1
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Bitar L, Puig B, Oertner TG, Dénes Á, Magnus T. Changes in Neuroimmunological Synapses During Cerebral Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01286-1. [PMID: 39103660 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The direct interplay between the immune and nervous systems is now well established. Within the brain, these interactions take place between neurons and resident glial cells, i.e., microglia and astrocytes, or infiltrating immune cells, influenced by systemic factors. A special form of physical cell-cell interactions is the so-called "neuroimmunological (NI) synapse." There is compelling evidence that the same signaling pathways that regulate inflammatory responses to injury or ischemia also play potent roles in brain development, plasticity, and function. Proper synaptic wiring is as important during development as it is during disease states, as it is necessary for activity-dependent refinement of neuronal circuits. Since the process of forming synaptic connections in the brain is highly dynamic, with constant changes in strength and connectivity, the immune component is perfectly suited for the regulatory task as it is in constant turnover. Many cellular and molecular players in this interaction remain to be uncovered, especially in pathological states. In this review, we discuss and propose possible communication hubs between components of the adaptive and innate immune systems and the synaptic element in ischemic stroke pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Bitar
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI) Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße, 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI) Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße, 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ádám Dénes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI) Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße, 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.
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2
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Cárdenas-García SP, Ijaz S, Pereda AE. The components of an electrical synapse as revealed by expansion microscopy of a single synaptic contact. eLife 2024; 13:e91931. [PMID: 38994821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most nervous systems combine both transmitter-mediated and direct cell-cell communication, known as 'chemical' and 'electrical' synapses, respectively. Chemical synapses can be identified by their multiple structural components. Electrical synapses are, on the other hand, generally defined by the presence of a 'gap junction' (a cluster of intercellular channels) between two neuronal processes. However, while gap junctions provide the communicating mechanism, it is unknown whether electrical transmission requires the contribution of additional cellular structures. We investigated this question at identifiable single synaptic contacts on the zebrafish Mauthner cells, at which gap junctions coexist with specializations for neurotransmitter release and where the contact unequivocally defines the anatomical limits of a synapse. Expansion microscopy of these single contacts revealed a detailed map of the incidence and spatial distribution of proteins pertaining to various synaptic structures. Multiple gap junctions of variable size were identified by the presence of their molecular components. Remarkably, most of the synaptic contact's surface was occupied by interleaving gap junctions and components of adherens junctions, suggesting a close functional association between these two structures. In contrast, glutamate receptors were confined to small peripheral portions of the contact, indicating that most of the synaptic area functions as an electrical synapse. Thus, our results revealed the overarching organization of an electrical synapse that operates with not one, but multiple gap junctions, in close association with structural and signaling molecules known to be components of adherens junctions. The relationship between these intercellular structures will aid in establishing the boundaries of electrical synapses found throughout animal connectomes and provide insight into the structural organization and functional diversity of electrical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P Cárdenas-García
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Sundas Ijaz
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Alberto E Pereda
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
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3
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Moghimianavval H, Loi KJ, Hwang SW, Bashirzadeh Y, Liu AP. Light-based juxtacrine signaling between synthetic cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.05.574425. [PMID: 38260570 PMCID: PMC10802317 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.05.574425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cell signaling through direct physical cell-cell contacts plays vital roles in biology during development, angiogenesis, and immune response. Intercellular communication mechanisms between synthetic cells constructed from the bottom up are majorly reliant on diffusible chemical signals, thus limiting the range of responses in receiver cells. Engineering contact-dependent signaling between synthetic cells promises to unlock more complicated signaling schemes with different types of responses. Here, we design and demonstrate a light-activated contact-dependent communication tool for synthetic cells. We utilize a split bioluminescent protein to limit signal generation exclusively to contact interfaces of synthetic cells, driving the recruitment of a photoswitchable protein in receiver cells, akin to juxtacrine signaling in living cells. Our modular design not only demonstrates contact-dependent communication between synthetic cells but also provides a platform for engineering orthogonal contact-dependent signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle J. Loi
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sung-Won Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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4
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2813:39-64. [PMID: 38888769 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process, named phagocytosis, for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this, he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate immune response. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In this chapter, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis performed mainly by professional phagocytes through antibody and complement receptors and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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5
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Brooke AK, Murrow DP, Caldwell KCN, Witt CE, Ross AE. Measuring neuron-regulated immune cell physiology via the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in an ex vivo murine spleen model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:354. [PMID: 37945921 PMCID: PMC11071927 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The communication between the nervous and immune systems plays a crucial role in regulating immune cell function and inflammatory responses. Sympathetic neurons, which innervate the spleen, have been implicated in modulating immune cell activity. The neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), released by sympathetic neurons, influences immune cell responses by binding to adrenergic receptors on their surface. The alpha-2 adrenergic receptor (α2AR), expressed predominantly on sympathetic neurons, has received attention due to its autoreceptor function and ability to modulate NE release. In this study, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to provide the first subsecond measurements of NE released in the white pulp region of the spleen and validated it with yohimbine, a known antagonist of α2AR. For further application of FSCV in neuroimmunology, we investigated the extent to which subsecond NE from sympathetic neurons is important for immune cell physiology and cytokine production, focusing on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Our findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying sympathetic-immune interactions and show the significance of using FSCV, a traditional neurochemistry technique, to study these neuroimmune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Brooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Dr. 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Daniel P Murrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Dr. 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Kaejaren C N Caldwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Dr. 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Colby E Witt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Dr. 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Ashley E Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Dr. 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0172, USA.
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6
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Cárdenas-García SP, Ijaz S, Pereda AE. The components of an electrical synapse as revealed by expansion microscopy of a single synaptic contact. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550347. [PMID: 37546897 PMCID: PMC10402082 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Most nervous systems combine both transmitter-mediated and direct cell-cell communication, known as 'chemical' and 'electrical' synapses, respectively. Chemical synapses can be identified by their multiple structural components. Electrical synapses are, on the other hand, generally defined by the presence of a 'gap junction' (a cluster of intercellular channels) between two neuronal processes. However, while gap junctions provide the communicating mechanism, it is unknown whether electrical transmission requires the contribution of additional cellular structures. We investigated this question at identifiable single synaptic contacts on the zebrafish Mauthner cells, at which gap junctions coexist with specializations for neurotransmitter release and where the contact defines the anatomical limits of a synapse. Expansion microscopy of these contacts revealed a detailed map of the incidence and spatial distribution of proteins pertaining to various synaptic structures. Multiple gap junctions of variable size were identified by the presence of their molecular components. Remarkably, most of the synaptic contact's surface was occupied by interleaving gap junctions and components of adherens junctions, suggesting a close functional association between these two structures. In contrast, glutamate receptors were confined to small peripheral portions of the contact, indicating that most of the synaptic area works as an electrical synapse. Thus, our results revealed the overarching organization of an electrical synapse that operates with not one, but multiple gap junctions, in close association with structural and signaling molecules known to be components of AJs. The relationship between these intercellular structures will aid in establishing the boundaries of electrical synapses found throughout animal connectomes and provide insight into the structural organization and functional diversity of electrical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P. Cárdenas-García
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sundas Ijaz
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alberto E. Pereda
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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7
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Wu J, Zhang H, Yang L, Chen Y, Li J, Yang M, Zhang X, He C, Wang X, Xu X. Syntaxin 7 modulates seizure activity in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106118. [PMID: 37031804 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact pathogenesis of epilepsy, one of the most common and devastating diseases of the nervous system, is not fully understood. Syntaxin7 (STX7) is a member of the SNARE superfamily, which mediates membrane fusion events in all cells. However, the role STX7 plays in epilepsy remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigates the role of STX7 in epilepsy. Our study found that the expression of STX7 was reduced in the epileptic brain and that overexpression of STX7 decreased the susceptibility to epileptic seizures and alleviated epileptic activity in a kainic acid-induced model and pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model of epilepsy, whereas the downregulation of STX7 showed opposite effects. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that STX7 does not affect the intrinsic excitability of neurons, but rather the excitation/inhibition ratio mediated by affecting the release of presynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitters. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that STX7 did not affect the density of inhibitory synapses but could affect the density of inhibitory vesicles. Taken together, these results reveal a previously unknown function of STX7 in epilepsy and suggest that STX7 may serve as a novel target for epilepsy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, No.118, Xingguang Avenue, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Changlong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing 40016, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China.
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8
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Jeong J, Kang I, Kim Y, Ku KB, Park JH, Kim HJ, Kim CW, La J, Jung HE, Kim HC, Choi YJ, Kim J, Kim J, Lee HK. Regulation of c-SMAC formation and AKT-mTOR signaling by the TSG101-IFT20 axis in CD4 + T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:525-539. [PMID: 37029318 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play major roles in the adaptive immune system, which requires antigen recognition, costimulation, and cytokines for its elaborate orchestration. Recent studies have provided new insight into the importance of the supramolecular activation cluster (SMAC), which comprises concentric circles and is involved in the amplification of CD4+ T cell activation. However, the underlying mechanism of SMAC formation remains poorly understood. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of CD4+ T cells left unstimulated and stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies to identify novel proteins involved in their regulation. We found that intraflagellar transport 20 (IFT20), previously known as cilia-forming protein, was upregulated in antibody-stimulated CD4+ T cells compared to unstimulated CD4+ T cells. We also found that IFT20 interacted with tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), a protein that endocytoses ubiquitinated T-cell receptors. The interaction between IFT20 and TSG101 promoted SMAC formation, which led to amplification of AKT-mTOR signaling. However, IFT20-deficient CD4+ T cells showed SMAC malformation, resulting in reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation, aerobic glycolysis, and cellular respiration. Finally, mice with T-cell-specific IFT20 deficiency exhibited reduced allergen-induced airway inflammation. Thus, our data suggest that the IFT20-TSG101 axis regulates AKT-mTOR signaling via SMAC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiung Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Bon Ku
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo La
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi Eun Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Cheol Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Kim YJ, Oh J, Jung S, Kim CJ, Choi J, Jeon YK, Kim HJ, Kim JW, Suh CH, Lee Y, Im SH, Crotty S, Choi YS. The transcription factor Mef2d regulates B:T synapse-dependent GC-T FH differentiation and IL-21-mediated humoral immunity. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadf2248. [PMID: 36961907 PMCID: PMC10311795 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Communication between CD4 T cells and cognate B cells is key for the former to fully mature into germinal center-T follicular helper (GC-TFH) cells and for the latter to mount a CD4 T cell-dependent humoral immune response. Although this interaction occurs in a B:T synapse-dependent manner, how CD4 T cells transcriptionally regulate B:T synapse formation remains largely unknown. Here, we report that Mef2d, an isoform of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) transcription factor family, is a critical regulator of this process. In CD4 T cells, Mef2d negatively regulates expression of Sh2d1a, which encodes SLAM-associated protein (SAP), a critical regulator of B:T synapses. We found that Mef2d regulates Sh2d1a expression via DNA binding-dependent transcriptional repression, inhibiting SAP-dependent B:T synapse formation and preventing antigen-specific CD4 T cells from differentiating into GC-TFH cells. Mef2d also impeded IL-21 production by CD4 T cells, an important B cell help signaling molecule, via direct repression of the Il21 gene. In contrast, CD4 T cell-specific disruption of Mef2d led to a substantial increase in GC-TFH differentiation in response to protein immunization, concurrent with enhanced SAP expression. MEF2D mRNA expression inversely correlates with human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient autoimmune parameters, including circulating TFH-like cell frequencies, autoantibodies, and SLEDAI scores. These findings highlight Mef2d as a pivotal rheostat in CD4 T cells for controlling GC formation and antibody production by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeein Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soohan Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Johng Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Pohang, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Moghimianavval H, Patel C, Mohapatra S, Hwang SW, Kayikcioglu T, Bashirzadeh Y, Liu AP, Ha T. Engineering Functional Membrane-Membrane Interfaces by InterSpy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2202104. [PMID: 35618485 PMCID: PMC9789529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering synthetic interfaces between membranes has potential applications in designing non-native cellular communication pathways and creating synthetic tissues. Here, InterSpy is introduced as a synthetic biology tool consisting of a heterodimeric protein engineered to form and maintain membrane-membrane interfaces between apposing synthetic as well as cell membranes through the SpyTag/SpyCatcher interaction. The inclusion of split fluorescent protein fragments in InterSpy allows tracking of the formation of a membrane-membrane interface and reconstitution of functional fluorescent protein in the space between apposing membranes. First, InterSpy is demonstrated by testing split protein designs using a mammalian cell-free expression (CFE) system. By utilizing co-translational helix insertion, cell-free synthesized InterSpy fragments are incorporated into the membrane of liposomes and supported lipid bilayers with the desired topology. Functional reconstitution of split fluorescent protein between the membranes is strictly dependent on SpyTag/SpyCatcher. Finally, InterSpy is demonstrated in mammalian cells by detecting fluorescence reconstitution of split protein at the membrane-membrane interface between two cells each expressing a component of InterSpy. InterSpy demonstrates the power of CFE systems in the functional reconstitution of synthetic membrane interfaces via proximity-inducing proteins. This technology may also prove useful where cell-cell contacts and communication are recreated in a controlled manner using minimal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Moghimianavval
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Chintan Patel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sonisilpa Mohapatra
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sung-Won Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Tunc Kayikcioglu
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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11
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Wu K, Li R, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang M, Huang J, Zhu C, Zhang J, Yuan X, Liu Q. The discovery of a new type of innervation in lymphoid organs. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15604. [PMID: 36823776 PMCID: PMC9950540 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the main forms of innervation are synapses and free nerve endings, while other forms of innervation have not been reported. Here, we explore a new way of innervating lymphoid organs. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for studying the innervation of sympathetic nerve fibers in lymph nodes by means of anterograde tracking, immunoelectron microscopy, three-dimension reconstruction analysis, and immunofluorescence labeling. The results showed that the Fluoro-Ruby labeled nerve endings targeted only a group of cells in the lymph nodes and entered the cells through the plasma membrane. The electron microscopy showed that the biotinylated glucan amine reaction elements were distributed in the cytoplasm, and most of the biotinylated glucan amine active elements were concentrated on the microtubule and microfilament walls. Birbeck particles with rod-shaped and/or tennis racket like structures can be seen in the labeled cells at high magnification, and Birbeck particles contain biotinylated glucan amine-reactive elements. The immunofluoresence results showed that the Fluoro-Ruby-labeled nerve innervating cells expressed CD207 and CD1a protein. This result confirmed that the labeled cells were Langerhans cells. Our findings suggested that Langerhans cells might serve as a "bridge cell" for neuroimmune cross-talking in lymph organs, which play an important role in transmitting signals of the nervous system to immune system. This study also opened up a new way for further study of immune regulation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyun Wu
- Department of AnatomyMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Ruixi Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Department of NeurologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - YanMei Liu
- Department of AnatomyMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - MinChen Wang
- Department of AnatomyMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of AnatomyMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Changlai Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangshan Yuan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of AnatomyMedical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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12
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T-cell Receptor Is a Threshold Detector: Sub- and Supra-Threshold Stochastic Resonance in TCR-MHC Clusters on the Cell Surface. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24030389. [PMID: 35327900 PMCID: PMC8946872 DOI: 10.3390/e24030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic resonance in clusters of major histocompatibility molecules is extended by a more detailed description of adaptive thresholding and by applying the notion of suprathreshold stochastic resonance as a stochastically quantizing encoder of transmembrane signaling downstream of major histocompatibility molecules and T-cell receptors on the side of presenting and recognizing cells, respectively. The adaptive nature of thresholding is partly explained by a mirroring of the noncognate–cognate dichotomy shown by the T-cell receptor structure and the kinetic-segregation model of the onset of T-cell receptor triggering. Membrane clusters of major histocompatibility molecules and T-cell receptors on their host cells are envisioned as places of the temporal encoding of downstream signals via the suprathreshold stochastic resonance process. The ways of optimization of molecular prostheses, such as chimeric antigen receptors against cancer in transmembrane signaling, are suggested in the framework of suprathreshold stochastic resonance. The analogy between Förster resonance energy transfer and suprathreshold stochastic resonance for information transfer is also discussed. The overlap integral for energy transfer parallels the mutual information transferred by suprathreshold stochastic resonance.
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13
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Gundogdu P, Loucera C, Alamo-Alvarez I, Dopazo J, Nepomuceno I. Integrating pathway knowledge with deep neural networks to reduce the dimensionality in single-cell RNA-seq data. BioData Min 2022; 15:1. [PMID: 34980200 PMCID: PMC8722116 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-021-00285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data provide valuable insights into cellular heterogeneity which is significantly improving the current knowledge on biology and human disease. One of the main applications of scRNA-seq data analysis is the identification of new cell types and cell states. Deep neural networks (DNNs) are among the best methods to address this problem. However, this performance comes with the trade-off for a lack of interpretability in the results. In this work we propose an intelligible pathway-driven neural network to correctly solve cell-type related problems at single-cell resolution while providing a biologically meaningful representation of the data. Results In this study, we explored the deep neural networks constrained by several types of prior biological information, e.g. signaling pathway information, as a way to reduce the dimensionality of the scRNA-seq data. We have tested the proposed biologically-based architectures on thousands of cells of human and mouse origin across a collection of public datasets in order to check the performance of the model. Specifically, we tested the architecture across different validation scenarios that try to mimic how unknown cell types are clustered by the DNN and how it correctly annotates cell types by querying a database in a retrieval problem. Moreover, our approach demonstrated to be comparable to other less interpretable DNN approaches constrained by using protein-protein interactions gene regulation data. Finally, we show how the latent structure learned by the network could be used to visualize and to interpret the composition of human single cell datasets. Conclusions Here we demonstrate how the integration of pathways, which convey fundamental information on functional relationships between genes, with DNNs, that provide an excellent classification framework, results in an excellent alternative to learn a biologically meaningful representation of scRNA-seq data. In addition, the introduction of prior biological knowledge in the DNN reduces the size of the network architecture. Comparative results demonstrate a superior performance of this approach with respect to other similar approaches. As an additional advantage, the use of pathways within the DNN structure enables easy interpretability of the results by connecting features to cell functionalities by means of the pathway nodes, as demonstrated with an example with human melanoma tumor cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13040-021-00285-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Gundogdu
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area. Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS). CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlos Loucera
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area. Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS). CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Alamo-Alvarez
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area. Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS). CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area. Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS). CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain. .,Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain. .,Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 41013, Sevilla, Spain. .,FPS/ELIXIR-es, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 42013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Isabel Nepomuceno
- Department of Computer Languages and Systems, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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14
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Möller K, Brambach M, Villani A, Gallo E, Gilmour D, Peri F. A role for the centrosome in regulating the rate of neuronal efferocytosis by microglia in vivo. eLife 2022; 11:82094. [PMID: 36398880 PMCID: PMC9674339 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, many newborn neurons undergo apoptosis and are engulfed by microglia, the tissue-resident phagocytes of the brain, in a process known as efferocytosis. A hallmark of microglia is their highly branched morphology characterized by the presence of numerous dynamic extensions that these cells use for scanning the brain parenchyma and engulfing unwanted material. The mechanisms driving branch formation and apoptotic cell engulfment in microglia are unclear. By taking a live-imaging approach in zebrafish, we show that while microglia generate multiple microtubule-based branches, they only successfully engulf one apoptotic neuron at a time. Further investigation into the mechanism underlying this sequential engulfment revealed that targeted migration of the centrosome into one branch is predictive of phagosome formation and polarized vesicular trafficking. Moreover, experimentally doubling centrosomal numbers in microglia increases the rate of engulfment and even allows microglia to remove two neurons simultaneously, providing direct supporting evidence for a model where centrosomal migration is a rate-limiting step in branch-mediated efferocytosis. Conversely, light-mediated depolymerization of microtubules causes microglia to lose their typical branched morphology and switch to an alternative mode of engulfment, characterized by directed migration towards target neurons, revealing unexpected plasticity in their phagocytic ability. Finally, building on work focusing on the establishment of the immunological synapse, we identified a conserved signalling pathway underlying centrosomal movement in engulfing microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Möller
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Max Brambach
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ambra Villani
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Elisa Gallo
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Darren Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Francesca Peri
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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15
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Albaiceta GM, Brochard L, Dos Santos CC, Fernández R, Georgopoulos D, Girard T, Jubran A, López-Aguilar J, Mancebo J, Pelosi P, Skrobik Y, Thille AW, Wilcox ME, Blanch L. The central nervous system during lung injury and mechanical ventilation: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2021; 127:648-659. [PMID: 34340836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation induces a number of systemic responses for which the brain plays an essential role. During the last decade, substantial evidence has emerged showing that the brain modifies pulmonary responses to physical and biological stimuli by various mechanisms, including the modulation of neuroinflammatory reflexes and the onset of abnormal breathing patterns. Afferent signals and circulating factors from injured peripheral tissues, including the lung, can induce neuronal reprogramming, potentially contributing to neurocognitive dysfunction and psychological alterations seen in critically ill patients. These impairments are ubiquitous in the presence of positive pressure ventilation. This narrative review summarises current evidence of lung-brain crosstalk in patients receiving mechanical ventilation and describes the clinical implications of this crosstalk. Further, it proposes directions for future research ranging from identifying mechanisms of multiorgan failure to mitigating long-term sequelae after critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo M Albaiceta
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER)-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laurent Brochard
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rafael Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER)-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Critical Care Department, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitaria de Manresa, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Manresa, Spain
| | - Dimitris Georgopoulos
- Intensive Care Medicine Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Timothy Girard
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amal Jubran
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA; Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Josefina López-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER)-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Critical Care Center, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jordi Mancebo
- Servei Medicina Intensiva, University Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Yoanna Skrobik
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Regroupement de Soins Critiques Respiratoires, Réseau de Soins Respiratoires FRQS, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud W Thille
- CHU de Poitiers, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Poitiers, France; INSERM CIC 1402 ALIVE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mary E Wilcox
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology (Critical Care Medicine), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lluis Blanch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER)-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Critical Care Center, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
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16
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Regulation of Immune Functions by Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine (ACh) via Muscarinic and Nicotinic ACh Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136818. [PMID: 34202925 PMCID: PMC8268711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the classical neurotransmitter in the cholinergic nervous system. However, ACh is now known to regulate various immune cell functions. In fact, T cells, B cells, and macrophages all express components of the cholinergic system, including ACh, muscarinic, and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs), choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and choline transporters. In this review, we will discuss the actions of ACh in the immune system. We will first briefly describe the mechanisms by which ACh is stored in and released from immune cells. We will then address Ca2+ signaling pathways activated via mAChRs and nAChRs on T cells and B cells, highlighting the importance of ACh for the function of T cells, B cells, and macrophages, as well as its impact on innate and acquired (cellular and humoral) immunity. Lastly, we will discuss the effects of two peptide ligands, secreted lymphocyte antigen-6/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-related peptide-1 (SLURP-1) and hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP), on cholinergic activity in T cells. Overall, we stress the fact that ACh does not function only as a neurotransmitter; it impacts immunity by exerting diverse effects on immune cells via mAChRs and nAChRs.
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17
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Yang X, Annaert W. The Nanoscopic Organization of Synapse Structures: A Common Basis for Cell Communication. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:248. [PMID: 33808285 PMCID: PMC8065904 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synapse structures, including neuronal and immunological synapses, can be seen as the plasma membrane contact sites between two individual cells where information is transmitted from one cell to the other. The distance between the two plasma membranes is only a few tens of nanometers, but these areas are densely populated with functionally different proteins, including adhesion proteins, receptors, and transporters. The narrow space between the two plasma membranes has been a barrier for resolving the synaptic architecture due to the diffraction limit in conventional microscopy (~250 nm). Various advanced super-resolution microscopy techniques, such as stimulated emission depletion (STED), structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), bypass the diffraction limit and provide a sub-diffraction-limit resolving power, ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The studies using super-resolution microscopy have revealed unprecedented details of the nanoscopic organization and dynamics of synaptic molecules. In general, most synaptic proteins appear to be heterogeneously distributed and form nanodomains at the membranes. These nanodomains are dynamic functional units, playing important roles in mediating signal transmission through synapses. Herein, we discuss our current knowledge on the super-resolution nanoscopic architecture of synapses and their functional implications, with a particular focus on the neuronal synapses and immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Annaert
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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18
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Fernández-Orth J, Rolfes L, Gola L, Bittner S, Andronic J, Sukhorukov VL, Sisario D, Landgraf P, Dieterich DC, Cerina M, Smalla KH, Kähne T, Budde T, Kovac S, Ruck T, Sauer M, Meuth SG. A role for TASK2 channels in the human immunological synapse. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:342-353. [PMID: 33169379 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse is a transient junction that occurs when the plasma membrane of a T cell comes in close contact with an APC after recognizing a peptide from the antigen-MHC. The interaction starts when CRAC channels embedded in the T cell membrane open, flowing calcium ions into the cell. To counterbalance the ion influx and subsequent depolarization, Kv 1.3 and KCa3.1 channels are recruited to the immunological synapse, increasing the extracellular K+ concentration. These processes are crucial as they initiate gene expression that drives T cell activation and proliferation. The T cell-specific function of the K2P channel family member TASK2 channels and their role in autoimmune processes remains unclear. Using mass spectrometry analysis together with epifluorescence and super-resolution single-molecule localization microscopy, we identified TASK2 channels as novel players recruited to the immunological synapse upon stimulation. TASK2 localizes at the immunological synapse, upon stimulation with CD3 antibodies, likely interacting with these molecules. Our findings suggest that, together with Kv 1.3 and KCa3.1 channels, TASK2 channels contribute to the proper functioning of the immunological synapse, and represent an interesting treatment target for T cell-mediated autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leoni Rolfes
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Gola
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joseph Andronic
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Sukhorukov
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Sisario
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Landgraf
- Neural Plasticity and Communication, Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Neural Plasticity and Communication, Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Cerina
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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19
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Céspedes PF, Beckers D, Dustin ML, Sezgin E. Model membrane systems to reconstitute immune cell signaling. FEBS J 2020; 288:1070-1090. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F. Céspedes
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences University of Oxford UK
| | - Daniel Beckers
- MRC Human Immunology Unit MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford UK
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences University of Oxford UK
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford UK
- Science for Life Laboratory Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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20
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Galgano D, Soheili T, Voss M, Torralba-Raga L, Tesi B, Cichocki F, Andre I, Rettig J, Cavazzana M, Bryceson Y. Alternative UNC13D Promoter Encodes a Functional Munc13-4 Isoform Predominantly Expressed in Lymphocytes and Platelets. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1154. [PMID: 32582217 PMCID: PMC7296141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive mutations in genes required for cytotoxicity are causative of a life-threatening, early-onset hyperinflammatory syndrome termed familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL). Mutations in UNC13D cause FHL type 3. UNC13D encodes Munc13-4, a member of the Unc13 protein family which control SNARE complex formation and vesicle fusion. We have previously identified FHL3-associated mutations in the first intron of UNC13D which control transcription from an alternative transcriptional start site. Using isoform specific antibodies, we demonstrate that this alternative Munc13-4 isoform with a unique N-terminus is preferentially expressed in human lymphocytes and platelets, as compared to the conventional isoform that was mostly expressed in monocytes and neutrophils. The distinct N-terminal of the two isoforms did not impact on Munc13-4 localization or trafficking to the immunological synapse of cytotoxic T cells. Moreover, ectopic expression of both isoforms efficiently restored exocytosis by FHL3 patient-derived Munc13-4 deficient T cells. Thus, we demonstrate that the conventional and alternative Munc13-4 isoforms have different expression pattern in hematopoietic cell subsets, but display similar localization and contribution to T cell exocytosis. The use of an alternative transcriptional starting site (TSS) in lymphocytes and platelets could be selected for increasing the overall levels of Munc13-4 expression for efficient secretory granule release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Galgano
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tayebeh Soheili
- Human Lymphohematopoiesis Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Voss
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lamberto Torralba-Raga
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bianca Tesi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Cichocki
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Isabelle Andre
- Human Lymphohematopoiesis Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jens Rettig
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Human Lymphohematopoiesis Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Yenan Bryceson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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21
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Distribution of nerve fibers and nerve-immune cell association in mouse spleen revealed by immunofluorescent staining. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9850. [PMID: 32555231 PMCID: PMC7300136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system regulates the immune system through the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland and other endocrine organs, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) communicates with the immune system through local nerve-immune cell interactions, including sympathetic/parasympathetic (efferent) and sensory (afferent) innervation to lymphoid tissue/organs. However, the precise mechanisms of this bi-directional crosstalk of the PNS and immune system remain mysterious. To study this kind of bi-directional crosstalk, we performed immunofluorescent staining of neurofilament and confocal microscopy to reveal the distribution of nerve fibers and nerve-immune cell associations inside mouse spleen. Our study demonstrates (i) extensive nerve fibers in all splenic compartments including the splenic nodules, periarteriolar lymphoid sheath, marginal zones, trabeculae, and red pulp; (ii) close associations of nerve fibers with blood vessels (including central arteries, marginal sinuses, penicillar arterioles, and splenic sinuses); (iii) close associations of nerve fibers with various subsets of dendritic cells, macrophages (Mac1+ and F4/80+), and lymphocytes (B cells, T helper cells, and cytotoxic T cells). Our data concerning the extensive splenic innervation and nerve-immune cell communication will enrich our knowledge of the mechanisms through which the PNS affects the cellular- and humoral-mediated immune responses in healthy and infectious/non-infectious states.
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22
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal immunological process, and its discovery by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 was a step toward the establishment of the innate immune system as a separate branch of immunology. Elia Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discovery in 1908. Since its discovery almost 140 years before, phagocytosis remains the hot topic of research in immunology. The phagocytosis research has seen a great advancement since its first discovery. Functionally, phagocytosis is a simple immunological process required to engulf and remove pathogens, dead cells and tumor cells to maintain the immune homeostasis. However, mechanistically, it is a very complex process involving different mechanisms, induced and regulated by several pattern recognition receptors, soluble pattern recognition molecules, scavenger receptors (SRs) and opsonins. These mechanisms involve the formation of phagosomes, their maturation into phagolysosomes causing pathogen destruction or antigen synthesis to present them to major histocompatibility complex molecules for activating an adaptive immune response. Any defect in this mechanism may predispose the host to certain infections and inflammatory diseases (autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases) along with immunodeficiency. The article is designed to discuss its mechanistic complexity at each level, varying from phagocytosis induction to phagolysosome resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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23
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Bene L, Bagdány M, Damjanovich L. Adaptive threshold-stochastic resonance (AT-SR) in MHC clusters on the cell surface. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:65-71. [PMID: 31738956 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Highly conserved 2D receptor clusters (membrane rafts) of immunological signaling molecules with MHCI and MHCII antigens as their cores have been observed in the past on the surface of T- and B-cell lines of lymphoid origin, as well as on cells from patients with colon tumor and Crohn's disease. Conservativity is related to the ever presence of MHCI molecules. Although they are suspected to play a role in maintaining these clusters and facilitating transmembrane signaling, their exact role has been left largely enigmatic. Here we are suggesting stochastic resonance (SR), or "noise-assisted signal detection", as a general organizing principle for transmembrane signaling events evoked by processes like immune recognition and cytokine binding taking place in these clusters. In the conceptual framework of SR, in immune recognition as a prototype of transmembrane signaling, the sea of self-peptide-MHC complexes around a nonself-peptide presenting MHC is conceived as a source of quickly fluctuating unspecific signal ("athermal noise") serving the extra energy for amplifying the weak sub-threshold specific signal of the nonself-peptide presenting MHC. This same noise is also utilized for a readjustment of the threshold - and also the sensitivity and specificity - of detection by a closed loop feedback control of the TcR-CD8 (CD4) proximity on the detecting T-cell. The weak sub threshold specific signal of nonself-peptide presenting MHC is amplified by the superposing unspecific signals of the neighboring self peptide-MHC complexes towards the T-cell receptor as the detector. Because in a successful detection event both self- and nonself-peptides are detected simultaneously, the principle of coincidence (or lock-in) detection is also realized. The ever presence of MHC islands gets a natural explanation as a source of extra power - in a form of "athermal noise" - needed for coincidence detection and frequency encoding the evoked downstream signals. The effect is quite general, because the actual type of molecules surrounding a chief signaling molecule - like nonself-peptide holding MHC, interleukin-2 and -15 cytokine receptors (IL-2R/15R) - as the fluctuating interaction energy sources is immaterial. The model applies also for other types of signaling, such as those evoked by cytokine binding. The phenomenon of SR can also be interpreted as sampling of a low frequency, specific signal with a high frequency unspecific signal, the "noise". Recipes for identifying other forms of SR in membrane clusters with biophysical tools are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Bene
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Bagdány
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - László Damjanovich
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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24
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Pouget JG, Han B, Wu Y, Mignot E, Ollila HM, Barker J, Spain S, Dand N, Trembath R, Martin J, Mayes MD, Bossini-Castillo L, López-Isac E, Jin Y, Santorico SA, Spritz RA, Hakonarson H, Polychronakos C, Raychaudhuri S, Knight J. Cross-disorder analysis of schizophrenia and 19 immune-mediated diseases identifies shared genetic risk. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:3498-3513. [PMID: 31211845 PMCID: PMC6891073 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many immune diseases occur at different rates among people with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Here, we evaluated whether this phenomenon might be explained by shared genetic risk factors. We used data from large genome-wide association studies to compare the genetic architecture of schizophrenia to 19 immune diseases. First, we evaluated the association with schizophrenia of 581 variants previously reported to be associated with immune diseases at genome-wide significance. We identified five variants with potentially pleiotropic effects. While colocalization analyses were inconclusive, functional characterization of these variants provided the strongest evidence for a model in which genetic variation at rs1734907 modulates risk of schizophrenia and Crohn's disease via altered methylation and expression of EPHB4-a gene whose protein product guides the migration of neuronal axons in the brain and the migration of lymphocytes towards infected cells in the immune system. Next, we investigated genome-wide sharing of common variants between schizophrenia and immune diseases using cross-trait LD score regression. Of the 11 immune diseases with available genome-wide summary statistics, we observed genetic correlation between six immune diseases and schizophrenia: inflammatory bowel disease (rg = 0.12 ± 0.03, P = 2.49 × 10-4), Crohn's disease (rg = 0.097 ± 0.06, P = 3.27 × 10-3), ulcerative colitis (rg = 0.11 ± 0.04, P = 4.05 × 10-3), primary biliary cirrhosis (rg = 0.13 ± 0.05, P = 3.98 × 10-3), psoriasis (rg = 0.18 ± 0.07, P = 7.78 × 10-3) and systemic lupus erythematosus (rg = 0.13 ± 0.05, P = 3.76 × 10-3). With the exception of ulcerative colitis, the degree and direction of these genetic correlations were consistent with the expected phenotypic correlation based on epidemiological data. Our findings suggest shared genetic risk factors contribute to the epidemiological association of certain immune diseases and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie G Pouget
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Buhm Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Barker
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Spain
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick Dand
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Maureen D Mayes
- The University of Texas Health Science Center–Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Lara Bossini-Castillo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena López-Isac
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Ying Jin
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie A Santorico
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora 80045, CO, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and the Child Health Program of the Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Partners HealthCare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jo Knight
- Lancaster Medical School and Data Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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25
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Seicol BJ, Bejarano S, Behnke N, Guo L. Neuromodulation of metabolic functions: from pharmaceuticals to bioelectronics to biocircuits. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:67. [PMID: 31388355 PMCID: PMC6676523 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation of central and peripheral neural circuitry brings together neurobiologists and neural engineers to develop advanced neural interfaces to decode and recapitulate the information encoded in the nervous system. Dysfunctional neuronal networks contribute not only to the pathophysiology of neurological diseases, but also to numerous metabolic disorders. Many regions of the central nervous system (CNS), especially within the hypothalamus, regulate metabolism. Recent evidence has linked obesity and diabetes to hyperactive or dysregulated autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Neural regulation of metabolic functions provides access to control pathology through neuromodulation. Metabolism is defined as cellular events that involve catabolic and/or anabolic processes, including control of systemic metabolic functions, as well as cellular signaling pathways, such as cytokine release by immune cells. Therefore, neuromodulation to control metabolic functions can be used to target metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and chronic inflammatory diseases. Better understanding of neurometabolic circuitry will allow for targeted stimulation to modulate metabolic functions. Within the broad category of metabolic functions, cellular signaling, including the production and release of cytokines and other immunological processes, is regulated by both the CNS and ANS. Neural innervations of metabolic (e.g. pancreas) and immunologic (e.g. spleen) organs have been understood for over a century, however, it is only now becoming possible to decode the neuronal information to enable exogenous controls of these systems. Future interventions taking advantage of this progress will enable scientists, engineering and medical doctors to more effectively treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Seicol
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | | | - Nicholas Behnke
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
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26
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Al-Shalan HAM, Hu D, Nicholls PK, Greene WK, Ma B. Immunofluorescent characterization of innervation and nerve-immune cell neighborhood in mouse thymus. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:239-254. [PMID: 31230166 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system impacts the immune system mainly by regulating the systemic concentration of humoral substances, whereas the peripheral nervous system (PNS) communicates with the immune system specifically according to local "hardwiring" of sympathetic/parasympathetic (efferent) and sensory (afferent) nerves to the primary and secondary lymphoid tissue/organs (e.g., thymus spleen and lymph nodes). In the present study, we use immunofluorescent staining of neurofilament-heavy to reveal the distribution of nerve fibers and the nerve-immune cell neighborhood inside the mouse thymus. Our results demonstrate (a) the presence of an extensive meshwork of nerve fibers in all thymic compartments, including the capsule, subcapsular region, cortex, cortico-medullary junction and medulla; (b) close associations of nerve fibers with blood vessels (including the postcapillary venules), indicating the neural control of blood circulation and immune cell dynamics inside the thymus; (c) the close proximity of nerve fibers to various subsets of thymocytes (e.g., CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+), dendritic cells (e.g., B220+, CD4+, CD8+ and F4/80+), macrophages (Mac1+ and F4/80+) and B cells. Our novel findings concerning thymic innervation and the nerve-immune cell neighborhood in situ should facilitate the understanding of bi-directional communications between the PNS and primary lymphoid organs. Since the innervation of lymphoid organs, including the thymus, may play essential roles in the pathogenesis and progression of some neuroimmune, infectious and autoimmune diseases, better knowledge of PNS-immune system crosstalk should benefit the development of potential therapies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda A M Al-Shalan
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,Department of Microbiology/Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, 10070, Iraq
| | - Dailun Hu
- Clinical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, China
| | - Philip K Nicholls
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Wayne K Greene
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Bin Ma
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
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27
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Abstract
The principal focus of this paper is to consider the implications of head and neck transplantation surgery on the issue of personal identity. To this end, it is noted that the immune system has not only been established to impose a level of self-identity on bodily cells, it has also been implicated in mental development and the regulation of mental state. In this it serves as a paradigm for the mind as the product of cephalic and extracephalic systems. The importance of bodily systems in identity is then discussed in relation to phantom tissue syndrome. The data strongly indicate that, even if surgically successful, head and neck transplantation will result in the loss of the continuity of personal identity.
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28
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A Comprehensive Survey of Immune Cytolytic Activity-Associated Gene Co-Expression Networks across 17 Tumor and Normal Tissue Types. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090307. [PMID: 30181502 PMCID: PMC6162652 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic immune activity in solid tissue can be quantified by transcript levels of two genes, GZMA and PRF1, which is named the CYT score. A previous study has investigated the molecular and genetic properties of tumors associated CYT, but a systematic exploration of how co-expression networks across different tumors are shaped by anti-tumor immunity is lacking. Here, we examined the connectivity and biological themes of CYT-associated modules in gene co-expression networks of 14 tumor and 3 matched normal tissues constructed from the RNA-Seq data of the "The Cancer Genome Atlas" project. We first found that tumors networks have more diverse CYT-correlated modules than normal networks. We next identified and investigated tissue-specific CYT-associated modules across 14 tumor types. Finally, a common CYT-associated network across 14 tumor types was constructed. Two common modules have mixed signs of correlation with CYT in different tumors. Given the tumors and normal tissues surveyed, our study presents a systematic view of the regulation of cytolytic immune activity across multiple tumor tissues.
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29
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Thompson JW, Sorum AW, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Deciphering the Functions of O-GlcNAc Glycosylation in the Brain: The Role of Site-Specific Quantitative O-GlcNAcomics. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4010-4018. [PMID: 29936833 PMCID: PMC6058732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic posttranslational modification O-linked β- N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is present on thousands of intracellular proteins in the brain. Like phosphorylation, O-GlcNAcylation is inducible and plays important functional roles in both physiology and disease. Recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS) and bioconjugation methods are now enabling the mapping of O-GlcNAcylation events to individual sites in proteins. However, our understanding of which glycosylation events are necessary for regulating protein function and controlling specific processes, phenotypes, or diseases remains in its infancy. Given the sheer number of O-GlcNAc sites, methods for identifying promising sites and prioritizing them for time- and resource-intensive functional studies are greatly needed. Revealing sites that are dynamically altered by different stimuli or disease states will likely go a long way in this regard. Here, we describe advanced methods for identifying O-GlcNAc sites on individual proteins and across the proteome and for determining their stoichiometry in vivo. We also highlight emerging technologies for quantitative, site-specific MS-based O-GlcNAc proteomics (O-GlcNAcomics), which allow proteome-wide tracking of O-GlcNAcylation dynamics at individual sites. These cutting-edge technologies are beginning to bridge the gap between the high-throughput cataloguing of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and the relatively low-throughput study of individual proteins. By uncovering the O-GlcNAcylation events that change in specific physiological and disease contexts, these new approaches are providing key insights into the regulatory functions of O-GlcNAc in the brain, including their roles in neuroprotection, neuronal signaling, learning and memory, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander W. Sorum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Linda C. Hsieh-Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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30
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Stephens R, Lim K, Portela M, Kvansakul M, Humbert PO, Richardson HE. The Scribble Cell Polarity Module in the Regulation of Cell Signaling in Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3585-3612. [PMID: 29409995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The Scribble module proteins play key functions in the establishment and maintenance of different modes of cell polarity, as well as in the control of tissue growth, differentiation and directed cell migration, and therefore are major regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. Whilst molecular details are known regarding the roles of Scribble module proteins in cell polarity regulation, their precise mode of action in the regulation of other key cellular processes remains enigmatic. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that Scribble module proteins play scaffolding roles in the control of various signaling pathways, which are linked to the control of tissue growth, differentiation and cell migration. Multiple Scrib, Dlg and Lgl interacting proteins have been discovered, which are involved in diverse processes, however many function in the regulation of cellular signaling. Herein, we review the components of the Scrib, Dlg and Lgl protein interactomes, and focus on the mechanism by which they regulate cellular signaling pathways in metazoans, and how their disruption leads to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krystle Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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31
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Lehnert T, Figge MT. Dimensionality of Motion and Binding Valency Govern Receptor-Ligand Kinetics As Revealed by Agent-Based Modeling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1692. [PMID: 29250071 PMCID: PMC5714874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling and computer simulations have become an integral part of modern biological research. The strength of theoretical approaches is in the simplification of complex biological systems. We here consider the general problem of receptor–ligand binding in the context of antibody–antigen binding. On the one hand, we establish a quantitative mapping between macroscopic binding rates of a deterministic differential equation model and their microscopic equivalents as obtained from simulating the spatiotemporal binding kinetics by stochastic agent-based models. On the other hand, we investigate the impact of various properties of B cell-derived receptors—such as their dimensionality of motion, morphology, and binding valency—on the receptor–ligand binding kinetics. To this end, we implemented an algorithm that simulates antigen binding by B cell-derived receptors with a Y-shaped morphology that can move in different dimensionalities, i.e., either as membrane-anchored receptors or as soluble receptors. The mapping of the macroscopic and microscopic binding rates allowed us to quantitatively compare different agent-based model variants for the different types of B cell-derived receptors. Our results indicate that the dimensionality of motion governs the binding kinetics and that this predominant impact is quantitatively compensated by the bivalency of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lehnert
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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32
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Tello-Lafoz M, Martínez-Martínez G, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Albar JP, Huse M, Gharbi S, Merida I. Sorting nexin 27 interactome in T-lymphocytes identifies zona occludens-2 dynamic redistribution at the immune synapse. Traffic 2017; 18:491-504. [PMID: 28477369 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T Lymphocyte recognition of antigens leads to the formation of a highly organized structure termed immune synapse (IS) by analogy with the neuronals synapse. Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) controls the endosomal traffic of PSD95, Dlg1, ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-interacting proteins, and its alteration is associated with impaired synaptic function and neurological diseases. In T-lymphocytes, SNX27-positive vesicles polarize to the IS, the identity of SNX27 interactors in these conditions nonetheless remains unknown. Here we used proteomics to analyze the SNX27 interactome purified from IS-forming T cells, and confirmed the conserved nature of the SNX27/WASH/retromer association in hematopoietic cells. Furthermore, our comparative interactome analysis of SNX27 wild-type and a mutant-deficient for PDZ cargo recognition identified the epithelial cell-cell junction protein zona occludens-2 (ZO-2) as an IS component. Biochemistry and microscopy approaches in T cells confirmed SNX27/ZO-2 PDZ-dependent interaction, and demonstrated its role controlling the dynamic localization of ZO-2 at the IS. This study broadens our knowledge of SNX27 function in T lymphocytes, and suggests that pathways that delimit polarized structures in nervous and epithelial systems also participate in IS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tello-Lafoz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Pablo Albar
- Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Severine Gharbi
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Merida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Phagocytosis: A Fundamental Process in Immunity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9042851. [PMID: 28691037 PMCID: PMC5485277 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9042851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate and acquired immune responses. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In recent years, the use of new tools of molecular biology and microscopy has provided new insights into the cellular mechanisms of phagocytosis. In this review, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis. We emphasize novel molecular findings, particularly on phagosome formation and maturation, and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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Abstract
Neuroimmune communications are facilitated by the production of neurotransmitters by immune cells and the generation of immune mediators by immune cells, which form a functional entity called the "neuroimmune synapse." There are several mechanisms that further facilitate neuroimmune interactions including the anatomic proximity between immune cells and nerves, the expression of receptors for neurotransmitters on immune cells and for immune mediators on nerves, and the receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signaling pathways that modulate nerve and immune phenotype and function. The bidirectional communication between nerves and immune cells is implicated in allostasis, a process that describes the continuous adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Neuroimmune interactions are amplified during inflammation by the influx of activated immune cells that significantly alter the microenvironment. In this context, the types of neurotransmitters released by activated neurons or immune cells can exert pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Dysregulation of the enteric nervous system control of gastrointestinal functions, such as epithelial permeability and secretion as well as smooth muscle contractility, also contribute to the chronicity of inflammation. Persistent active inflammation in the gut leads to neuroimmune plasticity, which is a structural and functional remodeling in both the neural and immune systems. The importance of neuroimmune interactions has made them an emerging target in the development of novel therapies for GI pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, DTRS, MSTF Rm 700C, 10 Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Joseph F Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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Blas-Rus N, Bustos-Morán E, Martín-Cófreces NB, Sánchez-Madrid F. Aurora-A shines on T cell activation through the regulation of Lck. Bioessays 2016; 39. [PMID: 27910998 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different protein kinases control signaling emanating from the T cell receptor (TCR) during antigen-specific T cell activation. Mitotic kinases, e.g. Aurora-A, have been widely studied in the context of mitosis due to their role during microtubule (MT) nucleation, becoming critical regulators of cell cycle progression. We have recently described a specific role for Aurora-A kinase in antigenic T cell activation. Blockade of Aurora-A in T cells severely disrupts the dynamics of MTs and CD3ζ-bearing signaling vesicles during T cell activation. Furthermore, Aurora-A deletion impairs the activation of signaling molecules downstream of the TCR. Targeting Aurora-A disturbs the activation of Lck, which is one of the first signals that drive T cell activation in an antigen-dependent manner. This work describes possible models of regulation of Lck by Aurora-A during T cell activation. We also discuss possible roles for Aurora-A in other systems similar to the IS, and its putative functions in cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Blas-Rus
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Bustos-Morán
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa B Martín-Cófreces
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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36
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Kamphuis W, Kooijman L, Schetters S, Orre M, Hol EM. Transcriptional profiling of CD11c-positive microglia accumulating around amyloid plaques in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1847-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Shenoda BB, Ajit SK. Modulation of Immune Responses by Exosomes Derived from Antigen-Presenting Cells. Clin Med Insights Pathol 2016; 9:1-8. [PMID: 27660518 PMCID: PMC5024790 DOI: 10.4137/cpath.s39925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome-mediated signaling is important in mediating the inflammatory response. To exert their biological or pathophysiological functions in the recipient cells, exosomes deliver a diverse array of biomacromolecules including long and short coding and non-coding RNAs, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes secreted by antigen-presenting cells can confer therapeutic benefits by attenuating or stimulating the immune response. Exosomes play a crucial role in carrying and presenting functional major histocompatibility peptide complexes to modulate antigen-specific T cell responses. Exosomes from Dendritic Cells (DCs) can activate T and B cells and have been explored for their immunostimulatory properties in cancer therapy. The immunosuppressive properties of exosomes derived from macrophages and DCs can reduce inflammation in animal models for several inflammatory disorders. This review focuses on the protective role of exosomes in attenuating inflammation or augmenting immune response, emphasizing studies on exosomes derived from DCs and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botros B Shenoda
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seena K Ajit
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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38
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Antoniou A, Mendez Rodrigues J, Comi N. Successful treatment of urodynamic detrusor over-activity in a young patient with Myasthenia gravis using pretibial nerve stimulation with follow-up to two years. JRSM Open 2016; 7:2054270416653684. [PMID: 27536378 PMCID: PMC4971594 DOI: 10.1177/2054270416653684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of Myasthenia gravis and overactive bladder successfully treated with pretibial nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antoniou
- Urogynaecology Unit, Barts Health Trust, Newham University Hospital, London, E13 5ED, UK
| | - J Mendez Rodrigues
- Urogynaecology Unit, Barts Health Trust, Newham University Hospital, London, E13 5ED, UK
| | - N Comi
- Urogynaecology Unit, Barts Health Trust, Newham University Hospital, London, E13 5ED, UK
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39
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Nardo G, Trolese MC, Bendotti C. Major Histocompatibility Complex I Expression by Motor Neurons and Its Implication in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2016; 7:89. [PMID: 27379008 PMCID: PMC4904147 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI)-related molecules in adults and during CNS diseases is involved in the synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration with mechanisms either dependent or independent of their immune functions. Motor neurons are highly responsive in triggering the expression of MHCI molecules during normal aging or following insults and diseases, and this has implications in the synaptic controls, axonal regeneration, and neuromuscular junction stability of these neurons. We recently reported that MHCI and immunoproteasome are strongly activated in spinal motor neurons and their peripheral motor axon in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) during the course of the disease. This response was prominent in ALS mice with slower disease progression in which the axonal structure and function was better preserved than in fast-progressing mice. This review summarizes and discusses our observations in the light of knowledge about the possible role of MHCI in motor neurons providing additional insight into the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Trolese
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037; ,
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037; ,
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41
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Abstract
The term “immune synapse” was originally coined to highlight the similarities between the synaptic contacts between neurons in the central nervous system and the cognate, antigen-dependent interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Here, instead of offering a comprehensive molecular catalogue of molecules involved in the establishment, stabilization, function, and resolution of the immune synapse, we follow a spatiotemporal timeline that begins at the initiation of exploratory contacts between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell and ends with the termination of the contact. We focus on specific aspects that distinguish synapses established by cytotoxic and T helper cells as well as unresolved issues and controversies regarding the formation of this intercellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Ortega-Carrion
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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42
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Bello M, Correa-Basurto J. Energetic and flexibility properties captured by long molecular dynamics simulations of a membrane-embedded pMHCII-TCR complex. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1350-66. [PMID: 26926952 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00058d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although crystallographic data have provided important molecular insight into the interactions in the pMHC-TCR complex, the inherent features of this structural approach cause it to only provide a static picture of the interactions. While unbiased molecular dynamics simulations (UMDSs) have provided important information about the dynamic structural behavior of the pMHC-TCR complex, most of them have modeled the pMHC-TCR complex as soluble, when in physiological conditions, this complex is membrane bound; therefore, following this latter UMDS protocol might hamper important dynamic results. In this contribution, we performed three independent 300 ns-long UMDSs of the pMHCII-TCR complex anchored in two opposing membranes to explore the structural and energetic properties of the recognition of pMHCII by the TCR. The conformational ensemble generated through UMDSs was subjected to clustering and Cartesian principal component analyses (cPCA) to explore the dynamical behavior of the pMHCII-TCR association. Furthermore, based on the conformational population sampled through UMDSs, the effective binding free energy, per-residue free energy decomposition, and alanine scanning mutations were explored for the native pMHCII-TCR complex, as well as for 12 mutations (p1-p12MHCII-TCR) introduced in the native peptide. Clustering analyses and cPCA provide insight into the rocking motion of the TCR onto pMHCII, together with the presence of new electrostatic interactions not observed through crystallographic methods. Energetic results provide evidence of the main contributors to the pMHC-TCR complex formation as well as the key residues involved in this molecular recognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martiniano Bello
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis Y Diaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City, CP: 11340, Mexico.
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Niedergang F, Di Bartolo V, Alcover A. Comparative Anatomy of Phagocytic and Immunological Synapses. Front Immunol 2016; 7:18. [PMID: 26858721 PMCID: PMC4729869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of phagocytic cups and immunological synapses are crucial events of the innate and adaptive immune responses, respectively. They are triggered by distinct immune receptors and performed by different cell types. However, growing experimental evidence shows that a very close series of molecular and cellular events control these two processes. Thus, the tight and dynamic interplay between receptor signaling, actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, and targeted vesicle traffic are all critical features to build functional phagosomes and immunological synapses. Interestingly, both phagocytic cups and immunological synapses display particular spatial and temporal patterns of receptors and signaling molecules, leading to the notion of “phagocytic synapse.” Here, we discuss both types of structures, their organization, and the mechanisms by which they are generated and regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Niedergang
- U1016, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France; UMR 8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U1221, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Alcover
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; U1221, INSERM, Paris, France
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44
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Goldman AW, Burmeister Y, Cesnulevicius K, Herbert M, Kane M, Lescheid D, McCaffrey T, Schultz M, Seilheimer B, Smit A, St Laurent G, Berman B. Bioregulatory systems medicine: an innovative approach to integrating the science of molecular networks, inflammation, and systems biology with the patient's autoregulatory capacity? Front Physiol 2015; 6:225. [PMID: 26347656 PMCID: PMC4541032 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioregulatory systems medicine (BrSM) is a paradigm that aims to advance current medical practices. The basic scientific and clinical tenets of this approach embrace an interconnected picture of human health, supported largely by recent advances in systems biology and genomics, and focus on the implications of multi-scale interconnectivity for improving therapeutic approaches to disease. This article introduces the formal incorporation of these scientific and clinical elements into a cohesive theoretical model of the BrSM approach. The authors review this integrated body of knowledge and discuss how the emergent conceptual model offers the medical field a new avenue for extending the armamentarium of current treatment and healthcare, with the ultimate goal of improving population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa W Goldman
- Concept Systems, Inc. Ithaca, NY, USA ; Department of Sociology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Martha Herbert
- Transcend Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Kane
- Concept Systems, Inc. Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David Lescheid
- International Academy of Bioregulatory Medicine Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Timothy McCaffrey
- Division of Genomic Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Myron Schultz
- Biologische Heilmittel Heel GmbH Baden-Baden, Germany
| | | | - Alta Smit
- Biologische Heilmittel Heel GmbH Baden-Baden, Germany
| | | | - Brian Berman
- Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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45
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Amo L, Tamayo-Orbegozo E, Maruri N, Buqué A, Solaun M, Riñón M, Arrieta A, Larrucea S. Podocalyxin-like protein 1 functions as an immunomodulatory molecule in breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:26-35. [PMID: 26276714 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Podocalyxin-like protein 1 (PCLP1), a CD34-related sialomucin involved in the regulation of cellular morphology and adhesion, is expressed by a number of normal cells and various tumor cells. In breast malignancies PCLP1 overexpression has been associated with the most aggressive, metastatic cancers and poor prognosis. These observations suggest that PCLP1 expression could provide a mechanism to evade the immune response, thereby promoting metastatic progression of cancer. In the present work, we aimed to determine the effect of PCLP1 overexpressed in MCF7 breast cancer cells on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, dendritic cell maturation, and agonist-induced T cell proliferation. The results showed that PCLP1 expressed in MCF7 breast cancer cells confers resistance to NK cell-mediated cytolysis and impairs T cell proliferation. Furthermore, PCLP1 decreased the levels of NK cell activating receptors NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, DNAM-1, and CD16 on cell surface in a contact-dependent manner. Moreover, NK cells acquired PCLP1 from MCF7 cells by a process known as trogocytosis. These data reveal a new function of PCLP1 expressed on tumor cells as an immunomodulatory molecule, which may represent a mechanism to evade the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Amo
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Tamayo-Orbegozo
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Natalia Maruri
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Medical Oncology Research Laboratory, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miren Solaun
- Flow Cytometry Unit, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Riñón
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Arantza Arrieta
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Susana Larrucea
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Viral interference with functions of the cellular receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Viruses 2015; 7:1540-57. [PMID: 25807057 PMCID: PMC4379584 DOI: 10.3390/v7031540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is expressed on the surface of almost all cells of hematopoietic origin. CD45 functions are central to the development of T cells and determine the threshold at which T and B lymphocytes can become activated. Given this pivotal role of CD45 in the immune system, it is probably not surprising that viruses interfere with the activity of CD45 in lymphocytes to dampen the immune response and that they also utilize this molecule to accomplish their replication cycle. Here we report what is known about the interaction of viral proteins with CD45. Moreover, we debate putative interactions of viruses with CD45 in myeloid cells and the resulting consequences-subjects that remain to be investigated. Finally, we summarize the evidence that pathogens were the driving force for the evolution of CD45.
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47
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Hatzihristidis T, Desai N, Hutchins AP, Meng TC, Tremblay ML, Miranda-Saavedra D. A Drosophila-centric view of protein tyrosine phosphatases. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:951-66. [PMID: 25771859 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most of our knowledge on protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is derived from human pathologies and mouse knockout models. These models largely correlate well with human disease phenotypes, but can be ambiguous due to compensatory mechanisms introduced by paralogous genes. Here we present the analysis of the PTP complement of the fruit fly and the complementary view that PTP studies in Drosophila will accelerate our understanding of PTPs in physiological and pathological conditions. With only 44 PTP genes, Drosophila represents a streamlined version of the human complement. Our integrated analysis places the Drosophila PTPs into evolutionary and functional contexts, thereby providing a platform for the exploitation of the fly for PTP research and the transfer of knowledge onto other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri Hatzihristidis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nikita Desai
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hutchins
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Tzu-Ching Meng
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Diego Miranda-Saavedra
- World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; IE Business School, IE University, María de Molina 31 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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48
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Vargas-Caraveo A, Pérez-Ishiwara DG, Martínez-Martínez A. Chronic Psychological Distress as an Inducer of Microglial Activation and Leukocyte Recruitment into the Area Postrema. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:311-21. [PMID: 25765708 DOI: 10.1159/000369350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic psychological distress can cause neuroinflammation, but the involvement of leukocytes in this inflammatory response remains unclear. The area postrema (AP) is considered a neural-immune interface because it lacks a blood-brain barrier and a site for leukocyte recruitment in neuroinflammatory conditions induced by immunological insults, but its role in chronic psychological distress has not been explored. OBJECTIVE To determine leukocyte recruitment to the AP after chronic psychological distress. METHODS Rats were exposed to cat odor for 5 consecutive days to induce distress, and, on the 6th day, their brains were dissected to perform immunohistofluorescence studies of the AP. Immune cells were identified and quantified with CD45 and CD11b markers. The distribution of neurons and immune cells was determined using TrkA and CD45 markers, respectively. RESULTS Distress induced a significant increase in CD45(+) and CD11b(+) cells in the AP. Three immunophenotypes were determined in the control and distress groups: CD45(+)/CD11b(-), CD45(+)/CD11b(+) and CD45(-)/CD11b(+). CD expression, morphology and fluorescence intensity enabled the identification of different immune cell types: starting from longitudinal ramified microglia (mainly in the control group) to amoeboid microglia, monocytes and lymphocytes (mostly in the distressed group). TrkA and CD45 expression in the AP revealed the proximity between soma neurons and leukocytes. Interestingly, some CD45(+) cells expressed TrkA, with increased expression in the distressed group. CONCLUSIONS The identification of microglial activation, leukocyte recruitment and the close proximity between neurons and leukocytes in the AP after chronic psychological distress exposure suggests the AP as a site for distress-induced immune responses and engraftment of leukocytes infiltrating the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vargas-Caraveo
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, and Centro de Investigación en Biotecnologia Aplicada del IPN, México, México
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49
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Understanding the structural dynamics of TCR-pMHC interactions. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:604-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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50
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Roca J, Vargas C, Cano I, Selivanov V, Barreiro E, Maier D, Falciani F, Wagner P, Cascante M, Garcia-Aymerich J, Kalko S, De Mas I, Tegnér J, Escarrabill J, Agustí A, Gomez-Cabrero D. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease heterogeneity: challenges for health risk assessment, stratification and management. J Transl Med 2014; 12 Suppl 2:S3. [PMID: 25472887 PMCID: PMC4255905 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-s2-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and hypothesis Heterogeneity in clinical manifestations and disease progression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) lead to consequences for patient health risk assessment, stratification and management. Implicit with the classical "spill over" hypothesis is that COPD heterogeneity is driven by the pulmonary events of the disease. Alternatively, we hypothesized that COPD heterogeneities result from the interplay of mechanisms governing three conceptually different phenomena: 1) pulmonary disease, 2) systemic effects of COPD and 3) co-morbidity clustering, each of them with their own dynamics. Objective and method To explore the potential of a systems analysis of COPD heterogeneity focused on skeletal muscle dysfunction and on co-morbidity clustering aiming at generating predictive modeling with impact on patient management. To this end, strategies combining deterministic modeling and network medicine analyses of the Biobridge dataset were used to investigate the mechanisms of skeletal muscle dysfunction. An independent data driven analysis of co-morbidity clustering examining associated genes and pathways was performed using a large dataset (ICD9-CM data from Medicare, 13 million people). Finally, a targeted network analysis using the outcomes of the two approaches (skeletal muscle dysfunction and co-morbidity clustering) explored shared pathways between these phenomena. Results (1) Evidence of abnormal regulation of skeletal muscle bioenergetics and skeletal muscle remodeling showing a significant association with nitroso-redox disequilibrium was observed in COPD; (2) COPD patients presented higher risk for co-morbidity clustering than non-COPD patients increasing with ageing; and, (3) the on-going targeted network analyses suggests shared pathways between skeletal muscle dysfunction and co-morbidity clustering. Conclusions The results indicate the high potential of a systems approach to address COPD heterogeneity. Significant knowledge gaps were identified that are relevant to shape strategies aiming at fostering 4P Medicine for patients with COPD.
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