity was increased. In conclusion, we demonstrate that amiodarone induces lipid accumulation associated with ER stress and apoptosis in hepatocytes, which is mirrored by increased keratin-18 fragment serum levels in amiodarone-treated patients. Autophagy reduces amiodarone-mediated lipotoxicity and could provide a therapeutic strategy for protection from drug-induced liver injury.
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Pathobiological and molecular connections involved in the high fructose and high fat diet induced diabetes associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:851-867. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Yang W, Liu R, Xia C, Chen Y, Dong Z, Huang B, Li R, Li M, Xu C. Effects of different fatty acids on BRL3A rat liver cell damage. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6246-6256. [PMID: 32012270 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of fatty acids on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and lipid damage. We treated BRL3A rat liver cells with, linoleic (LA), linolenic, oleic (OA), palmitic (PA), palmitoleic (POA), or stearic (SA) acid for 12 hr. The characteristics of cell lipid deposition, oxidative stress indexes, ER stress markers, nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65), lipid synthesis and transport regulators, and cholesterol metabolism regulators were analyzed. Endoplasmic chaperones like glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein, NF-κB p65, hydrogen peroxide, and malonaldehyde in PA- and SA-treated cells were significantly higher than in other treated cells. Deposition of fatty acids especially LA and POA were significantly increased than in other treated cells. De novo lipogenesis regulators sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1) expression were significantly increased in all fatty acid stimulation groups, and PA- and SA-treated cells showed lower p-ACC1 expression and higher scd1 expression than other fatty acid groups. Very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and apolipoprotein B100 expression in free fatty acids treated cells were significantly lower than control. PA, SA, OA, and POA had shown significantly increased cholesterol synthesis than other treated cells. PA and SA showed the lower synthesis of cytochrome P7A1 and total bile acids than other fatty acids treated cells. Excess of saturated fatty acids led to severe ER and oxidative stress. Excess unsaturated fatty acids led to increased lipid deposition in cultured hepatocytes. A balanced fatty acid intake is needed to maintain lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Runqi Liu
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Baoyin Huang
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Wu X, Xu N, Li M, Huang Q, Wu J, Gan Y, Chen L, Luo H, Li Y, Huang X, Su Z, Liu Y. Protective Effect of Patchouli Alcohol Against High-Fat Diet Induced Hepatic Steatosis by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Regulating VLDL Metabolism in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1134. [PMID: 31632274 PMCID: PMC6779828 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common chronic hepatic disorder worldwide. The earliest stage of NAFLD is simple steatosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes. Inhibition of steatosis is a potential treatment for NAFLD. Patchouli alcohol (PA) is an active component of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Labiatae), which is a medicinal food in Asia countries and proved to possess hepatoprotective effect. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of PA against high fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis in rats. In this study, male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a HFD for 4 weeks to induce NAFLD. Oral administration with PA significantly reduced pathological severity of steatosis in HFD-fed rats. It was associated with suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and regulating very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) metabolism. Our data showed that PA treatment effectively attenuated ER stress by inhibiting the activation of protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1 (IRE1), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Moreover, PA decreased hepatic VLDL uptake by suppressing very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) expression. It also restored VLDL synthesis and export by increasing apolipoprotein B100 (apoB 100) secretion and microsomal triglyceride-transfer protein (MTP) activity. Taken together, PA exerted a protective effect on the treatment of NAFLD in HFD-fed rats and may be potential therapeutic agent acting on hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minyao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qionghui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yucui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziren Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Ling SC, Wu K, Zhang DG, Luo Z. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy and Apoptosis Alleviate Dietary Fat-Induced Triglyceride Accumulation in the Intestine and in Isolated Intestinal Epithelial Cells of Yellow Catfish. J Nutr 2019; 149:1732-1741. [PMID: 31204781 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestine is the main organ for absorbing dietary fat. High dietary lipid intake leads to fat deposition in the intestine and adversely influences fat absorption and health, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. OBJECTIVES We used yellow catfish and their isolated intestinal epithelial cells to test the hypothesis that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and apoptosis mediate fat-induced changes in lipid metabolism. METHODS Male and female yellow catfish (weight: 3.79 ± 0.16 g; age: 3 mo) were fed diets containing lipid at 6.98% (low-fat diet; LFD), 11.3% (middle-fat diet; MFD), or 15.4% (high-fat diet; HFD) (by weight) for 8 wk. Each dietary group had 3 replicates, 30 fish per replicate. Their intestinal epithelial cells were isolated and incubated for 24 h in control solution or various concentrations of fatty acids (FAs) with or without 2-h pretreatment with an inhibitor [3-methyladenine (3-MA), 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA), or Ac-DVED-CHO (AC)]. Triglyceride (TG) contents, genes, and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis were determined in intestinal tissue and cells; immunoblotting, BODIPY 493/503 staining, ultrastructural observation, and the detection of autophagic and apoptotic vesicles were performed on intestinal cells. RESULTS Compared with the LFD and MFD, the HFD increased intestinal TG content by 120-226%, activities of lipogenic enzymes by 19.0-245%, expression of genes related to lipogenesis (0.77-8.4-fold), lipolysis (0.36-6.0-fold), FA transport proteins (0.79-1.7-fold), ER stress (0.55-7.5-fold), autophagy (0.56-4.2-fold), and apoptosis (0.80-5.2-fold). Using isolated intestinal epithelial cells and inhibitors (4-PBA, 3-MA, and AC), we found that ER stress mediated FA-induced activation of autophagy (11.0-50.1%) and apoptosis (10.4-32.0%), and lipophagy and apoptosis mediated FA-induced lipolysis (3.40-41.6%). CONCLUSIONS An HFD upregulated lipogenesis, lipolysis, and FA transport, induced ER stress, and activated autophagy and apoptosis. ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis play important regulatory roles in fat-induced changes in lipid metabolism in the intestine and intestinal epithelial cells of yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Ling
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dian-Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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50
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Morishita H, Zhao YG, Tamura N, Nishimura T, Kanda Y, Sakamaki Y, Okazaki M, Li D, Mizushima N. A critical role of VMP1 in lipoprotein secretion. eLife 2019; 8:48834. [PMID: 31526472 PMCID: PMC6748824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are lipid-protein complexes that are primarily generated and secreted from the intestine, liver, and visceral endoderm and delivered to peripheral tissues. Lipoproteins, which are assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, are released into the ER lumen for secretion, but its mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the release of lipoproteins from the ER membrane requires VMP1, an ER transmembrane protein essential for autophagy and certain types of secretion. Loss of vmp1, but not other autophagy-related genes, in zebrafish causes lipoprotein accumulation in the intestine and liver. Vmp1 deficiency in mice also leads to lipid accumulation in the visceral endoderm and intestine. In VMP1-depleted cells, neutral lipids accumulate within lipid bilayers of the ER membrane, thus affecting lipoprotein secretion. These results suggest that VMP1 is important for the release of lipoproteins from the ER membrane to the ER lumen in addition to its previously known functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yan G Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Norito Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taki Nishimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sakamaki
- Microscopy Research Support Unit Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Dongfang Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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