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Kim SQ, Spann RA, Khan MSH, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Albaugh VL, He Y, McDougal DH, Soto P, Yu S, Morrison CD. FGF21 as a mediator of adaptive changes in food intake and macronutrient preference in response to protein restriction. Neuropharmacology 2024; 255:110010. [PMID: 38797244 PMCID: PMC11156534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Free-feeding animals navigate complex nutritional landscapes in which food availability, cost, and nutritional value can vary markedly. Animals have thus developed neural mechanisms that enable the detection of nutrient restriction, and these mechanisms engage adaptive physiological and behavioral responses that limit or reverse this nutrient restriction. This review focuses specifically on dietary protein as an essential and independently defended nutrient. Adequate protein intake is required for life, and ample evidence exists to support an active defense of protein that involves behavioral changes in food intake, food preference, and food motivation, likely mediated by neural changes that increase the reward value of protein foods. Available evidence also suggests that the circulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts in the brain to coordinate these adaptive changes in food intake, making it a unique endocrine signal that drives changes in macronutrient preference in the context of protein restriction. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Food intake and feeding states".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Q Kim
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Redin A Spann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | | | | | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Vance L Albaugh
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA; Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - David H McDougal
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Paul Soto
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70810, USA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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Ribeiro RV, Senior AM, Simpson SJ, Tan J, Raubenheimer D, Le Couteur D, Macia L, Holmes A, Eberhard J, O'Sullivan J, Koay YC, Kanjrawi A, Yang J, Kim T, Gosby A. Rapid benefits in older age from transition to whole food diet regardless of protein source or fat to carbohydrate ratio: Arandomised control trial. Aging Cell 2024:e14276. [PMID: 39011855 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets reduces the risk of chronic conditions. The interaction between protein source and other macronutrients-fat (F) and carbohydrate (C)-has yet to be investigated. The aim was to assess the main and interactive effects of protein-source (plant vs. animal) and F:C (high or low) and the transition from an Australian diet to a whole food diet on various health markers in older individuals. This single-blinded, parallel, randomised experimental trial used a 2 × 2 factorial design to compare pro-vegetarian (70:30 plant to animal) versus omnivorous (50:50 plant to animal) diets at 14% protein and varying fat-to-carbohydrate ratios (high fat ~40% vs. low fat ~30%) over 4 weeks. Study foods were provided, alcohol consumption was discouraged, and dietary intake was determined through food records. Analysis included both RCT and observational data. Changes in appetite, palatability of diets, and dietary intake were assessed. Body composition, muscle strength, function, gut microbiome, and cardiometabolic health parameters were measured. Data from 113 (of the 128 randomised) individuals aged 65-75 years were analysed. Pro-vegetarian diets reduced diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and glucose levels. Moreover, the overall sample exhibited increased short-chain fatty acids and FGF21 levels, as well as improvements in body composition, function, and cardio-metabolic parameters irrespective of dietary treatment. Transitioning to a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, fibre, and moderate protein was associated with improved health markers in older age, with added benefits from pro-vegetarian diets. Further research on long-term effects is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosilene V Ribeiro
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jian Tan
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Chronic Disease Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and Ageing and Alzheimers Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Chronic Disease Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joerg Eberhard
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John O'Sullivan
- Cardiometabolic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yen Chin Koay
- Cardiometabolic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alisar Kanjrawi
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jean Yang
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taiyun Kim
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison Gosby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Wu CT, Magaña DG, Roshgadol J, Tian L, Ryan KK. Dietary protein restriction diminishes sucrose reward and reduces sucrose-evoked mesolimbic dopamine signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.21.600074. [PMID: 38979357 PMCID: PMC11230173 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.600074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Objective A growing literature suggests manipulating dietary protein status decreases sweet consumption in rodents and in humans. Underlying neurocircuit mechanisms have not yet been determined, but previous work points towards hedonic rather than homeostatic pathways. Here we hypothesized that a history of protein restriction reduces sucrose seeking by altering mesolimbic dopamine signaling. Methods We tested this hypothesis using established behavioral tests of palatability and motivation, including the 'palatability contrast' and conditioned place preference (CPP) tests. We used modern optical sensors for measuring real-time nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine dynamics during sucrose consumption, via fiber photometry, in male C57/Bl6J mice maintained on low-protein high-carbohydrate (LPHC) or control (CON) diet for ∼5 weeks. Results A history of protein restriction decreased the consumption of a sucrose 'dessert' in sated mice by ∼50% compared to controls [T-test, p< 0.05]. The dopamine release in NAc during sucrose consumption was reduced, also by ∼50%, in LPHC-fed mice compared to CON [T-test, p< 0.01]. Furthermore, LPHC-feeding blocked the sucrose-conditioned place preference we observed in CON-fed mice [paired T-test, p< 0.05], indicating reduced motivation. This was accompanied by a 33% decrease in neuronal activation of the NAc core, as measured by c-Fos immunolabeling from brains collected directly after the CPP test. Conclusions Despite ongoing efforts to promote healthier dietary habits, adherence to recommendations aimed at reducing the intake of added sugars and processed sweets remains challenging. This study highlights chronic dietary protein restriction as a nutritional intervention that suppresses the motivation for sucrose intake, via blunted sucrose-evoke dopamine release in NAc.
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Babygirija R, Sonsalla MM, Mill J, James I, Han JH, Green CL, Calubag MF, Wade G, Tobon A, Michael J, Trautman MM, Matoska R, Yeh CY, Grunow I, Pak HH, Rigby MJ, Baldwin DA, Niemi NM, Denu JM, Puglielli L, Simcox J, Lamming DW. Protein restriction slows the development and progression of pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5217. [PMID: 38890307 PMCID: PMC11189507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein is a critical regulator of metabolic health and aging. Low protein diets are associated with healthy aging in humans, and dietary protein restriction extends the lifespan and healthspan of mice. In this study, we examined the effect of protein restriction (PR) on metabolic health and the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the 3xTg mouse model of AD. Here, we show that PR promotes leanness and glycemic control in 3xTg mice, specifically rescuing the glucose intolerance of 3xTg females. PR induces sex-specific alterations in circulating and brain metabolites, downregulating sphingolipid subclasses in 3xTg females. PR also reduces AD pathology and mTORC1 activity, increases autophagy, and improves the cognition of 3xTg mice. Finally, PR improves the survival of 3xTg mice. Our results suggest that PR or pharmaceutical interventions that mimic the effects of this diet may hold promise as a treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reji Babygirija
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle M Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jericha Mill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Isabella James
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jessica H Han
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mariah F Calubag
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gina Wade
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Anna Tobon
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John Michael
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michaela M Trautman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Matoska
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chung-Yang Yeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Isaac Grunow
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Heidi H Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael J Rigby
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dominique A Baldwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Natalie M Niemi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Denu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judith Simcox
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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5
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Trautman ME, Green CL, MacArthur MR, Chaiyakul K, Alam YH, Yeh CY, Babygirija R, James I, Gilpin M, Zelenovskiy E, Green M, Marshall RN, Sonsalla MM, Flores V, Simcox JA, Ong IM, Malecki KC, Jang C, Lamming DW. Dietary isoleucine content defines the metabolic and molecular response to a Western diet. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596340. [PMID: 38895446 PMCID: PMC11185563 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The amino acid composition of the diet has recently emerged as a critical regulator of metabolic health. Consumption of the branched-chain amino acid isoleucine is positively correlated with body mass index in humans, and reducing dietary levels of isoleucine rapidly improves the metabolic health of diet-induced obese male C57BL/6J mice. However, it is unknown how sex, strain, and dietary isoleucine intake may interact to impact the response to a Western Diet (WD). Here, we find that although the magnitude of the effect varies by sex and strain, reducing dietary levels of isoleucine protects C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice of both sexes from the deleterious metabolic effects of a WD, while increasing dietary levels of isoleucine impairs aspects of metabolic health. Despite broadly positive responses across all sexes and strains to reduced isoleucine, the molecular response of each sex and strain is highly distinctive. Using a multi-omics approach, we identify a core sex- and strain- independent molecular response to dietary isoleucine, and identify mega-clusters of differentially expressed hepatic genes, metabolites, and lipids associated with each phenotype. Intriguingly, the metabolic effects of reduced isoleucine in mice are not associated with FGF21 - and we find that in humans plasma FGF21 levels are likewise not associated with dietary levels of isoleucine. Finally, we find that foods contain a range of isoleucine levels, and that consumption of dietary isoleucine is lower in humans with healthy eating habits. Our results demonstrate that the dietary level of isoleucine is critical in the metabolic and molecular response to a WD, and suggest that lowering dietary levels of isoleucine may be an innovative and translatable strategy to protect from the negative metabolic consequences of a WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela E. Trautman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Cara L. Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Michael R. MacArthur
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Krittisak Chaiyakul
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yasmine H. Alam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chung-Yang Yeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Isabella James
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Gilpin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Esther Zelenovskiy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Madelyn Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Ryan N. Marshall
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Michelle M. Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Victoria Flores
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Judith A Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Irene M. Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kristen C. Malecki
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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6
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Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Morrison CD, Neuhuber WL. Hepatic interoception in health and disease. Auton Neurosci 2024; 253:103174. [PMID: 38579493 PMCID: PMC11129274 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a large organ with crucial functions in metabolism and immune defense, as well as blood homeostasis and detoxification, and it is clearly in bidirectional communication with the brain and rest of the body via both neural and humoral pathways. A host of neural sensory mechanisms have been proposed, but in contrast to the gut-brain axis, details for both the exact site and molecular signaling steps of their peripheral transduction mechanisms are generally lacking. Similarly, knowledge about function-specific sensory and motor components of both vagal and spinal access pathways to the hepatic parenchyma is missing. Lack of progress largely owes to controversies regarding selectivity of vagal access pathways and extent of hepatocyte innervation. In contrast, there is considerable evidence for glucose sensors in the wall of the hepatic portal vein and their importance for glucose handling by the liver and the brain and the systemic response to hypoglycemia. As liver diseases are on the rise globally, and there are intriguing associations between liver diseases and mental illnesses, it will be important to further dissect and identify both neural and humoral pathways that mediate hepatocyte-specific signals to relevant brain areas. The question of whether and how sensations from the liver contribute to interoceptive self-awareness has not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Winfried L Neuhuber
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany.
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7
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Saito M, Nishi H, Takahashi SI, Hakuno F, Miyata I. Growth hormone resistance induced by amino acid deprivation in fao cells is independent of FGF21. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 709:149811. [PMID: 38569244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Adequate dietary intake of amino acids is imperative for normal animal growth. Our previous work using rat hepatocarcinoma Fao cells demonstrated that growth hormone (GH) resistance, coupled with a concurrent reduction in insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) mRNA levels, may underlie the growth retardation associated with a low-protein diet (LPD). In this study, we investigated whether FGF21 contributes to liver GH resistance in Fao rat hepatoma cells under amino acid deprivation conditions. Mice subjected to an LPD exhibited growth retardation, compromised GH signaling in the liver, and decreased blood IGF-1 levels compared with those on a control diet. To assess the potential involvement of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, produced in response to amino acid deficiency, in the development of GH resistance, we examined GH signaling and Igf1 mRNA levels in Fao cells cultured in amino acid-deprived medium. Despite the inhibition of Fgf21 expression by the integrated stress response inhibitor, an inhibitor of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2-activating transcription factor 4 pathway, GH resistance persisted in response to amino acid deprivation. Additionally, the introduction of FGF21 into the control medium did not impair either GH signaling or GH-induced Igf1 transcription. These data suggest that, in Fao cells, amino acid deprivation induces GH resistance independently of FGF21 activity. By shedding light on the mechanisms behind growth retardation-associated GH resistance linked to amino acid deficiencies, our findings provide valuable insights for clinicians in formulating effective treatment strategies for individuals facing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Saito
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishi
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Miyata
- Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
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8
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Khan MSH, Kim SQ, Ross RC, Corpodean F, Spann RA, Albarado DA, Fernandez-Kim SO, Clarke B, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, McDougal DH, He Y, Yu S, Albaugh VL, Soto P, Morrison CD. FGF21 acts in the brain to drive macronutrient-specific changes in behavioral motivation and brain reward signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.05.583399. [PMID: 38798313 PMCID: PMC11118293 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.583399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Dietary protein restriction induces adaptive changes in food preference, increasing protein consumption over carbohydrates or fat. We investigated whether motivation and reward signaling underpin these preferences. In an operant task, protein-restricted male mice increased their responding for liquid protein rewards, but not carbohydrate, fat, or sweet rewards. The protein restriction-induced increase in operant responding for protein was absent in Fgf21-KO mice and mice with neuron-specific deletion of the FGF21 co-receptor beta-Klotho (KlbCam2ka) mice. Fiber photometry recording of VTA dopamine neurons revealed that oral delivery of maltodextrin triggered a larger activation of dopamine neurons as compared to casein in control-fed mice, while casein produced a larger response in protein-restricted mice. This restriction-induced shift in nutrient-specific VTA dopamine signaling was lost in Fgf21-KO mice. These data demonstrate that FGF21 acts in the brain to induce a protein-specific appetite by specifically enhancing the reward value of protein-containing foods and the motivation to consume them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sora Q. Kim
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Robert C. Ross
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Florina Corpodean
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Redin A. Spann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | | | | | - Blaise Clarke
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | | | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | | | - Yanlin He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Vance L. Albaugh
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Paul Soto
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70810
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9
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Harrison SA, Rolph T, Knot M, Dubourg J. FGF21 Agonists: An Emerging Therapeutic for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis and Beyond. J Hepatol 2024:S0168-8278(24)00332-5. [PMID: 38710230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The worldwide epidemics of obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) / metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) represents a major economic burden on healthcare systems. At-risk MASH patients, defined as MASH with moderate or significant fibrosis are at higher risk of comorbidity / mortality with a significant risk of cardiovascular diseases and/or major adverse liver outcomes. Despite a high unmet medical need, there is no approved therapy to date. Several drug candidates have reached the phase 3 development stage and could lead to several potential conditional drug approvals in the coming years. Within the armamentarium of future treatment options, FGF21 analogs exhibit an interesting positioning thanks to their pleiotropic effects in addition to their significant effect on both MASH resolution and fibrosis improvement. In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical data from FGF21 analogs for MASH and explore additional potential therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Harrison
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Oxford, UK OX3 9DU; Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
| | - Tim Rolph
- Akero Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maddie Knot
- Pinnacle Clinical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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10
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Babygirija R, Sonsalla MM, Mill J, James I, Han JH, Green CL, Calubag MF, Wade G, Tobon A, Michael J, Trautman MM, Matoska R, Yeh CY, Grunow I, Pak HH, Rigby MJ, Baldwin DA, Niemi NM, Denu JM, Puglielli L, Simcox J, Lamming DW. Protein restriction slows the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease in mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3342413. [PMID: 37790423 PMCID: PMC10543316 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3342413/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary protein is a critical regulator of metabolic health and aging. Low protein diets are associated with healthy aging in humans, and many independent groups of researchers have shown that dietary protein restriction (PR) extends the lifespan and healthspan of mice. Here, we examined the effect of PR on metabolic health and the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the 3xTg mouse model of AD. We found that PR has metabolic benefits for 3xTg mice and non-transgenic controls of both sexes, promoting leanness and glycemic control in 3xTg mice and rescuing the glucose intolerance of 3xTg females. We found that PR induces sex-specific alterations in circulating metabolites and in the brain metabolome and lipidome, downregulating sphingolipid subclasses including ceramides, glucosylceramides, and sphingomyelins in 3xTg females. Consumption of a PR diet starting at 6 months of age reduced AD pathology in conjunction with reduced mTORC1 activity, increased autophagy, and had cognitive benefits for 3xTg mice. Finally, PR improved the survival of 3xTg mice. Our results demonstrate that PR slows the progression of AD at molecular and pathological levels, preserves cognition in this mouse model of AD, and suggests that PR or pharmaceutical interventions that mimic the effects of this diet may hold promise as a treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reji Babygirija
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Michelle M. Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jericha Mill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Isabella James
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jessica H. Han
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cara L. Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mariah F. Calubag
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Gina Wade
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anna Tobon
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John Michael
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michaela M. Trautman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Matoska
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chung-Yang Yeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Isaac Grunow
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Heidi H. Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael J. Rigby
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dominique A. Baldwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Natalie M. Niemi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M. Denu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judith Simcox
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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11
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Wu CT, Ryan KK. Context matters for addressing controversies in FGF21 biology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:280-281. [PMID: 38431438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Recent discoveries by Solon-Biet and colleagues highlight the importance of nutritional context for addressing current controversies in Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) biology. Through a series of complex studies, the authors explored the physiological and pharmacological effects of FGF21 on feeding behavior and energy balance under differing nutritional and metabolic statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ting Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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12
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Freire T, Clark X, Pulpitel T, Bell-Anderson K, Ribeiro R, Raubenheimer D, Crean AJ, Simpson SJ, Solon-Biet SM. Maternal macronutrient intake effects on offspring macronutrient targets and metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:743-755. [PMID: 38328970 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure in utero to maternal diet can program offspring health and susceptibility to disease. Using C57BL6/JArc mice, we investigated how maternal dietary protein to carbohydrate balance influences male and female offspring appetite and metabolic health. METHODS Dams were placed on either a low-protein (LP) or high-protein (HP) diet. Male and female offspring were placed on a food choice experiment post weaning and were then constrained to either a standard diet or Western diet. Food intake, body weight, and composition were measured, and various metabolic tests were performed at different timepoints. RESULTS Offspring from mothers fed HP diets selected a higher protein intake and had increased body weight in early life relative to offspring from LP diet-fed dams. As predicted by protein leverage theory, higher protein intake targets led to increased food intake when offspring were placed on no-choice diets, resulting in greater body weight and fat mass. The combination of an HP maternal diet and a Western diet further exacerbated this obesity phenotype and led to long-term consequences for body composition and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This work could help explain the association between elevated protein intake in humans during early life and increased risk of obesity in childhood and later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Freire
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ximonie Clark
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamara Pulpitel
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Bell-Anderson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rosilene Ribeiro
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela J Crean
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Li S, Zhong H, Wang Z, Chen J, Huang Z, Zou T, You J. Dietary protein restriction regulates skeletal muscle fiber metabolic characteristics associated with the FGF21-ERK1/2 pathway. iScience 2024; 27:109249. [PMID: 38450157 PMCID: PMC10915561 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Under conditions of dietary amino acid balance, decreasing the dietary crude protein (CP) level in pigs has a beneficial effect on meat quality. To further elucidate the mechanism, we explored the alteration of muscle fiber characteristics and key regulators related to myogenesis in the skeletal muscle of pigs fed a protein restricted diet. Compared to pigs fed a normal protein diet, dietary protein restriction significantly increased the slow-twitch muscle fiber proportion in skeletal muscle, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, the concentrations of ascorbate, biotin, palmitoleic acid, and the ratio of s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM) to s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), but the fast-twitch muscle fiber proportion, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, the concentrations of ATP, glucose-6-phosphate, SAM, and SAH in skeletal muscle, and the ratio of serum triiodothyronine (T3) to tetraiodothyronine (T4) were decreased. In conclusion, we demonstrated that dietary protein restriction induced skeletal muscle fiber remodeling association the regulation of FGF21-ERK1/2-mTORC1 signaling in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Haopeng Zhong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhouyin Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tiande Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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14
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Tokizane K, Brace CS, Imai SI. DMH Ppp1r17 neurons regulate aging and lifespan in mice through hypothalamic-adipose inter-tissue communication. Cell Metab 2024; 36:377-392.e11. [PMID: 38194970 PMCID: PMC10922643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the hypothalamus functions as a control center of aging in mammals that counteracts age-associated physiological decline through inter-tissue communications. We have identified a key neuronal subpopulation in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), marked by Ppp1r17 expression (DMHPpp1r17 neurons), that regulates aging and longevity in mice. DMHPpp1r17 neurons regulate physical activity and WAT function, including the secretion of extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT), through sympathetic nervous stimulation. Within DMHPpp1r17 neurons, the phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of Ppp1r17, regulated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG; Prkg1), affect gene expression regulating synaptic function, causing synaptic transmission dysfunction and impaired WAT function. Both DMH-specific Prkg1 knockdown, which suppresses age-associated Ppp1r17 translocation, and the chemogenetic activation of DMHPpp1r17 neurons significantly ameliorate age-associated dysfunction in WAT, increase physical activity, and extend lifespan. Thus, these findings clearly demonstrate the importance of the inter-tissue communication between the hypothalamus and WAT in mammalian aging and longevity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Tokizane
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cynthia S Brace
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shin-Ichiro Imai
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Agius T, Emsley R, Lyon A, MacArthur MR, Kiesworo K, Faivre A, Stavart L, Lambelet M, Legouis D, de Seigneux S, Golshayan D, Lazeyras F, Yeh H, Markmann JF, Uygun K, Ocampo A, Mitchell SJ, Allagnat F, Déglise S, Longchamp A. Short-term hypercaloric carbohydrate loading increases surgical stress resilience by inducing FGF21. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1073. [PMID: 38316771 PMCID: PMC10844297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction promotes resistance to surgical stress in multiple organisms. Counterintuitively, current medical protocols recommend short-term carbohydrate-rich drinks (carbohydrate loading) prior to surgery, part of a multimodal perioperative care pathway designed to enhance surgical recovery. Despite widespread clinical use, preclinical and mechanistic studies on carbohydrate loading in surgical contexts are lacking. Here we demonstrate in ad libitum-fed mice that liquid carbohydrate loading for one week drives reductions in solid food intake, while nearly doubling total caloric intake. Similarly, in humans, simple carbohydrate intake is inversely correlated with dietary protein intake. Carbohydrate loading-induced protein dilution increases expression of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) independent of caloric intake, resulting in protection in two models of surgical stress: renal and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protection is consistent across male, female, and aged mice. In vivo, amino acid add-back or genetic FGF21 deletion blocks carbohydrate loading-mediated protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finally, carbohydrate loading induction of FGF21 is associated with the induction of the canonical integrated stress response (ATF3/4, NF-kB), and oxidative metabolism (PPARγ). Together, these data support carbohydrate loading drinks prior to surgery and reveal an essential role of protein dilution via FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Agius
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raffaella Emsley
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Lyon
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael R MacArthur
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin Kiesworo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Faivre
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties and Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louis Stavart
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Lambelet
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Legouis
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties and Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Intensive Care, Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie de Seigneux
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties and Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Déla Golshayan
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francois Lazeyras
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F Markmann
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Ocampo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Déglise
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Liang Y, Chen Q, Chang Y, Han J, Yan J, Chen Z, Zhou J. Critical role of FGF21 in diabetic kidney disease: from energy metabolism to innate immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333429. [PMID: 38312833 PMCID: PMC10834771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) stands as the predominant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on a global scale, with its incidence witnessing a consistent annual rise, thereby imposing a substantial burden on public health. The pathogenesis of DKD is primarily rooted in metabolic disorders and inflammation. Recent years have seen a surge in studies highlighting the regulatory impact of energy metabolism on innate immunity, forging a significant area of research interest. Within this context, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), recognized as an energy metabolism regulator, assumes a pivotal role. Beyond its role in maintaining glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis, FGF21 exerts regulatory influence on innate immunity, concurrently inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis. Serving as a nexus between energy metabolism and innate immunity, FGF21 has evolved into a therapeutic target for diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases. While the relationship between FGF21 and DKD has garnered increased attention in recent studies, a comprehensive exploration of this association has yet to be systematically addressed. This paper seeks to fill this gap by summarizing the mechanisms through which FGF21 operates in DKD, encompassing facets of energy metabolism and innate immunity. Additionally, we aim to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of FGF21 in DKD and explore its potential role as a treatment modality for the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Han
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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17
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Larson KR, Jayakrishnan D, Soto Sauza KA, Goodson ML, Chaffin AT, Davidyan A, Pathak S, Fang Y, Gonzalez Magaña D, Miller BF, Ryan KK. FGF21 Induces Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Increases Amino Acids in Female Mice: A Potential Role for Glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae004. [PMID: 38244215 PMCID: PMC10849119 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is an intercellular signaling molecule secreted by metabolic organs, including skeletal muscle, in response to intracellular stress. FGF21 crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts via the nervous system to coordinate aspects of the adaptive starvation response, including increased lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Given its beneficial effects for hepatic lipid metabolism, pharmaceutical FGF21 analogues are used in clinical trials treatment of fatty liver disease. We predicted pharmacologic treatment with FGF21 increases HPA axis activity and skeletal muscle glucocorticoid signaling and induces skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. Here we found a short course of systemic FGF21 treatment decreased muscle protein synthesis and reduced tibialis anterior weight; this was driven primarily by its effect in female mice. Similarly, intracerebroventricular FGF21 reduced tibialis anterior muscle fiber cross-sectional area; this was more apparent among female mice than male littermates. In agreement with the reduced muscle mass, the topmost enriched metabolic pathways in plasma collected from FGF21-treated females were related to amino acid metabolism, and the relative abundance of plasma proteinogenic amino acids was increased up to 3-fold. FGF21 treatment increased hypothalamic Crh mRNA, plasma corticosterone, and adrenal weight, and increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor target genes known to reduce muscle protein synthesis and/or promote degradation. Given the proposed use of FGF21 analogues for the treatment of metabolic disease, the study is both physiologically relevant and may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlton R Larson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Devi Jayakrishnan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karla A Soto Sauza
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael L Goodson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aki T Chaffin
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arik Davidyan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Suraj Pathak
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanbin Fang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diego Gonzalez Magaña
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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18
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Garg S, Morehead LC, Bird JT, Graw S, Gies A, Storey AJ, Tackett AJ, Edmondson RD, Mackintosh SG, Byrum SD, Miousse IR. Characterization of methionine dependence in melanoma cells. Mol Omics 2024; 20:37-47. [PMID: 37782107 PMCID: PMC10903584 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction is associated with a reduction in tumor growth in preclinical studies and an increase in lifespan in animal models. The mechanism by which methionine restriction inhibits tumor growth while sparing normal cells is incompletely understood. We do know that normal cells can utilize methionine or homocysteine interchangeably (methionine independence) while most cancer cells are strictly dependent on methionine availability. Here, we compared a typical methionine dependent and a rare methionine independent melanoma cell line. We show that replacing methionine, a methyl donor, with its precursor homocysteine generally induced hypomethylation in gene promoters. This decrease was similar in methionine dependent and methionine independent cells. There was only a low level of pathway enrichment, suggesting that the hypomethylation is generalized rather than gene specific. Whole proteome and transcriptome were also analyzed. This analysis revealed that contrarily to the effect on methylation, the replacement of methionine with homocysteine had a much greater effect on the transcriptome and proteome of methionine dependent cells than methionine independent cells. Interestingly, methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A), responsible for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine, was equally strongly upregulated in both cell lines. This suggests that the absence of methionine is equally detected but triggers different outcomes in methionine dependent versus independent cells. Our analysis reveals the importance of cell cycle control, DNA damage repair, translation, nutrient sensing, oxidative stress and immune functions in the cellular response to methionine stress in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Garg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Lauren C Morehead
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Jordan T Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Stefan Graw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Allen Gies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Aaron J Storey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Rick D Edmondson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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19
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Na K, Park YJ. Protein Restriction in Metabolic Health: Lessons from Rodent Models. Nutrients 2024; 16:229. [PMID: 38257122 PMCID: PMC10819042 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumption of protein-rich diets and supplements has been increasingly advocated by individuals seeking to optimize metabolic health and mitigate the effects of aging. Protein intake is postulated to support muscle mass retention and enhance longevity, underscoring its perceived benefits in age-related metabolic regulation. However, emerging evidence presents a paradox; while moderate protein consumption contributes to health maintenance, an excessive intake is associated with an elevated risk of chronic diseases, notably obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that reducing the ratio of protein intake to macronutrients improves metabolic parameters and extends lifespan. The aim of this study is to review the current evidence concerning the metabolic effects of protein-restricted diets and their potential mechanisms. Utilizing rodent models, investigations have revealed that protein-restricted diets exert a notable influence over food intake and energy consumption, ultimately leading to body weight loss, depending on the degree of dietary protein restriction. These phenotypic alterations are primarily mediated by the FGF21 signaling pathway, whose activation is likely regulated by ATF4 and the circadian clock. The evidence suggests that protein-restricted diets as an alternative approach to calorie-restricted regimes, particularly in overweight or obese adults. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal level of restriction, duration, and long-term effects of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuhee Na
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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20
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McBride MJ, Hunter CJ, Zhang Z, TeSlaa T, Xu X, Ducker GS, Rabinowitz JD. Glycine homeostasis requires reverse SHMT flux. Cell Metab 2024; 36:103-115.e4. [PMID: 38171330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The folate-dependent enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) reversibly converts serine into glycine and a tetrahydrofolate-bound one-carbon unit. Such one-carbon unit production plays a critical role in development, the immune system, and cancer. Using rodent models, here we show that the whole-body SHMT flux acts to net consume rather than produce glycine. Pharmacological inhibition of whole-body SHMT1/2 and genetic knockout of liver SHMT2 elevated circulating glycine levels up to eight-fold. Stable-isotope tracing revealed that the liver converts glycine to serine, which is then converted by serine dehydratase into pyruvate and burned in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In response to diets deficient in serine and glycine, de novo biosynthetic flux was unaltered, but SHMT2- and serine-dehydratase-mediated catabolic flux was lower. Thus, glucose-derived serine synthesis is largely insensitive to systemic demand. Instead, circulating serine and glycine homeostasis is maintained through variable consumption, with liver SHMT2 a major glycine-consuming enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J McBride
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Craig J Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zhaoyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tara TeSlaa
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xincheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Gregory S Ducker
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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21
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Xourafa G, Korbmacher M, Roden M. Inter-organ crosstalk during development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:27-49. [PMID: 37845351 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by tissue-specific insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which result from the interplay of local abnormalities within different tissues and systemic dysregulation of tissue crosstalk. The main local mechanisms comprise metabolic (lipid) signalling, altered mitochondrial metabolism with oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and local inflammation. While the role of endocrine dysregulation in T2DM pathogenesis is well established, other forms of inter-organ crosstalk deserve closer investigation to better understand the multifactorial transition from normoglycaemia to hyperglycaemia. This narrative Review addresses the impact of certain tissue-specific messenger systems, such as metabolites, peptides and proteins and microRNAs, their secretion patterns and possible alternative transport mechanisms, such as extracellular vesicles (exosomes). The focus is on the effects of these messengers on distant organs during the development of T2DM and progression to its complications. Starting from the adipose tissue as a major organ relevant to T2DM pathophysiology, the discussion is expanded to other key tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, the endocrine pancreas and the intestine. Subsequently, this Review also sheds light on the potential of multimarker panels derived from these biomarkers and related multi-omics for the prediction of risk and progression of T2DM, novel diabetes mellitus subtypes and/or endotypes and T2DM-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Xourafa
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melis Korbmacher
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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22
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Solon-Biet SM, Clark X, Bell-Anderson K, Rusu PM, Perks R, Freire T, Pulpitel T, Senior AM, Hoy AJ, Aung O, Le Couteur DG, Raubenheimer D, Rose AJ, Conigrave AD, Simpson SJ. Toward reconciling the roles of FGF21 in protein appetite, sweet preference, and energy expenditure. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113536. [PMID: 38060447 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), an endocrine signal robustly increased by protein restriction independently of an animal's energy status, exerts profound effects on feeding behavior and metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that considering the nutritional contexts within which FGF21 is elevated can help reconcile current controversies over its roles in mediating macronutrient preference, food intake, and energy expenditure. We show that FGF21 is primarily a driver of increased protein intake in mice and that the effect of FGF21 on sweet preference depends on the carbohydrate balance of the animal. Under no-choice feeding, FGF21 infusion either increased or decreased energy expenditure depending on whether the animal was fed a high- or low-energy diet, respectively. We show that while the role of FGF21 in mediating feeding behavior is complex, its role in promoting protein appetite is robust and that the effects on sweet preference and energy expenditure are macronutrient-state-dependent effects of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Ximonie Clark
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kim Bell-Anderson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patricia M Rusu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ruth Perks
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Therese Freire
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tamara Pulpitel
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Okka Aung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Ageing and Alzheimer's Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Adam J Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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23
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Sadowska A, Poniedziałek-Czajkowska E, Mierzyński R. The Role of the FGF19 Family in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17298. [PMID: 38139126 PMCID: PMC10743406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Understanding the pathogenesis and appropriate diagnosis of GDM enables the implementation of early interventions during pregnancy that reduce the risk of maternal and fetal complications. At the same time, it provides opportunities to prevent diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases in women with GDM and their offspring in the future. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) represent a heterogeneous family of signaling proteins which play a vital role in cell proliferation and differentiation, repair of damaged tissues, wound healing, angiogenesis, and mitogenesis and also affect the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid, and hormone metabolism. Abnormalities in the signaling function of FGFs may lead to numerous pathological conditions, including metabolic diseases. The FGF19 subfamily, also known as atypical FGFs, which includes FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, is essential in regulating metabolic homeostasis and acts as a hormone while entering the systemic circulation. Many studies have pointed to the involvement of the FGF19 subfamily in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, including GDM, although the results are inconclusive. FGF19 and FGF21 are thought to be associated with insulin resistance, an essential element in the pathogenesis of GDM. FGF21 may influence placental metabolism and thus contribute to fetal growth and metabolism regulation. The observed relationship between FGF21 and increased birth weight could suggest a potential role for FGF21 in predicting future metabolic abnormalities in children born to women with GDM. In this group of patients, different mechanisms may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in women in later life, and FGF23 appears to be their promising early predictor. This study aims to present a comprehensive review of the FGF19 subfamily, emphasizing its role in GDM and predicting its long-term metabolic consequences for mothers and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elżbieta Poniedziałek-Czajkowska
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (R.M.)
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24
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Lu JF, Zhu MQ, Xia B, Zhang NN, Liu XP, Liu H, Zhang RX, Xiao JY, Yang H, Zhang YQ, Li XM, Wu JW. GDF15 is a major determinant of ketogenic diet-induced weight loss. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2165-2182.e7. [PMID: 38056430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD) has been promoted as an obesity management diet, yet its underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here we show that KD reduces energy intake and body weight in humans, pigs, and mice, accompanied by elevated circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). In GDF15- or its receptor GFRAL-deficient mice, these effects of KD disappeared, demonstrating an essential role of GDF15-GFRAL signaling in KD-mediated weight loss. Gdf15 mRNA level increases in hepatocytes upon KD feeding, and knockdown of Gdf15 by AAV8 abrogated the obesity management effect of KD in mice, corroborating a hepatic origin of GDF15 production. We show that KD activates hepatic PPARγ, which directly binds to the regulatory region of Gdf15, increasing its transcription and production. Hepatic Pparγ-knockout mice show low levels of plasma GDF15 and significantly diminished obesity management effects of KD, which could be restored by either hepatic Gdf15 overexpression or recombinant GDF15 administration. Collectively, our study reveals a previously unexplored GDF15-dependent mechanism underlying KD-mediated obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meng Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Na Na Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiao Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Ying Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Ying Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiao Miao Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Jiang Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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25
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Wu CT, Larson KR, Sims LC, Ryan KK. Dietary protein restriction modulates 'dessert' intake after a meal, via fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Physiol Behav 2023; 272:114368. [PMID: 37805134 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological administration of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) alters food choice, including that it decreases the consumption of sucrose and other sweet tastants. Conversely, endogenous secretion of FGF21 by the liver is modulated by diet, such that plasma FGF21 is increased after eating foods that have a low dietary protein: total energy (P: E) ratio. Together, these findings suggest a strategy to promote healthy eating, in which the macronutrient content of a pre-load diet could reduce the consumption of sweet desserts in sated mice. Here, we tested the prediction that individuals maintained on a low P: E diet, and offered a highly palatable sweet 'dessert' following a pre-load meal, would eat less of the sugary snack compared to controls-due to increased FGF21 signaling. In addition to decreasing sweet intake, FGF21 increases the consumption of dietary protein. Thus, we predicted that individuals maintained on the low P: E diet, and offered a very high-protein pellet as 'dessert' or snack after a meal, would eat more of the high protein pellet compared to controls, and that this depends on FGF21. We tested this in C57Bl/6J, and liver-specific FGF21-null (FGF21ΔL) null male and female mice and littermate controls. Contrary to expectation, eating a low protein pre-load did not reduce the later consumption of a sweet solution in either males or females, despite robustly increasing plasma FGF21. Rather, eating the low protein pre-load increased later consumption of a high protein pellet. This was more apparent among males and was abrogated in the FGF21ΔL mice. We conclude that physiologic induction of hepatic FGF21 by a low protein pre-load diet is not sufficient to reduce the consumption of sweet desserts, though it effectively increases the subsequent intake of dietary protein in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ting Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 196 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karlton R Larson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 196 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Landon C Sims
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 196 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 196 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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26
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Trautman ME, Braucher LN, Elliehausen C, Zhu WG, Zelenovskiy E, Green M, Sonsalla MM, Yeh CY, Hornberger TA, Konopka AR, Lamming DW. Resistance exercise protects mice from protein-induced fat accretion. eLife 2023; 12:RP91007. [PMID: 38019262 PMCID: PMC10686620 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-protein (LP) diets extend the lifespan of diverse species and are associated with improved metabolic health in both rodents and humans. Paradoxically, many athletes and bodybuilders consume high-protein (HP) diets and protein supplements, yet are both fit and metabolically healthy. Here, we examine this paradox using weight pulling, a validated progressive resistance exercise training regimen, in mice fed either an LP diet or an isocaloric HP diet. We find that despite having lower food consumption than the LP group, HP-fed mice gain significantly more fat mass than LP-fed mice when not exercising, while weight pulling protected HP-fed mice from this excess fat accretion. The HP diet augmented exercise-induced hypertrophy of the forearm flexor complex, and weight pulling ability increased more rapidly in the exercised HP-fed mice. Surprisingly, exercise did not protect from HP-induced changes in glycemic control. Our results confirm that HP diets can augment muscle hypertrophy and accelerate strength gain induced by resistance exercise without negative effects on fat mass, and also demonstrate that LP diets may be advantageous in the sedentary. Our results highlight the need to consider both dietary composition and activity, not simply calories, when taking a precision nutrition approach to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela E Trautman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin- MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Leah N Braucher
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
| | - Christian Elliehausen
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Wenyuan G Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Esther Zelenovskiy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
| | - Madelyn Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
| | - Michelle M Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Chung-Yang Yeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Adam R Konopka
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonUnited States
- Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin- MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonUnited States
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27
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Ma YN, Jiang X, Tang W, Song P. Influence of intermittent fasting on autophagy in the liver. Biosci Trends 2023; 17:335-355. [PMID: 37661370 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2023.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies have found that intermittent fasting (IF) can prevent diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and neuropathy, while in humans it has helped to alleviate metabolic syndrome, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and many other disorders. IF involves a series of coordinated metabolic and hormonal changes to maintain the organism's metabolic balance and cellular homeostasis. More importantly, IF can activate hepatic autophagy, which is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and energy balance, quality control, cell and tissue remodeling, and defense against extracellular damage and pathogens. IF affects hepatic autophagy through multiple interacting pathways and molecular mechanisms, including adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), silent mating-type information regulatory 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1), peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as well as signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms such as glucagon and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). These pathways can stimulate the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), play a cytoprotective role, downregulate the expression of aging-related molecules, and prevent the development of steatosis-associated liver tumors. By influencing the metabolism of energy and oxygen radicals as well as cellular stress response systems, IF protects hepatocytes from genetic and environmental factors. By activating hepatic autophagy, IF has a potential role in treating a variety of liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A better understanding of the effects of IF on liver autophagy may lead to new approaches for the prevention and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Tang
- International Health Care Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peipei Song
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Green CL, Trautman ME, Chaiyakul K, Jain R, Alam YH, Babygirija R, Pak HH, Sonsalla MM, Calubag MF, Yeh CY, Bleicher A, Novak G, Liu TT, Newman S, Ricke WA, Matkowskyj KA, Ong IM, Jang C, Simcox J, Lamming DW. Dietary restriction of isoleucine increases healthspan and lifespan of genetically heterogeneous mice. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1976-1995.e6. [PMID: 37939658 PMCID: PMC10655617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Low-protein diets promote health and longevity in diverse species. Restriction of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine recapitulates many of these benefits in young C57BL/6J mice. Restriction of dietary isoleucine (IleR) is sufficient to promote metabolic health and is required for many benefits of a low-protein diet in C57BL/6J males. Here, we test the hypothesis that IleR will promote healthy aging in genetically heterogeneous adult UM-HET3 mice. We find that IleR improves metabolic health in young and old HET3 mice, promoting leanness and glycemic control in both sexes, and reprograms hepatic metabolism in a sex-specific manner. IleR reduces frailty and extends the lifespan of male and female mice, but to a greater degree in males. Our results demonstrate that IleR increases healthspan and longevity in genetically diverse mice and suggests that IleR, or pharmaceuticals that mimic this effect, may have potential as a geroprotective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michaela E Trautman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Krittisak Chaiyakul
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Raghav Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yasmine H Alam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Heidi H Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michelle M Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mariah F Calubag
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Chung-Yang Yeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Anneliese Bleicher
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Grace Novak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Teresa T Liu
- George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 93705, USA
| | - Sarah Newman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Will A Ricke
- George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 93705, USA
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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29
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Zhang H, Senior AM, Saner C, Olsen NJ, Larsen SC, Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D, Heitmann BL. Evidence for the protein leverage hypothesis in preschool children prone to obesity. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:2249-2257. [PMID: 37820518 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) proposed that strict regulation of protein intake drives energy overconsumption and obesity when diets are diluted by fat and/or carbohydrates. Evidence about the PLH has been found in adults, while studies in children are limited. Thus, we aimed to test the PLH by assessing the role of dietary protein on macronutrients, energy intake, and obesity risk using data from preschool children followed for 1.3 years. METHODS 553 preschool children aged 2-6 years from the 'Healthy Start' project were included. EXPOSURES The proportion of energy intake from protein, fat, and carbohydrates collected from a 4-day dietary record. OUTCOMES Energy intake, BMI z-score, fat mass (FM) %, waist- (WHtR) and hip-height ratio (HHtR). Power function analysis was used to test the leverage of protein on energy intake. Mixture models were used to explore interactive associations of macronutrient composition on all these outcomes, with results visualized as response surfaces on the nutritional geometry. RESULTS Evidence for the PLH was confirmed in preschool children. The distribution of protein intake (% of MJ, IQR: 3.2) varied substantially less than for carbohydrate (IQR: 5.7) or fat (IQR: 6.3) intakes, suggesting protein intake is most tightly regulated. Absolute energy intake varied inversely with dietary percentage energy from protein (L = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.04). Compared to children with high fat or carbohydrate intakes, children with high dietary protein intake (>20% of MJ) had a greater decrease in WHtR and HHtR over the 1.3-year follow-up, offering evidence for the PLH in prospective analysis. But no association was observed between macronutrient distribution and changes in BMI z-score or FM%. CONCLUSIONS In this study in preschool children, protein intake was the most tightly regulated macronutrient, and energy intake was an inverse function of dietary protein concentration, indicating the evidence for protein leverage. Increases in WHtR and HHtR were principally associated with the dietary protein dilution, supporting the PLH. These findings highlight the importance of protein in children's diets, which seems to have significant implications for childhood obesity risk and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhang
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, DK 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christoph Saner
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052 Australia
| | - Nanna J Olsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, DK 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sofus C Larsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, DK 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Berit L Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, DK 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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30
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Levy JL, Mirek ET, Rodriguez EM, Zalma B, Burns J, Jonsson WO, Sampath H, Staschke KA, Wek RC, Anthony TG. GCN2 is required to maintain core body temperature in mice during acute cold. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E624-E637. [PMID: 37792040 PMCID: PMC10864021 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00181.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonshivering thermogenesis in rodents requires macronutrients to fuel the generation of heat during hypothermic conditions. In this study, we examined the role of the nutrient sensing kinase, general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) in directing adaptive thermogenesis during acute cold exposure in mice. We hypothesized that GCN2 is required for adaptation to acute cold stress via activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) resulting in liver production of FGF21 and increased amino acid transport to support nonshivering thermogenesis. In alignment with our hypothesis, female and male mice lacking GCN2 failed to adequately increase energy expenditure and veered into torpor. Mice administered a small molecule inhibitor of GCN2 were also profoundly intolerant to acute cold stress. Gcn2 deletion also impeded liver-derived FGF21 but in males only. Within the brown adipose tissue (BAT), acute cold exposure increased ISR activation and its transcriptional execution in males and females. RNA sequencing in BAT identified transcripts that encode actomyosin mechanics and transmembrane transport as requiring GCN2 during cold exposure. These transcripts included class II myosin heavy chain and amino acid transporters, critical for maximal thermogenesis during cold stress. Importantly, Gcn2 deletion corresponded with higher circulating amino acids and lower intracellular amino acids in the BAT during cold stress. In conclusion, we identify a sex-independent role for GCN2 activation to support adaptive thermogenesis via uptake of amino acids into brown adipose.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This paper details the discovery that GCN2 activation is required in both male and female mice to maintain core body temperature during acute cold exposure. The results point to a novel role for GCN2 in supporting adaptive thermogenesis via amino acid transport and actomyosin mechanics in brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Levy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Emily T Mirek
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Esther M Rodriguez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Brian Zalma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jeffrey Burns
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - William O Jonsson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Harini Sampath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Kirk A Staschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
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31
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Ramne S, Duizer L, Nielsen MS, Jørgensen NR, Svenningsen JS, Grarup N, Sjödin A, Raben A, Gillum MP. Meal sugar-protein balance determines postprandial FGF21 response in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E491-E499. [PMID: 37729024 PMCID: PMC10874651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00241.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Biological mechanisms to promote dietary balance remain unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been suggested to contribute to such potential regulation considering that FGF21 1) is genetically associated with carbohydrate/sugar and protein intake in opposite directions, 2) is secreted after sugar ingestion and protein restriction, and 3) pharmacologically reduces sugar and increases protein intake in rodents. To gain insight of the nature of this potential regulation, we aimed to study macronutrient interactions in the secretory regulation of FGF21 in healthy humans. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, crossover meal study (NCT05061485), wherein healthy volunteers consumed a sucrose drink, a sucrose + protein drink, and a sucrose + fat drink (matched sucrose content), and compared postprandial FGF21 responses between the three macronutrient combinations. Protein suppressed the sucrose-induced FGF21 secretion [incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for sucrose 484 ± 127 vs. sucrose + protein -35 ± 49 pg/mL × h, P < 0.001]. The same could not be demonstrated for fat (iAUC 319 ± 102 pg/mL × h, P = 203 for sucrose + fat vs. sucrose). We found no indications that regulators of glycemic homeostasis could explain this effect. This indicates that FGF21 responds to disproportionate intake of sucrose relative to protein acutely within a meal, and that protein outweighs sucrose in FGF21 regulation. Together with previous findings, our results suggests that FGF21 might act to promote macronutrient balance and sufficient protein intake.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we test the interactions between sugar, protein, and fat in human FGF21 regulation and demonstrate that protein, but not fat, suppresses sugar-induced FGF21 secretion. This indicates that protein outweighs the effects of sugar in the secretory regulation of FGF21, and could suggest that the nutrient-specific appetite-regulatory actions of FGF21 might prioritize ensuring sufficient protein intake over limiting sugar intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Ramne
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisanne Duizer
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette S Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens S Svenningsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ. Protein appetite as an integrator in the obesity system: the protein leverage hypothesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220212. [PMID: 37661737 PMCID: PMC10475875 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the large volume and extensive range of obesity research, there is substantial disagreement on the causes and effective preventative strategies. We suggest the field will benefit from greater emphasis on integrative approaches that examine how various potential contributors interact, rather than regarding them as competing explanations. We demonstrate the application of nutritional geometry, a multi-nutrient integrative framework developed in the ecological sciences, to obesity research. Such studies have shown that humans, like many other species, regulate protein intake more strongly than other dietary components, and consequently if dietary protein is diluted there is a compensatory increase in food intake-a process called protein leverage. The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) proposes that the dilution of protein in modern food supplies by fat and carbohydrate-rich highly processed foods has resulted in increased energy intake through protein leverage. We present evidence for the PLH from a variety of sources (mechanistic, experimental and observational), and show that this mechanism is compatible with many other findings and theories in obesity research. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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33
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Elmansi AM, Miller RA. Coordinated transcriptional upregulation of oxidative metabolism proteins in long-lived endocrine mutant mice. GeroScience 2023; 45:2967-2981. [PMID: 37273159 PMCID: PMC10643730 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), which extends lifespan in rodents, leads to increased hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), with parallel changes in proteins and their mRNAs. Genetic mutants that extend lifespan, including growth hormone receptor knockout (GHRKO) and Snell dwarf (SD) mice, have lower respiratory quotient, suggesting increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation, but the molecular mechanism(s) of this metabolic shift have not yet been worked out. Here we show that both GHRKO and SD mice have significantly higher mRNA and protein levels of enzymes involved in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, multiple subunits of OXPHOS complexes I-IV are upregulated in GHRKO and SD livers, and Complex V subunit ATP5a is upregulated in liver of GHRKO mice. Expression of these genes is regulated by a group of nuclear receptors and transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and estrogen-related receptors (ERRs). We found that levels of these nuclear receptors and their co-activator PGC-1α were unchanged or downregulated in liver of GHRKO and SD mice. In contrast, NCOR1, a co-repressor for the same receptors, was significantly downregulated in the two long-lived mouse models, suggesting a plausible mechanism for the changes in FAO and OXPHOS proteins. Hepatic levels of HDAC3, a co-factor for NCOR1 transcriptional repression, were also downregulated. The role of NCOR1 is well established in the contexts of cancer and metabolic disease, but may provide new mechanistic insights into metabolic control in long-lived mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Elmansi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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34
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Ağaçdiken A, Göktaş Z. Fluctuations of serum fibroblast growth factor-21 levels in prolonged fasting in male adults. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 57:144-150. [PMID: 37739649 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF21) is a significant protein in the process of adaptation to fasting. The aim of this cross-sectional study to examine the effects of fasting on serum FGF21 levels, nutritional status, and anthropometric measurements of adult males during prolonged Ramadan fasting. METHODS This study included a total of 12 healthy individuals with normal body mass index, between the ages of 18-35. All individuals fasted for 16 h each day for 29 days of Ramadan. A questionnaire was administered to determine individuals' general characteristics and nutritional habits. Anthropometric measurements, 24-h dietary recall, and physical activities were recorded, and blood samples were collected four times in the following periods: before Ramadan, 1st week of Ramadan, 3rd week of Ramadan and 4 weeks after Ramadan. RESULTS It was observed that serum FGF21 levels increased until the 1st week of fasting. Remarkably, FGF21 levels declined in most subjects during the late phase of fasting and continued to decrease until 4 weeks after fasting. There was a positive correlation between serum FGF21 levels and protein intake at the 3rd week of fasting. Individuals' PAL and energy expenditure increased during fasting and continued to increase until 4 weeks after fasting. Energy intake, on the other hand, decreased from baseline until 4 weeks after fasting. CONCLUSION FGF21 serum levels may show an increase during fasting, however in long-term fasting periods like Ramadan it may decrease back to the beginning levels, therefore, FGF21 serum levels must be evaluated carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan Ağaçdiken
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Göktaş
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
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35
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Lucienne M, Gerlini R, Rathkolb B, Calzada-Wack J, Forny P, Wueest S, Kaech A, Traversi F, Forny M, Bürer C, Aguilar-Pimentel A, Irmler M, Beckers J, Sauer S, Kölker S, Dewulf JP, Bommer GT, Hoces D, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Rozman J, Froese DS, Baumgartner MR, de Angelis MH. Insights into energy balance dysregulation from a mouse model of methylmalonic aciduria. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2717-2734. [PMID: 37369025 PMCID: PMC10460489 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited disorders of mitochondrial metabolism, including isolated methylmalonic aciduria, present unique challenges to energetic homeostasis by disrupting energy-producing pathways. To better understand global responses to energy shortage, we investigated a hemizygous mouse model of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (Mmut)-type methylmalonic aciduria. We found Mmut mutant mice to have reduced appetite, energy expenditure and body mass compared with littermate controls, along with a relative reduction in lean mass but increase in fat mass. Brown adipose tissue showed a process of whitening, in line with lower body surface temperature and lesser ability to cope with cold challenge. Mutant mice had dysregulated plasma glucose, delayed glucose clearance and a lesser ability to regulate energy sources when switching from the fed to fasted state, while liver investigations indicated metabolite accumulation and altered expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and Fgf21-controlled pathways. Together, these shed light on the mechanisms and adaptations behind energy imbalance in methylmalonic aciduria and provide insight into metabolic responses to chronic energy shortage, which may have important implications for disease understanding and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lucienne
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- radiz – Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Gerlini
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Forny
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children’s Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Traversi
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merima Forny
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Bürer
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Sauer
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joseph P Dewulf
- Department of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido T Bommer
- Department of Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Hoces
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- radiz – Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- radiz – Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Abstract
Amino acids derived from protein digestion are important nutrients for the growth and maintenance of organisms. Approximately half of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids can be synthesized by mammalian organisms, while the other half are essential and must be acquired from the nutrition. Absorption of amino acids is mediated by a set of amino acid transporters together with transport of di- and tripeptides. They provide amino acids for systemic needs and for enterocyte metabolism. Absorption is largely complete at the end of the small intestine. The large intestine mediates the uptake of amino acids derived from bacterial metabolism and endogenous sources. Lack of amino acid transporters and peptide transporter delays the absorption of amino acids and changes sensing and usage of amino acids by the intestine. This can affect metabolic health through amino acid restriction, sensing of amino acids, and production of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;
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Vankrunkelsven W, Thiessen S, Derde S, Vervoort E, Derese I, Pintelon I, Matheussen H, Jans A, Goossens C, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G, Vanhorebeek I. Development of muscle weakness in a mouse model of critical illness: does fibroblast growth factor 21 play a role? Skelet Muscle 2023; 13:12. [PMID: 37537627 PMCID: PMC10401744 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-023-00320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical illness is hallmarked by severe stress and organ damage. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been shown to rise during critical illness. FGF21 is a pleiotropic hormone that mediates adaptive responses to tissue injury and repair in various chronic pathological conditions. Animal studies have suggested that the critical illness-induced rise in FGF21 may to a certain extent protect against acute lung, liver, kidney and brain injury. However, FGF21 has also been shown to mediate fasting-induced loss of muscle mass and force. Such loss of muscle mass and force is a frequent problem of critically ill patients, associated with adverse outcome. In the present study, we therefore investigated whether the critical illness-induced acute rise in FGF21 is muscle-protective or rather contributes to the pathophysiology of critical illness-induced muscle weakness. METHODS In a catheterised mouse model of critical illness induced by surgery and sepsis, we first assessed the effects of genetic FGF21 inactivation, and hence the inability to acutely increase FGF21, on survival, body weight, muscle wasting and weakness, and markers of muscle cellular stress and dysfunction in acute (30 h) and prolonged (5 days) critical illness. Secondly, we assessed whether any effects were mirrored by supplementing an FGF21 analogue (LY2405319) in prolonged critical illness. RESULTS FGF21 was not required for survival of sepsis. Genetic FGF21 inactivation aggravated the critical illness-induced body weight loss (p = 0.0003), loss of muscle force (p = 0.03) and shift to smaller myofibers. This was accompanied by a more pronounced rise in markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress in muscle, without effects on impairments in mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities or autophagy activation. Supplementing critically ill mice with LY2405319 did not affect survival, muscle force or weight, or markers of muscle cellular stress/dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous FGF21 is not required for sepsis survival, but may partially protect muscle force and may reduce cellular stress in muscle. Exogenous FGF21 supplementation failed to improve muscle force or cellular stress, not supporting the clinical applicability of FGF21 supplementation to protect against muscle weakness during critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Vankrunkelsven
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Thiessen
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Derde
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Vervoort
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Derese
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Matheussen
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander Jans
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chloë Goossens
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Langouche
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vanhorebeek
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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38
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Rodriguez-Murguia N, Malacara JM, Kusnir D, Siniego A, Melendez-Rios D, Raubenheimer D, Simpson S, Martinez-Cordero C. Testing for Protein Leverage in Patients with Gastric Bypass: A Pilot Study. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2023; 79:355-360. [PMID: 37536296 PMCID: PMC10614273 DOI: 10.1159/000532125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein leverage (PL) is the phenomenon whereby a dominant appetite for protein drives overconsumption of energy with a decline in the ratio of protein to fat and carbohydrate in the diet. PL has been independently verified in several randomized control trials, and its predictions are supported by diet surveillance data. Our aim in the present study was to test whether surgical intervention through gastric bypass will ameliorate the PL effect. METHODS Ten patients with gastric bypass (2-5 years postsurgical time) were given ad libitum access to study food comprising 10%, 15%, or 25% protein and no access to other foods for 3 days while controlling food palatability and variety. Food intake was measured, and energy and nutrient intakes were calculated. Body weight, blood chemistry, lipid profile, hormones (insulin, leptin, and ghrelin), and creatinine were determined before and after each experimental period. RESULTS The gastric bypass patients in our study did not show evidence for protein intake regulation as predicted under PL but ate to constant total energy intake on the 10%, 15%, and 25% protein diets with protein intake varying significantly. Patients lost weight in the three study periods, but significant weight loss was observed only on the 15% protein diet. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that gastric bypass might disengage the PL mechanism, thus ameliorating an appetite-specific mechanism that drives energy overconsumption in modern food environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Santos EW, Dias CC, Fock RA, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Zheng YM, Wang YX, Borelli P. Protein restriction impairs the response activation/responsivity of MAPK signaling pathway of hematopoietic stem cells. Nutr Res 2023; 116:12-23. [PMID: 37320947 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein restriction (PR) leads to bone marrow hypoplasia with changes in stromal cellularity components of the extracellular matrix in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, the underlying signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesize that PR impairs the HSC mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway response activation. Our aim is to evaluate the activation of MAPK and interleukin-3 (IL-3) proteins in HSC to explain PR-induced bone marrow hypoplasia, which causes altered proliferation and differentiation. C57BL/6 male mice were subjected to a low-protein diet (2% protein) or normoproteic (12% protein). PKC, PLCγ2, CaMKII, AKT, STAT3/5, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38d phosphorylation were evaluated by flow cytometry, and GATA1/2, PU.1, C/EBPα, NF-E2, and Ikz-3 genes (mRNAs) assessed by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction. Pathway proteins, such as PLCγ2, JAK2, STAT3/5, PKC, and RAS do not respond to the IL-3 stimulus in PR, leading to lower activation of ERK1/2 and Ca2+ signaling pathways, consequently lowering the production of hematopoietic transcription factors. Colony forming units granulocyte-macrophage and colony forming units macrophage formation are impaired in PR even after being stimulated with IL-3. Long-term hematopoietic stem cells, short-term hematopoietic stem cells, granulocyte myeloid progenitor, and megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cells were significantly reduced in PR animals. This study shows for the first time that activation of MAPK pathway key proteins in HSCs is impaired in cases of PR. Several pathway proteins, such as PLCγ2, JAK2, STAT3, PKC, and RAS do not respond to IL-3 stimulation, leading to lower activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and consequently lower production of hematopoietic transcription factors GATA1/2, PU.1, C/EBPa, NF-E2, and Ikz3. These changes result in a reduction in colony-forming units, proliferation, and differentiation, leading to hypocellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Wilson Santos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, NY, USA; Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical e Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Carvalho Dias
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical e Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical e Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Yun-Min Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, NY, USA.
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, NY, USA.
| | - Primavera Borelli
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical e Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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40
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Munoz MD, Zamudio A, McCann M, Gil V, Xu P, Liew CW. Activation of brown adipose tissue by a low-protein diet ameliorates hyperglycemia in a diabetic lipodystrophy mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11808. [PMID: 37479751 PMCID: PMC10362023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term ad libitum dietary restrictions, such as low-protein diets (LPDs), improve metabolic health and extend the life span of mice and humans. However, most studies conducted thus far have focused on the preventive effects of LPDs on metabolic syndromes. To test the therapeutic potential of LPD, we treated a lipodystrophy mouse model IRFKO (adipose-specific insulin receptor knockout) in this study. We have previously shown that IRFKO mice have profound insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and whitening of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), closely mimicking the phenotypes in lipoatrophic diabetic patients. Here, we demonstrate that 14-day of LPD (5.1% kcal from protein) feeding is sufficient to reduce postprandial blood glucose, improve insulin resistance, and normalize glucose tolerance in the IRFKO mice. This profound metabolic improvement is associated with BAT activation and increase in whole body energy expenditure. To confirm, we showed that surgical denervation of BAT attenuated the beneficial metabolic effects of LPD feeding in IRFKO mice, including the 'browning' effects on BAT and the glucose-ameliorating results. However, BAT denervation failed to affect the body weight-lowering effects of LPD. Together, our results imply a therapeutic potential to use LPD for the treatment of lipoatrophic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos David Munoz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alexa Zamudio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Maximilian McCann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Cao Y, Yang M, Song J, Jiang X, Xu S, Che L, Fang Z, Lin Y, Jin C, Feng B, Wu D, Hua L, Zhuo Y. Dietary Protein Regulates Female Estrous Cyclicity Partially via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21. Nutrients 2023; 15:3049. [PMID: 37447375 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone predominantly released in the liver, has emerged as a critical endocrine signal of dietary protein intake, but its role in the control of estrous cyclicity by dietary protein remains uncertain. To investigated the role of FGF21 and hypothalamic changes in the regulation of estrous cyclicity by dietary protein intake, female adult Sprague-Dawley rats with normal estrous cycles were fed diets with protein contents of 4% (P4), 8% (P8), 13% (P13), 18% (P18), and 23% (P23). FGF21 liver-specific knockout or wild-type mice were fed P18 or P4 diets to examine the role of liver FGF21 in the control of estrous cyclicity. Dietary protein restriction resulted in no negative effects on estrous cyclicity or ovarian follicular development when the protein content was greater than 8%. Protein restriction at 4% resulted in decreased bodyweight, compromised Kiss-1 expression in the hypothalamus, disturbed estrous cyclicity, and inhibited uterine and ovarian follicular development. The disturbed estrous cyclicity in rats that received the P4 diet was reversed after feeding with the P18 diet. Liver Fgf21 mRNA expressions and serum FGF21 levels were significantly increased as dietary protein content decreased, and loss of hepatic FGF21 delayed the onset of cyclicity disruption in rats fed with the P4 diet, possibly due to the regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1. Collectively, severe dietary protein restriction results in the cessation of estrous cyclicity and ovarian follicle development, and hepatic FGF21 and hypothalamic Kiss-1 were partially required for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxue Cao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Pet Nutrition and Health Research Center, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chao Jin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lun Hua
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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42
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Bollenbecker S, Barnes JW, Krick S. Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Development and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9734. [PMID: 37298683 PMCID: PMC10253427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their cognate receptors (FGFRs) are important biological molecules with a wide array of pleiotropic functions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefanie Krick
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (S.B.); (J.W.B.)
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43
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Flores V, Spicer AB, Sonsalla MM, Richardson NE, Yu D, Sheridan GE, Trautman ME, Babygirija R, Cheng EP, Rojas JM, Yang SE, Wakai MH, Hubbell R, Kasza I, Tomasiewicz JL, Green CL, Dantoin C, Alexander CM, Baur JA, Malecki KC, Lamming DW. Regulation of metabolic health by dietary histidine in mice. J Physiol 2023; 601:2139-2163. [PMID: 36086823 PMCID: PMC9995620 DOI: 10.1113/jp283261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-protein (LP) diets are associated with a decreased risk of diabetes in humans, and promote leanness and glycaemic control in both rodents and humans. While the effects of an LP diet on glycaemic control are mediated by reduced levels of the branched-chain amino acids, we have observed that reducing dietary levels of the other six essential amino acids leads to changes in body composition. Here, we find that dietary histidine plays a key role in the response to an LP diet in male C57BL/6J mice. Specifically reducing dietary levels of histidine by 67% reduces the weight gain of young, lean male mice, reducing both adipose and lean mass without altering glucose metabolism, and rapidly reverses diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese male mice, increasing insulin sensitivity. This normalization of metabolic health was associated not with caloric restriction or increased activity, but with increased energy expenditure. Surprisingly, the effects of histidine restriction do not require the energy balance hormone Fgf21. Histidine restriction that was started in midlife promoted leanness and glucose tolerance in aged males but not females, but did not affect frailty or lifespan in either sex. Finally, we demonstrate that variation in dietary histidine levels helps to explain body mass index differences in humans. Overall, our findings demonstrate that dietary histidine is a key regulator of weight and body composition in male mice and in humans, and suggest that reducing dietary histidine may be a translatable option for the treatment of obesity. KEY POINTS: Protein restriction (PR) promotes metabolic health in rodents and humans and extends rodent lifespan. Restriction of specific individual essential amino acids can recapitulate the benefits of PR. Reduced histidine promotes leanness and increased energy expenditure in male mice. Reduced histidine does not extend the lifespan of mice when begun in midlife. Dietary levels of histidine are positively associated with body mass index in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Flores
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alexandra B. Spicer
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Michelle M. Sonsalla
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicole E. Richardson
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Deyang Yu
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Grace E. Sheridan
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michaela E. Trautman
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Reji Babygirija
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eunhae P. Cheng
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Rojas
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shany E. Yang
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Matthew H. Wakai
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ryan Hubbell
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Cara L. Green
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Claudia Dantoin
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Caroline M. Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen C. Malecki
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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44
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Li X, Zheng K, Gu W, Hou X, Guan Y, Liu L, Hou L, Geng J, Song G. Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Level After an Oral Fat Tolerance Test is Related to Postprandial Free Fatty Acid Level. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1567-1576. [PMID: 37283621 PMCID: PMC10241254 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s410457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The relationship between blood lipids and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 in the postprandial period remains unclear. To investigate this, we observed the changes in blood lipid levels after an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and examined the short-term effects on FGF21. Patients and Methods A total of 158 non-diabetic adult volunteers who underwent OFTT were randomly recruited from the Hebei General Hospital. Participants were stratified into three groups according to fasting and 4-h postprandial triglyceride levels: normal fat tolerance (NFT), impaired fat tolerance (IFT), and hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Blood samples were collected at 2-h intervals for 6 h. Circulating total cholesterol levels, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFA), and FGF21 were assessed. Results Fasting FGF21 levels increased progressively in the NFT, IFT, and HTG groups and were strongly correlated with FFA levels (r = 0.531, P < 0.001). During the OFTT, the FFA and FGF21 levels decreased and then increased after reaching a nadir at 2 and 4 h, respectively. After adjusting for potential risk factors, the FFA incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was an independent influencing factor of FGF21 iAUC (P = 0.005). Conclusion Fasting FGF21 levels showed a strong positive correlation with FFA. During OFTT, changes in FGF21 levels were closely associated with alterations in FFA exogenously changed by OFTT. Moreover, they were linearly related to each other. Therefore, the serum FGF21 level is positively correlated to the FFA level in the postprandial period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunjie Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
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45
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Lee HJ, Shon J, Park YJ. Association of NAFLD with FGF21 Polygenic Hazard Score, and Its Interaction with Protein Intake Level in Korean Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:2385. [PMID: 37242268 PMCID: PMC10220598 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone that participates in the regulation of energy homeostasis and is induced by dietary protein restriction. Preclinical studies have suggested that FGF21 induction exerts a protective effect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), while human studies have revealed elevated levels of and potential resistance to FGF21 in patients with NAFLD. However, whether the FGF21 pathway also contributes to NAFLD risk at the genetic level remains uncertain. A few attempts to investigate the impact of individual genetic variants at the loci encoding FGF21 and its receptors on NAFLD risk have failed to establish a clear association due to a limited effect size. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) develop a polygenic hazard score (PHS) for FGF21-related loci that are associated with NAFLD risk and (2) investigate the effect of its interaction with protein intake level on NAFLD risk. Data on 3501 participants of the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (Ansan-Ansung) were analyzed. Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms of fibroblast growth factor receptors and beta-klotho were selected for PHS determination using forward stepwise analysis. The association between the PHS and NAFLD was validated (p-trend: 0.0171 for men and <0.0001 for women). Moreover, the association was significantly modulated by the protein intake level in all participants as well as women (p-interaction = 0.0189 and 0.0131, respectively) but not in men. In particular, the women with the lowest PHS values and a protein intake lower than the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) exhibited a greater NAFLD risk (HR = 2.021, p-trend = 0.0016) than those with an intake equal to or greater than the RNI; however, those with higher PHS values had a high risk, regardless of protein intake level. These findings demonstrate the contribution of FGF21-related genetic variants and restricted protein intake to NAFLD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Shon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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46
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Wang L, Wang F, Xiong L, Song H, Ren B, Shen X. A nexus of dietary restriction and gut microbiota: Recent insights into metabolic health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37154021 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2202750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, dietary restriction (DR) has received considerable attention for its promising effects on metabolism and longevity. Previous studies on DR have mainly focused on the health benefits produced by different restriction patterns, whereas comprehensive reviews of the role of gut microbiota during DR are limited. In this review, we discuss the effects of caloric restriction, fasting, protein restriction, and amino acid restriction from a microbiome perspective. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms by which DR affects metabolic health by regulating intestinal homeostasis are summarized. Specifically, we reviewed the impacts of different DRs on specific gut microbiota. Additionally, we put forward the limitations of the current research and suggest the development of personalized microbes-directed DR for different populations and corresponding next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate microbiological analysis. DR effectively modulates the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. In particular, DR markedly affects the rhythmic oscillation of microbes which may be related to the circadian clock system. Moreover, increasing evidence supports that DR profoundly improves metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and cognitive impairment. To summarize, DR may be an effective and executable dietary manipulation strategy for maintaining metabolic health, however, further investigation is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Haizhao Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Ren
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinchun Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
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47
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Weber SL, Hustedt K, Schnepel N, Visscher C, Muscher-Banse AS. Modulation of GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 Pathway in the Liver and Induction of FGF21 in Young Goats Fed a Protein- and/or Phosphorus-Reduced Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087153. [PMID: 37108315 PMCID: PMC10138370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals respond to amino acid (AA) deficiency by initiating an AA response pathway (AAR) that involves the activation of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and activation of transcription factor 4 (ATF4). In this study, the effects of protein (N) and/or phosphorus (P) restriction on the GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway in the liver and the induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in young goats were investigated. An N-reduced diet resulted in a decrease in circulating essential AA (EAA) and an increase in non-essential AA (NEAA), as well as an increase in hepatic mRNA expression of GCN2 and ATF4 and protein expression of GCN2. Dietary N restriction robustly increased both hepatic FGF21 mRNA expression and circulating FGF21 levels. Accordingly, numerous significant correlations demonstrated the effects of the AA profile on the AAR pathway and confirmed an association. Furthermore, activation of the AAR pathway depended on the sufficient availability of P. When dietary P was restricted, the GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway was not initiated, and no increase in FGF21 was observed. These results illustrate how the AAR pathway responds to N- and/or P-reduced diets in ruminants, thus demonstrating the complexity of dietary component changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Hustedt
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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48
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Sonsalla MM, Lamming DW. Geroprotective interventions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2023:10.1007/s11357-023-00782-w. [PMID: 37022634 PMCID: PMC10400530 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease. As the population ages, the increasing prevalence of AD threatens massive healthcare costs in the coming decades. Unfortunately, traditional drug development efforts for AD have proven largely unsuccessful. A geroscience approach to AD suggests that since aging is the main driver of AD, targeting aging itself may be an effective way to prevent or treat AD. Here, we discuss the effectiveness of geroprotective interventions on AD pathology and cognition in the widely utilized triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) which develops both β-amyloid and tau pathologies characteristic of human AD, as well as cognitive deficits. We discuss the beneficial impacts of calorie restriction (CR), the gold standard for geroprotective interventions, and the effects of other dietary interventions including protein restriction. We also discuss the promising preclinical results of geroprotective pharmaceuticals, including rapamycin and medications for type 2 diabetes. Though these interventions and treatments have beneficial effects in the 3xTg-AD model, there is no guarantee that they will be as effective in humans, and we discuss the need to examine these interventions in additional animal models as well as the urgent need to test if some of these approaches can be translated from the lab to the bedside for the treatment of humans with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2500 Overlook Terrace, VAH C3127 Research 151, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2500 Overlook Terrace, VAH C3127 Research 151, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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49
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Garg S, Morehead LC, Bird JT, Graw S, Gies A, Storey AJ, Tackett AJ, Edmondson RD, Mackintosh SG, Byrum SD, Miousse IR. Characterization of methionine dependence in melanoma cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.05.535723. [PMID: 37066392 PMCID: PMC10104025 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.05.535723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction is associated with a reduction in tumor growth in preclinical studies and an increase in lifespan in animal models. The mechanism by which methionine restriction inhibits tumor growth while sparing normal cells is incompletely understood. We do know that normal cells can utilize methionine or homocysteine interchangeably (methionine independence) while most cancer cells are strictly dependent on methionine availability. Here, we compared a typical methionine dependent and a rare methionine independent melanoma cell line. We show that replacing methionine, a methyl donor, with its precursor homocysteine generally induced hypomethylation in gene promoters. This decrease was similar in methionine dependent and methionine independent cells. There was only a low level of pathway enrichment, suggesting that the hypomethylation is generalized rather than gene specific. Whole proteome and transcriptome were also analyzed. This analysis revealed that contrarily to the effect on methylation, the replacement of methionine with homocysteine had a much greater effect on the transcriptome and proteome of methionine dependent cells than methionine independent cells. Interestingly, methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A), responsible for the synthesis of s-adenosylmethionine from methionine, was equally strongly upregulated in both cell lines. This suggests that the absence of methionine is equally detected but triggers different outcomes in methionine dependent versus independent cells. Our analysis reveals the importance of cell cycle control, DNA damage repair, translation, nutrient sensing, oxidative stress and immune functions in the cellular response to methionine stress in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Garg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Lauren C Morehead
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Jordan T Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Stefan Graw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Allen Gies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Aaron J Storey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Rick D Edmondson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
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50
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Hope DCD, Tan TMM. Glucagon and energy expenditure; Revisiting amino acid metabolism and implications for weight loss therapy. Peptides 2023; 162:170962. [PMID: 36736539 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon receptor (GCGR)-targeted multi-agonists are being developed for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disease. GCGR activity is utilised for its favourable weight loss and metabolic properties, including increased energy expenditure (EE) and hepatic lipid metabolism. GLP1R and GIPR activities are increasingly present in a multi-agonist strategy. Due to the compound effect of increased satiety, reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure, the striking weight loss effects of these multi-agonists has been demonstrated in pre-clinical models of obesity. The precise contribution and mechanism of GCGR activity to enhanced energy expenditure and weight loss in both rodents and humans is not fully understood. In this review, our understanding of glucagon-mediated EE is explored, and an amino acid-centric paradigm contributing to this phenomenon is presented. The current progress of GCGR-targeted multi-agonists in development is also highlighted with a focus on the implications of glucagon-stimulated hypoaminoacidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C D Hope
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - T M-M Tan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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