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An J, Jiang T, Qi L, Xie K. Acinar cells and the development of pancreatic fibrosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:40-53. [PMID: 37291030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic fibrosis is caused by excessive deposition of extracellular matrixes of collagen and fibronectin in the pancreatic tissue as a result of repeated injury often seen in patients with chronic pancreatic diseases. The most common causative conditions include inborn errors of metabolism, chemical toxicity and autoimmune disorders. Its pathophysiology is highly complex, including acinar cell injury, acinar stress response, duct dysfunction, pancreatic stellate cell activation, and persistent inflammatory response. However, the specific mechanism remains to be fully clarified. Although the current therapeutic strategies targeting pancreatic stellate cells show good efficacy in cell culture and animal models, they are not satisfactory in the clinic. Without effective intervention, pancreatic fibrosis can promote the transformation from pancreatitis to pancreatic cancer, one of the most lethal malignancies. In the normal pancreas, the acinar component accounts for 82% of the exocrine tissue. Abnormal acinar cells may activate pancreatic stellate cells directly as cellular source of fibrosis or indirectly via releasing various substances and initiate pancreatic fibrosis. A comprehensive understanding of the role of acinar cells in pancreatic fibrosis is critical for designing effective intervention strategies. In this review, we focus on the role of and mechanisms underlying pancreatic acinar injury in pancreatic fibrosis and their potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong An
- SCUT-QMPH Joint Laboratory for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, China; Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Ling Qi
- SCUT-QMPH Joint Laboratory for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, China.
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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2
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Kumar AA, Buckley BJ, Ranson M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Pancreatic Cancer: Prospective Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35204653 PMCID: PMC8961517 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy that features high recurrence rates and the poorest prognosis of all solid cancers. The urokinase plasminogen activation system (uPAS) is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which accounts for more than 90% of all pancreatic cancers. Overexpression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or its cell surface receptor uPAR is a key step in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype via multiple mechanisms, including the increased activation of cell surface localised plasminogen which generates the serine protease plasmin. This triggers multiple downstream processes that promote tumour cell migration and invasion. Increasing clinical evidence shows that the overexpression of uPA, uPAR, or of both is strongly associated with worse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in PDAC patients. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the uPAS in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on PDAC, and summarises the substantial body of evidence that supports the role of uPAS components, including plasminogen receptors, in this disease. The review further outlines the clinical utility of uPAS components as prospective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PDAC, as well as a rationale for the development of novel uPAS-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A. Kumar
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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3
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Ho M, Thompson B, Fisk JN, Nebert DW, Bruford EA, Vasiliou V, Bunick CG. Update of the keratin gene family: evolution, tissue-specific expression patterns, and relevance to clinical disorders. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:1. [PMID: 34991727 PMCID: PMC8733776 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IntFil) genes arose during early metazoan evolution, to provide mechanical support for plasma membranes contacting/interacting with other cells and the extracellular matrix. Keratin genes comprise the largest subset of IntFil genes. Whereas the first keratin gene appeared in sponge, and three genes in arthropods, more rapid increases in keratin genes occurred in lungfish and amphibian genomes, concomitant with land animal-sea animal divergence (~ 440 to 410 million years ago). Human, mouse and zebrafish genomes contain 18, 17 and 24 non-keratin IntFil genes, respectively. Human has 27 of 28 type I "acidic" keratin genes clustered at chromosome (Chr) 17q21.2, and all 26 type II "basic" keratin genes clustered at Chr 12q13.13. Mouse has 27 of 28 type I keratin genes clustered on Chr 11, and all 26 type II clustered on Chr 15. Zebrafish has 18 type I keratin genes scattered on five chromosomes, and 3 type II keratin genes on two chromosomes. Types I and II keratin clusters-reflecting evolutionary blooms of keratin genes along one chromosomal segment-are found in all land animal genomes examined, but not fishes; such rapid gene expansions likely reflect sudden requirements for many novel paralogous proteins having divergent functions to enhance species survival following sea-to-land transition. Using data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, tissue-specific keratin expression throughout the human body was reconstructed. Clustering of gene expression patterns revealed similarities in tissue-specific expression patterns for previously described "keratin pairs" (i.e., KRT1/KRT10, KRT8/KRT18, KRT5/KRT14, KRT6/KRT16 and KRT6/KRT17 proteins). The ClinVar database currently lists 26 human disease-causing variants within the various domains of keratin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., LCI 501, PO Box 208059, New Haven, CT, 06520-8059, USA
| | - Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jeffrey Nicholas Fisk
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Christopher G Bunick
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., LCI 501, PO Box 208059, New Haven, CT, 06520-8059, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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4
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Pistoni L, Gentiluomo M, Lu Y, López de Maturana E, Hlavac V, Vanella G, Darvasi E, Milanetto AC, Oliverius M, Vashist Y, Di Leo M, Mohelnikova-Duchonova B, Talar-Wojnarowska R, Gheorghe C, Petrone MC, Strobel O, Arcidiacono PG, Vodickova L, Szentesi A, Capurso G, Gajdán L, Malleo G, Theodoropoulos GE, Basso D, Soucek P, Brenner H, Lawlor RT, Morelli L, Ivanauskas A, Kauffmann EF, Macauda A, Gazouli M, Archibugi L, Nentwich M, Loveček M, Cavestro GM, Vodicka P, Landi S, Tavano F, Sperti C, Hackert T, Kupcinskas J, Pezzilli R, Andriulli A, Pollina L, Kreivenaite E, Gioffreda D, Jamroziak K, Hegyi P, Izbicki JR, Testoni SGG, Zuppardo RA, Bozzato D, Neoptolemos JP, Malats N, Canzian F, Campa D. Associations between pancreatic expression quantitative traits and risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1037-1045. [PMID: 34216462 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most lethal cancers. Its poor prognosis is predominantly due to the fact that most patients remain asymptomatic until the disease reaches an advanced stage, alongside the lack of early markers and screening strategies. A better understanding of PDAC risk factors is essential for the identification of groups at high risk in the population. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been a powerful tool for detecting genetic variants associated with complex traits, including pancreatic cancer. By exploiting functional and GWAS data, we investigated the associations between polymorphisms affecting gene function in the pancreas (expression quantitative trait loci, eQTLs) and PDAC risk. In a two-phase approach, we analysed 13 713 PDAC cases and 43 784 controls and identified a genome-wide significant association between the A allele of the rs2035875 polymorphism and increased PDAC risk (P = 7.14 × 10-10). This allele is known to be associated with increased expression in the pancreas of the keratin genes KRT8 and KRT18, whose increased levels have been reported to correlate with various tumour cell characteristics. Additionally, the A allele of the rs789744 variant was associated with decreased risk of developing PDAC (P = 3.56 × 10-6). This single nucleotide polymorphism is situated in the SRGAP1 gene and the A allele is associated with higher expression of the gene, which in turn inactivates the cyclin-dependent protein 42 (CDC42) gene expression, thus decreasing the risk of PDAC. In conclusion, we present here a functional-based novel PDAC risk locus and an additional strong candidate supported by significant associations and plausible biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pistoni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ye Lu
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evangelina López de Maturana
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viktor Hlavac
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Giuseppe Vanella
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Sant'Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Darvasi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Caterina Milanetto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology-DiSCOG, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Martin Oliverius
- Department of Surgery, Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yogesh Vashist
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milena Di Leo
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Mohelnikova-Duchonova
- Department of Surgery I, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Maria Chiara Petrone
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Giorgio Arcidiacono
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Szentesi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriele Capurso
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Sant'Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - László Gajdán
- Szent György University Teaching Hospital of Fejér County, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Giuseppe Malleo
- Department of Surgery, The Pancreas Institute, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - George E Theodoropoulos
- Colorectal Unit, First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniela Basso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- ARC-NET: Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Morelli
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Audrius Ivanauskas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Angelica Macauda
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Livia Archibugi
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Sant'Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Nentwich
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Loveček
- Department of Surgery I, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Giulia Martina Cavestro
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Landi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Tavano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sperti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology-DiSCOG, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juozas Kupcinskas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Angelo Andriulli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Luca Pollina
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edita Kreivenaite
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Domenica Gioffreda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Jamroziak
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Péter Hegyi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gloria Giulia Testoni
- Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and Endosonography Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Alessia Zuppardo
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dania Bozzato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology-DiSCOG, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - John P Neoptolemos
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Núria Malats
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Campa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Tiwari R, Ganguli N, Alam H, Sahu I, Vadivel CK, Sinha S, Patel S, Jamghare SN, Bane S, Thorat R, Majumdar SS, Vaidya MM. Generation of a tissue-specific transgenic model for K8 phosphomutants: A tool to investigate the role of K8 phosphorylation during skin carcinogenesis in vivo. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1720-1732. [PMID: 33847415 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Keratin 8/18, the predominant keratin pair of simple epithelia, is known to be aberrantly expressed in several squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), where its expression is often correlated with increased invasion, neoplastic progression, and poor prognosis. The majority of keratin 8/18 structural and regulatory functions are governed by posttranslational modifications, particularly phosphorylation. Apart from filament reorganization, cellular processes including cell cycle, cell growth, cellular stress, and apoptosis are known to be orchestrated by K8 phosphorylation at specific residues in the head and tail domains. Even though deregulation of K8 phosphorylation at two significant sites (Serine73 /Serine431 ) has been implicated in neoplastic progression of SCCs by various in vitro studies, including ours, it is reported to be highly context-dependent. Therefore, to delineate the precise role of Kereatin 8 phosphorylation in cancer initiation and progression, we have developed the tissue-specific transgenic mouse model expressing Keratin 8 wild type and phosphodead mutants under Keratin 14 promoter. Subjecting these mice to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-mediated skin carcinogenesis revealed that Keratin 8 phosphorylation may lead to an early onset of tumors compared to Keratin 8 wild-type expressing mice. Conclusively, the transgenic mouse model developed in the present study ascertained a positive impact of Keratin 8 phosphorylation on the neoplastic transformation of skin-squamous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Tiwari
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research, and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Hunain Alam
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research, and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Indrajit Sahu
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research, and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | - Shruti Sinha
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research, and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Shweta Patel
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research, and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sayli Nitin Jamghare
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research, and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjay Bane
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research, and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Milind M Vaidya
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research, and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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6
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Lin Y, Nakatochi M, Hosono Y, Ito H, Kamatani Y, Inoko A, Sakamoto H, Kinoshita F, Kobayashi Y, Ishii H, Ozaka M, Sasaki T, Matsuyama M, Sasahira N, Morimoto M, Kobayashi S, Fukushima T, Ueno M, Ohkawa S, Egawa N, Kuruma S, Mori M, Nakao H, Adachi Y, Okuda M, Osaki T, Kamiya S, Wang C, Hara K, Shimizu Y, Miyamoto T, Hayashi Y, Ebi H, Kohmoto T, Imoto I, Kasugai Y, Murakami Y, Akiyama M, Ishigaki K, Matsuda K, Hirata M, Shimada K, Okusaka T, Kawaguchi T, Takahashi M, Watanabe Y, Kuriki K, Kadota A, Okada R, Mikami H, Takezaki T, Suzuki S, Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Sawada N, Goto A, Kinoshita K, Fuse N, Katsuoka F, Shimizu A, Nishizuka SS, Tanno K, Suzuki K, Okada Y, Horikoshi M, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T, Yu H, Zhong J, Amundadottir LT, Doki Y, Ishii H, Eguchi H, Bogumil D, Haiman CA, Le Marchand L, Mori M, Risch H, Setiawan VW, Tsugane S, Wakai K, Yoshida T, Matsuda F, Kubo M, Kikuchi S, Matsuo K. Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies GP2 gene risk variants for pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3175. [PMID: 32581250 PMCID: PMC7314803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16711-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Japan. To identify risk loci, we perform a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies comprising 2,039 pancreatic cancer patients and 32,592 controls in the Japanese population. Here, we identify 3 (13q12.2, 13q22.1, and 16p12.3) genome-wide significant loci (P < 5.0 × 10−8), of which 16p12.3 has not been reported in the Western population. The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at 16p12.3 is rs78193826 (odds ratio = 1.46, 95% confidence interval = 1.29-1.66, P = 4.28 × 10−9), an Asian-specific, nonsynonymous glycoprotein 2 (GP2) gene variant. Associations between selected GP2 gene variants and pancreatic cancer are replicated in 10,822 additional cases and controls of East Asian origin. Functional analyses using cell lines provide supporting evidence of the effect of rs78193826 on KRAS activity. These findings suggest that GP2 gene variants are probably associated with pancreatic cancer susceptibility in populations of East Asian ancestry. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified risk loci for pancreatic cancer but were centered on individuals of European ancestry. Here the authors identify GP2 gene variants associated with pancreatic cancer susceptibility in populations of East Asian ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsong Lin
- Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Division of Public Health Informatics, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan. .,Department of Nursing, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Hosono
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Cancer Information and Control, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan.,Department of Descriptive Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Akihito Inoko
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakamoto
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Fumie Kinoshita
- Data Science Division, Data Coordinating Center, Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kobayashi
- Data Science Division, Data Coordinating Center, Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | | | - Masato Ozaka
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Medicine, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Medicine, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masato Matsuyama
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Medicine, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Sasahira
- Department of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Medicine, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Manabu Morimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Taito Fukushima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Makoto Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ohkawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medical Oncology Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, 241-8515, Japan
| | - Naoto Egawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Tokyo, 150-0013, Japan
| | - Sawako Kuruma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, 113-8677, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Mori
- Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Hokkaido, 066-0055, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Nakao
- Division of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | | | - Masumi Okuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takako Osaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kamiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Chaochen Wang
- Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yuko Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ebi
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kohmoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kasugai
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ishigaki
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirata
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takuji Okusaka
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Meiko Takahashi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Aya Kadota
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Rieko Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Haruo Mikami
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Toshiro Takezaki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Nobuo Fuse
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Satoshi S Nishizuka
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanno
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan.,Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medicalm University, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Ken Suzuki
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Kidney Diseases, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Kidney Diseases, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Herbert Yu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Jun Zhong
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Laufey T Amundadottir
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - David Bogumil
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeless, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeless, CA, 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Harvey Risch
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Veronica W Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeless, CA, 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shogo Kikuchi
- Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan. .,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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7
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Locke AE, Steinberg KM, Chiang CWK, Service SK, Havulinna AS, Stell L, Pirinen M, Abel HJ, Chiang CC, Fulton RS, Jackson AU, Kang CJ, Kanchi KL, Koboldt DC, Larson DE, Nelson J, Nicholas TJ, Pietilä A, Ramensky V, Ray D, Scott LJ, Stringham HM, Vangipurapu J, Welch R, Yajnik P, Yin X, Eriksson JG, Ala-Korpela M, Järvelin MR, Männikkö M, Laivuori H, Dutcher SK, Stitziel NO, Wilson RK, Hall IM, Sabatti C, Palotie A, Salomaa V, Laakso M, Ripatti S, Boehnke M, Freimer NB. Exome sequencing of Finnish isolates enhances rare-variant association power. Nature 2019; 572:323-328. [PMID: 31367044 PMCID: PMC6697530 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exome-sequencing studies have generally been underpowered to identify deleterious alleles with a large effect on complex traits as such alleles are mostly rare. Because the population of northern and eastern Finland has expanded considerably and in isolation following a series of bottlenecks, individuals of these populations have numerous deleterious alleles at a relatively high frequency. Here, using exome sequencing of nearly 20,000 individuals from these regions, we investigate the role of rare coding variants in clinically relevant quantitative cardiometabolic traits. Exome-wide association studies for 64 quantitative traits identified 26 newly associated deleterious alleles. Of these 26 alleles, 19 are either unique to or more than 20 times more frequent in Finnish individuals than in other Europeans and show geographical clustering comparable to Mendelian disease mutations that are characteristic of the Finnish population. We estimate that sequencing studies of populations without this unique history would require hundreds of thousands to millions of participants to achieve comparable association power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Locke
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karyn Meltz Steinberg
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charleston W K Chiang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan K Service
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laurel Stell
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Haley J Abel
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Colby C Chiang
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert S Fulton
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chul Joo Kang
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Krishna L Kanchi
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David E Larson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joanne Nelson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas J Nicholas
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery and Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Arto Pietilä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Federal State Institution "National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Debashree Ray
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jagadish Vangipurapu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ryan Welch
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pranav Yajnik
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susan K Dutcher
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ira M Hall
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chiara Sabatti
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Saloman JL, Albers KM, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Davis BM, Edderkaoui M, Eibl G, Epouhe AY, Gedeon JY, Gorelick FS, Grippo PJ, Groblewski GE, Husain SZ, Lai KK, Pandol SJ, Uc A, Wen L, Whitcomb DC. Animal Models: Challenges and Opportunities to Determine Optimal Experimental Models of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2019; 48:759-779. [PMID: 31206467 PMCID: PMC6581211 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the 2018 PancreasFest meeting, experts participating in basic research met to discuss the plethora of available animal models for studying exocrine pancreatic disease. In particular, the discussion focused on the challenges currently facing the field and potential solutions. That meeting culminated in this review, which describes the advantages and limitations of both common and infrequently used models of exocrine pancreatic disease, namely, pancreatitis and exocrine pancreatic cancer. The objective is to provide a comprehensive description of the available models but also to provide investigators with guidance in the application of these models to investigate both environmental and genetic contributions to exocrine pancreatic disease. The content covers both nongenic and genetically engineered models across multiple species (large and small). Recommendations for choosing the appropriate model as well as how to conduct and present results are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami L. Saloman
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kathryn M. Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian M. Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Basic and Translational Pancreas Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guido Eibl
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ariel Y. Epouhe
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jeremy Y. Gedeon
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases & Department of Cell Biology Yale University School of Medicine; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT
| | - Paul J. Grippo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Keane K.Y. Lai
- Department of Pathology (National Medical Center), Department of Molecular Medicine (Beckman Research Institute), and Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aliye Uc
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, IA
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
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9
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Merry TL, Petrov MS. The rise of genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatitis: A review of literature. Biomol Concepts 2018; 9:103-114. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPancreatitis is increasingly recognized as not merely a local inflammation of the pancreas but also a disease with high frequency of systemic sequelae. Current understanding of the cellular mechanisms that trigger it and affect the development of sequelae are limited. Genetically engineered mouse models can be a useful tool to study the pathophysiology of pancreatitis. This article gives an overview of the genetically engineered mouse models that spontaneously develop pancreatitis and discusses those that most closely replicate different pancreatitis hallmarks observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy L. Merry
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maxim S. Petrov
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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The role of keratins in the digestive system: lessons from transgenic mouse models. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:351-359. [PMID: 30039330 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are the largest subfamily of intermediate filament proteins. They are either type I acidic or type II basic keratins. Keratins form obligate heteropolymer in epithelial cells and their expression patterns are tissue-specific. Studies have shown that keratin mutations are the cause of many diseases in humans or predispose humans to acquiring them. Using mouse models to study keratin-associated human diseases is critical, because they allow researchers to get a better understanding of these diseases and their progressions, and so many such studies have been conducted. Acknowledging the importance, researches with genetically modified mice expressing human disease-associated keratin mutants have been widely done. Numerous studies using keratin knockout mice, keratin-overexpressed mice, or transgenic mice expressing keratin mutants have been conducted. This review summarizes the mouse models that have been used to study type I and type II keratin expression in the digestive organs, namely, the liver, pancreas, and colon.
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11
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Tiwari R, Sahu I, Soni BL, Sathe GJ, Thapa P, Patel P, Sinha S, Vadivel CK, Patel S, Jamghare SN, Oak S, Thorat R, Gowda H, Vaidya MM. Depletion of keratin 8/18 modulates oncogenic potential by governing multiple signaling pathways. FEBS J 2018; 285:1251-1276. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Tiwari
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India
| | - Indrajit Sahu
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India
- Department of Biology Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Bihari Lal Soni
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India
| | | | - Pankaj Thapa
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India
| | - Pavan Patel
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
| | - Shruti Sinha
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
| | | | - Shweta Patel
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
| | - Sayli Nitin Jamghare
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
| | - Swapnil Oak
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
| | - Rahul Thorat
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
| | | | - Milind M. Vaidya
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Navi Mumbai India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India
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12
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Cheng F, Eriksson JE. Intermediate Filaments and the Regulation of Cell Motility during Regeneration and Wound Healing. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/9/a022046. [PMID: 28864602 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIntermediate filaments (IFs) comprise a diverse group of flexible cytoskeletal structures, the assembly, dynamics, and functions of which are regulated by posttranslational modifications. Characteristically, the expression of IF proteins is specific for tissues, differentiation stages, cell types, and functional contexts. Recent research has rapidly expanded the knowledge of IF protein functions. From being regarded as primarily structural proteins, it is now well established that IFs act as powerful modulators of cell motility and migration, playing crucial roles in wound healing and tissue regeneration, as well as inflammatory and immune responses. Although many of these IF-associated functions are essential for tissue repair, the involvement of IF proteins has been established in many additional facets of tissue healing and regeneration. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the multiple functions of cytoplasmic IFs that relate to cell motility in the context of wound healing, taking examples from studies on keratin, vimentin, and nestin. Wound healing and regeneration include orchestration of a broad range of cellular processes, including regulation of cell attachment and migration, proliferation, differentiation, immune responses, angiogenesis, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In this respect, IF proteins now emerge as multifactorial and tissue-specific integrators of tissue regeneration, thereby acting as essential guardian biopolymers at the interface between health and disease, the failing of which contributes to a diverse range of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
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Omary MB. Intermediate filament proteins of digestive organs: physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G628-G634. [PMID: 28360031 PMCID: PMC5495917 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00455.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filament proteins (IFs), such as cytoplasmic keratins in epithelial cells and vimentin in mesenchymal cells and the nuclear lamins, make up one of the three major cytoskeletal protein families. Whether in digestive organs or other tissues, IFs share several unique features including stress-inducible overexpression, abundance, cell-selective and differentiation state expression, and association with >80 human diseases when mutated. Whereas most IF mutations cause disease, mutations in simple epithelial keratins 8, 18, or 19 or in lamin A/C predispose to liver disease with or without other tissue manifestations. Keratins serve major functions including protection from apoptosis, providing cellular and subcellular mechanical integrity, protein targeting to subcellular compartments, and scaffolding and regulation of cell-signaling processes. Keratins are essential for Mallory-Denk body aggregate formation that occurs in association with several liver diseases, whereas an alternate type of keratin and lamin aggregation occurs upon liver involvement in porphyria. IF-associated diseases have no known directed therapy, but high-throughput drug screening to identify potential therapies is an appealing ongoing approach. Despite the extensive current knowledge base, much remains to be discovered regarding IF physiology and pathophysiology in digestive and nondigestive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This research study sought to improve the treatment of pancreatic cancer by improving the drug delivery of a promising AKT/PDK1 inhibitor, PHT-427, in poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles. METHODS PHT-427 was encapsulated in single-emulsion and double-emulsion PLGA nanoparticles (SE-PLGA-427 and DE-PLGA-427). The drug release rate was evaluated to assess the effect of the second PLGA layer of DE-PLGA-427. Ex vivo cryo-imaging and drug extraction from ex vivo organs was used to assess the whole-body biodistribution in an orthotopic model of MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer. Anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to noninvasively assess the effects of 4 weeks of nanoparticle drug treatment on tumor size, and diffusion-weighted MRI longitudinally assessed changes in tumor cellularity. RESULTS DE-PLGA-427 showed delayed drug release and longer drug retention in the pancreas relative to SE-PLGA-427. Diffusion-weighted MRI indicated a consistent decrease in cellularity during drug treatment with both types of drug-loaded nanoparticles. Both SE- and DE-PLGA-427 showed a 6-fold and 4-fold reduction in tumor volume relative to untreated tumors and an elimination of primary pancreatic tumor in 68% of the mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the PLGA nanoparticles improved drug delivery of PHT-427 to pancreatic tumors, which improved the treatment of MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer.
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Expression of the CTCFL Gene during Mouse Embryogenesis Causes Growth Retardation, Postnatal Lethality, and Dysregulation of the Transforming Growth Factor β Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3436-45. [PMID: 26169830 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00381-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CTCFL, a paralog of CTCF, also known as BORIS (brother of regulator of imprinted sites), is a testis-expressed gene whose function is largely unknown. Its product is a cancer testis antigen (CTA), and it is often expressed in tumor cells and also seen in two benign human vascular malformations, juvenile angiofibromas and infantile hemangiomas. To understand the function of Ctcfl, we created tetracycline-inducible Ctcfl transgenic mice. We show that Ctcfl expression during embryogenesis results in growth retardation, eye malformations, multiorgan pathologies, vascular defects, and neonatal death. This phenotype resembles prior mouse models that perturb the transforming growth factor β (TGFB) pathway. Embryonic stem (ES) cells with the Ctcfl transgene reproduce the phenotype in ES cell-tetraploid chimeras. Transcriptome sequencing of the Ctcfl ES cells revealed 14 genes deregulated by Ctcfl expression. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the TGFB pathway as most affected by embryonic Ctcfl expression. Understanding the consequence of Ctcfl expression in nontesticular cells and elucidating downstream targets of Ctcfl could explain the role of its product as a CTA and its involvement in two, if not more, human vascular malformations.
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Wögenstein KL, Szabo S, Lunova M, Wiche G, Haybaeck J, Strnad P, Boor P, Wagner M, Fuchs P. Epiplakin deficiency aggravates murine caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and favors the formation of acinar keratin granules. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108323. [PMID: 25232867 PMCID: PMC4169488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiplakin, a member of the plakin protein family, is exclusively expressed in epithelial tissues and was shown to bind to keratins. Epiplakin-deficient (EPPK−/−) mice showed no obvious spontaneous phenotype, however, EPPK−/− keratinocytes displayed faster keratin network breakdown in response to stress. The role of epiplakin in pancreas, a tissue with abundant keratin expression, was not yet known. We analyzed epiplakin’s expression in healthy and inflamed pancreatic tissue and compared wild-type and EPPK−/− mice during caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. We found that epiplakin was expressed primarily in ductal cells of the pancreas and colocalized with apicolateral keratin bundles in murine pancreatic acinar cells. Epiplakin’s diffuse subcellular localization in keratin filament-free acini of K8-deficient mice indicated that its filament-associated localization in acinar cells completely depends on its binding partner keratin. During acute pancreatitis, epiplakin was upregulated in acinar cells and its redistribution closely paralleled keratin reorganization. EPPK−/− mice suffered from aggravated pancreatitis but showed no obvious regeneration phenotype. At the most severe stage of the disease, EPPK−/− acinar cells displayed more keratin aggregates than those of wild-type mice. Our data propose epiplakin to be a protective protein during acute pancreatitis, and that its loss causes impaired disease-associated keratin reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl L. Wögenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Fuchs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Lerch MM, Gorelick FS. Models of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1180-93. [PMID: 23622127 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of acute and chronic pancreatitis have been created to examine mechanisms of pathogenesis, test therapeutic interventions, and study the influence of inflammation on the development of pancreatic cancer. In vitro models can be used to study early stage, short-term processes that involve acinar cell responses. Rodent models reproducibly develop mild or severe disease. One of the most commonly used pancreatitis models is created by administration of supraphysiologic concentrations of caerulein, an ortholog of cholecystokinin. Induction of chronic pancreatitis with factors thought to have a role in human disease, such as combinations of lipopolysaccharide and chronic ethanol feeding, might be relevant to human disease. Models of autoimmune chronic pancreatitis have also been developed. Most models, particularly of chronic pancreatitis, require further characterization to determine which features of human disease they include.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, Greifswald, Germany.
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Brouillard F, Fritsch J, Edelman A, Ollero M. Contribution of proteomics to the study of the role of cytokeratins in disease and physiopathology. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 2:264-85. [PMID: 21136830 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytokeratins (CKs), the most abundant group of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments, and proteomics are strongly connected. On the one hand, proteomics has been extremely useful to uncover new features and functions of CKs, on the other, the highly abundant CKs serve as an exceptional tool to test new technological developments in proteomics. As a result, proteomics has contributed to finding valuable associations of CKs with diseases as diverse as cancer, cystic fibrosis, steatohepatitis, viral and bacterial infection, keratoconus, vitreoretinopathy, preeclampsia or the chronic fatigue syndrome, as well as to characterizing their participation in a number of physiopathological processes, including drug resistance, response to toxicants, inflammation, stem cell differentiation, embryo development, and tissue repair. In some cases, like in cystic fibrosis, CKs have been described as potential therapeutic targets. The development of a specific field of proteomics where CKs become the main subject of research aims and hypotheses is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brouillard
- INSERM, Unité 845, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Université Paris-Descartes, Plateau Protéomes IFR94, Paris, France
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Yang HY, Kwon J, Park HR, Kwon SO, Park YK, Kim HS, Chung YJ, Chang YJ, Choi HI, Chung KJ, Lee DS, Park BJ, Jeong SH, Lee TH. Comparative proteomic analysis for the insoluble fractions of colorectal cancer patients. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3639-53. [PMID: 22564821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We used label-free quantitative proteomics with the insoluble fractions from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients to gain further insight into the utility of profiling altered protein expression as a potential biomarker for cancer. The insoluble fractions were prepared from paired tumor/normal biopsies from 13 patients diagnosed with CRC (stages I to IV). Fifty-six proteins identified in data pooled from the 13 cases were differentially expressed between the tumor and adjacent normal tissue. The connections between these proteins are involved in reciprocal networks related to tumorigenesis, cancer incidence based on genetic disorder, and skeletal and muscular disorders. To assess their potential utility as biomarkers, the relative expression levels of the proteins were validated using personal proteomics and a heat map to compare five individual CRC samples with five normal tissue samples. Further validation of a panel of proteins (KRT5, JUP, TUBB, and COL6A1) using western blotting confirmed the differential expression. These proteins gave specific network information for CRC, and yielded a panel of novel markers and potential targets for treatment. It is anticipated that the experimental approach described here will increase our understanding of the membrane environment in CRC, which may provide direction for making diagnoses and prognoses through molecular biomarker targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Yang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Feng J, Sun J, Kim ST, Lu Y, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Gronberg H, Isaacs WB, Zheng SL, Xu J. A genome-wide survey over the ChIP-on-chip identified androgen receptor-binding genomic regions identifies a novel prostate cancer susceptibility locus at 12q13.13. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:2396-403. [PMID: 21960693 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanisms for the genome-wide association studies (GWAS)-identified prostate cancer (PCa) risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) remain largely unexplained. One recent finding that the PCa risk SNPs are enriched in genomic regions containing androgen receptor (AR)-binding sites has suggested altered AR signaling as a potentially important mechanism. METHODS To explore novel associations by leveraging this knowledge, we utilized a meta-analysis previously done over SNPs harbored in ChIP-on-chip identified AR-binding genomic regions using the GWAS data from the Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) and the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) study, and subsequently evaluated the top associations in a third population from the CAncer of the Prostate in Sweden (CAPS) study. RESULTS One SNP (rs4919743: G>A), located at the KRT8 locus at 12q13.13 which encodes a keratin protein (K8) long used as a prostate epithelial malignancy marker and implicated in the tumorigenesis of several cancer types, was identified to be associated with PCa risk. The frequency of its minor "A" allele was consistently higher in PCa cases than in controls in all three study populations, with a combined OR of 1.22 (95% CI: 1.13-1.32) and an overall P value of 4.50 × 10(-7) (Bonferroni corrected, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION We have identified a novel genetic locus that is associated with PCa risk. IMPACT This study illustrated the great potential of prior biological knowledge in facilitating the search for novel disease-associated genetic loci. This finding warrants further replication in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Feng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Stanke F, Hedtfeld S, Becker T, Tümmler B. An association study on contrasting cystic fibrosis endophenotypes recognizes KRT8 but not KRT18 as a modifier of cystic fibrosis disease severity and CFTR mediated residual chloride secretion. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:62. [PMID: 21548936 PMCID: PMC3107781 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background F508del-CFTR, the most frequent disease-causing mutation among Caucasian cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, has been characterised as a mutant defective in protein folding, processing and trafficking. We have investigated the two neighbouring cytokeratin genes KRT8 and KRT18 in a candidate gene approach to ask whether variants in KRT8 and/or KRT18 modify the impaired ion conductance known as the CF basic defect, and whether they are associated with correct trafficking of mutant CFTR and disease severity of CF. Methods We have selected contrasting F508del-CFTR homozygous patient subpopulations stratified for disease severity, comparing 13 concordant mildly affected sib pairs vs. 12 concordant severely affected sib pairs, or manifestation of the CF basic defect in intestinal epithelium, comparing 22 individuals who exhibit CFTR-mediated residual chloride secretion vs. 14 individuals who do not express any chloride secretion, for an association. The KRT8/KRT18 locus was initially interrogated with one informative microsatellite marker. Subsequently, a low density SNP map with four SNPs in KRT8 and two SNPs in KRT18, each selected for high polymorphism content, was used to localize the association signal. Results KRT8, but not KRT18, showed an association with CF disease severity (Pbest = 0.00131; Pcorr = 0.0185) and CFTR mediated residual chloride secretion (Pbest = 0.0004; Pcorr = 0.0069). Two major four-marker-haplotypes spanning 13 kb including the entire KRT8 gene accounted for 90% of chromosomes, demonstrating strong linkage disequilibrium at that locus. Absence of chloride secretion was associated with the recessive haplotype 1122 at rs1907671, rs4300473, rs2035878 and rs2035875. The contrasting haplotype 2211 was dominant for the presence of CFTR mediated residual chloride secretion. In consistency, the KRT8 haplotype 2211 was associated with mild CF disease while 1122 was observed as risk haplotype. Analysis of microsatellite allele distributions on the SNP background suggests that the mild KRT8 haplotype 2211 is phylogenetically older than its severe counterpart. Conclusions The two opposing KRT8 alleles which have been identified as a benign and as a risk allele in this work are likely effective in the context of epithelial cell differentiation. As the mild KRT8 allele is associated with CFTR mediated residual chloride secretion among F508del-CFTR homozygotes, the KRT8/KRT18 heterodimeric intermediary filaments of the cytoskeleton apparently are an essential component for the proper targeting of CFTR to the apical membrane in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Stanke
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Liffers ST, Maghnouj A, Munding JB, Jackstadt R, Herbrand U, Schulenborg T, Marcus K, Klein-Scory S, Schmiegel W, Schwarte-Waldhoff I, Meyer HE, Stühler K, Hahn SA. Keratin 23, a novel DPC4/Smad4 target gene which binds 14-3-3ε. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:137. [PMID: 21492476 PMCID: PMC3095566 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inactivating mutations of SMAD4 are frequent in metastatic colorectal carcinomas. In previous analyses, we were able to show that restoration of Smad4 expression in Smad4-deficient SW480 human colon carcinoma cells was adequate to suppress tumorigenicity and invasive potential, whereas in vitro cell growth was not affected. Using this cellular model system, we searched for new Smad4 targets comparing nuclear subproteomes derived from Smad4 re-expressing and Smad4 negative SW480 cells. Methods High resolution two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis was applied to identify novel Smad4 targets in the nuclear subproteome of Smad4 re-expressing SW480 cells. The identified candidate protein Keratin 23 was further characterized by tandem affinity purification. Immunoprecipitation, subfractionation and immunolocalization studies in combination with RNAi were used to validate the Keratin 23-14-3-3ε interaction. Results We identified keratins 8 and 18, heat shock proteins 60 and 70, plectin 1, as well as 14-3-3ε and γ as novel proteins present in the KRT23-interacting complex. Co-immunoprecipitation and subfractionation analyses as well as immunolocalization studies in our Smad4-SW480 model cells provided further evidence that KRT23 associates with 14-3-3ε and that Smad4 dependent KRT23 up-regulation induces a shift of the 14-3-3ε protein from a nuclear to a cytoplasmic localization. Conclusion Based on our findings we propose a new regulatory circuitry involving Smad4 dependent up-regulation of KRT23 (directly or indirectly) which in turn modulates the interaction between KRT23 and 14-3-3ε leading to a cytoplasmic sequestration of 14-3-3ε. This cytoplasmic KRT23-14-3-3 interaction may alter the functional status of the well described 14-3-3 scaffold protein, known to regulate key cellular processes, such as signal transduction, cell cycle control, and apoptosis and may thus be a previously unappreciated facet of the Smad4 tumor suppressive circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-T Liffers
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum-Zentrum fuer Klinische Forschung, Universitaetsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Keratins are the intermediate filament (IF)-forming proteins of epithelial cells. Since their initial characterization almost 30 years ago, the total number of mammalian keratins has increased to 54, including 28 type I and 26 type II keratins. Keratins are obligate heteropolymers and, similarly to other IFs, they contain a dimeric central α-helical rod domain that is flanked by non-helical head and tail domains. The 10-nm keratin filaments participate in the formation of a proteinaceous structural framework within the cellular cytoplasm and, as such, serve an important role in epithelial cell protection from mechanical and non-mechanical stressors, a property extensively substantiated by the discovery of human keratin mutations predisposing to tissue-specific injury and by studies in keratin knockout and transgenic mice. More recently, keratins have also been recognized as regulators of other cellular properties and functions, including apico-basal polarization, motility, cell size, protein synthesis and membrane traffic and signaling. In cancer, keratins are extensively used as diagnostic tumor markers, as epithelial malignancies largely maintain the specific keratin patterns associated with their respective cells of origin, and, in many occasions, full-length or cleaved keratin expression (or lack there of) in tumors and/or peripheral blood carries prognostic significance for cancer patients. Quite intriguingly, several studies have provided evidence for active keratin involvement in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, as well as in treatment responsiveness, and have set the foundation for further exploration of the role of keratins as multifunctional regulators of epithelial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karantza
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Mordasky Markell L, Pérez-Lorenzo R, Masiuk KE, Kennett MJ, Glick AB. Use of a TGFbeta type I receptor inhibitor in mouse skin carcinogenesis reveals a dual role for TGFbeta signaling in tumor promotion and progression. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:2127-35. [PMID: 20852150 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibitors of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) type I receptor (ALK5) have shown promise in blocking growth of xenotransplanted cancer cell lines but the effect on a multistage cancer model is not known. To test this, we treated mouse skin with SB431542 (SB), a well-characterized ALK5 inhibitor, during a two-stage skin carcinogenesis assay. Topical SB significantly reduced the total number, incidence and size of papillomas compared with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) promotion alone, and this was linked to increased epidermal apoptosis, decreased proliferation and decreased cutaneous inflammation during promotion. In contrast, the frequency of conversion to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was 2-fold higher in papillomas treated with SB. Although there was no difference in tumor cell proliferation in early premalignant lesions, those that formed after SB treatment exhibited reduced squamous differentiation and an altered inflammatory microenvironment similar to SCC. In an inducible epidermal RAS transgenic model, treatment with SB enhanced proliferation and cutaneous inflammation in skin but decreased expression of keratin 1 and increased expression of simple epithelial keratin 18, markers of premalignant progression. In agreement with increased frequency of progression in the multistage model, SB treatment resulted in increased tumor formation with a more malignant phenotype following long-term RAS induction. In contrast to the current paradigm for TGFβ in carcinogenesis, these results demonstrate that cutaneous TGFβ signaling enables promotion of benign tumors but suppresses premalignant progression through context-dependent regulation of epidermal homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Mordasky Markell
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Genetic factors in chronic pancreatitis; implications for diagnosis, management and prognosis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24:251-70. [PMID: 20510827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a clinical situation with persisting inflammation leading to destruction of the pancreas ensuing endocrine and exocrine failure. There are 4 subtypes: hereditary, idiopathic, alcoholic and tropical pancreatitis. Genetic factors can explain a significant proportion of CP cases. The PRSS1 gene, encoding cationic trypsinogen, was found to be correlated with hereditary CP. This signalled the extensive search for other candidate genes within the trypsin pathway. Genes like SPINK1 and CTRC are associated with CP and should be considered as important contributing factors rather than causative. The search for candidate genes not part of the trypsin pathway has been less successful and the only gene consistently associated with CP is the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator. In this review we will discuss the various CP subtypes in relation to the respective genetic variants. This review will also address the implications of genetic testing in daily clinical practise.
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Luo YX, Cui J, Wang L, Chen DK, Peng JS, Lan P, Huang MJ, Huang YH, Cai SR, Hu KH, Li MT, Wang JP. Identification of cancer-associated proteins by proteomics and downregulation of β-tropomyosin expression in colorectal adenoma and cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:1397-406. [PMID: 21136959 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the development of adenoma, the major precursor lesion of colorectal cancer (CRC), would provide a basis for early detection, prevention as well as treatment of CRC. Using the highly sensitive 2-D DIGE method coupled with MS, we identified 24 differentially expressed proteins in adenoma tissues compared with matched normal colonic mucosa and CRC tissues. Fifteen proteins were downregulated and three proteins were upregulated in adenoma tissues when compared with individual-matched normal colonic mucosa. Five proteins were downregulated, while one protein was upregulated in adenoma tissues when compared with matched CRC tissues. A protein, β-tropomyosin (TM-β), recently suggested to be a biomarker of esophageal squamous carcinoma, was downregulated in both adenoma and CRC tissues. Additionally, the reduction in the level of TM-β in adenoma and CRC tissues was further validated by Western blotting (p<0.05) and RT-PCR (p<0.001). Our findings suggest that downregulation of TM-β is involved in the early development of CRC and that differentially expressed proteins might serve as potential biomarkers for detection of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xin Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China; Gastrointestinal Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Omary MB, Ku NO, Strnad P, Hanada S. Toward unraveling the complexity of simple epithelial keratins in human disease. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1794-805. [PMID: 19587454 DOI: 10.1172/jci37762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple epithelial keratins (SEKs) are found primarily in single-layered simple epithelia and include keratin 7 (K7), K8, K18-K20, and K23. Genetically engineered mice that lack SEKs or overexpress mutant SEKs have helped illuminate several keratin functions and served as important disease models. Insight into the contribution of SEKs to human disease has indicated that K8 and K18 are the major constituents of Mallory-Denk bodies, hepatic inclusions associated with several liver diseases, and are essential for inclusion formation. Furthermore, mutations in the genes encoding K8, K18, and K19 predispose individuals to a variety of liver diseases. Hence, as we discuss here, the SEK cytoskeleton is involved in the orchestration of several important cellular functions and contributes to the pathogenesis of human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Mashukova A, Oriolo AS, Wald FA, Casanova ML, Kröger C, Magin TM, Omary MB, Salas PJI. Rescue of atypical protein kinase C in epithelia by the cytoskeleton and Hsp70 family chaperones. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2491-503. [PMID: 19549684 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.046979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical PKC (PKC iota) is a key organizer of cellular asymmetry. Sequential extractions of intestinal cells showed a pool of enzymatically active PKC iota and the chaperone Hsp70.1 attached to the apical cytoskeleton. Pull-down experiments using purified and recombinant proteins showed a complex of Hsp70 and atypical PKC on filamentous keratins. Transgenic animals overexpressing keratin 8 displayed delocalization of Hsp70 and atypical PKC. Two different keratin-null mouse models, as well as keratin-8 knockdown cells in tissue culture, also showed redistribution of Hsp70 and a sharp decrease in the active form of atypical PKC, which was also reduced by Hsp70 knockdown. An in-vitro turn motif rephosphorylation assay indicated that PKC iota is dephosphorylated by prolonged activity. The Triton-soluble fraction could rephosphorylate PKC iota only when supplemented with the cytoskeletal pellet or filamentous highly purified keratins, a function abolished by immunodepletion of Hsp70 but rescued by recombinant Hsp70. We conclude that both filamentous keratins and Hsp70 are required for the rescue rephosphorylation of mature atypical PKC, regulating the subcellular distribution and steady-state levels of active PKC iota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Mashukova
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Marrache F, Tu SP, Bhagat G, Pendyala S, Osterreicher CH, Gordon S, Ramanathan V, Penz-Osterreicher M, Betz KS, Song Z, Wang TC. Overexpression of interleukin-1beta in the murine pancreas results in chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:1277-87. [PMID: 18789941 PMCID: PMC2707078 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic pancreatitis is a significant cause of morbidity and a known risk factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Interleukin-1beta is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in pancreatic inflammation. We sought to determine whether targeted overexpression of interleukin-1beta in the pancreas could elicit localized inflammatory responses and chronic pancreatitis. METHODS We created a transgenic mouse model (elastase sshIL-1beta) in which the rat elastase promoter drives the expression of human interleukin-1beta. Mice were followed up for up to 2 years. Pancreata of elastase sshIL-1beta mice were analyzed for chronic pancreatitis-associated histologic and molecular changes. To study the potential effect of p53 mutation in chronic pancreatitis, elastase sshIL-1beta mice were crossed with p53(R172H) mice. RESULTS Three transgenic lines were generated, and in each line the pancreas was atrophic and occasionally showed dilation of pancreatic and biliary ducts secondary to proximal fibrotic stenosis. Pancreatic histology showed typical features of chronic pancreatitis. There was evidence for increased acinar proliferation and apoptosis, along with prominent expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha; chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1; stromal cell-derived factor 1; transforming growth factor-beta1; matrix metallopeptidase 2, 7, and 9; inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1; and cyclooxygenase 2. The severity of the lesions correlated well with the level of human interleukin-1beta expression. Older mice displayed acinar-ductal metaplasia but did not develop mouse pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia or tumors. Elastase sshIL-1beta*p53(R172H/+) mice had increased frequency of tubular complexes, some of which were acinar-ductal metaplasia. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of interleukin-1beta in the murine pancreas induces chronic pancreatitis. Elastase sshIL-1beta mice consistently develop severe chronic pancreatitis and constitute a promising model for studying chronic pancreatitis and its relationship with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Marrache
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA
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Toivola DM, Nakamichi I, Strnad P, Michie SA, Ghori N, Harada M, Zeh K, Oshima RG, Baribault H, Omary MB. Keratin overexpression levels correlate with the extent of spontaneous pancreatic injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:882-92. [PMID: 18349119 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the adult hepatocyte keratins K8 and K18 predisposes to liver disease. In contrast, exocrine pancreas K8 and K18 are dispensable and are co-expressed with limited levels of membrane-proximal K19 and K20. Overexpression of mutant K18 or genetic ablation of K8 in mouse pancreas is well tolerated whereas overexpression of K8 causes spontaneous chronic pancreatitis. To better understand the effect of exocrine pancreatic keratin overexpression, we compared transgenic mice that overexpress K18, K8, or K8/K18, associated with minimal, modest, or large increases in keratin expression, respectively, with nontransgenic wild-type (WT) mice. Overexpression of the type-II keratin K8 up-regulated type-I keratins K18, K19, and K20 and generated K19/K20-containing neocytoplasmic typical or short filaments; however, overexpression of K18 had no effect on K8 levels. K8- and K18-overexpressing pancreata were histologically similar to WT, whereas K8/K18 pancreata displayed age-enhanced vacuolization and atrophy of the exocrine pancreas and exhibited keratin hyperphosphorylation. Zymogen granules in K8/K18 pancreata were 50% smaller and more dispersed than their normal apical concentration but were twice as numerous as in WT controls. Therefore, modest keratin overexpression has minor effects on the exocrine pancreas whereas significant keratin overexpression alters zymogen granule organization and causes aging-associated exocrine atrophy. Keratin absence or mutation is well tolerated after pancreatic but not liver injury, whereas excessive overexpression is toxic to the pancreas but not the liver when induced under basal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Toivola
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Suzuki K, Haraguchi R, Ogata T, Barbieri O, Alegria O, Vieux-Rochas M, Nakagata N, Ito M, Mills AA, Kurita T, Levi G, Yamada G. Abnormal urethra formation in mouse models of split-hand/split-foot malformation type 1 and type 4. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 16:36-44. [PMID: 17878916 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Urogenital birth defects are one of the common phenotypes observed in hereditary human disorders. In particular, limb malformations are often associated with urogenital developmental abnormalities, as the case for Hand-foot-genital syndrome displaying similar hypoplasia/agenesis of limbs and external genitalia. Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM) is a syndromic limb disorder affecting the central rays of the autopod with median clefts of the hands and feet, missing central fingers and often fusion of the remaining ones. SHFM type 1 (SHFM1) is linked to genomic deletions or rearrangements, which includes the distal-less-related homeogenes DLX5 and DLX6 as well as DSS1. SHFM type 4 (SHFM4) is associated with mutations in p63, which encodes a p53-related transcription factor. To understand that SHFM is associated with urogenital birth defects, we performed gene expression analysis and gene knockout mouse model analyses. We show here that Dlx5, Dlx6, p63 and Bmp7, one of the p63 downstream candidate genes, are all expressed in the developing urethral plate (UP) and that targeted inactivation of these genes in the mouse results in UP defects leading to abnormal urethra formation. These results suggested that different set of transcription factors and growth factor genes play similar developmental functions during embryonic urethra formation. Human SHFM syndromes display multiple phenotypes with variations in addition to split hand foot limb phenotype. These results suggest that different genes associated with human SHFM could also be involved in the aetiogenesis of hypospadias pointing toward a common molecular origin of these congenital malformations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/deficiency
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/embryology
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genitalia/embryology
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/embryology
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/classification
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/embryology
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphoproteins/deficiency
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Syndrome
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/deficiency
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Urethra/abnormalities
- Urethra/embryology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Suzuki
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Oriolo AS, Wald FA, Ramsauer VP, Salas PJI. Intermediate filaments: a role in epithelial polarity. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2255-64. [PMID: 17425955 PMCID: PMC1986643 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments have long been considered mechanical components of the cell that provide resistance to deformation stress. Practical experimental problems, including insolubility, lack of good pharmacological antagonists, and the paucity of powerful genetic models have handicapped the research of other functions. In single-layered epithelial cells, keratin intermediate filaments are cortical, either apically polarized or apico-lateral. This review analyzes phenotypes of genetic manipulations of simple epithelial cell keratins in mice and Caenorhabditis elegans that strongly suggest a role of keratins in apico-basal polarization and membrane traffic. Published evidence that intermediate filaments can act as scaffolds for proteins involved in membrane traffic and signaling is also discussed. Such a scaffolding function would generate a highly polarized compartment within the cytoplasm of simple epithelial cells. While in most cases mechanistic explanations for the keratin-null or overexpression phenotypes are still missing, it is hoped that investigators will be encouraged to study these as yet poorly understood functions of intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Oriolo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave.-RMSB, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Singh OV, Vij N, Mogayzel PJ, Jozwik C, Pollard HB, Zeitlin PL. Pharmacoproteomics of 4-phenylbutyrate-treated IB3-1 cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. J Proteome Res 2007; 5:562-71. [PMID: 16512671 DOI: 10.1021/pr050319o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
4-Phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) is an oral butyrate derivative that has recently been approved for treatment of urea cycle disorders and is under investigation in clinical trials of cancer, hemoglobinopathies, and cystic fibrosis (CF). We hypothesized that proteome profiling of IB3-1 cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells treated with 4-PBA would identify butyrate-responsive cellular chaperones, protein processing enzymes, and cell trafficking molecules associated with the amelioration of the chloride transport defect in these cells. Protein profiles were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Over a pI range of 4-7 and molecular weight from 20 to 150 kDa a total of 85 differentially expressed proteins were detected. Most of the identified proteins were chaperones, catalytic enzymes, and proteins comprising structural elements, cellular defense, protein biosynthesis, trafficking activity, and ion transport. Subsets of these proteins were confirmed by immunoblot analysis. These data represent a first-draft of the pharmacoproteomics map of 4-PBA treated cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om V Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21209, USA
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Treiber M, Schulz HU, Landt O, Drenth JPH, Castellani C, Real FX, Akar N, Ammann RW, Bargetzi M, Bhatia E, Demaine AG, Battagia C, Kingsnorth A, O'Reilly D, Truninger K, Koudova M, Spicak J, Cerny M, Menzel HJ, Moral P, Pignatti PF, Romanelli MG, Rickards O, De Stefano GF, Zarnescu NO, Choudhuri G, Sikora SS, Jansen JBMJ, Weiss FU, Pietschmann M, Teich N, Gress TM, Ockenga J, Schmidt H, Kage A, Halangk J, Rosendahl J, Groneberg DA, Nickel R, Witt H. Keratin 8 sequence variants in patients with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:1015-22. [PMID: 17039343 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Keratin 8 (KRT8) is one of the major intermediate filament proteins expressed in single-layered epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract. Transgenic mice over-expressing human KRT8 display pancreatic mononuclear infiltration, interstitial fibrosis and dysplasia of acinar cells resulting in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. These experimental data are in accordance with a recent report describing an association between KRT8 variations and chronic pancreatitis. This prompted us to investigate KRT8 polymorphisms in patients with pancreatic disorders. The KRT8 Y54H and G62C polymorphisms were assessed in a cohort of patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis of various aetiologies or pancreatic cancer originating from Austria (n=16), the Czech Republic (n=90), Germany (n=1698), Great Britain (n=36), India (n=60), Italy (n=143), the Netherlands (n=128), Romania (n=3), Spain (n=133), and Switzerland (n=129). We also studied 4,234 control subjects from these countries and 1,492 control subjects originating from Benin, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ecuador, and Turkey. Polymorphisms were analysed by melting curve analysis with fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes. The frequency of G62C did not differ between patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma and control individuals. The frequency of G62C varied in European populations from 0.4 to 3.8%, showing a northwest to southeast decline. The Y54H alteration was not detected in any of the 2,436 patients. Only 3/4,580 (0.07%) European, Turkish and Indian control subjects were heterozygous for Y54H in contrast to 34/951 (3.6%) control subjects of African descent. Our data suggest that the KRT8 alterations, Y54H and G62C, do not predispose patients to the development of pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Treiber
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Keratin 8 (K8) variants predispose to human liver injury via poorly understood mechanisms. We generated transgenic mice that overexpress the human disease-associated K8 Gly61-to-Cys (G61C) variant and showed that G61C predisposes to liver injury and apoptosis and dramatically inhibits K8 phosphorylation at serine 73 (S73) via stress-activated kinases. This led us to generate mice that overexpress K8 S73-to-Ala (S73A), which mimicked the susceptibility of K8 G61C mice to injury, thereby providing a molecular link between K8 phosphorylation and disease-associated mutation. Upon apoptotic stimulation, G61C and S73A hepatocytes have persistent and increased nonkeratin proapoptotic substrate phosphorylation by stress-activated kinases, compared with wild-type hepatocytes, in association with an inability to phosphorylate K8 S73. Our findings provide the first direct link between patient-related human keratin variants and liver disease predisposition. The highly abundant cytoskeletal protein K8, and possibly other keratins with the conserved S73-containing phosphoepitope, can protect tissue from injury by serving as a phosphate “sponge” for stress-activated kinases and thereby provide a novel nonmechanical function for intermediate filament proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-On Ku
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto VA Medical Center and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Ollero M, Brouillard F, Edelman A. Cystic fibrosis enters the proteomics scene: New answers to old questions. Proteomics 2006; 6:4084-99. [PMID: 16791827 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery in 1989 of the gene encoding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and its mutation as the primary cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), generated an optimistic reaction with respect to the development of potential therapies. This extraordinary milestone, however, represented only the initial key step in a long path. Many of the mechanisms that govern the pathogenesis of CF, the most commonly inherited lethal pulmonary disorder in Caucasians, remain even today unknown. As a continuation to genomic research, proteomics now offers the unique advantage to examine global alterations in the protein expression patterns of CF cells and tissues. The systematic use of this approach will probably provide new insights into the cellular mechanisms involved in CF dysfunctions, and should ultimately result in the finding of new prognostic markers, and in the generation of new therapies. In this article we review the current status of proteomic research applied to the study of CF, including CFTR-related interactomics, and evaluate the potential of these technologies for future investigations.
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Matros E, Bailey G, Clancy T, Zinner M, Ashley S, Whang E, Redston M. Cytokeratin 20 expression identifies a subtype of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with decreased overall survival. Cancer 2006; 106:693-702. [PMID: 16362976 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokeratins are markers of epithelial cell differentiation useful in determining histogenesis for malignancies with an unknown primary. Application of this principle to a single malignancy may identify cancer subtypes with altered developmental programs. Herein, we investigate the relevance of two widely used cytokeratins (CKs), 7 and 20, to subtype pancreas cancer and identify associations with clinical features. METHODS A tissue microarray was constructed using tumor specimens from 103 patients who underwent resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma with curative intent. A subset of resection specimens was evaluated for pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions. Tissues were immunostained by using specific anticytokeratin 7 and 20 monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS CK 7 and 20 expression was present in 96% and 63% cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, respectively. Ubiquitous CK 7 expression precluded further analysis. Tumoral CK 20 expression was not associated with any histopathologic parameter but correlated with worse prognosis when considered as either a dichotomous (P=0.0098) or continuous (P=0.007) variable. In a multivariate model, tumoral CK 20 expression remained a significant independent prognosticator. CK 20 expression was absent in all PanIN lesions from eight resection specimens in which the tumor component was negative for CK 20. In contrast, presence of tumoral CK 20 was highly concordant with its expression in corresponding PanINs. CONCLUSIONS CK 20 expression defines a subtype of pancreas cancer with important biologic properties. When present, CK 20 expression is an early event in pancreatic carcinogenesis identifiable in precursor lesions. Further studies to identify the underlying genetic changes associated with this altered developmental pathway are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Matros
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Nakamichi I, Toivola DM, Strnad P, Michie SA, Oshima RG, Baribault H, Omary MB. Keratin 8 overexpression promotes mouse Mallory body formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 171:931-7. [PMID: 16365160 PMCID: PMC2171301 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200507093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/18) are major constituents of Mallory bodies (MBs), which are hepatocyte cytoplasmic inclusions seen in several liver diseases. K18-null but not K8-null or heterozygous mice form MBs, which indicates that K8 is important for MB formation. Early stages in MB genesis include K8/18 hyperphosphorylation and overexpression. We used transgenic mice that overexpress K8, K18, or K8/18 to test the importance of K8 and/or K18 in MB formation. MBs were induced by feeding 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). Livers of young K8 or K8/K18 overexpressors had no histological abnormalities despite increased keratin protein and phosphorylation. In aging mice, only K8-overexpressing livers spontaneously developed small “pre-MB” aggregates. Only K8-overexpressing young mice are highly susceptible to MB formation after short-term DDC feeding. Thus, the K8 to K18 ratio, rather than K8/18 overexpression by itself, plays an essential role in MB formation. K8 overexpression is sufficient to form pre-MB and primes animals to accumulate MBs upon DDC challenge, which may help explain MB formation in human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Nakamichi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, CA 94305, USA
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Hashimoto O, Ushiro Y, Sekiyama K, Yamaguchi O, Yoshioka K, Mutoh KI, Hasegawa Y. Impaired growth of pancreatic exocrine cells in transgenic mice expressing human activin betaE subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:416-24. [PMID: 16426570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activins, TGF-beta superfamily members, have multiple functions in a variety of cells and tissues. Recently, additional activin beta subunit genes, betaC and betaE, have been identified. To explore the role of activin E, we created transgenic mice overexpressing human activin betaE subunit. There were pronounced differences in the pancreata of the transgenic animals as compared with their wild-type counterparts. Pancreatic weight, expressed relative to total body weight, was significantly reduced. Histologically, adipose replacement of acini in the exocrine pancreas was observed. There was a significant decrease in the number of PCNA-positive cells in the acinar cells, indicating reduced proliferation in the exocrine pancreas of the transgenic mice. However, quantitative pancreatic morphometry showed that the total number and mass of the islets of the transgenic mice were comparable with those of the nontransgenic control mice. Our findings suggest a role for activin E in regulating the proliferation of pancreatic exocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Schneider A, Lamb J, Barmada MM, Cuneo A, Money ME, Whitcomb DC. Keratin 8 mutations are not associated with familial, sporadic and alcoholic pancreatitis in a population from the United States. Pancreatology 2005; 6:103-8. [PMID: 16327287 DOI: 10.1159/000090029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetic predispositions play a major role in the development of chronic pancreatitis. Recently, a mutation in the keratin 8 gene (G62C) was reported to be associated with chronic pancreatitis in Italy. We determined whether mutations in the keratin 8 gene are associated with familial, sporadic and alcoholic recurrent acute or chronic pancreatitis in a population from the United States. METHODS We investigated the relevant genomic region of the keratin 8 gene in 80 patients with familial pancreatitis without a cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) gene mutation from 52 different families, 21 patients with familial hereditary pancreatitis and a PRSS1 mutation from 20 different families, 126 patients with sporadic pancreatitis without a PRSS1 mutation, 61 patients with alcoholic pancreatitis and 271 controls by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS We found the heterozygous G62C mutation in n = 3/80 patients (n = 2/52 patients from different families, 3.8%) with familial pancreatitis without PRSS1 mutation and in n = 3/126 patients (2.4%) with sporadic pancreatitis. We detected an adjacent heterozygous I63V mutation in n = 2/80 patients (n = 2/52 patients from different families, 3.8%) with familial pancreatitis without PRSS1 mutation and in n = 1/61 patients (1.6%) with alcoholic pancreatitis. We found the G62C mutation in n = 2/271 controls (0.7%) and the I63V mutation in n = 2/271 controls (0.7%). There were no statistically significant differences in the genotype frequencies between patients and controls (p > 0.05). Screening of additional available family members revealed that these variants did not segregate with the disease phenotype. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of these keratin 8 variants between patients with chronic pancreatitis and controls (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These keratin 8 variants are not associated with familial, sporadic or alcoholic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Wald FA, Oriolo AS, Casanova ML, Salas PJI. Intermediate filaments interact with dormant ezrin in intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:4096-107. [PMID: 15987737 PMCID: PMC1196322 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-03-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin connects the apical F-actin scaffold to membrane proteins in the apical brush border of intestinal epithelial cells. Yet, the mechanisms that recruit ezrin to the apical domain remain obscure. Using stable CACO-2 transfectants expressing keratin 8 (K8) antisense RNA under a tetracycline-responsive element, we showed that the actin-ezrin scaffold cannot assemble in the absence of intermediate filaments (IFs). Overexpression of ezrin partially rescued this phenotype. Overexpression of K8 in mice also disrupted the assembly of the brush border, but ezrin distributed away from the apical membrane in spots along supernumerary IFs. In cytochalasin D-treated cells ezrin localized to a subapical compartment and coimmunoprecipitated with IFs. Overexpression of ezrin in undifferentiated cells showed a Triton-insoluble ezrin compartment negative for phospho-T567 (dormant) ezrin visualized as spots along IFs. Pulse-chase analysis showed that Triton-insoluble, newly synthesized ezrin transiently coimmunoprecipitates with IFs during the first 30 min of the chase. Dormant, but not active (p-T567), ezrin bound in vitro to isolated denatured keratins in Far-Western analysis and to native IFs in pull-down assays. We conclude that a transient association to IFs is an early step in the polarized assembly of apical ezrin in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia A Wald
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy R-124, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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44
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Davezac N, Tondelier D, Lipecka J, Fanen P, Demaugre F, Debski J, Dadlez M, Schrattenholz A, Cahill MA, Edelman A. Global proteomic approach unmasks involvement of keratins 8 and 18 in the delivery of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)/?F508-CFTR to the plasma membrane. Proteomics 2004; 4:3833-44. [PMID: 15529338 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CF gene (cftr). Physiologically, CF is characterized by an abnormal chloride secretion in epithelia due to a dysfunction of a mutated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR is a cAMP-dependent chloride channel whose most frequent mutation, deltaF508, leads to an aberrantly folded protein which causes a dysfunction of the channel. However, a growing number of reports suggest that modifier genes and environmental factors are involved in the physiology of CF. To identify proteins whose expression depends on wild-type WT-CFTR or deltaF508-CFTR, we chose a global proteomic approach based on the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry. The experiments were carried out with HeLa cells stably transfected with WT-CFTR (pTCFWT) or deltaF508-CFTR (pTCFdeltaF508). These experiments unmasked keratin 8 (K8) and 18 (K18) which were differentially expressed in pTCFWT vs. pTCFdeltaF508. An immunoblot of K18 confirmed the 2-DE results. Intracellular localization experiments of WT-CFTR, deltaF508-CFTR, K8, and K18 suggest that the expression of these proteins are linked, and that the concentrations of K8 and K18 and/or their distribution may be involved in the traffic of WT-CFTR/deltaF508-CFTR. A functional assay for CFTR revealed that specifically lowering K18 expression or changing its distribution leads to the delivery of functional deltaF508-CFTR to the plasma membrane. This work suggests a novel function of K18 in CF.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Keratin-18
- Keratin-8
- Keratins/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mutation
- Protein Transport
- Proteomics/methods
- Quinolinium Compounds/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Temperature
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Noélie Davezac
- Inserm U467, Faculté de Médecine Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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45
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Zhong B, Omary MB. Actin overexpression parallels severity of pancreatic injury. Exp Cell Res 2004; 299:404-14. [PMID: 15350539 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the three major cytofilament proteins, keratin (K8/K18/K19) expression increases nearly threefold upon pancreas or liver injury, while actin and tubulin expressions are considered relatively stable. K8/K18 serves essential hepatocyte cytoprotective functions yet appears dispensable in K8-null mouse pancreata, which led us to hypothesize that actin or tubulin expressions may increase after pancreatic injury. Balb/c and FVB/n mice manifested different susceptibility to injury in two pancreatitis models, with significant induction of actin protein (threefold) and RNA after moderate or severe but not mild injury. Alterations in tubulin expression were less prominent. Basally, K8-null and wild-type pancreata expressed similar actin and tubulin levels, while the injury-induced actin protein but not RNA was more pronounced in K8-null mice. K7/K18/K19/K20 were also induced in K8-null mice after injury. Ex vivo, caerulein-triggered pancreatitis caused protein degradation (actin approximately or = tubulin > keratins) and mRNA up-regulation that was blocked by actinomycin-D (act-D) (actin approximately or = tubulin approximately or = keratin) or by NF-kappaB inhibition (keratins > actin approximately or = tubulin). Hence, actin is not as static as previously held and is overexpressed after moderate to severe pancreatic injury while keratins are induced after minimal injury. Keratin and actin induction may serve protective roles in pancreatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihui Zhong
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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46
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Casanova ML, Bravo A, Martínez-Palacio J, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Villanueva C, Larcher F, Conti CJ, Jorcano JL. Epidermal abnormalities and increased malignancy of skin tumors in human epidermal keratin 8-expressing transgenic mice. FASEB J 2004; 18:1556-8. [PMID: 15319370 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1683fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Keratins K8 and K18 are the major components of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of simple epithelia. Increased levels of these keratins have been associated with invasive growth and progression to malignancy in different types of human and murine epithelial tumors (including skin tumors), and even in tumors from nonepithelial origin. However, it has not yet clarified whether K8/K18 expression in tumors is cause or consequence of malignancy. Given the increasing incidence of epidermal cancer in humans (40% of all tumors diagnosed), we generated a mouse model to examine the role of simple epithelium keratins in the establishment and progression of human skin cancer. Transgenic mice expressing human K8 in the epidermis showed severe epidermal and hair follicle dysplasia with concomitant alteration in epidermal differentiation markers. The severity of the skin phenotype of these transgenic mice increases with age, leading to areas of preneoplastic transformation. Skin carcinogenesis assays showed a dramatic increase in the progression of papillomas toward malignancy in transgenic animals. These results support the idea that K8 alters the epidermal cell differentiation, favors the neoplastic transformation of cells, and is ultimately responsible of the invasive behavior of transformed epidermal cells leading of conversion of benign to malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Llanos Casanova
- Epithelial Damage, Repair and Tissue Engineering, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Herrmann H, Hesse M, Reichenzeller M, Aebi U, Magin TM. Functional complexity of intermediate filament cytoskeletons: from structure to assembly to gene ablation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 223:83-175. [PMID: 12641211 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)23003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cell biology of intermediate filament (IF) proteins and their filaments is complicated by the fact that the members of the gene family, which in humans amount to at least 65, are differentially expressed in very complex patterns during embryonic development. Thus, different tissues and cells express entirely different sets and amounts of IF proteins, the only exception being the nuclear B-type lamins, which are found in every cell. Moreover, in the course of evolution the individual members of this family have, within one species, diverged so much from each other with regard to sequence and thus molecular properties that it is hard to envision a unifying kind of function for them. The known epidermolytic diseases, caused by single point mutations in keratins, have been used as an argument for a role of IFs in mechanical "stress resistance," something one would not have easily ascribed to the beaded chain filaments, a special type of IF in the eye lens, or to nuclear lamins. Therefore, the power of plastic dish cell biology may be limited in revealing functional clues for these structural elements, and it may therefore be of interest to go to the extreme ends of the life sciences, i.e., from the molecular properties of individual molecules including their structure at the atomic level to targeted inactivation of their genes in living animals, mouse, and worm to define their role more precisely in metazoan cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Herrmann
- Division of Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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48
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Drenth JPH, Verlaan M. Genetic aspects of chronic pancreatitis, and the exploration of an association with keratin 8/18. Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35:386-8. [PMID: 12868673 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(03)00163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J P H Drenth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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49
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Wagner M, Kunsch S, Duerschmied D, Beil M, Adler G, Mueller F, Gress TM. Transgenic overexpression of the oncofetal RNA binding protein KOC leads to remodeling of the exocrine pancreas. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1901-14. [PMID: 12806623 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To elucidate the function of the oncofetal RNA-binding protein, K-homologous (KH) domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer (KOC), we studied the effect of a constitutive reexpression of KOC in transgenic mice. METHODS Transgenic mouse lines expressing KOC under the control of the mouse metallothionein promoter were generated and were shown to express the 69-kilodalton protein. Two mouse lines with moderate to strong gene expression of the transgene were further analyzed. RESULTS The pancreas of KOC-transgenic mice showed progressive morphologic alterations, including an increased proliferation of acinar cells, acinar-ductal metaplasia, net loss of acinar tissue, and the appearance of numerous interstitial cells. Acinar-ductal metaplasia led to the development of duct-like structures exhibiting the characteristics of normal intralobular ducts. Interstitial cells expressed markers of endocrine or ductal differentiation. Nerve growth factor alpha (NGF-alpha) and the GTPase kir/Gem were identified as potential targets of KOC by expression profiling analyses. CONCLUSIONS Reexpression of KOC in the transgenic model is apparently incompatible with the maintenance of a fully differentiated, adult acinar phenotype and may lead to a more fetal ductal phenotype via acinar-ductal metaplasia. This and the appearance of interstitial cells with a ductal and endocrine differentiation capacity suggest that transgenic reexpression of the oncofetal gene KOC may recapitulate a developmental program active during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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50
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Cavestro GM, Frulloni L, Nouvenne A, Neri TM, Calore B, Ferri B, Bovo P, Okolicsanyi L, Di Mario F, Cavallini G. Association of keratin 8 gene mutation with chronic pancreatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35:416-20. [PMID: 12868678 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(03)00159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin 8 (K8) and 18 (K18) are the major components of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of pancreatic acinar cells and play a relevant role in pancreatic exocrine homeostasis. Transgenic mice for K8 have shown to display progressive exocrine pancreas alterations, including dysplasia, loss of acinar architecture, redifferentiation of acinar to ductal cells, inflammation, fibrosis, and substitution of exocrine tissue by adipose tissue. AIM To investigate whether mutations in the keratin 8 gene are associated with chronic pancreatitis. METHODS Mutations in the keratin 8 gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism in 67 chronic pancreatitis patients and 100 normal controls. Sequence analysis was performed when necessary. RESULTS Glycine-to-cysteine mutations at position 61 (G61C) of the keratin 8 gene were found in six patients (8.9 vs. 0%, p(c) < 0.003, odds ratio = 21.24, confidence interval = 2.74-164.42); none of the controls presented the mutation. No tyrosine-to-histidine mutations at position 53 (Y53H) were detected in any subject. CONCLUSION G61C mutation of the keratin 8 gene, together with other environmental factors and/or genetic factors, could predispose to chronic pancreatitis, by interfering with the normal organization of keratin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Cavestro
- Department of Clinical Science, Chair of Gastroenterology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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