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Balistreri CR, Di Giorgi L, Monastero R. Focus of endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction in ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease: Possible intervention strategies. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102362. [PMID: 38830545 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of the endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX), a mixture of carbohydrates attached to proteins expressed on the surface of blood vessel endothelial cells (EC), is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis of the cardiovascular system and all systems of the human body, the endothelium being the critical component of the stroma of all tissues. Consequently, dysfunction of eGCX results in a dysfunctional cardiovascular wall and severe downstream cardiovascular events, which contribute to the onset of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as other age-related diseases (ARDs). The key role of eGCX dysfunction in the onset of ARDs is examined here, with a focus on the most prevalent neurological diseases: ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of some treatment strategies for anti-eGCX dysfunction are described, ranging from experimental drug therapies, which need to be better tested and explored not only in animal models but also in humans, as well as reprogramming, the use of nutraceuticals, which are emerging as regenerative and new approaches. The promotion of these strategies is essential to keep eGCX and endothelium healthy, as is the development of intravital (e.g., intravascular) tools to estimate eGCX health status and treatment efficacy, which could lead to advanced solutions to address ARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Pathological Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo 90134, Italy.
| | - Lucia Di Giorgi
- Memory and Parkinson's disease Center Policlinico "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, and Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Memory and Parkinson's disease Center Policlinico "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, and Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Via La Loggia 1, Palermo 90129, Italy.
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2
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Vlodavsky I, Hilwi M, Kayal Y, Soboh S, Ilan N. Impact of heparanase-2 (Hpa2) on cancer and inflammation: Advances and paradigms. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23670. [PMID: 38747803 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400286r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
HPSE2, the gene-encoding heparanase 2 (Hpa2), is mutated in urofacial syndrome (UFS), a rare autosomal recessive congenital disease attributed to peripheral neuropathy. Hpa2 lacks intrinsic heparan sulfate (HS)-degrading activity, the hallmark of heparanase (Hpa1), yet it exhibits a high affinity toward HS, thereby inhibiting Hpa1 enzymatic activity. Hpa2 regulates selected genes that promote normal differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, resulting in antitumor, antiangiogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Importantly, stress conditions induce the expression of Hpa2, thus establishing a feedback loop, where Hpa2 enhances ER stress which, in turn, induces Hpa2 expression. In most cases, cancer patients who retain high levels of Hpa2 survive longer than patients bearing Hpa2-low tumors. Experimentally, overexpression of Hpa2 attenuates the growth of tumor xenografts, whereas Hpa2 gene silencing results in aggressive tumors. Studies applying conditional Hpa2 knockout (cHpa2-KO) mice revealed an essential involvement of Hpa2 contributed by the host in protecting against cancer and inflammation. This was best reflected by the distorted morphology of the Hpa2-null pancreas, including massive infiltration of immune cells, acinar to adipocyte trans-differentiation, and acinar to ductal metaplasia. Moreover, orthotopic inoculation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells into the pancreas of Hpa2-null vs. wild-type mice yielded tumors that were by far more aggressive. Likewise, intravenous inoculation of cancer cells into cHpa2-KO mice resulted in a dramatically increased lung colonization reflecting the involvement of Hpa2 in restricting the formation of a premetastatic niche. Elucidating Hpa2 structure-activity-relationships is expected to support the development of Hpa2-based therapies against cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maram Hilwi
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Soaad Soboh
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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3
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Nagy N, Kaber G, Sunkari VG, Marshall PL, Hargil A, Kuipers HF, Ishak HD, Bogdani M, Hull RL, Grandoch M, Fischer JW, McLaughlin TL, Wight TN, Bollyky PL. Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis prevents β-cell loss in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:34-47. [PMID: 37783236 PMCID: PMC10841470 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and death are central to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We identified a novel role for the inflammatory extracellular matrix polymer hyaluronan (HA) in this pathophysiology. Low concentrations of HA were present in healthy pancreatic islets. However, HA substantially accumulated in cadaveric islets of T2D patients and islets of the db/db mouse model of T2D in response to hyperglycemia. Treatment with 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an inhibitor of HA synthesis, or the deletion of the main HA receptor CD44, preserved glycemic control and insulin concentrations in db/db mice despite ongoing weight gain, indicating a critical role for this pathway in T2D pathogenesis. 4-MU treatment and the deletion of CD44 likewise preserved glycemic control in other settings of β-cell injury including streptozotocin treatment and islet transplantation. Mechanistically, we found that 4-MU increased the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor survivin, a downstream transcriptional target of CD44 dependent on HA/CD44 signaling, on β-cells such that caspase 3 activation did not result in β-cell apoptosis. These data indicated a role for HA accumulation in diabetes pathogenesis and suggested that it may be a viable target to ameliorate β-cell loss in T2D. These data are particularly exciting, because 4-MU is already an approved drug (also known as hymecromone), which could accelerate translation of these findings to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman Center B241A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman Center B241A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivekananda G Sunkari
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman Center B241A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Payton L Marshall
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman Center B241A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman Center B241A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman Center B241A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heather D Ishak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman Center B241A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Rebecca L Hull
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria Grandoch
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tracey L McLaughlin
- Department of Medicine, Medicine - Endocrinology, Endocrine Clinic, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Beckman Center B241A, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Peck T, Davis C, Lenihan-Geels G, Griffiths M, Spijkers-Shaw S, Zubkova OV, La Flamme AC. The novel HS-mimetic, Tet-29, regulates immune cell trafficking across barriers of the CNS during inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:251. [PMID: 37915090 PMCID: PMC10619265 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the extracellular matrix at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) underpins neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). The degradation of extracellular matrix components, such as heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, can be prevented by treatment with HS-mimetics through their ability to inhibit the enzyme heparanase. The heparanase-inhibiting ability of our small dendrimer HS-mimetics has been investigated in various cancers but their efficacy in neuroinflammatory models has not been evaluated. This study investigates the use of a novel HS-mimetic, Tet-29, in an animal model of MS. METHODS Neuroinflammation was induced in mice by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS. In addition, the BBB and choroid plexus were modelled in vitro using transmigration assays, and migration of immune cells in vivo and in vitro was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that Tet-29 significantly reduced lymphocyte accumulation in the central nervous system which, in turn, decreased disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The disease-modifying effect of Tet-29 was associated with a rescue of BBB integrity, as well as inhibition of activated lymphocyte migration across the BBB and choroid plexus in transwell models. In contrast, Tet-29 did not significantly impair in vivo or in vitro steady state-trafficking under homeostatic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Together these results suggest that Tet-29 modulates, rather than abolishes, trafficking across central nervous system barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Peck
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Connor Davis
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Georgia Lenihan-Geels
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Maddie Griffiths
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sam Spijkers-Shaw
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Olga V Zubkova
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anne Camille La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
- Centre for Biodiscovery Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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5
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Atkinson MA, Mirmira RG. The pathogenic "symphony" in type 1 diabetes: A disorder of the immune system, β cells, and exocrine pancreas. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1500-1518. [PMID: 37478842 PMCID: PMC10529265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to result from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells. This concept has been a central tenet for decades of attempts seeking to decipher the disorder's pathogenesis and prevent/reverse the disease. Recently, this and many other disease-related notions have come under increasing question, particularly given knowledge gained from analyses of human T1D pancreas. Perhaps most crucial are findings suggesting that a collective of cellular constituents-immune, endocrine, and exocrine in origin-mechanistically coalesce to facilitate T1D. This review considers these emerging concepts, from basic science to clinical research, and identifies several key remaining knowledge voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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6
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Kayal Y, Barash U, Naroditsky I, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase 2 (Hpa2)- a new player essential for pancreatic acinar cell differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:465. [PMID: 37491420 PMCID: PMC10368643 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase 2 (Hpa2, HPSE2) is a close homolog of heparanase. Hpa2, however, lacks intrinsic heparan sulfate (HS)-degrading activity, the hallmark of heparanase enzymatic activity. Mutations of HPSE2 were identified in patients diagnosed with urofacial syndrome (UFS), a rare genetic disorder that exhibits abnormal facial expression and bladder voiding dysfunction, leading to renal damage and eventually renal failure. In order to reveal the role of HPSE2 in tissue homeostasis, we established a conditional Hpa2-KO mouse. Interestingly, the lack of Hpa2 was associated with a marked decrease in the expression of key pancreatic transcription factors such as PTF1, GATA6, and Mist1. This was associated with a two-fold decrease in pancreas weight, increased pancreatic inflammation, and profound morphological alterations of the pancreas. These include massive accumulation of fat cells, possibly a result of acinar-to-adipocyte transdifferentiation (AAT), as well as acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), both considered to be pro-tumorigenic. Furthermore, exposing Hpa2-KO but not wild-type mice to a carcinogen (AOM) and pancreatic inflammation (cerulein) resulted in the formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), lesions that are considered to be precursors of invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (PDAC). These results strongly support the notion that Hpa2 functions as a tumor suppressor. Moreover, Hpa2 is shown here for the first time to play a critical role in the exocrine aspect of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Vlodavsky I, Kayal Y, Hilwi M, Soboh S, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase-A single protein with multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions. PROTEOGLYCAN RESEARCH 2023; 1:e6. [PMID: 37547889 PMCID: PMC10398610 DOI: 10.1002/pgr2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (Hpa1) is expressed by tumor cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment and functions extracellularly to remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulate the bioavailability of ECM-bound factors, augmenting, among other effects, gene transcription, autophagy, exosome formation, and heparan sulfate (HS) turnover. Much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The enzyme appears to fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, autophagy, HS turnover, and gene transcription. It activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and nonenzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive tumor growth, dissemination, and drug resistance as well as inflammatory responses. The emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a key regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a valid target for therapy. So far, however, antiheparanase-based therapy has not been implemented in the clinic. Unlike heparanase, heparanase-2 (Hpa2), a close homolog of heparanase (Hpa1), does not undergo proteolytic processing and hence lacks intrinsic HS-degrading activity, the hallmark of heparanase. Hpa2 retains the capacity to bind heparin/HS and exhibits an even higher affinity towards HS than heparanase, thus competing for HS binding and inhibiting heparanase enzymatic activity. It appears that Hpa2 functions as a natural inhibitor of Hpa1 regulates the expression of selected genes that maintain tissue hemostasis and normal function, and plays a protective role against cancer and inflammation, together emphasizing the significance of maintaining a proper balance between Hpa1 and Hpa2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Maram Hilwi
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Soaad Soboh
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
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Zhang J, Li K, Sun HR, Sun SK, Zhu YT, Ge YT, Wu YX, Zhou QY, Li GT, Chang XA, Sun P, Ding Y, Han X. The heparan sulfate mimetic Muparfostat aggravates steatohepatitis in obese mice due to its binding affinity to lipoprotein lipase. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1803-1818. [PMID: 36735592 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heparanase is the only confirmed endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS), a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan with various essential roles in multiple pathological processes. Thus, the development of heparanase inhibitors has become an attractive strategy for drug discovery, especially in tumour therapy, in which HS mimetics are the most promising compounds. The various biological effects of heparanase also suggest a role for HS mimetics in many non-cancer indications, such as type 1 diabetes. However, the potential benefits of HS mimetics in obesity-related type 2 diabetes have not been elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, we investigated muparfostat (PI-88), a developed HS mimetic currently enrolled in Phase III clinical trials, in obese mouse models and in vitro cultured murine hepatocytes. KEY RESULTS Daily administration of muparfostat for 4 weeks caused hyperlipidaemia and aggravated hepatic steatosis in obese mice models, but not in lean animals. In cultured hepatocytes, muparfostat did not alter lipid accumulation. Acute tests suggested that muparfostat binds to lipoprotein lipase in competition with HS on vascular endothelial cell surfaces, thereby reducing the degradation of circulating triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase and subsequent uptake of fatty acids into vascular endothelial cells and causing hyperlipidaemia. This hyperlipidaemia aggravates hepatic steatosis and causes liver injury in muparfostat-treated obese mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The binding activity of HS mimetics to lipoprotein lipase should be investigated as an additional pharmacological effect during heparanase inhibitor drug discovery. This study also provides novel evidence for an increased risk of drug-induced liver injury in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Ran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Kun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ting Ge
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin-Yao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guan-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Cardoso LEM, Marinho TS, Martins FF, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Treatment with semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, improves extracellular matrix remodeling in the pancreatic islet of diet-induced obese mice. Life Sci 2023; 319:121502. [PMID: 36796719 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The extracellular matrix (ECM) is fundamental for the normal endocrine functions of pancreatic islet cells and plays key roles in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Here we investigated the turnover of islet ECM components, including islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), in an obese mouse model treated with semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide type 1 receptor agonist. MAIN METHODS Male one-month-old C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet (C) or a high-fat diet (HF) for 16 weeks, then treated with semaglutide (subcutaneous 40 μg/kg every three days) for an additional four weeks (HFS). The islets were immunostained and gene expressions were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Comparisons refer to HFS vs HF. Thus, IAPP immunolabeling and beta-cell-enriched beta-amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (Bace2, -40 %) and heparanase immunolabeling and gene (Hpse, -40 %) were mitigated by semaglutide. In contrast, perlecan (Hspg2, +900 %) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa, +420 %) were enhanced by semaglutide. Also, semaglutide lessened syndecan 4 (Sdc4, -65 %) and hyaluronan synthases (Has1, -45 %; Has2, -65 %) as well as chondroitin sulfate immunolabeling, and collagen type 1 (Col1a1, -60 %) and type 6 (Col6a3, -15 %), lysyl oxidase (Lox, -30 %) and metalloproteinases (Mmp2, -45 %; Mmp9, -60 %). SIGNIFICANCE Semaglutide improved the turnover of islet heparan sulfate proteoglycans, hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and collagens in the islet ECM. Such changes should contribute to restoring a healthy islet functional milieu and should reduce the formation of cell-damaging amyloid deposits. Our findings also provide additional evidence for the involvement of islet proteoglycans in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E M Cardoso
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Thatiany Souza Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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10
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Nagy N, Kaber G, Sunkari VG, Marshall PL, Hargil A, Kuipers HF, Ishak HD, Bogdani M, Hull RL, Grandoch M, Fischer JW, McLaughlin TL, Wight TN, Bollyky PL. Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis prevents β-cell loss in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.28.530522. [PMID: 36909502 PMCID: PMC10002695 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.28.530522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and death are central to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We have identified a novel role for the inflammatory extracellular matrix polymer hyaluronan (HA) in this pathophysiology. Low levels of HA are present in healthy pancreatic islets. However, HA substantially accumulates in cadaveric islets of human T2D and islets of the db/db mouse model of T2D in response to hyperglycemia. Treatment with 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an inhibitor of HA synthesis, or the deletion of the major HA receptor CD44, preserve glycemic control and insulin levels in db/db mice despite ongoing weight gain, indicating a critical role for this pathway in T2D pathogenesis. 4-MU treatment and the deletion of CD44 likewise preserve glycemic control in other settings of β-cell injury including streptozotocin treatment and islet transplantation. Mechanistically, we find that 4-MU increases the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor survivin, a downstream transcriptional target of CD44 dependent on HA/CD44 signaling, on β-cells such that caspase 3 activation does not result in β-cell apoptosis. These data indicate a role for HA accumulation in diabetes pathogenesis and suggest that it may be a viable target to ameliorate β-cell loss in T2D. These data are particularly exciting, because 4-MU is already an approved drug (also known as hymecromone), which could accelerate translation of these findings to clinical studies.
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11
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Goh SK, Bertera S, Richardson T, Banerjee I. Repopulation of decellularized organ scaffolds with human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitor cells. Biomed Mater 2023; 18. [PMID: 36720168 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acb7bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is an emerging global epidemic that affects more that 285 million people worldwide. Engineering of endocrine pancreas tissue holds great promise for the future of diabetes therapy. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of re-engineering decellularized organ scaffolds using regenerative cell source. We differentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) toward pancreatic progenitor (PP) lineage and repopulated decellularized organ scaffolds with these hPSC-PP cells. We observed that hPSCs cultured and differentiated as aggregates are more suitable for organ repopulation than isolated single cell suspension. However, recellularization with hPSC-PP aggregates require a more extensive vascular support, which was found to be superior in decellularized liver over the decellularized pancreas scaffolds. Upon continued culture for nine days with chemical induction in the bioreactor, the seeded hPSC-PP aggregates demonstrated extensive and uniform cellular repopulation and viability throughout the thickness of the liver scaffolds. Furthermore, the decellularized liver scaffolds was supportive of the endocrine cell fate of the engrafted cells. Our novel strategy to engineer endocrine pancreas construct is expected to find potential applications in preclinical testing, drug discovery and diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saik-Kia Goh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Bertera
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Richardson
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Ipsita Banerjee
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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12
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Schleyer KA, Liu J, Chen Z, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zuo J, Ybargollin AJ, Guo H, Cui L. A Universal and Modular Scaffold for Heparanase Activatable Probes and Drugs. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2290-2298. [PMID: 36346913 PMCID: PMC10897860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endo-β-glucuronidase involved in extracellular matrix remodeling in rapidly healing tissues, most cancers and inflammation, and viral infection. Its importance as a therapeutic target warrants further study, but such is hampered by a lack of research tools. To expand the toolkits for probing HPSE enzymatic activity, we report the design of a substrate scaffold for HPSE comprised of a disaccharide substrate appended with a linker, capable of carrying cargo until being cleaved by HPSE. Here exemplified as a fluorogenic, coumarin-based imaging probe, this scaffold can potentially expand the availability of HPSE-responsive imaging or drug delivery tools using a variety of imaging moieties or other cargo. We show that electronic tuning of the scaffold provides a robust response to HPSE while simplifying the structural requirements of the attached cargo. Molecular docking and modeling suggest a productive probe/HPSE binding mode. These results further support the hypothesis that the reactivity of these HPSE-responsive probes is predominantly influenced by the electron density of the aglycone. This universal HPSE-activatable scaffold will greatly facilitate future development of HPSE-responsive probes and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton A Schleyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zixin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zhishen Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yuzhao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Junxiang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Alberto Jimenez Ybargollin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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13
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Wang Q, Chi L. The Alterations and Roles of Glycosaminoglycans in Human Diseases. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225014. [PMID: 36433141 PMCID: PMC9694910 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides which are composed of a repeating disaccharide unit. They are also linked to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs/PGs are major components of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM), and they display critical roles in development, normal function, and damage response in the body. Some properties (such as expression quantity, molecular weight, and sulfation pattern) of GAGs may be altered under pathological conditions. Due to the close connection between these properties and the function of GAGs/PGs, the alterations are often associated with enormous changes in the physiological/pathological status of cells and organs. Therefore, these GAGs/PGs may serve as marker molecules of disease. This review aimed to investigate the structural alterations and roles of GAGs/PGs in a range of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and virus infection. It is hoped to provide a reference for disease diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and drug development.
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14
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Heparanase: A Novel Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203198. [PMID: 36291066 PMCID: PMC9599978 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its management places a huge burden on healthcare systems through hospitalisation and treatment. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall resulting in the formation of lipid-rich, fibrotic plaques under the subendothelium and is a key contributor to the development of CVD. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis is urgently required for more effective disease treatment and prevention strategies. Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme known to cleave heparan sulfate of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which is a key component of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. By cleaving heparan sulfate, heparanase contributes to the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, tumour angiogenesis, and cell migration. Recent evidence suggests a multifactorial role for heparanase in atherosclerosis by promoting underlying inflammatory processes giving rise to plaque formation, as well as regulating lesion stability. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the role of heparanase in physiological and pathological processes with a focus on the emerging role of the enzyme in atherosclerosis.
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15
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Importance of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Pancreatic Islets and β-Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012082. [PMID: 36292936 PMCID: PMC9603760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas secrete insulin in response to the glucose concentration in the blood. When these pancreatic β-cells are damaged, diabetes develops through glucose intolerance caused by insufficient insulin secretion. High molecular weight polysaccharides, such as heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, and HS-degrading enzymes, such as heparinase, participate in the protection, maintenance, and enhancement of the functions of pancreatic islets and β-cells, and the demand for studies on glycobiology within the field of diabetes research has increased. This review introduces the roles of complex glycoconjugates containing high molecular weight polysaccharides and their degrading enzymes in pancreatic islets and β-cells, including those obtained in studies conducted by us earlier. In addition, from the perspective of glycobiology, this study proposes the possibility of application to diabetes medicine.
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16
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Yip L, Alkhataybeh R, Taylor C, Fuhlbrigge R, Fathman CG. Identification of Novel Disease-Relevant Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: A Potential Defect in Pancreatic Iron Homeostasis. Diabetes 2022; 71:1490-1507. [PMID: 35499603 PMCID: PMC9233262 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple pathways contribute to the pathophysiological development of type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the exact mechanisms involved are unclear. We performed differential gene expression analysis in pancreatic islets of NOD mice versus age-matched congenic NOD.B10 controls to identify genes that may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Novel genes related to extracellular matrix development and glucagon and insulin signaling/secretion were changed in NOD mice during early inflammation. During "respective" insulitis, the expression of genes encoding multiple chemosensory olfactory receptors were upregulated, and during "destructive" insulitis, the expression of genes involved in antimicrobial defense and iron homeostasis were downregulated. Islet inflammation reduced the expression of Hamp that encodes hepcidin. Hepcidin is expressed in β-cells and serves as the key regulator of iron homeostasis. We showed that Hamp and hepcidin levels were lower, while iron levels were higher in the pancreas of 12-week-old NOD versus NOD.B10 mice, suggesting that a loss of iron homeostasis may occur in the islets during the onset of "destructive" insulitis. Interestingly, we showed that the severity of NOD disease correlates with dietary iron intake. NOD mice maintained on low-iron diets had a lower incidence of hyperglycemia, while those maintained on high-iron diets had an earlier onset and higher incidence of disease, suggesting that high iron exposure combined with a loss of pancreatic iron homeostasis may exacerbate NOD disease. This mechanism may explain the link seen between high iron exposure and the increased risk for T1D in humans.
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17
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Rangu R, Wander PL, Barrow BM, Zraika S. Going viral in the islet: mediators of SARS-CoV-2 entry beyond ACE2. J Mol Endocrinol 2022; 69:R63-R79. [PMID: 35521990 PMCID: PMC10622140 DOI: 10.1530/jme-21-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Following initial infection of airway epithelia, SARS-CoV-2 invades a wide range of cells in multiple organs, including pancreatic islet cells. Diabetes is now recognised as a risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes, including hospitalisation and death. Additionally, COVID-19 is associated with a higher risk of new-onset diabetes and metabolic complications of diabetes. One mechanism by which these deleterious outcomes may occur is via the destruction of insulin-producing islet β cells, either directly by SARS-CoV-2 entry into β cells or indirectly due to inflammation and fibrosis in the surrounding microenvironment. While the canonical pathway of viral entry via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been established as a major route of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung, it may not be solely responsible for viral entry into the endocrine pancreas. This is likely due to the divergent expression of viral entry factors among different tissues. For example, expression of ACE2 has not been unequivocally demonstrated in β cells. Thus, it is important to understand how other proteins known to be highly expressed in pancreatic endocrine cells may be involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry, with the view that these could be targeted to prevent the demise of the β cell in COVID-19. To that end, this review discusses alternate receptors of SARS-CoV-2 (CD147 and GRP78), as well as mediators (furin, TMPRSS2, cathepsin L, ADAM17, neuropilin-1, and heparan sulphate) that may facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry into pancreatic islets independent of or in conjunction with ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohita Rangu
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Pandora L. Wander
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Breanne M. Barrow
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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18
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Loka RS, Song Z, Sletten ET, Kayal Y, Vlodavsky I, Zhang K, Nguyen HM. Heparan Sulfate Mimicking Glycopolymer Prevents Pancreatic β Cell Destruction and Suppresses Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Islets under the Challenge of Upregulated Heparanase. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1387-1400. [PMID: 35658404 PMCID: PMC9251817 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the levels of blood glucose are too high because the body does not effectively produce insulin to meet its needs or is resistant to insulin. β Cells in human pancreatic islets produce insulin, which signals glucogen production by the liver and causes muscles and fat to uptake glucose. Progressive loss of insulin-producing β cells is the main cause of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Heparan sulfate (HS) is a ubiquitous polysaccharide found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a variety of tissues. HS binds to and assembles proteins in ECM, thus playing important roles in the integrity of ECM (particularly basement membrane), barrier function, and ECM-cell interactions. Islet HS is highly expressed by the pancreatic β cells and critical for the survival of β cells. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase and cleaves islet HS in the pancreas, resulting in β-cell death and oxidative stress. Heparanase could also accelerate β-cell death by promoting cytokine release from ECM and secretion by activated inflammatory and endothelial cells. We demonstrate that HS-mimicking glycopolymer, a potent heparanase inhibitor, improves the survival of cultured mouse pancreatic β cells and protects HS contents under the challenge of heparanase in human pancreatic islets. Moreover, this HS-mimicking glycopolymer reduces the expression levels of cytokines (IL8, IL1β, and TNFα) and the gene encoding Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) in human pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Loka
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Zhenfeng Song
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Eric T Sletten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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19
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Acute T-Cell-Driven Inflammation Requires the Endoglycosidase Heparanase-1 from Multiple Cell Types. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094625. [PMID: 35563015 PMCID: PMC9105945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been accepted for decades that T lymphocytes and metastasising tumour cells traverse basement membranes (BM) by deploying a battery of degradative enzymes, particularly proteases. However, since many redundant proteases can solubilise BM it has been difficult to prove that proteases aid cell migration, particularly in vivo. Recent studies also suggest that other mechanisms allow BM passage of cells. To resolve this issue we exploited heparanase-1 (HPSE-1), the only endoglycosidase in mammals that digests heparan sulfate (HS), a major constituent of BM. Initially we examined the effect of HPSE-1 deficiency on a well-characterised adoptive transfer model of T-cell-mediated inflammation. We found that total elimination of HPSE-1 from this system resulted in a drastic reduction in tissue injury and loss of target HS. Subsequent studies showed that the source of HPSE-1 in the transferred T cells was predominantly activated CD4+ T cells. Based on bone marrow chimeras, two cellular sources of HPSE-1 were identified in T cell recipients, one being haematopoiesis dependent and the other radiation resistant. Collectively our findings unequivocally demonstrate that an acute T-cell-initiated inflammatory response is HPSE-1 dependent and is reliant on HPSE-1 from at least three different cell types.
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20
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Antonella C, Sandro M, Vincenzo C, Martina S, Alessandra E, Gennaro N, Eduardo N, Elena P, Teresa PM, Maria DR, Elvira DL, Cristina SN, Luis MD. Fluoxetine ameliorates Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1432-1450. [PMID: 35121108 PMCID: PMC9077373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS-IIIA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in SGSH involved in the degradation of heparan sulfate. MPS-IIIA presents severe neurological symptoms such as progressive developmental delay and cognitive decline, for which there is currently no treatment. Brain targeting represents the main challenge for therapeutics to treat MPS-IIIA, and the development of small-molecule-based treatments able to reach the CNS could be a relevant advance for therapy. Using cell-based high content imaging to survey clinically approved drugs in MPS-IIIA cells, we identified fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Fluoxetine increases lysosomal and autophagic functions via TFEB activation through a RagC-dependent mechanism. Mechanistically, fluoxetine increases lysosomal exocytosis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from MPS-IIIA mice, suggesting that this process may be responsible for heparan sulfate clearance. In vivo, fluoxetine ameliorates somatic and brain pathology in a mouse model of MPS-IIIA by decreasing the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and aggregated autophagic substrates, reducing inflammation, and slowing down cognitive deterioration. We repurposed fluoxetine for potential therapeutics to treat human MPS-IIIA disease.
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21
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Popp SK, Vecchio F, Brown DJ, Fukuda R, Suzuki Y, Takeda Y, Wakamatsu R, Sarma MA, Garrett J, Giovenzana A, Bosi E, Lafferty AR, Brown KJ, Gardiner EE, Coupland LA, Thomas HE, Chong BH, Parish CR, Battaglia M, Petrelli A, Simeonovic CJ. Circulating platelet-neutrophil aggregates characterize the development of type 1 diabetes in humans and NOD mice. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153993. [PMID: 35076023 PMCID: PMC8855805 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-neutrophil aggregates (PNAs) facilitate neutrophil activation and migration and could underpin the recruitment of neutrophils to the pancreas during type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. PNAs, measured by flow cytometry, were significantly elevated in the circulation of autoantibody-positive (Aab+) children and new-onset T1D children, as well as in pre-T1D (at 4 weeks and 10–12 weeks) and T1D-onset NOD mice, compared with relevant controls, and PNAs were characterized by activated P-selectin+ platelets. PNAs were similarly increased in pre-T1D and T1D-onset NOD isolated islets/insulitis, and immunofluorescence staining revealed increased islet-associated neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) products (myeloperoxidase [MPO] and citrullinated histones [CitH3]) in NOD pancreata. In vitro, cell-free histones and NETs induced islet cell damage, which was prevented by the small polyanionic drug methyl cellobiose sulfate (mCBS) that binds to histones and neutralizes their pathological effects. Elevated circulating PNAs could, therefore, act as an innate immune and pathogenic biomarker of T1D autoimmunity. Platelet hyperreactivity within PNAs appears to represent a previously unrecognized hematological abnormality that precedes T1D onset. In summary, PNAs could contribute to the pathogenesis of T1D and potentially function as a pre-T1D diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Popp
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
| | - Federica Vecchio
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Debra J. Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
| | - Riho Fukuda
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuma Takeda
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rikako Wakamatsu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mahalakshmi A. Sarma
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
| | - Jessica Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, Canberra, Australia
| | - Anna Giovenzana
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- San Raffaele Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antony R.A. Lafferty
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Karen J. Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E. Gardiner
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lucy A. Coupland
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, Canberra, Australia
| | - Helen E. Thomas
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Beng H. Chong
- Hematology Research Unit, St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, Canberra, Australia
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Petrelli
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Charmaine J. Simeonovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia
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22
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Bogdani M, Simeonovic C, Nagy N, Johnson PY, Chan CK, Wight TN. Detection of Glycosaminoglycans in Pancreatic Islets and Lymphoid Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:695-717. [PMID: 34626417 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the detection of the glycosaminoglycans hyaluronan and heparan sulfate in pancreatic islets and lymphoid tissues. The identification of hyaluronan in tissues is achieved by utilizing a highly specific hyaluronan binding protein (HABP) probe that interacts with hyaluronan in tissue sections. The HABP probe is prepared by enzymatic digestion of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan aggrecan which is present in bovine nasal cartilage and is then biotinylated in the presence of bound hyaluronan and the link protein. Hyaluronan is then removed by gel filtration chromatography. The biotinylated HABP-link protein complex is applied to tissue sections, and binding of the complex to tissue hyaluronan is visualized by enzymatic precipitation of chromogenic substrates.To determine hyaluronan content in tissues, tissues are first proteolytically digested to release hyaluronan from the macromolecular complexes that this molecule forms with other extracellular matrix constituents. Digested tissue is then incubated with HABP . The hyaluronan-HABP complexes are extracted, and the hyaluronan concentration in the tissue is determined using an ELISA-like assay.Historically, heparan sulfate was identified in tissue sections using the cationic dye Alcian blue and histochemistry based on the critical electrolyte concentration principle of differential staining of glycosaminoglycans using salt solutions. For both human and mouse pancreas sections, the current optimal method for detecting heparan sulfate is by indirect immunohistochemistry using a specific anti-heparan sulfate monoclonal antibody. A peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody is then applied, and its binding to the anti-heparan sulfate antibody is visualized by oxidation and precipitation of a chromogenic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charmaine Simeonovic
- Diabetes/Transplantation Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Y Johnson
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina K Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
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23
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Liu T, Li H, Conley YP, Primack BA, Wang J, Lo WJ, Li C. A Genome-Wide Association Study of Prediabetes Status Change. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:881633. [PMID: 35769078 PMCID: PMC9234217 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.881633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted the first genome-wide association study of prediabetes status change (to diabetes or normal glycaemia) among 900 White participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based analysis was performed by logistic regression models, controlling for age, gender, body mass index, and the first 3 genetic principal components. Gene-based analysis was conducted by combining SNP-based p values using effective Chi-square test method. Promising SNPs (p < 1×10-5) and genes (p < 1×10-4) were further evaluated for replication among 514 White participants of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). To accommodate familial correlations, generalized estimation equation models were applied for SNP-based analyses in the FHS. Analysis results across ARIC and FHS were combined using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis method for SNPs and Fisher's method for genes. We robustly identified 5 novel genes that are associated with prediabetes status change using gene-based analyses, including SGCZ (ARIC p = 9.93×10-6, FHS p = 2.00×10-3, Meta p = 3.72×10-7) at 8p22, HPSE2 (ARIC p = 8.26×10-19, FHS p = 5.85×10-3, Meta p < 8.26×10-19) at 10q24.2, ADGRA1 (ARIC p = 1.34×10-5, FHS p = 1.13×10-3, Meta p = 2.88×10-7) at 10q26.3, GLB1L3 (ARIC p = 3.71×10-6, FHS p = 4.51×10-3, Meta p = 3.16×10-7) at 11q25, and PCSK6 (ARIC p = 6.51×10-6, FHS p = 1.10×10-2, Meta p = 1.25×10-6) at 15q26.3. eQTL analysis indicated that these genes were highly expressed in tissues related to diabetes development. However, we were not able to identify any novel locus in single SNP-based analysis. Future large scale genomic studies of prediabetes status change are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Hongjin Li
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yvette P. Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian A. Primack
- College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Wen-Juo Lo
- College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Changwei Li,
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Takahashi I. Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Insulin-producing Pancreatic β-cell Function. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2028.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Takahashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University
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25
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Takahashi I. Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Insulin-producing Pancreatic β-cell Function. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2028.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Takahashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University
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26
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Wu CT, Lidsky PV, Xiao Y, Lee IT, Cheng R, Nakayama T, Jiang S, Demeter J, Bevacqua RJ, Chang CA, Whitener RL, Stalder AK, Zhu B, Chen H, Goltsev Y, Tzankov A, Nayak JV, Nolan GP, Matter MS, Andino R, Jackson PK. SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells and elicits β cell impairment. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1565-1576.e5. [PMID: 34081912 PMCID: PMC8130512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence points toward an intricate relationship between the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and diabetes. While preexisting diabetes is associated with severe COVID-19, it is unclear whether COVID-19 severity is a cause or consequence of diabetes. To mechanistically link COVID-19 to diabetes, we tested whether insulin-producing pancreatic β cells can be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and cause β cell depletion. We found that the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2, and related entry factors (TMPRSS2, NRP1, and TRFC) are expressed in β cells, with selectively high expression of NRP1. We discovered that SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells in patients who succumbed to COVID-19 and selectively infects human islet β cells in vitro. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection attenuates pancreatic insulin levels and secretion and induces β cell apoptosis, each rescued by NRP1 inhibition. Phosphoproteomic pathway analysis of infected islets indicates apoptotic β cell signaling, similar to that observed in type 1 diabetes (T1D). In summary, our study shows SARS-CoV-2 can directly induce β cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ting Wu
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter V Lidsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yinghong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ivan T Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tsuguhisa Nakayama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Janos Demeter
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Romina J Bevacqua
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charles A Chang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert L Whitener
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anna K Stalder
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yury Goltsev
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jayakar V Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthias S Matter
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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27
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Dhounchak S, Popp SK, Brown DJ, Laybutt DR, Biden TJ, Bornstein SR, Parish CR, Simeonovic CJ. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in beta cells provide a critical link between endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252607. [PMID: 34086738 PMCID: PMC8177513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) consist of a core protein with side chains of the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). We have previously identified (i) the HSPGs syndecan-1 (SDC1), and collagen type XVIII (COL18) inside mouse and human islet beta cells, and (ii) a critical role for HS in beta cell survival and protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS). The objective of this study was to investigate whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes (T2D) by depleting beta cell HSPGs/HS. A rapid loss of intra-islet/beta cell HSPGs, HS and heparanase (HPSE, an HS-degrading enzyme) accompanied upregulation of islet ER stress gene expression in both young T2D-prone db/db and Akita Ins2WT/C96Y mice. In MIN6 beta cells, HSPGs, HS and HPSE were reduced following treatment with pharmacological inducers of ER stress (thapsigargin or tunicamycin). Treatment of young db/db mice with Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a chemical protein folding chaperone that relieves ER stress, improved glycemic control and increased intra-islet HSPG/HS. In vitro, HS replacement with heparin (a highly sulfated HS analogue) significantly increased the survival of wild-type and db/db beta cells and restored their resistance to hydrogen peroxide-induced death. We conclude that ER stress inhibits the synthesis/maturation of HSPG core proteins which are essential for HS assembly, thereby exacerbating oxidative stress and promoting beta cell failure. Diminished intracellular HSPGs/HS represent a previously unrecognized critical link bridging ER stress, oxidative stress and beta cell failure in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Dhounchak
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sarah K. Popp
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Debra J. Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - D. Ross Laybutt
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of NSW (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor J. Biden
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of NSW (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Charmaine J. Simeonovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
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28
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Casasnovas J, Damron CL, Jarrell J, Orr KS, Bone RN, Archer-Hartmann S, Azadi P, Kua KL. Offspring of Obese Dams Exhibit Sex-Differences in Pancreatic Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans and Islet Insulin Secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:658439. [PMID: 34108935 PMCID: PMC8181410 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.658439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring of obese mothers suffer higher risks of type 2 diabetes due to increased adiposity and decreased β cell function. To date, the sex-differences in offspring islet insulin secretion during early life has not been evaluated extensively, particularly prior to weaning at postnatal day 21 (P21). To determine the role of maternal obesity on offspring islet insulin secretion, C57BL/6J female dams were fed chow or western diet from 4 weeks prior to mating to induce maternal obesity. First, offspring of chow-fed and obese dams were evaluated on postnatal day 21 (P21) prior to weaning for body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance, and islet phasic insulin-secretion. Compared to same-sex controls, both male and female P21 offspring born to obese dams (MatOb) had higher body adiposity and exhibited sex-specific differences in glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. The male MatOb offspring developed the highest extent of glucose intolerance and lowest glucose-induced insulin secretion. In contrast, P21 female offspring of obese dams had unimpaired insulin secretion. Using SAX-HPLC, we found that male MatOb had a decrease in pancreatic heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan, which is a macromolecule critical for islet health. Notably, 8-weeks-old offspring of obese dams continued to exhibit a similar pattern of sex-differences in glucose intolerance and decreased islet insulin secretion. Overall, our study suggests that maternal obesity induces sex-specific changes to pancreatic HSG in offspring and a lasting effect on offspring insulin secretion, leading to the sex-differences in glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Casasnovas
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Christopher Luke Damron
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - James Jarrell
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kara S. Orr
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Robert N. Bone
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kok Lim Kua
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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29
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Abstract
Diabetes is a complex disorder responsible for the mortality and morbidity of millions of individuals worldwide. Although many approaches have been used to understand and treat diabetes, the role of proteoglycans, in particular heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), has only recently received attention. The HSPGs are heterogeneous, highly negatively charged, and are found in all cells primarily attached to the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular matrix (ECM). HSPGs are involved in development, cell migration, signal transduction, hemostasis, inflammation, and antiviral activity, and regulate cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and enzymes. Hyperglycemia, accompanying diabetes, increases reactive oxygen species and upregulates the enzyme heparanase that degrades HSPGs or affects the synthesis of the HSPGs altering their structure. The modified HSPGs in the endothelium and ECM in the blood vessel wall contribute to the nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and retinopathy seen in diabetes. Besides the blood vessel, other cells and tissues in the heart, kidney, and eye are affected by diabetes. Although not well understood, the adipose tissue, intestine, and brain also reveal HSPG changes associated with diabetes. Further, HSPGs are significantly involved in protecting the β cells of the pancreas from autoimmune destruction and could be a focus of prevention of type I diabetes. In some circumstances, HSPGs may contribute to the pathology of the disease. Understanding the role of HSPGs and how they are modified by diabetes may lead to new treatments as well as preventative measures to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Hiebert
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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30
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Koujah L, Allaham M, Patil CD, Ames JM, Suryawanshi RK, Yadavalli T, Agelidis A, Mun C, Surenkhuu B, Jain S, Shukla D. Entry receptor bias in evolutionarily distant HSV-1 clinical strains drives divergent ocular and nervous system pathologies. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:238-249. [PMID: 33766740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection leads to varying pathologies including the development of ocular lesions, stromal keratitis and encephalitis. While the role for host immunity in disease progression is well understood, the contribution of genetic variances in generating preferential viral entry receptor usage and resulting immunopathogenesis in humans are not known. METHODS Ocular cultures were obtained from patients presenting distinct pathologies of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). Next-generation sequencing and subsequent analysis characterized genetic variances among the strains and estimated evolutionary divergence. Murine model of ocular infection was used to assess phenotypic contributions of strain variances on damage to the ocular surface and propagation of innate immunity. Flow cytometry of eye tissue identified differential recruitment of immune cell populations, cytokine array probed for programming of local immune response in the draining lymph node and histology was used to assess inflammation of the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Ex-vivo corneal cultures and in-vitro studies elucidated the role of genetic variances in altering host-pathogen interactions, leading to divergent host responses. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of the clinical isolates suggests evolutionary divergence among currently circulating HSV-1 strains. Mutations causing alterations in functional host interactions were identified, particularly in viral entry glycoproteins which generated a receptor bias to herpesvirus entry mediator, an immune modulator involved in immunopathogenic diseases like HSK, leading to exacerbated ocular surface pathologies and heightened viral burden in the TG and brainstem. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests receptor bias resulting from genetic variances in clinical strains may dictate disease severity and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulia Koujah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mowafak Allaham
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joshua M Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul K Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alex Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Christine Mun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Bayasgalan Surenkhuu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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31
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Hermano E, Carlotti F, Abecassis A, Meirovitz A, Rubinstein AM, Li JP, Vlodavsky I, Rabelink TJ, Elkin M. Dichotomic role of heparanase in a murine model of metabolic syndrome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2771-2780. [PMID: 33051777 PMCID: PMC11072560 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is the predominant enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate, the main polysaccharide in the extracellular matrix. While the role of heparanase in sustaining the pathology of autoimmune diabetes is well documented, its association with metabolic syndrome/type 2 diabetes attracted less attention. Our research was undertaken to elucidate the significance of heparanase in impaired glucose metabolism in metabolic syndrome and early type 2 diabetes. Here, we report that heparanase exerts opposite effects in insulin-producing (i.e., islets) vs. insulin-target (i.e., skeletal muscle) compartments, sustaining or hampering proper regulation of glucose homeostasis depending on the site of action. We observed that the enzyme promotes macrophage infiltration into islets in a murine model of metabolic syndrome, and fosters β-cell-damaging properties of macrophages activated in vitro by components of diabetogenic/obese milieu (i.e., fatty acids). On the other hand, in skeletal muscle (prototypic insulin-target tissue), heparanase is essential to ensure insulin sensitivity. Thus, despite a deleterious effect of heparanase on macrophage infiltration in islets, the enzyme appears to have beneficial role in glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. The dichotomic action of the enzyme in the maintenance of glycemic control should be taken into account when considering heparanase-targeting strategies for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hermano
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexia Abecassis
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Elkin
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Hebrew University Medical School, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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32
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Song WY, Jiang XH, Ding Y, Wang Y, Zhou MX, Xia Y, Zhang CY, Yin CC, Qiu C, Li K, Sun P, Han X. Inhibition of heparanase protects against pancreatic beta cell death in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via reducing intra-islet inflammatory cell infiltration. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4433-4447. [PMID: 32608014 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intra-islet heparan sulfate (HS) plays an important role in the maintenance of pancreatic islet function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect mechanism of HS loss on the functioning of islets in diabetic mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The hypoglycaemic effect of a heparanase inhibitor, OGT2115, was tested in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. The islets in pancreatic sections were also stained to reveal their morphology. An insulinoma cell line (MIN6) and primary isolated murine islets were used to investigate the effect of OGT2115 in vitro. KEY RESULTS Intra-islet HS was clearly lost in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice due to the increased heparanase expression in damaged islets. OGT2115 prevented intra-islet HS loss and improved the glucose profile and insulin secretion in streptozotocin-treated mice. The apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells and the infiltration of mononuclear macrophages, CD4- and CD8-positive T-cells in islets was reduced by OGT2115 in streptozotocin-treated mice, but OGT2115 did not alter the direct streptozotocin-induced damage in vitro. The expression of heparanase was increased in high glucose-treated isolated islets but not in response to direct streptozotocin stimulation. Further experiments showed that high glucose stimuli could decreased expression of PPARγ in cultured islets, thereby relieving the PPARγ-induced inhibition of heparanase gene expression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Hyperglycaemia could cause intra-islet HS loss by elevating the expression of heparanase, thereby aggravating inflammatory cell infiltration and islet damage. Inhibition of heparanase might provide benefit for pancreatic beta cell protection in Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Song
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chong-Chong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Lu G, Rausell-Palamos F, Zhang J, Zheng Z, Zhang T, Valle S, Rosselot C, Berrouet C, Conde P, Spindler MP, Graham JG, Homann D, Garcia-Ocaña A. Dextran Sulfate Protects Pancreatic β-Cells, Reduces Autoimmunity, and Ameliorates Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:1692-1707. [PMID: 32381645 PMCID: PMC7372066 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A failure in self-tolerance leads to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Low-molecular-weight dextran sulfate (DS) is a sulfated semisynthetic polysaccharide with demonstrated cytoprotective and immunomodulatory properties in vitro. However, whether DS can protect pancreatic β-cells, reduce autoimmunity, and ameliorate T1D is unknown. In this study, we report that DS, but not dextran, protects human β-cells against cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. DS also protects mitochondrial function and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and reduces chemokine expression in human islets in a proinflammatory environment. Interestingly, daily treatment with DS significantly reduces diabetes incidence in prediabetic NOD mice and, most importantly, reverses diabetes in early-onset diabetic NOD mice. DS decreases β-cell death, enhances islet heparan sulfate (HS)/HS proteoglycan expression, and preserves β-cell mass and plasma insulin in these mice. DS administration also increases the expression of the inhibitory costimulatory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in T cells, reduces interferon-γ+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and enhances the number of FoxP3+ cells. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the action of one single molecule, DS, on β-cell protection, extracellular matrix preservation, and immunomodulation can reverse diabetes in NOD mice, highlighting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geming Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Francisco Rausell-Palamos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihan Zheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Shelley Valle
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Carolina Rosselot
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Cecilia Berrouet
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Matthew P Spindler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John G Graham
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Dirk Homann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Anti-diabetic activity of field cricket glycosaminoglycan by ameliorating oxidative stress. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:232. [PMID: 32698784 PMCID: PMC7376639 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is newly emerged as an edible insect in several countries. Anti-inflammatory effect of glycosaminoglycan derived from this cricket on chronic disease animal model such as diabetic mouse has not been fully investigated yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the anti-oxidative effect of such glycosaminoglycan on diabetic mouse. METHODS To discover potential therapeutic agents, field cricket glycosaminoglycan (GbG) was tested in the present study. Its anti-oxidative activities in diabetic mice were determined based on its abilities to reduce glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, LDL-cholesterol and BUN levels. Dung beetle (C. molossus) glycosaminoglycan (CaG) was used as a positive control. Db mice were intraperitoneally administered for 1 month according to their group assignments: 1) normal (DB-Hetero); 2) control (DB-Homo); 3) 5 mg/kg treatment of CaG (CaG5); 4) 5 mg/kg treatment of GbG (GbG5); and 5) 10 mg/kg treatment of metformin (Metformin 10). RESULTS Blood glucose level decreased after 1st week of treatment with GbG. LDL-cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels were also inhibited by GbG. Markers of oxidative damage, such as protein carbonyl content and levels of hepatocellular biomarkers, were reduced in db mice treated with GbG. Especially anti-oxidative activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased in GbG treated group compared to those in the control (Db Homo). GbG was composed of heparin disaccharides. Its main N-glycan was identified as Hex9GlcNAc2 (m/z 1905.7) with neutral mono-sugar mainly comprising of hexose and L (+) rhamnose by mass spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS Sero-biochemical and hepatocellular anti-oxidant assay results in db mice suggest that cricket (G. bimaculatus) glycosaminoglycan might possess anti-oxidative effect in diabetic state.
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Ostrovsky O, Vlodavsky I, Nagler A. Mechanism of HPSE Gene SNPs Function: From Normal Processes to Inflammation, Cancerogenesis and Tumor Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:231-249. [PMID: 32274712 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) is the substitution of a single nucleotide, stably inherited, highly abundant, and distributed throughout the genome. Up today 9746 SNPs were found in the HPSE gene. During 12 years 21 SNPs were analyzed in normal and pathological samples. The most prominent SNPs are rs4693608, rs11099592, rs4693084, and rs4364254. These SNPs were found in correlation with heparanase mRNA and protein expression among healthy persons. Moreover, an association of the HPSE gene SNPs with inflammatory processes, cancer development and progression was detected. SNP investigation allowed the identification of strong HPSE gene enhancer in the intron 2. In normal leukocytes, heparanase binds to the enhancer region and regulates HPSE gene expression via negative feedback in rs4693608 SNP-dependent manner. In malignant cells, heparanase halted self-regulation of the enhancer region. Instead of heparanase, the helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) binds to the regulatory region. These and subsequent studies will elucidate how modification in the HPSE enhancer region could be applied to develop new approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ostrovsky
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel, Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Khamaysi I, Hamo-Giladi DB, Abassi Z. Heparanase in Acute Pancreatitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:703-719. [PMID: 32274733 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common diseases in gastroenterology, affecting 2% of all hospitalized patients. Nevertheless, neither the etiology nor the pathophysiology of the disease is fully characterized, and no specific or effective treatment has been developed. Heparanase (Hpa) is an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) into shorter oligosaccharides, activity that is highly implicated in cell invasion associated with cancer metastasis and inflammation. Given that AP is a typical inflammatory disease, we investigated whether Hpa plays a role in AP. Our results provide keen evidence that Hpa expression and activity are significantly increased following cerulein-induced AP in wild type mice. In parallel to the classic manifestations of AP, namely elevation of amylase and lipase levels, pancreas edema and inflammation as well as induction of cytokines and signaling molecules, have been detected in this experimental model of the disease. Noteworthy, these features were far more profound in transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase (Hpa-Tg), suggesting that these mice can be utilized as a model system to reveal the molecular mechanism by which Hpa functions in AP. Further support for the involvement of Hpa in the pathogenesis of AP emerged from our observation that treatment of experimental AP with PG545 or SST0001(= Ronepastat), two potent Hpa inhibitors, markedly attenuated the biochemical, histological and immunological manifestations of the disease. Hpa, therefore, emerges as a potential new target in AP, and Hpa inhibitors are hoped to prove beneficial in AP along with their promising efficacy as anti-cancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyad Khamaysi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Advanced Endoscopy Procedures Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | - Zaid Abassi
- Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Physiology, The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Khanna M, Parish CR. Heparanase: Historical Aspects and Future Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:71-96. [PMID: 32274707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-glucuronidase that cleaves at a limited number of internal sites the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). Heparanase enzymatic activity was first reported in 1975 and by 1983 evidence was beginning to emerge that the enzyme was a facilitator of tumor metastasis by cleaving HS chains present in blood vessel basement membranes and, thereby, aiding the passage of tumor cells through blood vessel walls. Due to a range of technical difficulties, it took another 16 years before heparanase was cloned and characterized in 1999 and a further 14 years before the crystal structure of the enzyme was solved. Despite these substantial deficiencies, there was steady progress in our understanding of heparanase long before the enzyme was fully characterized. For example, it was found as early as 1984 that activated T cells upregulate heparanase expression, like metastatic tumor cells, and the enzyme aids the entry of T cells and other leukocytes into inflammatory sites. Furthermore, it was discovered in 1989 that heparanase releases pre-existing growth factors and cytokines associated with HS in the extracellular matrix (ECM), the liberated growth factors/cytokines enhancing angiogenesis and wound healing. There were also the first hints that heparanase may have functions other than enzymatic activity, in 1995 it being reported that under certain conditions the enzyme could act as a cell adhesion molecule. Also, in the same year PI-88 (Muparfostat), the first heparanase inhibitor to reach and successfully complete a Phase III clinical trial was patented.Nevertheless, the cloning of heparanase (also known as heparanase-1) in 1999 gave the field an enormous boost and some surprises. The biggest surprise was that there is only one heparanase encoding gene in the mammalian genome, despite earlier research, based on substrate specificity, suggesting that there are at least three different heparanases. This surprising conclusion has remained unchanged for the last 20 years. It also became evident that heparanase is a family 79 glycoside hydrolase that is initially produced as a pro-enzyme that needs to be processed by proteases to form an enzymatically active heterodimer. A related molecule, heparanase-2, was also discovered that is enzymatically inactive but, remarkably, recently has been shown to inhibit heparanase-1 activity as well as acting as a tumor suppressor that counteracts many of the pro-tumor properties of heparanase-1.The early claim that heparanase plays a key role in tumor metastasis, angiogenesis and inflammation has been confirmed by many studies over the last 20 years. In fact, heparanase expression is enhanced in all major cancer types, namely carcinomas, sarcomas, and hematological malignancies, and correlates with increased metastasis and poor prognosis. Also, there is mounting evidence that heparanase plays a central role in the induction of inflammation-associated cancers. The enzymatic activity of heparanase has also emerged in unexpected situations, such as in the spread of HS-binding viruses and in Type-1 diabetes where the destruction of intracellular HS in pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells precipitates diabetes. But the most extraordinary recent discoveries have been with the realization that heparanase can exert a range of biological activities that are independent of its enzymatic function, most notably activation of several signaling pathways and being a transcription factor that controls methylation of histone tails. Collectively, these data indicate that heparanase is a truly multifunctional protein that has the additional property of cleaving HS chains and releasing from ECM and cell surfaces hundreds of HS-binding proteins with a plethora of functional consequences. Clearly, there are many unique features of this intriguing molecule that still remain to be explored and are highlighted in this Chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Khanna
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christopher R Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Chhabra M, Ferro V. PI-88 and Related Heparan Sulfate Mimetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:473-491. [PMID: 32274723 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate mimetic PI-88 (muparfostat) is a complex mixture of sulfated oligosaccharides that was identified in the late 1990s as a potent inhibitor of heparanase. In preclinical animal models it was shown to block angiogenesis, metastasis and tumor growth, and subsequently became the first heparanase inhibitor to enter clinical trials for cancer. It progressed to Phase III trials but ultimately was not approved for use. Herein we summarize the preparation, physicochemical and biological properties of PI-88, and discuss preclinical/clinical and structure-activity relationship studies. In addition, we discuss the PI-88-inspired development of related HS mimetic heparanase inhibitors with improved properties, ultimately leading to the discovery of PG545 (pixatimod) which is currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chhabra
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Higashi N, Irimura T, Nakajima M. Heparanase is Involved in Leukocyte Migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:435-444. [PMID: 32274720 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is essential for exerting self-defense mechanisms. During the extravasation process, leukocytes transmigrate through the endothelial lining and the subendothelial basement membrane. Accumulating evidence supports the involvement of heparanase in this process. Altered cellular distribution resulting in relocalization of heparanase to the leading edge of migration is a key event to rapidly turn on the function of the enzyme during migration. This review presents current research investigating the cellular machinery that builds up a functional subcellular structure for leukocyte attachment to and degradation of the extracellular matrix. Recent advances in the understanding of the roles of heparanase in inflammatory diseases and pharmacological approaches to control heparanase-mediated actions during inflammation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Higashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Division of Glycobiologics, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Simeonovic CJ, Popp SK, Brown DJ, Li FJ, Lafferty ARA, Freeman C, Parish CR. Heparanase and Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:607-630. [PMID: 32274728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in pancreatic islets. The degradation of the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) by the endo-β-D-glycosidase heparanase plays a critical role in multiple stages of the disease process. Heparanase aids (i) migration of inflammatory leukocytes from the vasculature to the islets, (ii) intra-islet invasion by insulitis leukocytes, and (iii) selective destruction of beta cells. These disease stages are marked by the solubilization of HS in the subendothelial basement membrane (BM), HS breakdown in the peri-islet BM, and the degradation of HS inside beta cells, respectively. Significantly, healthy islet beta cells are enriched in highly sulfated HS which is essential for their viability, protection from damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS), beta cell function and differentiation. Consequently, mouse and human beta cells but not glucagon-producing alpha cells (which contain less-sulfated HS) are exquisitely vulnerable to heparanase-mediated damage. In vitro, the death of HS-depleted mouse and human beta cells can be prevented by HS replacement using highly sulfated HS mimetics or analogues. T1D progression in NOD mice and recent-onset T1D in humans correlate with increased expression of heparanase by circulating leukocytes of myeloid origin and heparanase-expressing insulitis leukocytes. Treatment of NOD mice with the heparanase inhibitor and HS replacer, PI-88, significantly reduced T1D incidence by 50%, impaired the development of insulitis and preserved beta cell HS. These outcomes identified heparanase as a novel destructive tool in T1D, distinct from the conventional cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms of autoreactive T cells. In contrast to exogenous catalytically active heparanase, endogenous heparanase may function in HS homeostasis, gene expression and insulin secretion in normal beta cells and immune gene expression in leukocytes. In established diabetes, the interplay between hyperglycemia, local inflammatory cells (e.g. macrophages) and heparanase contributes to secondary micro- and macro-vascular disease. We have identified dual activity heparanase inhibitors/HS replacers as a novel class of therapeutic for preventing T1D progression and potentially for mitigating secondary vascular disease that develops with long-term T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine J Simeonovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Sarah K Popp
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Debra J Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Fei-Ju Li
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Antony R A Lafferty
- Department of Paediatrics, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Craig Freeman
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christopher R Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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van der Vlag J, Buijsers B. Heparanase in Kidney Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:647-667. [PMID: 32274730 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary filtration of blood occurs in the glomerulus in the kidney. Destruction of any of the layers of the glomerular filtration barrier might result in proteinuric disease. The glomerular endothelial cells and especially its covering layer, the glycocalyx, play a pivotal role in development of albuminuria. One of the main sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is heparan sulfate. The endoglycosidase heparanase degrades heparan sulfate, thereby affecting glomerular barrier function, immune reactivity and inflammation. Increased expression of glomerular heparanase correlates with loss of glomerular heparan sulfate in many glomerular diseases. Most importantly, heparanase knockout in mice prevented the development of albuminuria after induction of experimental diabetic nephropathy and experimental glomerulonephritis. Therefore, heparanase could serve as a pharmacological target for glomerular diseases. Several factors that regulate heparanase expression and activity have been identified and compounds aiming to inhibit heparanase activity are currently explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology (480), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Baranca Buijsers
- Department of Nephrology (480), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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42
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Vlodavsky I, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Forty Years of Basic and Translational Heparanase Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:3-59. [PMID: 32274705 PMCID: PMC7142273 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes key developments in the heparanase field obtained 20 years prior to cloning of the HPSE gene and nearly 20 years after its cloning. Of the numerous publications and review articles focusing on heparanase, we have selected those that best reflect the progression in the field as well as those we regard important accomplishments with preference to studies performed by scientists and groups that contributed to this book. Apart from a general 'introduction' and 'concluding remarks', the abstracts of these studies are presented essentially as published along the years. We apologize for not being objective and not being able to include some of the most relevant abstracts and references, due to space limitation. Heparanase research can be divided into two eras. The first, initiated around 1975, dealt with identifying the enzyme, establishing the relevant assay systems and investigating its biological activities and significance in cancer and other pathologies. Studies performed during the first area are briefly introduced in a layman style followed by the relevant abstracts presented chronologically, essentially as appears in PubMed. The second era started in 1999 when the heparanase gene was independently cloned by 4 research groups [1-4]. As expected, cloning of the heparanase gene boosted heparanase research by virtue of the readily available recombinant enzyme, molecular probes, and anti-heparanase antibodies. Studies performed during the second area are briefly introduced followed by selected abstracts of key findings, arranged according to specific topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
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Goldberg R, Meirovitz A, Abecassis A, Hermano E, Rubinstein AM, Nahmias D, Grinshpun A, Peretz T, Elkin M. Regulation of Heparanase in Diabetes-Associated Pancreatic Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1405. [PMID: 31921662 PMCID: PMC6914686 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While at least six types of cancer have been associated with diabetes, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and diabetes exhibit a unique bidirectional relationship. Recent reports indicate that majority of PDAC patients display hyperglycemia, and ~50% have concurrent diabetes. In turn, hyperglycemic/diabetic state in PDAC patients fosters enhanced growth and dissemination of the tumor. Heparanase enzyme (the sole mammalian endoglycosidase degrading glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate) is tightly implicated in PDAC progression, aggressiveness, and therapy resistance. Overexpression of heparanase is a characteristic feature of PDAC, correlating with poor prognosis. However, given the lack of heparanase expression in normal pancreatic tissue, the regulatory mechanisms responsible for induction of the enzyme in PDAC have remained largely unknown. Previously reported inducibility of heparanase gene by diabetic milieu components in several non-cancerous cell types prompted us to hypothesize that in the setting of diabetes-associated PDAC, hyperglycemic state may induce heparanase overexpression. Here, utilizing a mouse model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome/diabetes, we found accelerated PDAC progression in hyperglycemic mice, occurring along with induction of heparanase in PDAC. In vitro, we demonstrated that advanced glycation end-products (AGE), which are largely thought as oxidative derivatives resulting from chronic hyperglycemia, and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) are responsible for heparanase induction in PDAC cells. These findings underscore the new mechanism underlying preferential expression of heparanase in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, taken together with the well-established causal role of the enzyme in PDAC progression, our findings indicate that heparanase may sustain (at least in part) reciprocal causality between diabetes and pancreatic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Goldberg
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexia Abecassis
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Hermano
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniela Nahmias
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Albert Grinshpun
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Song JW, Zullo J, Lipphardt M, Dragovich M, Zhang FX, Fu B, Goligorsky MS. Endothelial glycocalyx-the battleground for complications of sepsis and kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:203-211. [PMID: 28535253 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After briefly discussing endothelial glycocalyx and its role in vascular physiology and renal disease, this overview focuses on its degradation very early in the course of microbial sepsis. We describe our recently proposed mechanism for glycocalyx degradation induced by exocytosis of lysosome-related organelles and release of their cargo. Notably, an intermediate in nitric oxide synthesis, NG-hydroxy-l-arginine, shows efficacy in curtailing exocytosis of these organelles and improvement in animal survival. These data not only depict a novel mechanism responsible for very early glycocalyx degradation, but may also outline a potential preventive therapy. The second issue discussed in this article is related to the therapeutic acceleration of restoration of already degraded endothelial glycocalyx. Here, using as an example our recent findings obtained with sulodexide, we illustrate the importance of the expedited repair of degraded endothelial glycocalyx for the survival of animals with severe sepsis. These two focal points of the review on glycocalyx may not only have broader disease applicability, but they may also provide additional evidence to buttress the idea of the importance of endothelial glycocalyx and its maintenance and repair in the prevention and treatment of an array of renal and nonrenal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Wook Song
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joseph Zullo
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Mark Lipphardt
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthew Dragovich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Frank X Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Bingmei Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael S Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Townsend SE, Gannon M. Extracellular Matrix-Associated Factors Play Critical Roles in Regulating Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation and Survival. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1885-1894. [PMID: 31271410 PMCID: PMC6656423 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review describes formation of the islet basement membrane and the function of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in β-cell proliferation and survival. Implications for islet transplantation are discussed. The insulin-producing β-cell is key for maintaining glucose homeostasis. The islet microenvironment greatly influences β-cell survival and proliferation. Within the islet, β-cells contact the ECM, which is deposited primarily by intraislet endothelial cells, and this interaction has been shown to modulate proliferation and survival. ECM-localized growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and cellular communication network 2, signal through specific receptors and integrins on the β-cell surface. Further understanding of how the ECM functions to influence β-cell proliferation and survival will provide targets for enhancing functional β-cell mass for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Townsend
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Correspondence: Maureen Gannon, PhD, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Avenue, MRB IV 7465, Nashville, Tennessee 37232. E-mail:
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Shu J, Santulli G. Heparanase in health and disease: The neglected housekeeper of the cell? Atherosclerosis 2019; 283:124-126. [PMID: 30745229 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, New York, NY, USA; "The Norman Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism", Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Advanced Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy.
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Pujar MK, Vastrad B, Vastrad C. Integrative Analyses of Genes Associated with Subcutaneous Insulin Resistance. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9020037. [PMID: 30678306 PMCID: PMC6406848 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is present in the majority of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and obesity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the key genes and potential molecular mechanism in insulin resistance. Expression profiles of the genes were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were conducted at Enrichr. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was settled and analyzed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database constructed by Cytoscape software. Modules were extracted and identified by the PEWCC1 plugin. The microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors (TFs) which control the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using the NetworkAnalyst algorithm. A database (GSE73108) was downloaded from the GEO databases. Our results identified 873 DEGs (435 up-regulated and 438 down-regulated) genetically associated with insulin resistance. The pathways which were enriched were pathways in complement and coagulation cascades and complement activation for up-regulated DEGs, while biosynthesis of amino acids and the Notch signaling pathway were among the down-regulated DEGs. Showing GO enrichment were cardiac muscle cell–cardiac muscle cell adhesion and microvillus membrane for up-regulated DEGs and negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation and dendrites for down-regulated DEGs. Subsequently, myosin VB (MYO5B), discs, large homolog 2(DLG2), axin 2 (AXIN2), protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), Notch homolog 1 (NOTCH1), androgen receptor (AR), cyclin D1 (CCND1) and Rho family GTPase 3 (RND3) were diagnosed as the top hub genes in the up- and down-regulated PPI network and modules. In addition, GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 5 (ENPP5), cyclin D1 (CCND1) and tubulin, beta 2A (TUBB2A) were diagnosed as the top hub genes in the up- and down-regulated target gene–miRNA network, while tubulin, beta 2A (TUBB2A), olfactomedin-like 1 (OLFML1), prostate adrogen-regulated mucin-like protein 1 (PARM1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family, member A1 (ALDH4A1)were diagnosed as the top hub genes in the up- and down-regulated target gene–TF network. The current study based on the GEO database provides a novel understanding regarding the mechanism of insulin resistance and may provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Pujar
- Department of Medicine, Pooja Hospital, Davangere577002, Karnataka, India.
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SET`S College of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, India.
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karanataka, India.
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The Optimization of the Prevascularization Procedures for Improving Subcutaneous Islet Engraftment. Transplantation 2018; 102:387-395. [PMID: 29019814 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous islet transplantation is associated with minimal invasiveness, but poor vascularization. Thus, the optimization of the prevascularization procedures is crucial for improving the outcomes. Although the effectiveness of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was reported, the optimal procedures remain unclear. We sought to optimize the prevascularization procedures including the use of a novel scaffold, recombinant peptide (RCP). METHODS Devices containing various amount of bFGF with/without heparin or RCP were implanted into the subcutaneous space of diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Syngeneic islets were transplanted into the prevascularized space. Blood glucose, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, and immunohistochemistry were evaluated. RESULTS The cure rates in all the device groups irrespective of bFGF doses were considerably higher than in the nondevice group. The cure rate in the bFGF0 group was unexpectedly higher than that in the subcutaneous islet transplant alone group (the None group) (57.1% vs 28.6%). Glucose tolerance was ameliorated in the bFGF10(-), 10(+) and 15(-) groups. The number of von Willebrand factor-positive vessels in the bFGF10(+) group was significantly higher than that in the None and bFGF0 groups (P < 0.01). Taken together, the bFGF10(+) group was considered to have received optimized procedures. In a marginal graft model, the efficiency in the RCP group was better than that in the bFGF10(+) group, furthermore, comparable to that in the intraportal transplantation group. Unlike bFGF, no bleeding and effusion were observed in the RCP group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that optimizing biomaterials to induce efficient prevascularization could be a novel strategy for improving subcutaneous islet transplantation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Engineering endocrine pancreatic tissue is an emerging topic in type 1 diabetes with the intent to overcome the current limitation of β cell transplantation. During islet isolation, the vascularized structure and surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) are completely disrupted. Once implanted, islets slowly engraft and mostly are lost for the initial avascular phase. This review discusses the main building blocks required to engineer the endocrine pancreas: (i) islet niche ECM, (ii) islet niche vascular network, and (iii) new available sources of endocrine cells. RECENT FINDINGS Current approaches include the following: tissue engineering of endocrine grafts by seeding of native or synthetic ECM scaffolds with human islets, vascularization of native or synthetic ECM prior to implantation, vascular functionalization of ECM structures to enhance angiogenesis after implantation, generation of engineered animals as human organ donors, and embryonic and pluripotent stem cell-derived endocrine cells that may be encapsulated or genetically engineered to be immunotolerated. Substantial technological improvements have been made to regenerate or engineer endocrine pancreatic tissue; however, significant hurdles remain, and more research is needed to develop a technology to integrate all components of viable endocrine tissue for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Citro
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Harald C Ott
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 4700, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhang X, Sun D, Song JW, Zullo J, Lipphardt M, Coneh-Gould L, Goligorsky MS. Endothelial cell dysfunction and glycocalyx – A vicious circle. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:421-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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