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Yeo H, Ahn SS, Ou S, Yun SJ, Lim Y, Koh D, Lee YH, Shin SY. The EGR1-Artemin Axis in Keratinocytes Enhances the Innervation of Epidermal Sensory Neurons during Skin Inflammation Induced by House Dust Mite Extract from Dermatophagoidesfarinae. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1817-1828.e17. [PMID: 38302010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal hyperinnervation is a critical feature of pruritus during skin inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying epidermal hyperinnervation are unclear. This study investigates the role of the transcription factor EGR1 in epidermal innervation by utilizing wild-type (Egr1+/+) and Egr1-null (Egr1‒/‒) mice topically applied Dermatophagoides farinae extract from dust mite. Our findings revealed that Egr1‒/‒ mice exhibited reduced scratching behaviors and decreased density of epidermal innervation compared with Egr1+/+ mice. Furthermore, we identified artemin, a neurotrophic factor, as an EGR1 target responsible for Dermatophagoides farinae extract-induced hyperinnervation. It has been demonstrated that Dermatophagoides farinae extract stimulates toll-like receptors in keratinocytes. To elucidate the cellular mechanism, we stimulated keratinocytes with Pam3CSK4, a toll-like receptor 1/2 ligand. Pam3CSK4 triggered a toll-like receptor 1/2-mediated signaling cascade involving IRAK4, IκB kinase, MAPKs, ELK1, EGR1, and artemin, leading to increased neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration. In addition, increased expression of EGR1 and artemin was observed in the skin tissues of patients with atopic dermatitis. These findings highlight the significance of the EGR1-artemin axis in keratinocytes, promoting the process of epidermal innervation and suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for alleviating itch and pain associated with house dust mite-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Yeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sang-huh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Shin Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sang-huh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukjin Ou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sang-huh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Jung Yun
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoongho Lim
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsoo Koh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Han Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sang-huh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer and Metabolism Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Young Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sang-huh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer and Metabolism Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Mohd Kasim VNK, Lee YZ, Bakrin IH, Hussain MK, Israf DA, Shaari K, Tan JW, Lee MT, Tham CL. Oral and topical administration of a geranyl acetophenone attenuates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17623. [PMID: 39085287 PMCID: PMC11291929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, allergic inflammatory skin disorder that lacks a definite cure. Using a mouse DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions model, this study evaluated the potential therapeutic utility of tHGA as an oral and topical treatment for AD. Male BALB/c mice were sensitised and challenged with 1% and 0.5% DNCB on their shaved dorsal skin. Mice in the treatment group were administered tHGA (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) orally three times per week for 2 weeks, or tHGA (0.2%, 1%, and 5%) topically once daily for 12 days. On day 34, the mice were euthanized, and blood and dorsal skin samples were obtained for analysis. All doses of orally and topically administered tHGA significantly improved scratching, epidermal thickness, blood eosinophilia and mast cell infiltration. There was a minor discrepancy between the two routes of administration, with orally treated tHGA showing significant reductions in Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), tissue eosinophil infiltration, serum IgE and skin IL-4 levels with treatment of 40 and 80 mg/kg tHGA, whereas topically applied tHGA showed significant reductions in all dosages. These findings suggest that tHGA exhibited therapeutic potential for AD as both oral and topical treatment ameliorates AD-like symptoms in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Zhao Lee
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ikmal Hisyam Bakrin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Pantai Integrated Labs Sdn Bhd, Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Bangsar, 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khairi Hussain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ji Wei Tan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- UCSI Wellbeing Research Centre, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Kim EJ, Park H, Kim EY, Kim DK, Jung HS, Sohn Y. Ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates atopic dermatitis-associated inflammatory responses in HaCaT and RBL-2H3 cells and DNCB/DFE-treated mice. Life Sci 2024; 344:122560. [PMID: 38490296 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a hydrophilic dihydroxy bile acid used for cholestatic liver disease and exhibits antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its potential effects on atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of UDCA in inhibiting the inflammatory response and alleviating lesions in AD-like mice. MAIN METHODS To investigate the efficacy of UDCA in AD-like inflammatory responses, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)- and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-stimulated HaCaT cells and anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin E (DNP-IgE)- and human serum albumin (HSA)-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells were used to investigate the levels of inflammatory factors and their mechanisms. AD-like lesions were induced by applying DNCB/DFE to mice. The effect of UDCA administration in AD-like mice was analyzed by assessing organ weight, serum IgE and inflammatory cytokine levels, and histopathological changes using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. KEY FINDINGS In HaCaT cells, UDCA significantly diminished TARC, MDC, MCP-1, and IL-6 expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of nuclear NF-κB and cytoplasmic IκB, and also increased the levels of skin barrier protein. In RBL-2H3 cells, UDCA reduced β-hexosaminidase and IL-4 levels. In AD-like mice, UDCA suppressed organ hypertrophy, ear edema, SCORAD index, DFE-specific IgE levels, inflammatory cytokine levels, skin hypertrophy, mast cell invasion, skin barrier loss, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin-positive areas. SIGNIFICANCE UDCA suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by keratinocytes and mast cells. It also alleviated atopy by suppressing symptoms without organ toxicity in AD-like mice. UDCA may be an effective and safe treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eom Ji Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyeon Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Schuler CF, Tsoi LC, Billi AC, Harms PW, Weidinger S, Gudjonsson JE. Genetic and Immunological Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:954-968. [PMID: 38085213 PMCID: PMC11040454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 immune-mediated diseases give a clear answer to the issue of nature (genetics) versus nurture (environment). Both genetics and environment play vital complementary roles in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). As a key component of the atopic march, AD demonstrates the interactive nature of genetic and environmental contributions to atopy. From sequence variants in the epithelial barrier gene encoding FLG to the hygiene hypothesis, AD combines a broad array of contributions into a single syndrome. This review will focus on the genetic contribution to AD and where genetics facilitates the elicitation or enhancement of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Schuler
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allison C Billi
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul W Harms
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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5
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Krupka-Olek M, Bożek A, Aebisher D, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A. Potential Aspects of the Use of Cytokines in Atopic Dermatitis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:867. [PMID: 38672221 PMCID: PMC11048200 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an abnormal inflammatory response in the skin to food, environmental IgE, or non-IgE allergens. This disease belongs to a group of inflammatory diseases that affect both children and adults. In highly developed countries, AD is diagnosed twice as often in children than in adults, which may possibly be connected to increased urbanization. The immune system's pathomechanisms of AD involve humoral mechanisms with IgE, cellular T lymphocytes, dendritic cells occurring in the dermis, Langerhans cells occurring in the epidermis, and other cells infiltrating the site of inflammation (eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, and basophils). Cytokines are small proteins that affect the interaction and communication between cells. This review characterizes cytokines and potential aspects of the treatment of atopic dermatitis, as well as new strategies that are currently being developed, including targeting cytokines and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krupka-Olek
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.B.)
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bożek
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.B.)
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
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6
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Tavener SK, Jackson MI, Panickar KS. Immune-Modulating Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Foods in Healthy Canines. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102128. [PMID: 38590952 PMCID: PMC10999821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ketogenic foods limit digestible carbohydrates but contain high fat, and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as improving mitochondrial function. β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), 1 of the ketone bodies, reduces the proinflammatory NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasomes, as well as chemokines in cultures. Objectives We assessed the immune-modulating effects of 2 low-carbohydrate (LoCHO) foods varying in protein and fat and compared their effects with a food replete with high-carbohydrate (HiCHO) in healthy canines. Methods Dogs were fed control food [HiCHO; ketogenic ratio (KR: 0.46) followed by LoCHO_PROT (KR: 0.97), then LoCHO_FAT (KR: 1.63) or LoCHO_FAT followed by LoCHO_PROT. Each food was fed for 5 wk, with collections in the 5th wk; 15 wk feeding total. Gene expression for circulating inflammatory cytokines from 10 dogs was assessed using the Canine RT2 Profiler polymerase chain reaction array, and fold changes were calculated using the ΔΔCt method. Results LoCHO_FAT significantly increased circulating β-hydroxybutyrate compared with both HiCHO and LoCHO_PROT. When compared with HiCHO, there was a significant decrease in several proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in LoCHO_PROT and LoCHO_FAT groups, including chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)1, CCL8, CCL13, CCL17, CCL24, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1, Interleukin-10 receptor alpha ((IL)-10RA), IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-5, and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (all P < 0.05). Interestingly, a subset of inflammatory proteins that decreased in LoCHO_PROT but not in LoCHO_FAT included IL-33, IL-6 receptor, IL-7, IL-8, Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily member 11B. In contrast, the decrease in inflammatory markers in LoCHO_FAT, but not in LoCHO_PROT, included complement component 5, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or G-CSF, interferon-γ, IL-3, IL-10RB, IL-17C, Tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF)13, TNFSF13B, and TNFSF14. Decreased concentrations of selected cytokines indicate that both low-carbohydrate foods exert an anti-inflammatory effect and provide a strong rationale for testing their efficacy in dogs with inflammatory conditions. Conclusions Both LoCHO_PROT and LoCHO_FAT foods might be important as part of immune-modulating therapeutic nutritional strategies to reduce inflammation to maintain health in canines. Our study identifies several inflammatory genes that are reduced when fed ketogenic food that were not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena K. Tavener
- Science and Technology Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | - Matthew I. Jackson
- Science and Technology Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | - Kiran S. Panickar
- Science and Technology Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
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7
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Riedl R, Kühn A, Hupfer Y, Hebecker B, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Werz O, Lorkowski S, Wiegand C, Wallert M. Characterization of Different Inflammatory Skin Conditions in a Mouse Model of DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis. Inflammation 2024; 47:771-788. [PMID: 38150167 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The mouse model of 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene (DNCB)-induced human-like atopic dermatitis (hlAD) has been widely used to test novel treatment strategies and compounds. However, the study designs and methods are highly diverse, presenting different hlAD disease patterns that occur after sensitization and repeated challenge with DNCB on dorsal skin. In addition, there is a lack of information about the progression of the disease during the experiment and the achieved pheno- and endotypes, especially at the timepoint when therapeutic treatment is initiated. We here examine hlAD in a DNCB-induced BALB/cJRj model at different timepoints: (i) before starting treatment with dexamethasone, representing a standard drug control (day 12) and (ii) at the end of the experiment (day 22). Both timepoints display typical AD-associated characteristics: skin thickening, spongiosis, hyper- and parakeratosis, altered cytokine and gene expression, increased lipid mediator formation, barrier protein and antimicrobial peptide abnormalities, as well as lymphoid organ hypertrophy. Increased mast cell infiltration into the skin and elevated immunoglobulin E plasma concentrations indicate a type I allergy response. The DNCB-treated skin showed an extrinsic moderate sub-acute hlAD lesion at day 12 and an extrinsic mild sub-acute to chronic pheno- and endotype at day 22 with a dominating Th2 response. A dependency of the filaggrin formation and expression in correlation to the disease severity in the DNCB-treated skin was found. In conclusion, our study reveals a detailed classification of a hlAD at two timepoints with different inflammatory skin conditions and pheno- and endotypes, thereby providing a better understanding of the DNCB-induced hlAD model in BALB/cJRj mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Riedl
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatological Research Laboratory, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Annika Kühn
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hupfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Betty Hebecker
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lukas K Peltner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatological Research Laboratory, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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8
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Liu CF, Shih TW, Lee CL, Pan TM. The Beneficial Role of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 in the Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2236-2250. [PMID: 38534759 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a recurrent allergic disease characterized by symptoms such as itching, redness, swelling, dryness, scaling skin, inflammation, and tissue damage. The underlying pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. Steroid drugs are commonly used in the clinical treatment of AD; however, their long-term use may lead to associated complications. Numerous studies have indicated that probiotics could modulate the immune system, enhance immune function, or suppress excessive immune responses. In this study, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU 101) was orally administered for a duration of 4 weeks, followed by the induction of AD using ovalbumin (OVA) in a mouse model. The skin condition of the stimulated site was observed during the induction period. Subsequently, the serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) content, splenocyte T cell typing, and skin histological interpretation were examined to evaluate the efficacy of NTU 101 in alleviating AD symptoms in allergen-exposed animals. The findings indicated that administering NTU 101 beforehand effectively alleviated skin symptoms in animals with AD. It reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in skin tissue sections, and compared to the OVA group, there was a significant reduction in the thickening of the epidermal cell layer (decreased from 89.0 ± 20.2 µM to 48.6 ± 16.0 µM) and dermis layer (decreased from 310.3 ± 69.0 µM to 209.7 ± 55.5 µM). Moreover, the proportion of regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper 2 (Th2) cells in splenocytes significantly increased, while the proportions of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells did not differ. It is speculated that the potential mechanism by which NTU 101 prevents AD involves increasing the expression of Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) and promoting Treg cell maturation, thereby alleviating allergic reaction symptoms associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Feng Liu
- Continuing Education Program of Food Biotechnology Applications, National Taitung University, 684, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd.,Taitung 950017, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Lin Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung 95092, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Pan
- SunWay Biotech Co., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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9
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Arakawa Y, Tano Y, Fujii M, Imai Y, Norimatsu Y, Yasukawa M, Watanabe M, Yamada T. The H3K9 demethylase plant homeodomain finger protein 2 regulates interleukin 4 production in CD4 + T cells. Cytokine 2024; 175:156506. [PMID: 38241965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a key role in the immune response via their differentiation into various helper T cell subsets that produce characteristic cytokines. Epigenetic changes in CD4+ T cells are responsible for cytokine production in these subsets, although the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of plant homeodomain finger protein 2 (PHF2), a histone H3K9 demethylase, on cytokine production in CD4+ T cells using T cell-specific Phf2-conditional knockout (cKO) mice in this study. we showed that interleukin 4 (Il4) expression was significantly decreased in Phf2-cKO CD4+ T cells compared to that in wild-type cells. To further elucidate the role of PHF2 in vivo, we assessed immune responses in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced atopic dermatitis. Phf2-cKO mice exhibited lower serum levels of OVA-specific IgE than those in wild-type mice. These findings suggest that PHF2 plays a role in promoting T helper 2 cell (Th2) function and may contribute to the pathogenesis of Th2-related allergies such as atopic dermatitis. This study demonstrated the impact of PHF2 on cytokine production in CD4+ T cells for the first time. Further studies on the PHF2-mediated epigenetic mechanisms may lead to the development of treatments for a variety of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Arakawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Iyo-gun, Ehime, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuzuki Tano
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Iyo-gun, Ehime, Japan
| | - Moe Fujii
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Iyo-gun, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuuki Imai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Norimatsu
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Iyo-gun, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasukawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Iyo-gun, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mikio Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Iyo-gun, Ehime, Japan.
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10
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Guttman-Yassky E, Irvine AD, Brunner PM, Kim BS, Boguniewicz M, Parmentier J, Platt AM, Kabashima K. The role of Janus kinase signaling in the pathology of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1394-1404. [PMID: 37536511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous, chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease associated with considerable physical, psychological, and economic burden. The pathology of AD includes complex interactions involving abnormalities in immune and skin barrier genes, skin barrier disruption, immune dysregulation, microbiome disturbance, and other environmental factors. Many of the cytokines involved in AD pathology, including IL-4, IL-13, IL-22, IL-31, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and IFN-γ, signal through the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) pathway. The JAK family includes JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and tyrosine kinase 2; the STAT family includes STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A/B, and STAT6. Activation of the JAK-STAT pathway has been implicated in the pathology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including AD. However, the exact mechanisms of JAK-STAT involvement in AD have not been fully characterized. This review aims to discuss current knowledge about the role of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and, specifically, the role of JAK1 in the pathology and symptomology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
| | | | - Patrick M Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Brian S Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Mark Boguniewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | | | | | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
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11
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Leyva-Castillo JM, McGurk A, Strakosha M, Vega-Mendoza D, Smith SEM, Stafstrom K, Elkins M, Chou J, Wang YH, Geha RS. IL-4 receptor alpha blockade dampens allergic inflammation and upregulates IL-17A expression to promote Saureus clearance in antigen sensitized mouse skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:907-915. [PMID: 37315811 PMCID: PMC10592541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin colonization with Staphylococcus aureus aggravates atopic dermatitis and exaggerates allergic skin inflammation in mice. IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) blockade is beneficial in atopic dermatitis and reduces Saureus skin colonization through unknown mechanisms. The cytokine IL-17A restrains Saureus growth. OBJECTIVES This study sought to examine the effect of IL-4Rα blockade on Saureus colonization at sites of allergic skin inflammation in mice and determine the mechanism involved. METHODS BALB/c mice were epicutaneously sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA). Immediately after, PSVue 794-labeled S aureus strain SF8300 or saline was applied and a single dose of anti-IL-4Rα blocking antibody, a mixture of anti-IL-4Rα and anti-IL-17A blocking antibodies, or IgG isotype controls were administered intradermally. Saureus load was assessed 2 days later by in vivo imaging and enumeration of colony forming units. Skin cellular infiltration was examined by flow cytometry and gene expression by quantitative PCR and transcriptome analysis. RESULTS IL-4Rα blockade decreased allergic skin inflammation in OVA-sensitized skin, as well as in OVA-sensitized and Saureus-exposed skin, evidenced by significantly decreased epidermal thickening and reduced dermal infiltration by eosinophils and mast cells. This was accompanied by increased cutaneous expression of Il17a and IL-17A-driven antimicrobial genes with no change in Il4 and Il13 expression. IL-4Rα blockade significantly decreased Saureus load in OVA-sensitized and S aureus-exposed skin. IL-17A blockade reversed the beneficial effect of IL-4Rα blockade on Saureus clearance and reduced the cutaneous expression of IL-17A-driven antimicrobial genes. CONCLUSIONS IL-4Rα blockade promotes Saureus clearance from sites of allergic skin inflammation in part by enhancing IL-17A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex McGurk
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Maria Strakosha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Daniela Vega-Mendoza
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Sophia E M Smith
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kelsey Stafstrom
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Megan Elkins
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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12
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Riedl R, Kühn A, Rietz D, Hebecker B, Glowalla KG, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Werz O, Lorkowski S, Wiegand C, Wallert M. Establishment and Characterization of Mild Atopic Dermatitis in the DNCB-Induced Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12325. [PMID: 37569701 PMCID: PMC10418750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In dermatological research, 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) is a standard model as it displays many disease-associated characteristics of human AD. However, the reproducibility of the model is challenging due to the lack of information regarding the methodology and the description of the phenotype and endotype of the mimicked disease. In this study, a DNCB-induced mouse model was established with a detailed procedure description and classification of the AD human-like skin type. The disease was induced with 1% DNCB in the sensitization phase and repeated applications of 0.3% and 0.5% DNCB in the challenging phase which led to a mild phenotype of AD eczema. Pathophysiological changes of the dorsal skin were measured: thickening of the epidermis and dermis, altered skin barrier proteins, increased TH1 and TH2 cytokine expression, a shift in polyunsaturated fatty acids, increased pro-resolving and inflammatory mediator formation, and dysregulated inflammation-associated gene expression. A link to type I allergy reactions was evaluated by increased mast cell infiltration into the skin accompanied by elevated IgE and histamine levels in plasma. As expected for mild AD, no systemic inflammation was observed. In conclusion, this experimental setup demonstrates many features of a mild human-like extrinsic AD in murine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Riedl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Dermatological Research Laboratory, 07747 Jena, Germany; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.W.)
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Annika Kühn
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Denise Rietz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Dermatological Research Laboratory, 07747 Jena, Germany; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Betty Hebecker
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Gunther Glowalla
- Service Unit Experimental Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Lukas K. Peltner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (L.K.P.); (P.M.J.); (O.W.)
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (L.K.P.); (P.M.J.); (O.W.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (L.K.P.); (P.M.J.); (O.W.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Dermatological Research Laboratory, 07747 Jena, Germany; (R.R.); (D.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.K.); (B.H.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
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13
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Kang SJ, Gu NY, Byeon JS, Hyun BH, Lee J, Yang DK. Immunomodulatory effects of canine mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental atopic dermatitis model. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1201382. [PMID: 37529178 PMCID: PMC10390254 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into multi-lineage cells, suggesting their future applicability in regenerative medicine and biotechnology. The immunomodulatory properties of MSCs make them a promising replacement therapy in various fields of animal research including in canine atopic dermatitis (AD), a skin disease with 10-15% prevalence. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs in an experimental canine AD model induced by Dermatophagoides farinae extract ointment. Canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs) were differentiated into mesodermal cell lineages at the third passage. Alterations in immunomodulatory factors in control, AD, and MSC-treated AD groups were evaluated using flow cytometric analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. In the MSC-treated AD group, the number of eosinophils decreased, and the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) increased compared to those in the AD group. In addition, the immunoglobulin E (IgE) and prostaglandin E2 levels were reduced in the MSC-treated AD group compared to those in the AD group. Furthermore, the filaggrin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-5 gene expression levels were relatively higher in the MSC-treated AD group than in the AD group, however, not significantly. cAT-MSCs exerted immunomodulatory effects in an AD canine model via a rebalancing of type-1 and -2 T helper cells that correlated with increased levels of Tregs, IgE, and various cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jin Kang
- Viral Diseases Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Yeon Gu
- Viral Diseases Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Byeon
- Viral Diseases Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Diseases Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jienny Lee
- Division of Regenerative Medicine Safety Management, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Yang
- Viral Diseases Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Singh CK, Mintie CA, Ndiaye MA, Chhabra G, Roy S, Sullivan R, Longley BJ, Schieke SM, Ahmad N. Protective effects of dietary grape against atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/NgaTndCrlj mice. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1051472. [PMID: 36741360 PMCID: PMC9893861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with significant health/economic burdens. Existing therapies are not fully effective, necessitating development of new approaches for AD management. Here, we report that dietary grape powder (GP) mitigates AD-like symptoms in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced AD in NC/NgaTndCrlj mice. Using prevention and intervention protocols, we tested the efficacy of 3% and 5% GP-fortified diet in a 13-weeks study. We found that GP feeding markedly inhibited development and progression of AD-like skin lesions, and caused reduction in i) epidermal thickness, mast cell infiltration, ulceration, excoriation and acanthosis in dorsal skin, ii) spleen weight, extramedullary hematopoiesis and lymph nodes sizes, and iii) ear weight and IgE levels. We also found significant modulations in 15 AD-associated serum cytokines/chemokines. Next, using quantitative global proteomics, we identified 714 proteins. Of these, 68 (normal control) and 21 (5% GP-prevention) were significantly modulated (≥2-fold) vs AD control (DNFB-treated) group, with many GP-modulated proteins reverting to normal levels. Ingenuity pathway analysis of GP-modulated proteins followed by validation using ProteinSimple identified changes in acute phase response signaling (FGA, FGB, FGG, HP, HPX, LRG1). Overall, GP supplementation inhibited DNFB-induced AD in NC/NgaTndCrlj mice in both prevention and intervention trials, and should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K. Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Charlotte A. Mintie
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mary A. Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ruth Sullivan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - B. Jack Longley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Stefan M. Schieke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Madison, WI, United States
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15
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Scibiorek M, Mthembu N, Mangali S, Ngomti A, Ikwegbue P, Brombacher F, Hadebe S. IL-4Rα signalling in B cells and T cells play differential roles in acute and chronic atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:144. [PMID: 36599893 PMCID: PMC9812985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common pruritic inflammatory skin disease with complex environmental and genetic predisposing factors. Primary skin barrier dysfunction and aberrant T helper 2 (TH2) responses to common allergens, together with increased serum IgE antibodies, characterise the disease. B and T cells are essential in the disease manifestation, however, the exact mechanism of how these cells is involved is unclear. Targeting interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα), an IL-4/IL-13 signalling axis, with dupilumab shows efficacy in AD. We investigated the importance of IL-4Rα signalling specifically on B and T cells during acute and chronic models of AD. We used House dust mite (HDM) and Ovalbumin (OVA) in chronic models and a low-calcemic analog of vitamin D (MC903) for acute models of AD. We used mb1creIL-4Rα-/lox, iLCKcreIL-4Rα-/lox, LCKcreIL-4Rα-/lox, CD4creIL-4Rα-/lox, Foxp3creIL-4Rα-/lox and IL-4Rα-/lox littermate controls. IL-4Rα-responsive B cells were essential in serum IgE levels, but not in epidermal thickening in both chronic and acute models. IL-4Rα-responsive T cells were essential in epidermal thickening in the pan-T cell, but not CD4 or CD8 T cells suggesting the importance of γδT cells during acute AD. Our results suggest that IL-4Rα responsiveness on innate T cells regulates acute atopic dermatitis, while on B cells it regulates IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Scibiorek
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Nontobeko Mthembu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sandisiwe Mangali
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Ikwegbue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Sabelo Hadebe
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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16
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Kim JH, Ahn S, Ghosh P, Rhee DK. Immunization with a Pneumococcal pep27 Mutant Strain Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis through the Upregulation of Regulatory T-Cell Activity and Epithelial Barrier Function and Suppressing TSLP Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:115-123.e6. [PMID: 35988588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory disease driven in part by type 2 helper T (Th2) cytokines and skin barrier disruption alleviating the entry of allergens. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cell‒derived cytokine, is known to aggravate AD symptoms by activating Th2. In addition, regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit inflammatory cells such as Th2. However, the relationship between TSLP and Tregs in AD is unclear. A murine dermatitis model was induced by applying oxazolone to the ear skin of mice. Prophylactic and therapeutic responses were analyzed by immunizing mice intranasally with a pneumococcal pep27 mutant (Δpep27 mutant), attenuated strain by reducing the virulence of a pathogen. Intranasal immunization with a pneumococcal pep27 mutant could elicit anti-inflammatory Treg-relevant factors and epithelial barrier genes (loricrin, involucrin, filaggrin, and small proline-rich repeat proteins). Thus, pneumococcal pep27-mutant immunization suppressed epidermal collapse, IgE, TSLP, and upregulation of Th2 expression by upregulating Treg activity. In contrast, Treg inhibition aggravated AD symptoms through the upregulation of TSLP and Th2 and the repression of epithelial barrier function compared with that of the noninhibited pneumococcal Δpep27-mutant group. Taken together, immunization with pneumococcal Δpep27 mutant upregulated Treg and epithelial barrier function and inhibited TSLP and Th2 to relieve AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saemi Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Prachetash Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; DNBio Pharm, Research Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Peng F, Zong J, Zhao T, Shi P, Lu M, Qu X, Han X, Zhao L, Jia Z, Wang S. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide extracted from Wuguchong (maggot) on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1119103. [PMID: 37033625 PMCID: PMC10073476 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1119103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory, heterogeneous, chronic skin disorder characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and intense pruritus, and the pathophysiology mechanism of AD is known for immune dysregulation and inflammatory responses. Wuguchong (maggot) has been widely used in the wound field and found with pharmacological properties of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory function. Recently, some polysaccharides were proven to have beneficial effects on AD skin lesions in mice and humans. However, the effect of the polysaccharide extracted from Wuguchong (PEW) on AD remains to be investigated. In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of PEW on AD and explored the potential mechanisms. Balb/c mice were orally administrated with PEW to evaluate the therapeutic effect of PEW on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD. Oral PEW administration significantly ameliorated the lesions and symptoms in AD mice, such as the ear thickness and ear swelling degree, epidermal and dermal thickness, and the infiltration of mast cells. In addition, PEW treatment decreased the levels of serum IgE and histamine, the frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells, as well as the mRNA expression levels of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and nuclear transcript factors (IFN-γ, T-bet, IL-17A, and ROR-rt). Furthermore, the activation of the NF-κB pathway and the phosphorylation of MAPKs (p38, ERK, and JNK) were significantly suppressed by PEW treatment. Taken together, our study suggests that PEW exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects through inhibition of Th1 and Th17 responses and downregulation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways, PEW would be developed as a promising immune therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junwei Zong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Zong, ; Ming Lu, ; Xueling Qu, ; Shouyu Wang,
| | - Tianqi Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Trauma and Tissue Repair Surgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Zong, ; Ming Lu, ; Xueling Qu, ; Shouyu Wang,
| | - Xueling Qu
- Changjianglu Pelvic Floor Repair Center, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Zong, ; Ming Lu, ; Xueling Qu, ; Shouyu Wang,
| | - Xin Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Naqu People’s Hospital, Tibet, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Quality Management, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Zhuqiang Jia
- Naqu People’s Hospital, Tibet, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Zong, ; Ming Lu, ; Xueling Qu, ; Shouyu Wang,
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18
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Gao JF, Tang L, Luo F, Zhang YY, Chen L, Ding H, Meng ZD. Nicotinamide mononucleotide ameliorates DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice by blocking activation of ROS-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Sanjel B, Shim WS. The contribution of mouse models to understanding atopic dermatitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115177. [PMID: 35843300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a dermatological disease accompanied by dry and cracked skin with severe pruritus. Although various therapeutic strategies have been introduced to alleviate AD, it remains challenging to cure the disorder. To achieve such a goal, understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of AD is a prerequisite, requiring mouse models that properly reflect the AD phenotypes. Currently, numerous AD mouse models have been established, but each model has its own advantages and weaknesses. In this review, we categorized and summarized mouse models of AD and described their characteristics from a researcher's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babina Sanjel
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JE, Choi YW, Im DS. Inhibitory effect of α-cubebenoate on atopic dermatitis-like symptoms by regulating Th2/Th1/Th17 balance in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 291:115162. [PMID: 35278605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bakumijiogan (Kampo herbal formulation) and Kangqian decoction (Chinese herbal medicine formulation) have been used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) like symptoms. Schisandra chinensis Baill (Family: Magnoliaceae) is a component of both formulations. Its extracts showed inhibition of AD. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to elucidate an active phytochemical from Schisandra chinensis and evaluated its effects on AD-like symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We fractionated a component from Schisandra chinensis by chasing inhibitory activity on mast cell degranulation. We identified α-cubebenoate as an active phytochemical and investigated its effects by using an in vivo 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB)-induced AD model in BALB/c mice. RESULTS α-Cubebenoate significantly decreased CDNB-induced skin hypertrophy and accumulation of mast cells in the epidermis and dermis. Increases in pro-inflammatory chemokine and cytokine levels in the skin, lymph node size, and immunoglobulin E levels in the serum were significantly ameliorated by α-cubebenoate. CONCLUSION α-Cubebenoate regulates dermal immune responses by suppressing the Th2/Th17/Th1 immune balances, resulting in amelioration of AD-like symptoms and suppression of immune response in lymph nodes. Thereby, this study provides evidence for its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, And Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, And Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Han K, Ahn Y, Hong KB, Suh HJ, Yu KW, Kim H. Ameliorating the efficacy of galacto-oligosaccharides on ovalumin-induced allergic dermatitis symptoms in Balb/c mice by regulating Th2 immune response and the ecosystem of gut microbiota. Food Funct 2022; 13:6271-6281. [PMID: 35604005 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00157h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of oral administration of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS), famous biological molecules that are comprised of galactose and lactose, on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic dermatitis. OVA-induced mice were divided into the OVA-administered group (OVA-C), promethazine hydrochloride-administered group (PC), and 100 and 200 mg kg-1 GOS-administered groups (GL and GH, respectively). GOS administration significantly improved epidermal thickness and decreased CD4+ cell numbers. The concentrations of IgE, OVA-specific IgE, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and INF-γ) in GH group mice were significantly lower than those in OVA-C group mice. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were identified as the major phyla in the intestinal microbiota in mice, and the relative abundance of Deferribacteres was significantly lower in the GH group than in the OVA-C group. Deferribacteraceae and Mucispirillum species were significantly lower in the GH group than in the OVA-C group. The relative abundance of Muribaculum species was significantly lower, but those of Lachnospira and Lactococcus species were significantly higher in the GH group than in the OVA-C group. Our results suggest that the alleviation effect of GOS on allergic dermatitis induced by OVA sensitization was achieved by regulating hypersensitive immune responses by improving the intestinal microbial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Han
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yejin Ahn
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Bae Hong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Yu
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Das P, Mounika P, Yellurkar ML, Prasanna VS, Sarkar S, Velayutham R, Arumugam S. Keratinocytes: An Enigmatic Factor in Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101683. [PMID: 35626720 PMCID: PMC9139464 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), characterized by rashes, itching, and pruritus, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin with a marked infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lesion. It usually commences in early childhood and coexists with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, etc. With a prevalence rate of 1–20% in adults and children worldwide, AD is gradually becoming a major health concern. Immunological aspects have been frequently focused on in the pathogenesis of AD, including the role of the epidermal barrier and the consequent abnormal cytokine expressions. Disrupted epidermal barriers, as well as allergic triggers (food allergy), contact allergens, irritants, microbes, aggravating factors, and ultraviolet light directly initiate the inflammatory response by inducing epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in the abnormal release of various pro-inflammatory mediators, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines from keratinocytes. In addition, abnormal proteinases, gene mutations, or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) affecting the function of the epidermal barrier can also contribute towards disease pathophysiology. Apart from this, imbalances in cholinergic or adrenergic responses in the epidermis or the role played by immune cells in the epidermis such as Langerhans cells or antigen-presenting cells can also aggravate pathophysiology. The dearth of specific biomarkers for proper diagnosis and the lack of a permanent cure for AD necessitate investigation in this area. In this context, the widespread role played by keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of AD will be reviewed in this article to facilitate the opening up of new avenues of treatment for AD.
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Lee Y, Byeon HR, Jang SY, Hong MG, Kim D, Lee D, Shin JH, Kim Y, Kang SG, Seo JG. Oral administration of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila strains from humans improves atopic dermatitis symptoms in DNCB induced NC/Nga mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7324. [PMID: 35513696 PMCID: PMC9072367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease, and its pathogenesis is closely associated with microbial homeostasis in the gut, namely the gut-skin axis. Particularly, recent metagenomics studies revealed that the abundance of two major bacterial species in the gut, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila, may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD, but the effect of these species in AD has not yet been elucidated. To evaluate the potential beneficial effect of F. prausnitzii or A. muciniphila in AD, we conducted an animal model study where F. prausnitzii EB-FPDK11 or A. muciniphila EB-AMDK19, isolated from humans, was orally administered to 2,5-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD models using NC/Nga mice at a daily dose of 108 CFUs/mouse for six weeks. As a result, the administration of each strain of F. prausnitzii and A. muciniphila improved AD-related markers, such as dermatitis score, scratching behavior, and serum immunoglobulin E level. Also, the F. prausnitzii and A. muciniphila treatments decreased the level of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), triggering the production of T helper (Th) 2 cytokines, and improved the imbalance between the Th1 and Th2 immune responses induced by DNCB. Meanwhile, the oral administration of the bacteria enhanced the production of filaggrin in the skin and ZO-1 in the gut barrier, leading to the recovery of functions. Taken together, our findings suggest that F. prausnitzii EB-FPDK11 and A. muciniphila EB-AMDK19 have a therapeutic potential in AD, which should be verified in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonmi Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Korea
| | - Hye Rim Byeon
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Korea
| | - Seo-Yul Jang
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Korea
| | - Moon-Gi Hong
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Korea
| | - Dohak Kim
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Korea
| | - Dokyung Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Shin
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Korea
| | - Yesol Kim
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seung-Goo Kang
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Seo
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Korea.
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Oh JS, Seong GS, Kim YD, Choung SY. Deacetylasperulosidic Acid Ameliorates Pruritus, Immune Imbalance, and Skin Barrier Dysfunction in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis NC/Nga Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010226. [PMID: 35008651 PMCID: PMC8745491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD), a disease characterized by severe pruritus, immune imbalance, and skin barrier dysfunction, is rapidly increasing worldwide. Deacetylasperulosidic acid (DAA) has anti-atopic activity in the three main cell types associated with AD: keratinocytes, mast cells, and eosinophils. Our study investigated the anti-atopic activity of DAA in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced NC/Nga mice. DAA alleviated the symptoms of AD, including infiltration of inflammatory cells (mast cells and eosinophils), epidermal thickness, ear thickness, and scratching behavior. Furthermore, DAA reduced serum IgE, histamine, and IgG1/IgG2a ratio and modulated the levels of AD-related cytokines and chemokines, namely interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, macrophage-derived chemokine, and regulated on activation the normal T cell expressed and secreted in the serum. DAA restored immune balance by regulating gene expression and secretion of Th1-, Th2-, Th9-, Th17-, and Th22-mediated inflammatory factors in the dorsal skin and splenocytes and restored skin barrier function by increasing the expression of the pro-filaggrin gene and barrier-related proteins filaggrin, involucrin, and loricrin. These results suggest DAA as a potential therapeutic agent that can alleviate the symptoms of AD by reducing pruritus, modulating immune imbalance, and restoring skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Su Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Geum-Su Seong
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
| | - Yong-Deok Kim
- NST BIO Co., Ltd., Goeumdal-ro, Yangchon-eup, Gimpo-si 10049, Korea;
| | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Salvianolic Acid A Suppresses DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms in BALB/c Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7902592. [PMID: 34691223 PMCID: PMC8531767 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7902592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic, pruritic, and relapsing inflammatory skin disorder, is growing. Because available therapeutics is limited, immune regulators from natural resources could be helpful for treating AD symptoms. The root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae) has been studied for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including dermatologic disorders in Korea. This study examined the effect of salvianolic acid A on AD-like symptoms. Sensitization on the dorsal skin and repeated application on the ears with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were performed in BALB/c mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. After induction of atopic dermatitis, salvianolic acid A (5 and 10 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) were administrated via intraperitoneal injection for 3 weeks. Salvianolic acid A suppressed DNCB-induced AD-like symptoms like ear skin hypertrophy and decreased mast cell infiltration into skin lesions. Salvianolic acid A not only reduced DNCB-induced increase of serum IgE but also lowered levels of the Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), Th1 cytokine (interferon-γ), and Th17 cytokine (IL-17A). Furthermore, salvianolic acid A blocked DNCB-induced lymph node enlargement. In summary, these results suggest that salvianolic acid A might have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD.
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26
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Bilimoria S, Tegtmeyer K, Lio P. Advances in the Translational Science of Dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2021; 41:361-373. [PMID: 34225894 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cycle of converting mechanistic insight into therapeutic interventions is called translational science. It has been relatively sluggish in atopic dermatitis (AD), but finally pathomechanisms have been identified and therapeutic targets selected and refined. From inflammatory mediators, skin barrier enhancement, itch relief, and alteration of the microbiota, several therapies have been proposed and are actively being studied for AD, suggesting an end to the drought of innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bilimoria
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 363 West Erie Street, Suite 350, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Kyle Tegtmeyer
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 363 West Erie Street, Suite 350, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Peter Lio
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 363 West Erie Street, Suite 350, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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27
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Kim YH, Kang MS, Kim TH, Jeong Y, Ahn JO, Choi JH, Chung JY. Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Modulatory Effects of Synbio-Glucan in an Atopic Dermatitis Mouse Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041090. [PMID: 33810608 PMCID: PMC8067118 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many trials have been conducted to treat atopic dermatitis (AD), but these therapies are generally unsuccessful because of their insufficiency or side effects. This study examined the efficacy of β-glucan derived from oats with fermented probiotics (called Synbio-glucan) on an AD-induced mouse model. For the experiment, Nc/Nga mice were exposed to a house dust mite extract (HDM) to induce AD. The mice were placed in one of four groups: positive control group, Synbio-glucan topical treatment group, Synbio-glucan dietary treatment group, and Synbio-glucan topical + dietary treatment group. The experiment revealed no significant difference in the serum IgE concentration among the groups. Serum cytokine antibody arrays showed that genes related to the immune response were enriched. A significant difference in the skin lesion scores was observed between the groups. Compared to the control group tissue, skin lesions were alleviated in the Synbio-glucan topical treatment group and Synbio-glucan dietary treatment group. Interestingly, almost normal structures were observed within the skin lesions in the Synbio-glucan topical + dietary treatment group. Overall, the β-glucan extracted from oats and fermented probiotic mixture is effective in treating atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (Y.J.); (J.-O.A.)
| | - Min Soo Kang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (M.S.K.); (T.H.K.)
| | - Tae Hyeong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (M.S.K.); (T.H.K.)
| | - Yunho Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (Y.J.); (J.-O.A.)
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (Y.J.); (J.-O.A.)
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (M.S.K.); (T.H.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.C.); (J.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8682 (J.H.C.); +82-33-250-8656 (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Jin-Young Chung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (Y.J.); (J.-O.A.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.C.); (J.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-33-250-8682 (J.H.C.); +82-33-250-8656 (J.-Y.C.)
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Moreira-González AR, Comas-González A, Valle-Pombrol A, Seisdedo-Losa M, Hernández-Leyva O, Fernandes LF, Chomérat N, Bilien G, Hervé F, Rovillon GA, Hess P, Alonso-Hernández CM, Mafra LL. Summer bloom of Vulcanodinium rugosum in Cienfuegos Bay (Cuba) associated to dermatitis in swimmers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143782. [PMID: 33229082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The marine dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum produces powerful paralyzing and cytotoxic compounds named pinnatoxins (PnTX) and portimines. Even though, no related human intoxication episodes following direct exposure in seawater or the ingestion of contaminated seafood have been documented so far. This study aimed at investigating a dinoflagellate bloom linked to acute dermatitis cases in two recreational beaches in Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. We used epidemiological and clinical data from 60 dermatitis cases consisting of individuals in close contact with the bloom. Seawater physical-chemical properties were described, and the microorganism causing the bloom was identified by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. Morphological identification was confirmed genetically by sequencing the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2, and the 5.8S rDNA region. Toxic compounds were identified from a bloom extract using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and their concentrations were estimated based on low-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sixty people who had prolonged contact with the dinoflagellate bloom suffered acute dermal irritation. Most patients (79.2%) were children and had to be treated with antibiotics; some required >5-day hospitalization. Combined morphological and genetic characters indicated V. rugosum as the causative agent of the bloom. rDNA sequences of the V. rugosum genotype found in the bloom aligned with others from Asia, including material found in the ballast tank of a ship in Florida. The predominant toxins in the bloom were portimine, PnTX-F and PnTX-E, similar to strains originating from the Pacific Ocean. This bloom was associated with unusual weather conditions such as frequent and prolonged droughts. Our findings indicate a close link between the V. rugosum bloom and a dermatitis outbreak among swimmers in Cienfuegos Bay. Phylogenetic evidence suggests a recent introduction of V. rugosum from the Pacific Ocean into Caribbean waters, possibly via ballast water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel R Moreira-González
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), AP. 5, Ciudad Nuclear, CP 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba; Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, Av. Beira Mar, s/n, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Augusto Comas-González
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), AP. 5, Ciudad Nuclear, CP 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba.
| | - Aimee Valle-Pombrol
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), AP. 5, Ciudad Nuclear, CP 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba.
| | - Mabel Seisdedo-Losa
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), AP. 5, Ciudad Nuclear, CP 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba.
| | - Olidia Hernández-Leyva
- Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de Cienfuegos, 13 Calzada de Máximo Gómez, Cienfuegos 55100, Cuba.
| | - Luciano F Fernandes
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, R. Elétrica, 540, Curitiba, Paraná 82590-300, Brazil.
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- IFREMER, Laboratory of Environment and Resources Western Brittany, Coastal Research Unit, Quai de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau Cedex, France.
| | - Gwenaël Bilien
- IFREMER, Laboratory of Environment and Resources Western Brittany, Coastal Research Unit, Quai de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau Cedex, France.
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | | | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Île d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - Carlos M Alonso-Hernández
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), AP. 5, Ciudad Nuclear, CP 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba.
| | - Luiz L Mafra
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, Av. Beira Mar, s/n, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná 83255-976, Brazil.
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Scuron MD, Fay BL, Connell AJ, Peel MT, Smith PA. Ruxolitinib Cream Has Dual Efficacy on Pruritus and Inflammation in Experimental Dermatitis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620098. [PMID: 33658996 PMCID: PMC7917252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to elucidate the anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of ruxolitinib cream in experimentally-induced dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, significantly impairs patients' quality of life, with pruritus being a common complaint. The sensation of itch results from the interplay between epidermal barrier dysfunction, upregulated immune signaling and the activation of the central nervous system. The Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway plays a central role in pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling in AD. Ruxolitinib cream is a potent and selective JAK1/2 inhibitor currently undergoing clinical evaluation in adults with mild-to-moderate AD (NCT03745638, NCT03920852 and NCT03745651). The efficacy of ruxolitinib cream was tested in murine models of acute and chronic dermatitis and was also characterized in an ex vivo human skin dermatitis model. Ruxolitinib cream was highly effective at ameliorating disease symptoms in multiple murine dermatitis models through downregulation of T helper (Th)2-driven inflammation, resulting in reduced skin thickening and decreased itch. Pathway analysis of mouse ear tissue and human skin explants underscored the role for ruxolitinib in ameliorating inflammation and reducing itch via modulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Together, the data offer a strong rationale for the use of ruxolitinib cream as a potent therapeutic agent for the clinical management of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika D Scuron
- Incyte Research Institute, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Department, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Brittany L Fay
- Incyte Research Institute, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Department, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Andrew J Connell
- Incyte Research Institute, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Department, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Michael T Peel
- Incyte Research Institute, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Department, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Paul A Smith
- Incyte Research Institute, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Department, Wilmington, DE, United States
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30
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Wang F, Trier AM, Li F, Kim S, Chen Z, Chai JN, Mack MR, Morrison SA, Hamilton JD, Baek J, Yang TLB, Ver Heul AM, Xu AZ, Xie Z, Dong X, Kubo M, Hu H, Hsieh CS, Dong X, Liu Q, Margolis DJ, Ardeleanu M, Miller MJ, Kim BS. A basophil-neuronal axis promotes itch. Cell 2021; 184:422-440.e17. [PMID: 33450207 PMCID: PMC7878015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Itch is an evolutionarily conserved sensation that facilitates expulsion of pathogens and noxious stimuli from the skin. However, in organ failure, cancer, and chronic inflammatory disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD), itch becomes chronic, intractable, and debilitating. In addition to chronic itch, patients often experience intense acute itch exacerbations. Recent discoveries have unearthed the neuroimmune circuitry of itch, leading to the development of anti-itch treatments. However, mechanisms underlying acute itch exacerbations remain overlooked. Herein, we identify that a large proportion of patients with AD harbor allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and exhibit a propensity for acute itch flares. In mice, while allergen-provoked acute itch is mediated by the mast cell-histamine axis in steady state, AD-associated inflammation renders this pathway dispensable. Instead, a previously unrecognized basophil-leukotriene (LT) axis emerges as critical for acute itch flares. By probing fundamental itch mechanisms, our study highlights a basophil-neuronal circuit that may underlie a variety of neuroimmune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Anna M Trier
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fengxian Li
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Seonyoung Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jiani N Chai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Madison R Mack
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie A Morrison
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Jinok Baek
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Ting-Lin B Yang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron M Ver Heul
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amy Z Xu
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zili Xie
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xintong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-0022, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Mark J Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian S Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Cicadidae Periostracum Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms and Pathology via the Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8878153. [PMID: 33520088 PMCID: PMC7817262 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8878153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disease of complex etiology. Despite its increasing prevalence, treatment for AD is still limited. Crude drugs, including herbal extracts or natural resources, are being used to treat AD symptoms, with minimum side effects. Cicadidae Periostracum (CP), derived from the slough of insects belonging to the family Cicadidae, is a commonly used crude drug in traditional Asian medicine to treat/control epilepsy, shock, and edema. However, the effect of CP on AD-like skin lesions is unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of a CP water extract on AD disease development in vivo, using a house dust mite-induced AD mouse model, and in vitro, using HaCaT keratinocytes and a 3D human skin equivalent system. Importantly, CP administration alleviated house dust mite-induced AD-like symptoms, suggested by the quantified dermatitis scores, animal scratching behaviors, skin moisture retention capacity, and skin lesion and ear thickness. Furthermore, histopathological analysis demonstrated that CP decreased intralesional mast cell infiltration. In addition, CP treatments decreased the systemic levels of immunoglobulin E, histamine, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and the local mRNA expression of TSLP and several Th1/Th2 cytokines. Our data suggest that these effects were mediated by the inhibition of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. In vivo and in vitro CP treatments resulted in the downregulation of inflammasome components, such as ASC and cleaved caspase-1, as well as related mediators such as IL-1β and reactive oxygen species. Collectively, our results suggest that CP is a potential therapeutic agent for AD, controlling inflammatory responses through the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Yun MY, Park KS, Yoon KA, Choi HJ. Leaf extracts of <i>Nandina domestica</i> Thunb ameliorate atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice treated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2021014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Cherry JD, Meng G, Daley S, Xia W, Svirsky S, Alvarez VE, Nicks R, Pothast M, Kelley H, Huber B, Tripodis Y, Alosco ML, Mez J, McKee AC, Stein TD. CCL2 is associated with microglia and macrophage recruitment in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:370. [PMID: 33278887 PMCID: PMC7718711 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative disease association with exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI) received though playing contact sports such as American football. Past work has implicated early and sustained activation of microglia as a potential driver of tau pathology within the frontal cortex in CTE. However, the RHI induced signals required to recruit microglia to areas of damage and pathology are unknown. Methods Postmortem brain tissue was obtained from 261 individuals across multiple brain banks. Comparisons were made using cases with CTE, cases with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and cases with no neurodegenerative disease and lacked exposure to RHI (controls). Recruitment of Iba1+ cells around the CTE perivascular lesion was compared to non-lesion vessels. TMEM119 staining was used to characterize microglia or macrophage involvement. The potent chemoattractant CCL2 was analyzed using frozen tissue from the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLFC) and the calcarine cortex. Finally, the amounts of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) and Aβ42 were compared to CCL2 levels to examine possible mechanistic pathways. Results An increase in Iba1+ cells was found around blood vessels with perivascular tau pathology compared to non-affected vessels in individuals with RHI. TMEM119 staining revealed the majority of the Iba1+ cells were microglia. CCL2 protein levels in the DLFC were found to correlate with greater years of playing American football, the density of Iba1+ cells, the density of CD68+ cells, and increased CTE severity. When comparing across multiple brain regions, CCL2 increases were more pronounced in the DLFC than the calcarine cortex in cases with RHI but not in AD. When examining the individual contribution of pathogenic proteins to CCL2 changes, pTau correlated with CCL2, independent of age at death and Aβ42 in AD and CTE. Although levels of Aβ42 were not correlated with CCL2 in cases with CTE, in males in the AD group, Aβ42 trended toward an inverse relationship with CCL2 suggesting possible gender associations. Conclusion Overall, CCL2 is implicated in the pathways recruiting microglia and the development of pTau pathology after exposure to RHI, and may represent a future therapeutic target in CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.
| | - Gaoyuan Meng
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Daley
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Svirsky
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Victor E Alvarez
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Raymond Nicks
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Morgan Pothast
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Hunter Kelley
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Bertrand Huber
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L Alosco
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann C McKee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. .,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA.
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34
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Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis by Regulating Immune Dysfunction and Skin Barrier Abnormality. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123638. [PMID: 33256152 PMCID: PMC7759927 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a persistent inflammatory skin disorder. Siraitia grosvenorii fruits (monk fruit or nahangwa in Korean, NHG) are used as a natural sweetener and as a traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. We evaluated the activity of S. grosvenorii residual extract (NHGR) on allergic inflammation of atopic dermatitis in a Dermatophagoides farinae mite antigen extract (DfE)-treated NC/Nga murine model and in vitro. Oral administration of NHGR significantly reduced epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin lesions of DfE-induced atopic dermatitis, as well as the dermatitis severity score. NHGR reduced serum immunoglobulin E levels. Splenic concentrations of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were reduced by NHGR administration. Immunohistofluorescence staining showed that NHGR administration increased the protein levels of claudin-1, SIRT1, and filaggrin in atopic dermatitis skin lesions. In addition, NHGR inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and decreased filaggrin and chemokine protein expression in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced human keratinocytes. Moreover, NHGR also inhibited histamine in mast cells. The quantitative analysis of NHGR revealed the presence of grosvenorine, kaempferitrin, and mogrosides. These results demonstrate that NHGR may be an efficient therapeutic agent for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
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35
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Yang JW, Seo Y, Shin TH, Ahn JS, Oh SJ, Shin YY, Kang MJ, Lee BC, Lee S, Kang KS, Hur J, Kim YS, Kim TY, Kim HS. Extracellular Vesicles from SOD3-Transduced Stem Cells Exhibit Improved Immunomodulatory Abilities in the Murine Dermatitis Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1165. [PMID: 33238520 PMCID: PMC7700433 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoregulatory abilities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated in various autoimmune and allergic diseases. However, the therapeutic benefits observed in preclinical settings have not been reproducible in clinical trials. This discrepancy is due to insufficient efficacy of MSCs in harsh microenvironments, as well as batch-dependent variability in potency. Therefore, to achieve more beneficial and uniform outcomes, novel strategies are required to potentiate the therapeutic effect of MSCs. One of simple strategies to augment cellular function is genetic manipulation. Several studies showed that transduction of antioxidant enzyme into cells can increase anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we evaluated the immunoregulatory abilities of MSCs introduced with extracellular superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) in the present study. SOD3-overexpressed MSCs (SOD3-MSCs) reduced the symptoms of murine model of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like inflammation, as well as the differentiation and activation of various immune cells involved in AD progression. Interestingly, extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from SOD3-MSCs delivered SOD3 protein. EVs carrying SOD3 also exerted improved therapeutic efficacy, as observed in their parent cells. These results suggest that MSCs transduced with SOD3, an antioxidant enzyme, as well as EVs isolated from modified cells, might be developed as a promising cell-based therapeutics for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Yang
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.W.Y.); (J.-S.A.); (S.-J.O.); (Y.Y.S.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Yoojin Seo
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Tae-Hoon Shin
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.-H.S.); (B.-C.L.)
| | - Ji-Su Ahn
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.W.Y.); (J.-S.A.); (S.-J.O.); (Y.Y.S.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Su-Jeong Oh
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.W.Y.); (J.-S.A.); (S.-J.O.); (Y.Y.S.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Ye Young Shin
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.W.Y.); (J.-S.A.); (S.-J.O.); (Y.Y.S.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.-H.S.); (B.-C.L.)
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.L.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine in Kangstem Biotech, Biomedical Science Building, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.L.); (K.-S.K.)
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research, Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.W.Y.); (J.-S.A.); (S.-J.O.); (Y.Y.S.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-J.K.)
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Kang JS, Yang YR. Circulating plasma factors involved in rejuvenation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23394-23408. [PMID: 33197235 PMCID: PMC7746393 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is defined as a time-dependent functional decline that occurs in many physiological systems. This decline is the primary risk factor for prominent human pathologies such as cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Aging and age-related diseases have multiple causes. Parabiosis experiments, in which the circulatory systems of young and old mice were surgically joined, revealed that young plasma counteracts aging and rejuvenates organs in old mice, suggesting the existence of rejuvenating factors that become less abundant with aging. Diverse approaches have identified a large number of plasma proteins whose levels differ significantly between young and old mice, as well as numerous rejuvenating factors that reverse aged-related impairments in multiple tissues. These observations suggest that increasing the levels of key rejuvenating factors could promote restorative biological processes or inhibit pathological degeneration. Inspired by such findings, several companies have begun selling “young blood transfusions,” and others have tested young plasma as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we summarize the current findings regarding rejuvenating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sook Kang
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Kim WK, Jang YJ, Han DH, Jeon K, Lee C, Han HS, Ko G. Lactobacillus paracasei KBL382 administration attenuates atopic dermatitis by modulating immune response and gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-14. [PMID: 33016202 PMCID: PMC7553742 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1819156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of probiotics has been linked to immune regulation and changes in gut microbiota composition, with effects on atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study, we investigated amelioration of the symptoms of AD using Lactobacillus paracasei KBL382 isolated from the feces of healthy Koreans. Mice with Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE)-induced AD were fed 1 × 109 CFU d-1 of L. paracasei KBL382 for 4 weeks. Oral administration of L. paracasei KBL382 significantly reduced AD-associated skin lesions, epidermal thickening, serum levels of immunoglobulin E, and immune cell infiltration. L. paracasei KBL382-treated mice showed decreased production of T helper (Th)1-, Th2-, and Th17-type cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin, thymus, and activation-regulated chemokine, and macrophage-derived chemokine, and increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β in skin tissue. Intake of L. paracasei KBL382 also increased the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. In addition, administration of L. paracasei KBL382 dramatically changed the composition of gut microbiota in AD mice. Administration of KBL382 significantly ameliorates AD-like symptoms by regulating the immune response and altering the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Ki Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Jang
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hee Han
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungchan Jeon
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Seung Han
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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38
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Kim WK, Jang YJ, Han DH, Jeon K, Lee C, Han HS, Ko G. Lactobacillus paracasei KBL382 administration attenuates atopic dermatitis by modulating immune response and gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1819156. [PMID: 33016202 PMCID: PMC7553742 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1819156 10.1080/19490976.2020.1819156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of probiotics has been linked to immune regulation and changes in gut microbiota composition, with effects on atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study, we investigated amelioration of the symptoms of AD using Lactobacillus paracasei KBL382 isolated from the feces of healthy Koreans. Mice with Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE)-induced AD were fed 1 × 109 CFU d-1 of L. paracasei KBL382 for 4 weeks. Oral administration of L. paracasei KBL382 significantly reduced AD-associated skin lesions, epidermal thickening, serum levels of immunoglobulin E, and immune cell infiltration. L. paracasei KBL382-treated mice showed decreased production of T helper (Th)1-, Th2-, and Th17-type cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin, thymus, and activation-regulated chemokine, and macrophage-derived chemokine, and increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β in skin tissue. Intake of L. paracasei KBL382 also increased the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. In addition, administration of L. paracasei KBL382 dramatically changed the composition of gut microbiota in AD mice. Administration of KBL382 significantly ameliorates AD-like symptoms by regulating the immune response and altering the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Ki Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Jang
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hee Han
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungchan Jeon
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Seung Han
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea,Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,CONTACT GwangPyo Ko Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
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Jiménez M, Muñoz FC, Cervantes-García D, Cervantes MM, Hernández-Mercado A, Barrón-García B, Moreno Hernández-Duque JL, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Rivas-Santiago B, Salinas E. Protective Effect of Glycomacropeptide on the Atopic Dermatitis-Like Dysfunctional Skin Barrier in Rats. J Med Food 2020; 23:1216-1224. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Fabiola C. Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
- National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, México
| | - Maritza M. Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | | | - Berenice Barrón-García
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | | | - Adrián Rodríguez-Carlos
- Medical Research Unit from Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Zacatecas, México
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit from Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Zacatecas, México
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
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Chiricozzi A, Maurelli M, Peris K, Girolomoni G. Targeting IL-4 for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:151-156. [PMID: 33062619 PMCID: PMC7532907 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s260370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease characterized by a predominant type 2 immune response. Type 2 immunity is driven by multiple cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‑4 and IL-13 that are considered central to AD pathogenesis and key therapeutic targets. The dual inhibition of these two cytokines or the selective inhibition of IL-13 proved elevated efficacy in treating AD, whereas the selective inhibition of IL-4 has been poorly investigated as IL-4 inhibiting agents did not show any advance in clinical development programs. This review describes the pathogenic role of IL-4 in AD and briefly resumes the main features of compounds selectively blocking IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chiricozzi
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dermatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Maurelli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ketty Peris
- Dermatologia, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dermatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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41
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Guerrero-Aspizua S, Carretero M, Conti CJ, Del Río M. The importance of immunity in the development of reliable animal models for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:626-638. [PMID: 32479655 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis (PS) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are common inflammatory skin diseases characterized by an imbalance in specific T-cell subsets, resulting in a specific cytokine profile in patients. Obtaining models closely resembling both pathologies along with a relevant clinical impact is crucial for the development of new therapies because of the high prevalence of these diseases. Single-gene mouse models developed until now do not fully reflect the complexity of these disorders, in part not only because of inherent differences between mice and humans but also because of the multifactorial nature of these pathologies. The skin-humanized mouse model developed by our group, based on a tissue engineering approach, has been used to test therapeutic strategies, although this methodology is still technically challenging and not widely available. The skin-humanized mouse models for PS and AD reproduce human skin phenotypes, providing valuable tools for drug development and testing in the preclinical setting. The tissue engineering approach allows the development of personalized medicine, covering the broad genotypic spectrum of these pathologies. This review highlights the main differences between available murine models focusing on the tissue-specific immunity of PS and AD. We discuss their contribution to unravel the complex pathophysiology of these diseases and to translate this knowledge into more accurate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guerrero-Aspizua
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, U714, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, U714, Spain
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Marcela Del Río
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, U714, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atopic dermatitis (AD), chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) represent three important allergic dermatoses with many unmet therapeutic needs. The development of biologic agents has opened the door to both new treatment options and improved understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, both shared and unique for these entities. With several FDA-approved medications available and many more in development, the biologic revolution has begun for allergic dermatoses. RECENT FINDINGS This is a narrative review on the current state of pathomechanisms and appropriately targeted biologic agents for these three common allergic skin conditions. The importance of Th2 inflammation and the effect of inflammatory cytokines on the skin barrier may help explain the impressive efficacy of biologic agents, while maintaining relative safety. While some of the biologic agents show efficacy across multiple allergic dermatoses, more often it seems these more targeted pathways show accordingly precise efficacy. However, in each disease, multiple agents hold promise, and may be differentiated by safety and adverse effect profile rather than simply by efficacy. New understanding of the pathogenesis of the allergic dermatoses has ushered in a new era of biologic therapies. Competing mechanisms and molecules will continue to be developed and vetted in trials with hopes of continuously refined precision therapies with optimized safety and efficacy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Bilimoria
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 363 W. Erie Street, Suite 350, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Peter A Lio
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 363 W. Erie Street, Suite 350, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
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Dupilumab: Basic aspects and applications to allergic diseases. Allergol Int 2020; 69:187-196. [PMID: 32007360 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, signature type 2 cytokines, exert their actions by binding to two types of receptors sharing the IL-4R α chain (IL-4Rα). Since IL-4 and IL-13 play important and redundant roles in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, blocking both the IL-4 and IL-13 signals would be a powerful and effective strategy for treating allergic diseases. Dupilumab (Dupixent®) is a fully human monoclonal antibody recognizing IL-4Rα and blocking both the IL-4 and IL-13 signals. Dupilumab was first prescribed for atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and has been widely approved for adult patients with moderate to severe AD since 2018. Dupilumab has since been used for asthma, receiving approval for uncontrolled asthma in 2019. A phase 3 study using dupilumab for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has been just completed, with positive results. Several clinical trials of dupilumab for other diseases in which type 2 inflammation is dominant are now underway. It is hoped that dupilumab will open the door to a new era for treating allergic patients with AD, asthma, and CRSwNP, and for more patients with type 2 inflammations.
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Conjugated linoleic acid attenuates 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in mice through dual inhibition of COX-2/5-LOX and TLR4/NF-κB signaling. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 81:108379. [PMID: 32330842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), commonly found in beef, lamb and dairy products, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antipruritus effects and to inhibit the release of chemical mediators such as histamine and eicosanoid in laboratory rodents. The chief objective of the study is to assess the efficacy of CLA on atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice and to explore possible mechanisms with CLA treatments. To develop a new therapy for AD, the anti-AD potential of CLA was investigated by inducing AD-like skin lesions in mice using 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. We evaluated dermatitis severity; histopathological changes; serum levels of T helper (Th) cytokines (interferon-γ, interleukin-4); changes in protein expression by western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); and production of the proinflammatory lipid mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, in the skin lesions. Treatment with CLA ameliorated the development of AD-like clinical symptoms and effectively inhibited epidermal hyperplasia and infiltration of mast cells and CD4+ T cells in the AD mouse skin. Total serum immunoglobulin E levels and the expression levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines and lipid mediators in dorsal skin were dramatically suppressed by CLA. Furthermore, CLA down-regulated the expressions of COX-2, 5-LOX, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB and TNF-α. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the potential usefulness of CLA as an anti-inflammatory dietary supplement or drug for the prevention and management of AD skin diseases by modulating the COX-2/5-LOX and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Leyva-Castillo JM, Galand C, Mashiko S, Bissonnette R, McGurk A, Ziegler SF, Dong C, McKenzie ANJ, Sarfati M, Geha RS. ILC2 activation by keratinocyte-derived IL-25 drives IL-13 production at sites of allergic skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:1606-1614.e4. [PMID: 32179159 PMCID: PMC7282942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis skin lesions demonstrate increased expression of IL-25 by keratinocytes and increased numbers of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) that express high levels of IL-25 receptor (IL-25R). IL-13 is expressed in atopic dermatitis skin lesions and plays an important role in pathogenesis of the disease. Objective Our aim was to determine the role of IL-25 and ILC2s in a mouse model of antigen-driven allergic skin inflammation. Methods Wild-type mice; mice that express an Il13-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein; and mice that lack IL-25R, IL-25 in keratinocytes, or IL-13 or IL-25R in ILC2s were subjected to acute or chronic epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin. Sensitized skin was examined by histology for epidermal thickening. Cellular infiltrates were analyzed for surface markers and intracellular expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein by flow cytometry. Gene expression was quantitated by RT quantitative PCR. Result In both acute and chronic antigen-driven allergic skin inflammation, signaling by keratinocyte-derived IL-25 in ILC2s is important for epidermal hyperplasia, dermal infiltration by CD4+ T cells, and cutaneous expression of Il13 and the IL-13–dependent TH2-cell–attracting chemokines Cc17 and Ccl22. ILCs are the major source of IL-13 in acutely sensitized mouse skin, whereas T cells are its major source in chronically sensitized mouse skin. Conclusion ILC2 activation by IL-25 is essential for IL-13 expression at sites of allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Galand
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Shunya Mashiko
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Alex McGurk
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Wash; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marika Sarfati
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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Tang L, Li X, Wan L, Wang H, Mai Q, Deng Z, Ding H. Ameliorative effect of orally administered different linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid ratios in a mouse model of DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Effects of high-oleic peanuts within a hypoenergetic diet on inflammatory and oxidative status of overweight men: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:673-680. [PMID: 31813384 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of food with MUFA has been associated with improvement of inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight individuals. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of high-oleic peanut intake within a hypoenergetic diet on inflammatory and oxidative status markers in overweight men. Sixty-four overweight men (BMI 26-35 kg/m2, 18-50 years old) participated in this randomised controlled study for 4 weeks, allocated into three groups: control (CT, n 22), conventional peanut (CVP, n 21) and high-oleic peanut (HOP, n 21). They followed a hypoenergetic diet (-250 kcal/d; -1045 kJ/d) with or without 56 g of high-oleic or conventional peanuts. After the intervention, the inflammatory markers did not show significant changes in fasting concentrations or postprandial response among the experimental groups (P > 0·05). The activity of oxidative status markers remained unchanged after the intervention. However, in the CT, malondialdehyde showed lower concentration in comparison with the baseline (P = 0·020) and among the groups (P = 0·002). In the present study, the daily intake of high-oleic peanuts within a hypoenergetic diet did not modify the inflammatory markers and oxidative status in overweight men. More studies are needed to better understand the effect of high-oleic peanut intake on health outcomes.
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48
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Li B, Zhang YL, Yu SY. Synovial Fluid Eotaxin-1 Levels May Reflect Disease Progression in Primary Knee Osteoarthritis Among Elderly Han Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cartilage 2019; 10:408-416. [PMID: 29562767 PMCID: PMC6755868 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518764280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The CC chemokine family member eotaxin-1, also named chemokine C-C motif ligand 11 (CCL11), has been detected in knee osteoarthritis (OA) and could induce breakdown of cartilage matrix. This study was performed to investigate the plasma and synovial fluid eotaxin-1 levels with the disease progression in elderly Han Chinese with primary knee OA. DESIGN A total of 143 elderly primary knee OA patients and 135 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) was performed to evaluate the clinical severity. The radiographic severity was assessed by Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grading. Plasma and synovial fluid (SF) eotaxin-1 levels were explored using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The SF levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also examined. RESULTS Elevated plasma eotaxin-1 levels were found in knee OA patients compared with healthy controls. Eotaxin-1 levels in SF of knee OA patients with K-L grade 4 were significantly elevated compared with those with K-L grades 2 and 3. Meanwhile, knee OA patients with K-L grade 3 had significantly increased SF levels of eotaxin-1 compared with those with K-L grade 2. Plasma eotaxin-1 levels in different K-L grading did not reach significant difference. Eotaxin-1 levels in SF of knee OA patients were significantly associated with disease severity evaluated by KL grading criteria. In addition, eotaxin-1 levels in SF were positively related to clinical severity illustrated by WOMAC as well as biochemical markers MMP-3 and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Eotaxin-1 levels in SF instead of plasma, were independently and positively related to the disease severity in elderly knee OA patients. The inhibition of eotaxin-1 and its related signaling pathways may serve as a novel therapeutic approach for OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,School of Health Services Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Li Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,School of Health Services Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shou-Yi Yu
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Shou-Yi Yu, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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50
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Park JH, Ahn EK, Ko HJ, Lee JY, Hwang SM, Ko S, Oh JS. Korean red ginseng water extract alleviates atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory responses by negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109066. [PMID: 31226639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Korean red ginseng is a Korean traditional medicine. In this study, we estimated the effects of Korean red ginseng water extract (RGE) in the 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced BALB/c mouse model which develops AD-like lesions. After RGE administration (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) to DNCB-induced mice there were improvements in the dermatitis score and skin pH, a decrease in trans-epidermal water loss, and improved skin hydration. RGE also significantly inhibited eosinophil infiltration, increased filaggrin protein levels, and decreased serum IgE levels, epidermal thickness, mast cell infiltration, and ceramidase release. Compared with that in DNCB-induced mice, RGE effectively decreased the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as the protein level of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC). These inhibitory RGE effects are mediated by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK. Furthermore, we confirmed that RGE suppresses interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and TNF-α-induced expression of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and TARC genes in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that RGE may exert anti-atopic related to responses by suppression the expression of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines via downregulation of MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting that RGE may be an effective therapeutic approach for prevention of AD-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro 119, Dongnam, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Ahn
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Gwanggyo-ro 147, Yeoungtong, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Ko
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Gwanggyo-ro 147, Yeoungtong, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Lee
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Gwanggyo-ro 147, Yeoungtong, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Mi Hwang
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, 41 Hongsamhanbang-ro, Jinan-eup, Jinan-gun, Jeonbuk, 55442, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonMi Ko
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, 41 Hongsamhanbang-ro, Jinan-eup, Jinan-gun, Jeonbuk, 55442, Republic of Korea
| | - Joa Sub Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro 119, Dongnam, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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