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Bu J, Guo Y, Wu Y, Zhang R, Zhuang J, Zhao J, Sun L, Quantock AJ, Liu Z, Li W. Models for Meibomian gland dysfunction: In vivo and in vitro. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:154-165. [PMID: 38490475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the Meibomian glands (MGs) that is recognized as the leading cause of evaporative dry eye worldwide. Despite its prevalence, however, the pathophysiology of MGD remains elusive, and effective disease management continues to be a challenge. In the past 50 years, different models have been developed to illustrate the pathophysiological nature of MGD and the underlying disease mechanisms. An understanding of these models is crucial if researchers are to select an appropriate model to address specific questions related to MGD and to develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the various models of MGD, discuss their applications and limitations, and provide perspectives for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yuli Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingbin Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankai Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Le Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Andrew J Quantock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Zhang J, Zhu Z, Huang J, Yang H, Wang Q, Zhang Y. Analyzing the impact and mechanism of bisphenol A on testicular lipid metabolism in Gobiocypris rarus through integrated lipidomics and transcriptomics. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115498. [PMID: 37742580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most common environmental endocrine chemicals, known for its estrogenic effects that can interfere with male spermatogenesis. Lipids play crucial roles in sperm production, capacitation, and motility as important components of the sperm plasma membrane. However, limited research has explored whether BPA affects lipid metabolism in the testes of male fish and subsequently impacts spermatogenesis. In this study, we employed Gobiocypris rarus rare minnow as a research model and exposed them to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA (15 μg/L) for 5 weeks. We assessed sperm morphology and function and analyzed changes in testicular lipid composition and transcriptomics. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the sperm head membrane damage rate, along with reduced sperm motility and fertilization ability due to BPA exposure. Lipidomics analysis revealed that BPA increased the content of 11 lipids while decreasing the content of 6 lipids in the testes, particularly within glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and sphingolipid subclasses. Transcriptomics results indicated significant up-regulation in pathways such as cholesterol metabolism, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling, and fat digestion and absorption, with significant alterations in key genes related to lipid metabolism, including apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein C-I, and translocator protein. These findings suggest that BPA exposure can induce testicular lipid metabolism disruption in rare minnows, potentially resulting in abnormalities in rare minnow spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Zhang
- Shaanxi key laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an 710032, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiqin Huang
- Shaanxi key laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qijun Wang
- Shaanxi key laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Le Guillou S, Ciobotaru C, Laubier J, Castille J, Aujean E, Hue-Beauvais C, Cherbuy C, Liuu S, Henry C, David A, Jaffrezic F, Laloë D, Charlier M, Alexandre-Gouabau MC, Le Provost F. Specific Milk Composition of miR-30b Transgenic Mice Associated with Early Duodenum Maturation in Offspring with Lasting Consequences for Growth. J Nutr 2023; 153:2808-2826. [PMID: 37543213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk composition is complex and includes numerous components essential for offspring growth and development. In addition to the high abundance of miR-30b microRNA, milk produced by the transgenic mouse model of miR-30b-mammary deregulation displays a significantly altered fatty acid profile. Moreover, wild-type adopted pups fed miR-30b milk present an early growth defect. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the consequences of miR-30b milk feeding on the duodenal development of wild-type neonates, a prime target of suckled milk, along with comprehensive milk phenotyping. METHODS The duodenums of wild-type pups fed miR-30b milk were extensively characterized at postnatal day (PND)-5, PND-6, and PND-15 using histological, transcriptomic, proteomic, and duodenal permeability analyses and compared with those of pups fed wild-type milk. Milk of miR-30b foster dams collected at mid-lactation was extensively analyzed using proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic approaches and hormonal immunoassays. RESULTS At PND-5, wild-type pups fed miR-30b milk showed maturation of their duodenum with 1.5-fold (P < 0.05) and 1.3-fold (P < 0.10) increased expression of Claudin-3 and Claudin-4, respectively, and changes in 8 duodenal proteins (P < 0.10), with an earlier reduction in paracellular and transcellular permeability (183 ng/mL fluorescein sulfonic acid [FSA] and 12 ng/mL horseradish peroxidase [HRP], respectively, compared with 5700 ng/mL FSA and 90 ng/mL HRP in wild-type; P < 0.001). Compared with wild-type milk, miR-30b milk displayed an increase in total lipid (219 g/L compared with 151 g/L; P < 0.05), ceramide (17.6 μM compared with 6.9 μM; P < 0.05), and sphingomyelin concentrations (163.7 μM compared with 76.3 μM; P < 0.05); overexpression of 9 proteins involved in the gut barrier (P < 0.1); and higher insulin and leptin concentrations (1.88 ng/mL and 2.04 ng/mL, respectively, compared with 0.79 ng/mL and 1.06 ng/mL; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS miR-30b milk displays significant changes in bioactive components associated with neonatal duodenal integrity and maturation, which could be involved in the earlier intestinal closure phenotype of the wild-type pups associated with a lower growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Ciobotaru
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johann Laubier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Castille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Etienne Aujean
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cathy Hue-Beauvais
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MICALIS Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Liuu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, PAPPSO, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, PAPPSO, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Agnès David
- Nantes Université, CRNH-OUEST, INRAE, UMR 1280, PhAN, Nantes, France
| | - Florence Jaffrezic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Madia Charlier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Rouland A, Masson D, Lagrost L, Vergès B, Gautier T, Bouillet B. Role of apolipoprotein C1 in lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis and diabetes: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:272. [PMID: 36471375 PMCID: PMC9724408 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C1 (apoC1) is a small size apolipoprotein whose exact role is not totally clarified but which seems to modulate significantly the metabolism of lipoproteins. ApoC1 is involved in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by inhibiting the binding of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) to VLDL-receptor (VLDL-R), to low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and to LDL receptor related protein (LRP), by reducing the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and by stimulating VLDL production, all these effects leading to increase plasma triglycerides. ApoC1 takes also part in the metabolism of high density lipoproteins (HDL) by inhibiting Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP). The functionality of apoC1 on CETP activity is impaired in diabetes that might account, at least in part, for the increased plasma CETP activity observed in patients with diabetes. Its different effects on lipoprotein metabolism with a possible role in the modulation of inflammation makes the net impact of apoC1 on cardiometabolic risk difficult to figure out and apoC1 might be considered as pro-atherogenic or anti-atherogenic depending on the overall metabolic context. Making the link between total plasma apoC1 levels and the risk of cardio-metabolic diseases is difficult due to the high exchangeability of this small protein whose biological effects might depend essentially on its association with VLDL or HDL. The role of apoC1 in humans is not entirely elucidated and further studies are needed to determine its precise role in lipid metabolism and its possible pleiotropic effects on inflammation and vascular wall biology. In this review, we will present data on apoC1 structure and distribution among lipoproteins, on the effects of apoC1 on VLDL metabolism and HDL metabolism and we will discuss the possible links between apoC1, atherosclerosis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Rouland
- grid.31151.37Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, University Hospital, Dijon, France ,grid.493090.70000 0004 4910 6615INSERM/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
| | - David Masson
- grid.493090.70000 0004 4910 6615INSERM/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France ,LipSTIC LabEx, UFR Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- grid.493090.70000 0004 4910 6615INSERM/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France ,LipSTIC LabEx, UFR Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Vergès
- grid.31151.37Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, University Hospital, Dijon, France ,grid.493090.70000 0004 4910 6615INSERM/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- grid.493090.70000 0004 4910 6615INSERM/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France ,LipSTIC LabEx, UFR Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Bouillet
- grid.31151.37Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, University Hospital, Dijon, France ,grid.493090.70000 0004 4910 6615INSERM/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France ,grid.31151.37Service Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital François Mitterrand, CHU Dijon, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
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5
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Sanjel B, Shim WS. The contribution of mouse models to understanding atopic dermatitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115177. [PMID: 35843300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a dermatological disease accompanied by dry and cracked skin with severe pruritus. Although various therapeutic strategies have been introduced to alleviate AD, it remains challenging to cure the disorder. To achieve such a goal, understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of AD is a prerequisite, requiring mouse models that properly reflect the AD phenotypes. Currently, numerous AD mouse models have been established, but each model has its own advantages and weaknesses. In this review, we categorized and summarized mouse models of AD and described their characteristics from a researcher's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babina Sanjel
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambangmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hambangmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Zhu J, Inomata T, Shih KC, Okumura Y, Fujio K, Huang T, Nagino K, Akasaki Y, Fujimoto K, Yanagawa A, Miura M, Midorikawa-Inomata A, Hirosawa K, Kuwahara M, Shokirova H, Eguchi A, Morooka Y, Chen F, Murakami A. Application of Animal Models in Interpreting Dry Eye Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:830592. [PMID: 35178415 PMCID: PMC8844459 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.830592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different pathophysiologic mechanisms are involved in the initiation, development, and outcome of dry eye disease (DED). Animal models have proven valuable and efficient in establishing ocular surface microenvironments that mimic humans, thus enabling better understanding of the pathogenesis. Several dry eye animal models, including lacrimal secretion insufficiency, evaporation, neuronal dysfunction, and environmental stress models, are related to different etiological factors. Other models may be categorized as having a multifactorial DED. In addition, there are variations in the methodological classification, including surgical lacrimal gland removal, drug-induced models, irradiation impairment, autoimmune antibody-induced models, and transgenic animals. The aforementioned models may manifest varying degrees of severity or specific pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the complexity of DED. This review aimed to summarize various dry eye animal models and evaluate their respective characteristics to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism and identify therapeutic prospects for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Takenori Inomata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kendrick Co Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuichi Okumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Fujio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tianxiang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Nagino
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Akasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Yanagawa
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akie Midorikawa-Inomata
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Hirosawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizu Kuwahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hurramhon Shokirova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Eguchi
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Morooka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Mussi N, Haque W, Robertson DM. The Association Between Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome and Meibomian Gland Disease in a Dry Eye Cohort. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:3821-3832. [PMID: 34539177 PMCID: PMC8445099 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s322461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Risk factors for metabolic syndrome include abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, high triglycerides and/or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hyperglycemia. Risk factors for metabolic syndrome have been associated with dry eye disease; however, their association with meibomian gland disease (MGD), a subtype of dry eye, is unclear. In the present study, we investigated risk factors for metabolic syndrome in a dry eye cohort with and without MGD. Methods This retrospective case-control study evaluated electronic medical records at a major urban outpatient medical center to identify patients with a known diagnosis of dry eye disease with and without MGD. Males and females were matched for age, smoking status, race, ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Patient demographics, anthropometric measurements, medical history, clinical findings, and serologies were analyzed. A diagnosis of MGD was based on clinical signs noted in the medical record. Results MGD was not associated with BMI, smoking, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension or hyperlipidemia in this dry eye cohort. MGD was associated with male sex and increasing age. While increasing age was weakly correlated with decreased low density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum lipid levels were not associated with MGD. Conclusion Importantly, we found that risk factors for metabolic syndrome are not specifically associated with an increase in MGD when compared to non-MGD dry eye subjects. While risk factors for metabolic syndrome are associated with dry eye disease, they likely reflect a chronic systemic state of low-grade inflammation that negatively impacts the function of both lacrimal and meibomian glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mussi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Waqas Haque
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Danielle M Robertson
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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8
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Xiao H, Xu Y. Overexpression of Apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Its Prognostic Significance. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e929347. [PMID: 33591959 PMCID: PMC7896428 DOI: 10.12659/msm.929347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aims of this study included 3 aspects: 1) assessing the expression of Apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and normal groups; 2) evaluating the prognostic significance of APOC1 expression in the overall survival (OS) of ccRCC patients; and 3) exploring APOC1-related signaling pathways. Material/Methods The APOC1 expression value and clinical data of ccRCC patients were obtained from the cBioPortal database. We then evaluated the association of APOC1 expression with clinical characteristics of ccRCC patients. We also assessed the correlation between APOC1 expression and clinical outcome using Kaplan-Meier method. Our work then verified the independent prognostic factors of ccRCC by Cox regression analysis. Finally, the potential role of genes co-expressed with APOC1 was revealed via functional enrichment analysis. Results Bioinformatic data revealed that APOC1 was expressed at higher levels in ccRCC tissue than in the normal group (all P<0.05). The high expression of APOC1 was associated with unfavorable prognosis of female patients (P<0.01), but not of male patients. APOC1 high expression also shortened the survival time of ccRCC patients age ≥60 years old (P<0.05). Cox regression analysis further indicated that APOC1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS of ccRCC patients. Additionally, we found that APOC1 expression was significantly associated with sex, grade, clinical stage, and T stage. Finally, enrichment analysis suggested that APOC1-associated pathways were involved in tumor growth and metastasis. Conclusions The current study indicated that APOC1 was highly expressed in ccRCC and was significantly associated with key clinical features. APOC1 appears to be an independent prognostic factor in patients with ccRCC. Importantly, APOC1 might be a potential therapeutic target for ccRCC via regulating pathways involved in cell growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yifang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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9
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Daszczuk P, Mazurek P, Pieczonka TD, Olczak A, Boryń ŁM, Kobielak K. An Intrinsic Oscillation of Gene Networks Inside Hair Follicle Stem Cells: An Additional Layer That Can Modulate Hair Stem Cell Activities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595178. [PMID: 33363148 PMCID: PMC7758224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article explores and summarizes recent progress in and the characterization of main players in the regulation and cyclic regeneration of hair follicles. The review discusses current views and discoveries on the molecular mechanisms that allow hair follicle stem cells (hfSCs) to synergistically integrate homeostasis during quiescence and activation. Discussion elaborates on a model that shows how different populations of skin stem cells coalesce intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, resulting in the maintenance of stemness and hair regenerative potential during an organism’s lifespan. Primarily, we focus on the question of how the intrinsic oscillation of gene networks in hfSCs sense and respond to the surrounding niche environment. The review also investigates the existence of a cell-autonomous mechanism and the reciprocal interactions between molecular signaling axes in hfSCs and niche components, which demonstrates its critical driving force in either the activation of whole mini-organ regeneration or quiescent homeostasis maintenance. These exciting novel discoveries in skin stem cells and the surrounding niche components propose a model of the intrinsic stem cell oscillator which is potentially instructive for translational regenerative medicine. Further studies, deciphering of the distribution of molecular signals coupled with the nature of their oscillation within the stem cells and niche environments, may impact the speed and efficiency of various approaches that could stimulate the development of self-renewal and cell-based therapies for hair follicle stem cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Daszczuk
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Mazurek
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz D Pieczonka
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Olczak
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz M Boryń
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kobielak
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Fuior EV, Gafencu AV. Apolipoprotein C1: Its Pleiotropic Effects in Lipid Metabolism and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235939. [PMID: 31779116 PMCID: PMC6928722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C1 (apoC1), the smallest of all apolipoproteins, participates in lipid transport and metabolism. In humans, APOC1 gene is in linkage disequilibrium with APOE gene on chromosome 19, a proximity that spurred its investigation. Apolipoprotein C1 associates with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and HDL and exchanges between lipoprotein classes. These interactions occur via amphipathic helix motifs, as demonstrated by biophysical studies on the wild-type polypeptide and representative mutants. Apolipoprotein C1 acts on lipoprotein receptors by inhibiting binding mediated by apolipoprotein E, and modulating the activities of several enzymes. Thus, apoC1 downregulates lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, phospholipase A2, cholesterylester transfer protein, and activates lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase. By controlling the plasma levels of lipids, apoC1 relates directly to cardiovascular physiology, but its activity extends beyond, to inflammation and immunity, sepsis, diabetes, cancer, viral infectivity, and-not last-to cognition. Such correlations were established based on studies using transgenic mice, associated in the recent years with GWAS, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. The presence of a duplicate gene, pseudogene APOC1P, stimulated evolutionary studies and more recently, the regulatory properties of the corresponding non-coding RNA are steadily emerging. Nonetheless, this prototypical apolipoprotein is still underexplored and deserves further research for understanding its physiology and exploiting its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Fuior
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “N. Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anca V. Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “N. Simionescu”, 050568 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Ueyama T, Sakuma M, Nakatsuji M, Uebi T, Hamada T, Aiba A, Saito N. Rac-Dependent Signaling from Keratinocytes Promotes Differentiation of Intradermal White Adipocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:75-84.e6. [PMID: 31351086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rac signaling affects numerous downstream targets in vitro; however, few studies have established in vivo levels. We generated mice with a single knockout (KO) of Rac1 (Keratin5(K5)-Cre;Rac1flox/flox, Rac1-KO) and double KO of Rac1 and Rac3 (K5-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/-, Rac1/Rac3-DKO) in keratinocytes. The hairless phenotype in Rac1-KO mice was markedly exacerbated in Rac1/Rac3-DKO mice. Strikingly, Rac1-KO mice exhibited thinner dermal white adipose tissue, which was considerably further reduced in Rac1/Rac3-DKO mice. DNA microarray using primary keratinocytes from Rac1/Rac3-DKO mice exhibited decreased mRNA levels of Bmp2, Bmp5, Fgf20, Fgf21, Fgfbp1, and Pdgfα. Combinational treatment with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 in culture medium, but not individual purified recombinant proteins, could differentiate 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipocytes, as could culture media from primary keratinocytes. Conversely, addition of anti-BMP2 or anti-FGF21 antibodies into the culture medium inhibited fibroblast differentiation. In addition, BMP2 and FGF21 treatment promoted adipocyte differentiation only of rat primary white adipocyte precursors but not rat primary brown adipocyte precursors. Furthermore, BMP2 and FGF21 treatment enhanced adipogenesis of normal human dermal fibroblasts. Notably, brown adipogenesis promoted by FGF21 was inhibited by BMP2. Thus, we propose a complex paracrine pathway from keratinocytes to intradermal pre-adipocytes, which functions as a Rac-dependent modulator of both white and brown adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mio Nakatsuji
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Uebi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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12
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Ocular mucins in dry eye disease. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107724. [PMID: 31325452 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease is a common and multifactorial disease with a high prevalence worldwide. Water loss, reduced expression of glycocalyx mucins, and loss of goblet cells secreting gel-forming mucins are hallmarks of dry eye disease. Mucins are large and complex heavily glycosylated proteins. Their organization in the tear film remains unclear, but they play a key role to protect and maintain integrity of the ocular surface. Mice have been extremely valuable mammalian models with which to study ocular physiology and disease, and to evaluate eye therapies. Genetically modified mice and spontaneously occurring mutants with eye defects have proven to be powerful tools for the pharmaceutical industry, clinicians, and basic researchers investigating dry eye disease. However, ocular mucins remain relatively under-studied and inadequately characterized. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about mucin production at the ocular surface in healthy individuals and in dry eye disease, and to compile an overview of mouse models available for the study of mucins in dry eye disease.
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13
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He D, Liu L, Wang Y, Sheng M. A Novel Genes Signature Associated with the Progression of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:575-582. [PMID: 31278444 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes involving in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this study, the comprehensive analysis of GSE8157 was downloaded. Overlapping genes of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and enrichment analysis for these genes was performed. A modular network of differentially expressed genes was constructed by weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA), and a total of 322 differentially expressed genes in 5 stable modules were screened. The correlations of genes of the stable modules in BioGRID 3.4, STRING 10.5, HPRD9 databases were screened, and the interaction network of 104 DEGs was constructed. In addition, some genes and the key words were searched in CTD. A total of 596 differentially expressed genes were screened, including 379 genes that were up-regulated in case group and down-regulated in control group and treat group, and 217 genes that were down-regulated in case group and up-regulated in control group and treat group. The differentially expressed genes were enriched in PPAR signaling pathway, Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cAMP signaling pathway, of which pathways were involved in the cancer development. Finally, 7 important target genes were identified, such as APOC3 was interacted with pioglitazone, ADCY2 involved in cAMP signaling pathway, and the genes (C3AR1, HRH2, GRIA1, MLNR and TAAR2) involved in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. In addition, the important target genes were significantly differential expression. These results implied that the 7 important target genes were played an important role in the development and progression of PCOS. Our study implied that genes had played a key role in the development and progression of PCOS, the results showed that microarray can be use as a method for the discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun He
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Road, Changchun, 130031, China
| | - Li Liu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Road, Changchun, 130031, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130031, China
| | - Minjia Sheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Road, Changchun, 130031, China.
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14
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Gentile P, Garcovich S. Advances in Regenerative Stem Cell Therapy in Androgenic Alopecia and Hair Loss: Wnt pathway, Growth-Factor, and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Signaling Impact Analysis on Cell Growth and Hair Follicle Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050466. [PMID: 31100937 PMCID: PMC6562814 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells has been reported to improve hair regrowth in several therapeutic strategies, including reversing the pathological mechanisms, that contribute to hair loss, regeneration of hair follicles, or creating hair using the tissue-engineering approach. Although various promising stem cell approaches are progressing via pre-clinical models to clinical trials, intraoperative stem cell treatments with a one-step procedure offer a quicker result by incorporating an autologous cell source without manipulation, which may be injected by surgeons through a well-established clinical practice. Many authors have concentrated on adipose-derived stromal vascular cells due to their ability to separate into numerous cell genealogies, platelet-rich plasma for its ability to enhance cell multiplication and neo-angiogenesis, as well as human follicle mesenchymal stem cells. In this paper, the significant improvements in intraoperative stem cell approaches, from in vivo models to clinical investigations, are reviewed. The potential regenerative instruments and functions of various cell populaces in the hair regrowth process are discussed. The addition of Wnt signaling in dermal papilla cells is considered a key factor in stimulating hair growth. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived signaling and growth factors obtained by platelets influence hair growth through cellular proliferation to prolong the anagen phase (FGF-7), induce cell growth (ERK activation), stimulate hair follicle development (β-catenin), and suppress apoptotic cues (Bcl-2 release and Akt activation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Gentile
- Surgical Science Department, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, University of "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Garcovich
- Institute of Dermatology, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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15
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Zhu L, Luu T, Emfinger CH, Parks BA, Shi J, Trefts E, Zeng F, Kuklenyik Z, Harris RC, Wasserman DH, Fazio S, Stafford JM. CETP Inhibition Improves HDL Function but Leads to Fatty Liver and Insulin Resistance in CETP-Expressing Transgenic Mice on a High-Fat Diet. Diabetes 2018; 67:2494-2506. [PMID: 30213825 PMCID: PMC6245220 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In clinical trials, inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) raises HDL cholesterol levels but does not robustly improve cardiovascular outcomes. Approximately two-thirds of trial participants are obese. Lower plasma CETP activity is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in human studies, and protective aspects of CETP have been observed in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with regard to metabolic outcomes. To define whether CETP inhibition has different effects depending on the presence of obesity, we performed short-term anacetrapib treatment in chow- and HFD-fed CETP transgenic mice. Anacetrapib raised HDL cholesterol and improved aspects of HDL functionality, including reverse cholesterol transport, and HDL's antioxidative capacity in HFD-fed mice was better than in chow-fed mice. Anacetrapib worsened the anti-inflammatory capacity of HDL in HFD-fed mice. The HDL proteome was markedly different with anacetrapib treatment in HFD- versus chow-fed mice. Despite benefits on HDL, anacetrapib led to liver triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Overall, our results support a physiologic importance of CETP in protecting from fatty liver and demonstrate context selectivity of CETP inhibition that might be important in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Thao Luu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Christopher H Emfinger
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Bryan A Parks
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeanne Shi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Trinity College of Art and Science, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Elijah Trefts
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Zsuzsanna Kuklenyik
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Sergio Fazio
- The Center for Preventive Cardiology at the Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - John M Stafford
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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16
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Cheng JB, Sedgewick AJ, Finnegan AI, Harirchian P, Lee J, Kwon S, Fassett MS, Golovato J, Gray M, Ghadially R, Liao W, Perez White BE, Mauro TM, Mully T, Kim EA, Sbitany H, Neuhaus IM, Grekin RC, Yu SS, Gray JW, Purdom E, Paus R, Vaske CJ, Benz SC, Song JS, Cho RJ. Transcriptional Programming of Normal and Inflamed Human Epidermis at Single-Cell Resolution. Cell Rep 2018; 25:871-883. [PMID: 30355494 PMCID: PMC6367716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in the transcriptional programs specifying epidermal differentiation cause diverse skin pathologies ranging from impaired barrier function to inflammatory skin disease. However, the global scope and organization of this complex cellular program remain undefined. Here we report single-cell RNA sequencing profiles of 92,889 human epidermal cells from 9 normal and 3 inflamed skin samples. Transcriptomics-derived keratinocyte subpopulations reflect classic epidermal strata but also sharply compartmentalize epithelial functions such as cell-cell communication, inflammation, and WNT pathway modulation. In keratinocytes, ∼12% of assessed transcript expression varies in coordinate patterns, revealing undescribed gene expression programs governing epidermal homeostasis. We also identify molecular fingerprints of inflammatory skin states, including S100 activation in the interfollicular epidermis of normal scalp, enrichment of a CD1C+CD301A+ myeloid dendritic cell population in psoriatic epidermis, and IL1βhiCCL3hiCD14+ monocyte-derived macrophages enriched in foreskin. This compendium of RNA profiles provides a critical step toward elucidating epidermal diseases of development, differentiation, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Alex I Finnegan
- Department of Physics, Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Paymann Harirchian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sunjong Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marlys S Fassett
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ruby Ghadially
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bethany E Perez White
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Tissue Engineering Core, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thaddeus Mully
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Esther A Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hani Sbitany
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isaac M Neuhaus
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roy C Grekin
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Siegrid S Yu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elizabeth Purdom
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Jun S Song
- Department of Physics, Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Raymond J Cho
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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17
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Prendecki M, Florczak-Wyspianska J, Kowalska M, Ilkowski J, Grzelak T, Bialas K, Wiszniewska M, Kozubski W, Dorszewska J. Biothiols and oxidative stress markers and polymorphisms of TOMM40 and APOC1 genes in Alzheimer's disease patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35207-35225. [PMID: 30443289 PMCID: PMC6219666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive disease, with frequently observed improper biothiols turnover, homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH). GSH protects cells from oxidative stress and may be determined by 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo2dG) level and its repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1). The presence of unfavorable alleles, e.g., in APOE cluster, TOMM40 or APOC1 is known to facilitate the dementia onset under oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to analyze rs1052452, rs2075650 TOMM40 polymorphisms, rs4420638 APOC1, and their correlation with Hcy, GSH, 8-oxo2dG, OGG1 levels in plasma of AD patients and controls. We recruited 230 individuals: 88 AD, 80 controls without (UC), 62 controls with (RC) positive family history of AD. The TOMM40 genotype was determined by HRM and capillary electrophoresis, while APOC1 by HRM. The concentrations of OGG1, 8-oxo2dG were determined by ELISA, whereas Hcy, GSH by HPLC/EC. We showed that over 60% of AD patients had increased Hcy levels (p<0.01 vs. UC, p<0.001 vs. RC), while GSH (p<0.01 vs. UC), 8-oxo2dG (p<0.01 vs. UC, p<0.001 vs. RC) were reduced. Minor variants: rs10524523-L, rs4420638-G, rs2075650-G were significantly overrepresented in AD. For rs4420638-G, rs2075650-G variants, the association remained significant in APOE E4 non-carriers. The misbalance of analyzed biothiols, and 8-oxo2dG, OGG1 were more pronounced in carriers of major variants: rs10524523-S/VL, rs4420638-A, rs2075650-A. We showed, for the first time, that APOC1 and TOMM40 rs2075650 polymorphisms may be independent risk factors of developing AD, whose major variants are accompanied by disruption of biothiols metabolism and inefficient removal of DNA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Prendecki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Marta Kowalska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Ilkowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Teresa Grzelak
- Division of Biology of Civilization-Linked Diseases, Department of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bialas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wiszniewska
- Faculty of Health Care, Stanislaw Staszic University of Applied Sciences in Pila, Pila, Poland.,Department of Neurology, Specialistic Hospital in Pila, Pila, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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18
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Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Krajewska-Włodarczyk M, Kruszewska A, Banasiak Ł, Placek W, Maksymowicz W, Wojtkiewicz J. Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells in Follicle Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:1049641. [PMID: 30154860 PMCID: PMC6098866 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1049641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is caused by a variety of factors which affect the hair cycle and decrease stem cell activity and hair follicle regeneration capability. This process causes lower self-acceptance, which may result in depression and anxiety. However, an early onset of androgenic alopecia is associated with an increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome and an increased risk of the cardiac ischaemic disease. The ubiquity of alopecia provides an encouragement to seek new, more effective therapies aimed at hair follicle regeneration and neoregeneration. We know that stem cells can be used to regenerate hair in several therapeutic strategies: reversing the pathological mechanisms which contribute to hair loss, regeneration of complete hair follicles from their parts, and neogenesis of hair follicles from a stem cell culture with isolated cells or tissue engineering. Hair transplant has become a conventional treatment technique in androgenic alopecia (micrografts). Although an autologous transplant is regarded as the gold standard, its usability is limited, because of both a limited amount of material and a reduced viability of cells obtained in this way. The new therapeutic options are adipose-derived stem cells and stem cells from Wharton's jelly. They seem an ideal cell population for use in regenerative medicine because of the absence of immunogenic properties and their ease of obtainment, multipotential character, ease of differentiating into various cell lines, and considerable potential for angiogenesis. In this article, we presented advantages and limitations of using these types of cells in alopecia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kruszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Banasiak
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Waldemar Placek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Maksymowicz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Foundation for Nerve Cell Regeneration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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19
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Moehring F, Waas M, Keppel TR, Rathore D, Cowie AM, Stucky CL, Gundry RL. Quantitative Top-Down Mass Spectrometry Identifies Proteoforms Differentially Released during Mechanical Stimulation of Mouse Skin. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2635-2648. [PMID: 29925238 PMCID: PMC6195672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction refers to the processes whereby mechanical stimuli are converted into electrochemical signals that allow for the sensation of our surrounding environment through touch. Despite its fundamental role in our daily lives, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of mechanotransduction are not yet well-defined. Previous data suggest that keratinocytes may release factors that activate or modulate cutaneous sensory neuron terminals, including small molecules, lipids, peptides, proteins, and oligosaccharides. This study presents a first step toward identifying soluble mediators of keratinocyte-sensory neuron communication by evaluating the potential for top-down mass spectrometry to identify proteoforms released during 1 min of mechanical stimulation of mouse skin from naı̈ve animals. Overall, this study identified 47 proteoforms in the secretome of mouse hind paw skin, of which 14 were differentially released during mechanical stimulation, and includes proteins with known and previously unknown relevance to mechanotransduction. Finally, this study outlines a bioinformatic workflow that merges output from two complementary analysis platforms for top-down data and demonstrates the utility of this workflow for integrating quantitative and qualitative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francie Moehring
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Matthew Waas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Theodore R. Keppel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Deepali Rathore
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ashley M. Cowie
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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20
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Dong ZY, Ying M, Zheng J, Hu LJ, Xie JY, Ma Y. Evaluation of a rat meibomian gland dysfunction model induced by closure of meibomian gland orifices. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1077-1083. [PMID: 30046520 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To find a stable, inexpensive, and reliable method to produce a rat meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) model. METHODS We inserted slim guidewires into the meibomian gland orifices of twelve Brown Norway rats and fulgurized every guidewire to destroy part of the meibomian gland. We then observed the morphological changes in the eyelid margin, and compared the data of tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer I test, and the corneal fluorescence staining scores at different times (1, 2, 4, and 6wk). We observed pathological changes of the cornea, conjunctiva and meibomian gland, and we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to analyze epithelial growth factor (EGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and Ki67. RESULTS In the fourth week, compared with the control group, the TBUT of the model group began to decreased (P<0.05). The tear secretion remained stable (P>0.05). The corneal dots were significantly increased in the fourth week when the fusion stain began to appear (P<0.05). In the fourth week, partial meibomian gland openings had hoary secretions blocked, orifices were expanded, and there was a partial convex deformation. In the sixth week, the tissue section showed that the number of conjunctival goblet cells was decreased, epithelial cells were irregular, the epithelium was detached and rough, and meibomian glands were lost. The expressions of EGF, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in corneal, conjunctival, and meibomian tissues were highly increased (P<0.05), but no statistical difference was found in the expression of Ki67 in corneal and conjunctival tissues (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The MGD rat model, produced via electrocauterization of meibomian gland orifices, matched clinical manifestations and cytokine levels. Our research provides a new method of achieving an MGD animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Ming Ying
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Lan-Jun Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Jiang-Yan Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
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21
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Kypreos KE, Bitzur R, Karavia EA, Xepapadaki E, Panayiotakopoulos G, Constantinou C. Pharmacological Management of Dyslipidemia in Atherosclerosis: Limitations, Challenges, and New Therapeutic Opportunities. Angiology 2018; 70:197-209. [PMID: 29862840 DOI: 10.1177/0003319718779533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological studies during the last 7 decades indicated that elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels correlate with the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in the arterial wall. This observation led to the development of LDL-C-lowering drugs for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, some with greater success than others. However, a body of recent clinical evidence shows that a substantial residual cardiovascular risk exists even at very low levels of LDL-C, suggesting that new therapeutic modalities are still needed for reduction of atherosclerosis morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, HDL-C-raising drugs developed toward this goal had disappointing results thus far. Here, we critically review the literature presenting available evidence and challenges that need to be met and discuss possible new avenues for the development of novel lipid pharmacotherapeutics to reduce the burden of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos E Kypreos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Rafael Bitzur
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eleni A Karavia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Eva Xepapadaki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | | | - Caterina Constantinou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
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Su W, Sun L, Yang S, Zhao H, Zeng T, Wu W, Wang D. Apolipoprotein C1 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22158. [PMID: 29719090 PMCID: PMC6099310 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we aimed to investigate the carcinogenic effects of apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) in prostate cancer (PCa). APOC1 expression was evaluated in PCa and normal prostate specimens, and lentivirus-mediated RNA interference was used to knockdown APOC1 in DU145 cells. The effects of APOC1 silencing on cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis were assessed. APOC1 expression was much higher in PCa tissues than in normal tissues. Moreover, APOC1 silencing inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, arrested cell cycle progression, and enhanced apoptosis in DU145 cells. Additionally, APOC1 silencing decreased survivin, phospho-Rb, and p21 levels and increased cleaved caspase-3 expression. These data supported the procarcinogenic effects of APOC1 in the pathogenesis of PCa and suggested that targeting APOC1 may have applications in the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐peng Su
- Department of Urology, Fuzhou General HospitalFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian 350025People's Republic of China
| | - Li‐na Sun
- Department of Presbyatrics, Fuzhou General HospitalFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian 350025People's Republic of China
| | - Shun‐liang Yang
- Department of Urology, Fuzhou General HospitalFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian 350025People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Urology, Fuzhou General HospitalFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian 350025People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Fuzhou Dongfang HospitalXiamen UniversityXiamenFujian 361005People's Republic of China
| | - Teng‐yue Zeng
- Department of Urology, Fuzhou General HospitalFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian 350025People's Republic of China
| | - Wei‐zhen Wu
- Department of Urology, Fuzhou General HospitalFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian 350025People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Urology, Fuzhou General HospitalFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian 350025People's Republic of China
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23
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The Use of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Selected Skin Diseases (Vitiligo, Alopecia, and Nonhealing Wounds). Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4740709. [PMID: 28904532 PMCID: PMC5585652 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4740709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The promising results derived from the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in many diseases are a subject of observation in preclinical studies. ADSCs seem to be the ideal cell population for the use in regenerative medicine due to their easy isolation, nonimmunogenic properties, multipotential nature, possibilities for differentiation into various cell lines, and potential for angiogenesis. This article reviews the current data on the use of ADSCs in the treatment of vitiligo, various types of hair loss, and the healing of chronic wounds.
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24
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Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, Knop E, Markoulli M, Ogawa Y, Perez V, Uchino Y, Yokoi N, Zoukhri D, Sullivan DA. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:438-510. [PMID: 28736340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is evaporative water loss leading to hyperosmolar tissue damage. Research in human disease and in animal models has shown that this, either directly or by inducing inflammation, causes a loss of both epithelial and goblet cells. The consequent decrease in surface wettability leads to early tear film breakup and amplifies hyperosmolarity via a Vicious Circle. Pain in dry eye is caused by tear hyperosmolarity, loss of lubrication, inflammatory mediators and neurosensory factors, while visual symptoms arise from tear and ocular surface irregularity. Increased friction targets damage to the lids and ocular surface, resulting in characteristic punctate epithelial keratitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, filamentary keratitis, lid parallel conjunctival folds, and lid wiper epitheliopathy. Hybrid dry eye disease, with features of both aqueous deficiency and increased evaporation, is common and efforts should be made to determine the relative contribution of each form to the total picture. To this end, practical methods are needed to measure tear evaporation in the clinic, and similarly, methods are needed to measure osmolarity at the tissue level across the ocular surface, to better determine the severity of dry eye. Areas for future research include the role of genetic mechanisms in non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye, the targeting of the terminal duct in meibomian gland disease and the influence of gaze dynamics and the closed eye state on tear stability and ocular surface inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bron
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric E Gabison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild & Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erich Knop
- Departments of Cell and Neurobiology and Ocular Surface Center Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Shih BB, Nirmal AJ, Headon DJ, Akbar AN, Mabbott NA, Freeman TC. Derivation of marker gene signatures from human skin and their use in the interpretation of the transcriptional changes associated with dermatological disorders. J Pathol 2017; 241:600-613. [PMID: 28008606 PMCID: PMC5363360 DOI: 10.1002/path.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the altered transcriptional landscape associated with skin diseases to understand the nature of these disorders. However, data interpretation represents a significant challenge due to a lack of good maker sets for many of the specialized cell types that make up this tissue, whose composition may fundamentally alter during disease. Here we have sought to derive expression signatures that define the various cell types and structures that make up human skin, and demonstrate how they can be used to aid the interpretation of transcriptomic data derived from this organ. Two large normal skin transcriptomic datasets were identified, one RNA-seq (n = 578), the other microarray (n = 165), quality controlled and subjected separately to network-based analyses to identify clusters of robustly co-expressed genes. The biological significance of these clusters was then assigned using a combination of bioinformatics analyses, literature, and expert review. After cross comparison between analyses, 20 gene signatures were defined. These included expression signatures for hair follicles, glands (sebaceous, sweat, apocrine), keratinocytes, melanocytes, endothelia, muscle, adipocytes, immune cells, and a number of pathway systems. Collectively, we have named this resource SkinSig. SkinSig was then used in the analysis of transcriptomic datasets for 18 skin conditions, providing in-context interpretation of these data. For instance, conventional analysis has shown there to be a decrease in keratinization and fatty metabolism with age; we more accurately define these changes to be due to loss of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. SkinSig also highlighted the over-/under-representation of various cell types in skin diseases, reflecting an influx in immune cells in inflammatory disorders and a relative reduction in other cell types. Overall, our analyses demonstrate the value of this new resource in defining the functional profile of skin cell types and appendages, and in improving the interpretation of disease data. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Shih
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
| | - Ajit J Nirmal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
| | - Denis J Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College London90 Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter BushMidlothianEdinburghEH25 9RGUK
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26
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Ehrmann C, Schneider MR. Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4623-4642. [PMID: 27457558 PMCID: PMC11108334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body sites such as the eyelids (Meibomian glands) or the preputial glands. Depending on their location, SG fulfill a number of functions, including protection of the skin and fur, thermoregulation, formation of the tear lipid film, and pheromone-based communication. Accordingly, SG abnormalities are associated with several diseases such as acne, cicatricial alopecia, and dry eye disease. An increasing number of genetically modified laboratory mouse lines develop SG abnormalities, and their study may provide important clues regarding the molecular pathways regulating SG development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we summarize in tabulated form the available mouse lines with SG abnormalities and, focusing on selected examples, discuss the insights they provide into SG biology and pathology. We hope this survey will become a helpful information source for researchers with a primary interest in SG but also as for researchers from unrelated fields that are unexpectedly confronted with a SG phenotype in newly generated mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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27
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Zouboulis CC, Picardo M, Ju Q, Kurokawa I, Törőcsik D, Bíró T, Schneider MR. Beyond acne: Current aspects of sebaceous gland biology and function. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:319-334. [PMID: 27726049 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sebaceous gland is most commonly found in association with a hair follicle. Its traditional function is the holocrine production of sebum, a complex mixture of lipids, cell debris, and other rather poorly characterized substances. Due to the gland's central role in acne pathogenesis, early research had focused on its lipogenic activity. Less studied aspects of the sebaceous gland, such as stem cell biology, the regulation of cellular differentiation by transcription factors, the significance of specific lipid fractions, the endocrine and specially the neuroendocrine role of the sebaceous gland, and its contribution to the innate immunity, the detoxification of the skin, and skin aging have only recently attracted the attention of researchers from different disciplines. Here, we summarize recent multidisciplinary progress in sebaceous gland research and discuss how sebaceous gland research may stimulate the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific molecular pathways of the pathogenesis of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Auenweg 38, 06847, Dessau, Germany.
| | - Mauro Picardo
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Qiang Ju
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ichiro Kurokawa
- Department of Dermatology, Meiwa Hospital, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Bruet V, Dumon H, Bourdeau P, Desfontis JC, Martin L. Prospective pilot study to detect dogs with non food-induced canine atopic dermatitis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:356-e89. [PMID: 27500559 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) remains challenging due to the lack of a simple biomarker or metabolic profile. In human medicine, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is an analytical technique used for several diseases. It requires a small amount of sample and allows the identification of structural moieties of biomolecules on the basis of their infrared absorption, with limited sample pretreatment. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of FTIR. ANIMALS Three groups were tested: 21 dogs with non food-induced CAD (NFICAD), 16 dogs with inflammatory conditions of various origins but without allergic dermatoses (OD) and 10 healthy dogs (H). METHODS Peripheral blood was collected and spectra were acquired with a FTIR spectrophotometer. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the full wavenumber spectra (4000-600/cm), followed by a Fisher discriminant analysis (DA) to assess the differences between the three groups. RESULTS The PCA followed by the DA of whole spectra showed significant differences between the three groups. These results suggest that by using the FTIR method, dogs with NFICAD can be differentiated from healthy dogs and dogs with nonallergic inflammation. There was no overlap between the spectral data of the three groups indicating that NFICAD dogs were correctly segregated from the H and OD groups. CONCLUSIONS A study on a larger cohort including common pruritic skin diseases is necessary to confirm these initial results and the relevance of this diagnostic technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bruet
- Dermatology, Parasitology CE, Mycology Unit, LUNAM, Oniris, Atlanpole, CS 40706, Nantes, F-44307, France. .,UPSP 5304, Animal pathophysiology and functional pharmacology, LUNAM, Oniris, Atlanpole, CS 40706, Nantes, F-44307, France.
| | - Henri Dumon
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, LUNAM, Oniris, Atlanpole, CS 40706, Nantes, F-44307, France
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Dermatology, Parasitology CE, Mycology Unit, LUNAM, Oniris, Atlanpole, CS 40706, Nantes, F-44307, France.,UPSP 5304, Animal pathophysiology and functional pharmacology, LUNAM, Oniris, Atlanpole, CS 40706, Nantes, F-44307, France
| | - Jean-Claude Desfontis
- UPSP 5304, Animal pathophysiology and functional pharmacology, LUNAM, Oniris, Atlanpole, CS 40706, Nantes, F-44307, France
| | - Lucile Martin
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, LUNAM, Oniris, Atlanpole, CS 40706, Nantes, F-44307, France
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Mariman R, Reefman E, Tielen F, Persoon-Deen C, van de Mark K, Worms N, Koning F, Nagelkerken L. Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB8826 ameliorates inflammation of colon and skin in human APOC1 transgenic mice. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:215-25. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic predisposition and environmental factors, including the gut microbiota, have been suggested as major factors in the development and progression of atopic dermatitis. Hyperlipidemic human APOC1+/+ transgenic mice display many features of human atopic dermatitis, such as scaling, lichenification, excoriations, and pruritus, along with a disturbed skin barrier function. Cytokine analysis of serum shows an increase of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-6, and IL-1α, but lower levels of interferon-γ. These mice also display aspects of colitis evident from macroscopic and histological abnormalities. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the intestine shows up-regulation of several genes associated with mast cells and eosinophils and this observation was confirmed by demonstrating increased numbers of IgE+ and FcRε+ mast cells in the colon and in the skin. Oral treatment with Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB8826 resulted in decreased numbers of mast cells in the colon. Moreover, this L. plantarum strain ameliorated skin pathology, evident from improved skin barrier integrity, absence of skin thickening, and less excoriations. These results suggest that modulation of intestinal immune homeostasis contributes to the suppression of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mariman
- TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centrum, Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E. Reefman
- TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - F. Tielen
- TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C. Persoon-Deen
- TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - K. van de Mark
- TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - N. Worms
- TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - F. Koning
- Leiden University Medical Centrum, Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L. Nagelkerken
- TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, the Netherlands
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Bouillet B, Gautier T, Aho LS, Duvillard L, Petit JM, Lagrost L, Vergès B. Plasma apolipoprotein C1 concentration is associated with plasma triglyceride concentration, but not visceral fat, in patients with type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2016; 42:263-6. [PMID: 26934823 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein C1 (apoC1) is likely to play an important role in triglyceride (TG) metabolism. Mice overexpressing human apoC1 present decreased adipose tissue stores. This study aimed to determine whether apoC1 concentration influences fat mass and distribution and liver fat content (LFC) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS ApoC1 concentrations were measured by ELISA in 113 T2D patients and 56 normolipidaemic-normoglycaemic subjects. Visceral and subcutaneous fat areas were determined by single-slice axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while LFC was measured by hydrogen-1 ((1)H) MR spectroscopy. RESULTS ApoC1 concentrations were higher in T2D patients than in normolipidaemic-normoglycaemic subjects (P<0.0001), and did not correlate with visceral or subcutaneous fat areas, but significantly correlated with TG (P<0.0001) and LFC (P=0.02) in T2D patients. However, the correlation between apoC1 and LFC was lost after adjusting for TG. ApoC1 concentration was also significantly higher in T2D patients with TG<1.5mmol/L than in control subjects (P<0.0001), although both groups had similar TG levels. On multivariate analysis performed in T2D patients with TG<1.5mmol/L and control subjects, apoC1 concentration was independently and positively associated with type 2 diabetes (P<0.0001) and TG levels (P=0.03). CONCLUSION This study reports, for the first time, that apoC1 is increased in T2D patients and is significantly correlated with TG, whereas no association was found between apoC1 and adipose tissue. This indicates that, in T2D, apoC1 may play a role in TG metabolism, but is unlikely to modulate fat mass and distribution. This increased apoC1 concentration in T2D patients is not only explained by the increased TG level in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bouillet
- Endocrinology, Diabetology department, University Hospital of Dijon, 2, boulevard du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France; INSERM UMR 866, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
| | - T Gautier
- INSERM UMR 866, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - L S Aho
- Epidemiology department, University Hospital of Dijon, 2, boulevard du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - L Duvillard
- INSERM UMR 866, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J-M Petit
- Endocrinology, Diabetology department, University Hospital of Dijon, 2, boulevard du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France; INSERM UMR 866, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - L Lagrost
- INSERM UMR 866, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - B Vergès
- Endocrinology, Diabetology department, University Hospital of Dijon, 2, boulevard du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France; INSERM UMR 866, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Meibomian Gland Absence Related Dry Eye in Ectodysplasin A Mutant Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang P, Kling RE, Ravuri SK, Kokai LE, Rubin JP, Chai JK, Marra KG. A review of adipocyte lineage cells and dermal papilla cells in hair follicle regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414556850. [PMID: 25383178 PMCID: PMC4221925 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414556850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is an exceedingly prevalent problem effecting men and women of all ages. The standard of care for alopecia involves either transplanting existing hair follicles to bald areas or attempting to stimulate existing follicles with topical and/or oral medication. Yet, these treatment options are fraught with problems of cost, side effects, and, most importantly, inadequate long-term hair coverage. Innovative cell-based therapies have focused on the dermal papilla cell as a way to grow new hair in previously bald areas. However, despite this attention, many obstacles exist, including retention of dermal papilla inducing ability and maintenance of dermal papilla productivity after several passages of culture. The use of adipocyte lineage cells, including adipose-derived stem cells, has shown promise as a cell-based solution to regulate hair regeneration and may help in maintaining or increasing dermal papilla cells inducing hair ability. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of the cellular contribution and regulation of dermal papilla cells and summarize adipocyte lineage cells in hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Russell E Kling
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sudheer K Ravuri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren E Kokai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Peter Rubin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jia-Ke Chai
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Kacey G Marra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Floettmann E, Lees D, Seeliger F, Jones HB. Pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 induces sebaceous gland atrophy in mouse and dog skin while overt alopecia is restricted to the mouse. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:376-83. [PMID: 25112279 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314545657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) plays an important role in synthesizing lipids, and inhibitors of DGAT1 have been investigated as potential treatments for diabetes and metabolic diseases. DGAT1 knockout (-/-) mice are resistant to obesity, have increased sensitivity to insulin, and exhibit sebaceous gland atrophy and alopecia. Prolonged pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 with AZD7687 in mice results in the same skin phenotype, including sebaceous gland atrophy and alopecia, as seen in the skin of DGAT1 (-/-) mice. AZD7687-mediated effects on the skin were dose- and time-dependent and reversible. They occurred only at substantial levels of continuous DGAT1 inhibition. Prolonged treatment of dogs with AZD7687 also resulted in sebaceous gland atrophy but did not result in the more adverse skin changes of hair loss and skin lesions. Our findings highlight a significant risk of generating the same lesions that were seen in mouse skin during clinical development of DGAT1 inhibitors in humans and also reveal a species difference in the effects on the skin, indicating that the mouse may be an especially sensitive species. Therefore, although human therapeutic doses may not have the same influence on skin morphology as seen in mice, monitoring of skin changes will be essential in clinical trials with DGAT1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Lees
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Frank Seeliger
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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Bouillet B, Gautier T, Blache D, Pais de Barros JP, Duvillard L, Petit JM, Lagrost L, Vergès B. Glycation of apolipoprotein C1 impairs its CETP inhibitory property: pathophysiological relevance in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1148-56. [PMID: 24574346 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein (apo)C1 is a potent physiological inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). ApoC1 operates through its ability to modify the electrostatic charge at the lipoprotein surface. We aimed to determine whether the inhibitory ability of apoC1 is still effective in vivo in patients with diabetes and whether in vitro glycation of apoC1 influences its electrostatic charge and its CETP inhibitory effect. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ApoC1 concentrations and CETP activity were measured in 70 type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients, 113 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 83 control subjects. The consequences of in vitro glycation by methylglyoxal on the electrostatic properties of apoC1 and on its inhibitory effect on CETP activity were studied. An isoelectric analysis of apoC1 was performed in patients with T1D and in normolipidemic-normoglycemic subjects. RESULTS An independent negative correlation was found between CETP activity and apoC1 in control subjects but not in patients with diabetes. HbA1c was independently associated with CETP activity in T1D patients. In vitro glycation of apoC1 modified its electrostatic charge and abrogated its ability to inhibit CETP activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The isoelectric point of apoC1 in T1D patients was significantly lower than that in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The ability of apoC1 to inhibit CETP activity is impaired in patients with diabetes. Glycation of apoC1 leads to a change in its electrostatic properties that might account, at least in part, for a loss of constitutive CETP inhibition and an increase in plasma CETP activity in patients with diabetes.
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35
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Karavia EA, Zvintzou E, Petropoulou PI, Xepapadaki E, Constantinou C, Kypreos KE. HDL quality and functionality: what can proteins and genes predict? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:521-32. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.896741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Rivera-Gonzalez G, Shook B, Horsley V. Adipocytes in skin health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:4/3/a015271. [PMID: 24591537 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes are intimately associated with the dermal compartment of the skin, existing in a specialized dermal depot and displaying dynamic changes in size during tissue homeostasis. However, the roles of adipocytes in cutaneous biology and disease are not well understood. Traditionally, adipocytes within tissues were thought to act as reservoirs of energy, as thermal, or as structural support. In this review, we discuss recent studies revealing the cellular basis of the dynamic development and regenerative capacity of dermal adipocytes associated with the hair cycle and following injury. We discuss and speculate on potential roles of dermal adipocytes in cutaneous biology with an emphasis on communication during hair follicle growth and wound healing. Finally, we explore how alterations in the dermal adipose tissue may support clinical manifestations of cutaneous diseases such as lipodystrophy, obesity, and alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Rivera-Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Sampath H, Ntambi JM. Role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 in skin integrity and whole body energy balance. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2482-8. [PMID: 24356954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.516716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the single largest organ in humans, serving as a major barrier to infection, water loss, and abrasion. The functional diversity of skin requires the synthesis of large amounts of lipids, such as triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, ceramides, free cholesterol, free fatty acids, and cholesterol and retinyl esters. Some of these lipids are used as cell membrane components, signaling molecules, and a source of energy. An important class of lipid metabolism enzymes expressed in skin is the Δ(9)-desaturases, which catalyze the synthesis in Δ(9)-monounsaturated lipids, primarily oleoyl-CoA (18:1n-9) and palmitoyl-CoA (16:1n-7), the major monounsaturated fatty acids in cutaneous lipids. Mice with a deletion of the Δ(9)-desaturase-1 isoform (SCD1) either globally (Scd1(-/-)) or specifically in the skin (skin-specific Scd1-knockout; SKO) present with marked changes in cutaneous lipids and skin integrity. Interestingly, these mice also exhibit increased whole body energy expenditure, protection against diet-induced adiposity, hepatic steatosis, and glucose intolerance. The increased energy expenditure in skin-specific Scd1-knockout (SKO) mice is a surprising phenotype, as it links cutaneous lipid homeostasis with whole body energy balance. This minireview summarizes the role of skin SCD1 in regulating skin integrity and whole body energy homeostasis and offers a discussion of potential pathways that may connect these seemingly disparate phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Sampath
- From the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Many pharmacologic therapies are available that aim to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but there is significant inter-individual variation in drug response, including both efficacy and toxicity. Pharmacogenetics aims to personalize medication choice and dosage to ensure that maximum clinical benefit is achieved whilst side effects are minimized. Over the past decade, our knowledge of pharmacogenetics in cardiovascular therapies has increased significantly. The anticoagulant warfarin represents the most advanced application of pharmacogenetics in cardiovascular medicine. Prospective randomized clinical trials are currently underway utilizing dosing algorithms that incorporate genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9 and vitamin k epoxide reductase (VKORC1) to determine warfarin dosages. Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 account for approximately 40 % of the variance in warfarin dose. There is currently significant controversy with regards to pharmacogenetic testing in anti-platelet therapy. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by aspirin in vitro has been associated with polymorphisms in the cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-1 gene. However, COX-1 polymorphisms did not affect clinical outcomes in patients prescribed aspirin therapy. Similarly, CYP2C19 polymorphisms have been associated with clopidogrel resistance in vitro, and have shown an association with stent thrombosis, but not with other cardiovascular outcomes in a consistent manner. Response to statins has been associated with polymorphisms in the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), apolipoprotein E (APOE), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, calmin (CLMN) and apolipoprotein-CI (APOC1) genes. Although these genes contribute to the variation in lipid levels during statin therapy, their effects on cardiovascular outcomes requires further investigation. Polymorphisms in the solute carrier organic anion transporter 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene is associated with increased statin exposure and simvastatin-induced myopathy. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and β-adrenoceptor antagonists (β-blockers) are medications that are important in the management of hypertension and heart failure. Insertion and deletion polymorphisms in the ACE gene are associated with elevated and reduced serum levels of ACE, respectively. No significant association was reported between the polymorphism and blood pressure reduction in patients treated with perindopril. However, a pharmacogenetic score incorporating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the bradykinin type 1 receptor gene and angiotensin-II type I receptor gene predicted those most likely to benefit and suffer harm from perindopril therapy. Pharmacogenetic studies into β-blocker therapy have focused on variations in the β1-adrenoceptor gene and CYP2D6, but results have been inconsistent. Pharmacogenetic testing for ACE inhibitor and β-blocker therapy is not currently used in clinical practice. Despite extensive research, no pharmacogenetic tests are currently in clinical practice for cardiovascular medicines. Much of the research remains in the discovery phase, with researchers struggling to demonstrate clinical utility and validity. This is a problem seen in many areas of therapeutics and is because of many factors, including poor study design, inadequate sample sizes, lack of replication, and heterogeneity amongst patient populations and phenotypes. In order to progress pharmacogenetics in cardiovascular therapies, researchers need to utilize next-generation sequencing technologies, develop clear phenotype definitions and engage in multi-center collaborations, not only to obtain larger sample sizes but to replicate associations and confirm results across different ethnic groups.
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He J, Duan H, Xiong Y, Zhang W, Zhou G, Cao Y, Liu W. Participation of CD34-enriched mouse adipose cells in hair morphogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1111-6. [PMID: 23404453 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells are heterogeneous in nature, containing a number of different cell types. Recent studies indicate that CD34 may be a specific marker for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). Using their participation in hair morphogenesis as a model, the multi-differentiation potential of adult stem cells was investigated. In addition, adipose tissue or adipogenic lineage cells appear to be associated with the hair follicle cycle. The purpose of this study was to test the potential of CD34+ cells enriched from fat tissue in hair morphogenesis. To investigate this, unsorted SVF, CD34+ and CD34- cells sorted from the SVF of green fluorescence protein (GFP) transgenic mice were mixed with fetal mouse keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts of gestational day 17.5 (E17.5) and then subcutaneously injected into nude mice. The results showed that in the reconstituted skin tissue, larger tissue blocks with more developed hair follicles were observed in the CD34+ cell group compared with the other two groups. Histological and immunofluorescent staining analyses revealed that only CD34+ cells may participate in hair morphogenesis by their integration into dermal sheath structures. However, no involvement in other skin appendages was observed. In addition, differentiation into endothelial cells and participation in blood vessel formation were also observed in both CD34+ and SVF cells, but not in CD34- cells. As expected, participation in adipogenesis was observed in all groups. Our results suggest that CD34+ cells may represent the ADMSCs which possess stronger multiple differentiation potential during reconstituted skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai, P.R. China
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40
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Abstract
Here, we explore the established and potential roles for intradermal adipose tissue in communication with hair follicle biology. The hair follicle delves deep into the rich dermal macroenvironment as it grows to maturity where it is surrounded by large lipid-filled adipocytes. Intradermal adipocytes regenerate with faster kinetics than other adipose tissue depots and in parallel with the hair cycle, suggesting an interplay exists between hair follicle cells and adipocytes. While adipocytes have well-established roles in metabolism and energy storage, until recently, they were overlooked as niche cells that provide important growth signals to neighbouring skin cells. We discuss recent data supporting adipocytes as niche cells for the skin and skin pathologies that may be related to alterations in skin adipose tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmidt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Smith S, Witkowski A, Moghul A, Yoshinaga Y, Nefedov M, de Jong P, Feng D, Fong L, Tu Y, Hu Y, Young SG, Pham T, Cheung C, Katzman SM, Brand MD, Quinlan CL, Fens M, Kuypers F, Misquitta S, Griffey SM, Tran S, Gharib A, Knudsen J, Hannibal-Bach HK, Wang G, Larkin S, Thweatt J, Pasta S. Compromised mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis in transgenic mice results in defective protein lipoylation and energy disequilibrium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47196. [PMID: 23077570 PMCID: PMC3471957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model with compromised mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis has been engineered in order to assess the role of this pathway in mitochondrial function and overall health. Reduction in the expression of mitochondrial malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase, a key enzyme in the pathway encoded by the nuclear Mcat gene, was achieved to varying extents in all examined tissues employing tamoxifen-inducible Cre-lox technology. Although affected mice consumed more food than control animals, they failed to gain weight, were less physically active, suffered from loss of white adipose tissue, reduced muscle strength, kyphosis, alopecia, hypothermia and shortened lifespan. The Mcat-deficient phenotype is attributed primarily to reduced synthesis, in several tissues, of the octanoyl precursors required for the posttranslational lipoylation of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes, resulting in diminished capacity of the citric acid cycle and disruption of energy metabolism. The presence of an alternative lipoylation pathway that utilizes exogenous free lipoate appears restricted to liver and alone is insufficient for preservation of normal energy metabolism. Thus, de novo synthesis of precursors for the protein lipoylation pathway plays a vital role in maintenance of mitochondrial function and overall vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Smith
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA.
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42
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Niemann C, Horsley V. Development and homeostasis of the sebaceous gland. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:928-36. [PMID: 22960253 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The important role of epidermal appendages especially the sebaceous gland has only recently been recognized. In particular, it has been convincingly shown that normal development and maintenance of the sebaceous gland are required for skin homeostasis since atrophic sebaceous glands and disturbances in sebaceous lipid composition result in major defects of the physiological barrier and maintenance of the skin. Consequently, it is important to unravel the signaling network controlling proper sebaceous lineage differentiation in mammalian skin and to understand the underlying mechanisms leading to severe skin diseases, including abnormal proliferation and differentiation of the gland, defects of the lipid metabolism and barrier, as well as sebaceous tumor formation. Over the last years, results from transgenic and knock out mouse models manipulating distinct signaling pathways in the skin as well as the detailed analysis of human sebaceous gland-derived cell lines provided new insights into crucial mediators balancing proliferation and differentiation of the sebaceous gland. Here, we discuss our current knowledge of in vivo mechanisms of sebaceous gland development, maintenance and disorders and highlight recent contributions to the field of sebaceous gland biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherin Niemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany.
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Módulo CM, Machado Filho EB, Malki LT, Dias AC, de Souza JC, Oliveira HCF, Jorge IC, Santos Gomes IB, Meyrelles SS, Rocha EM. The role of dyslipidemia on ocular surface, lacrimal and meibomian gland structure and function. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:300-8. [PMID: 22440161 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.631720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dyslipidemia is characterized by high lipid blood levels that are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, which are leading causes of death. However, it is unclear whether dyslipidemia is a cause of the dry eye syndrome (DES). Therefore we determined in transgenic mice models of dyslipidemia, whether there is an association with DES development. METHODS Dyslipidemic models included male and female adult mice overexpressing apolipoprotein CIII (Apo CIII), LDL receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) and ApoE knockout (ApoE-KO). They were compared with age- and gender-matched C57BL/6 mice. Ocular health was evaluated based on corneal slit lamp assessment, phenol red thread test (PRT) and impression cytology. Blood lipid profiles and histology of meibomian and lacrimal glands were also evaluated. Effects of high-fat diet and aging were observed in LDLR-KO and ApoCIII strains, respectively. RESULTS Body weight and lacrimal gland weight were significantly higher in male mice compared to females of the same strain (P < 0.05). Body weight was significantly lower in LDLRKO mice receiving high lipid diet compared to their controls (P = 0.0043). ApoE-KO were hypercholesterolemic and ApoCIII hypertriglyceridemic while LDLR-KO showed increases in both parameters. The PRT test was lower in male LDLR-KO mice with high-fat diet than control mice with standard diet (P = 0.0273). Aging did not affect lacrimal structural or functional parameters of ApoCIII strain. CONCLUSIONS DES development is not solely dependent on dyslipidemia in relevant mice models promoting this condition. On the other hand, lacrimal gland structure and function are differentially impacted by lipid profile changes in male and female mice. This dissociation suggests that other factors beside dyslipidemia impact on tear film dysfunction and DES development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maria Módulo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prade E, Tobiasch M, Hitkova I, Schäffer I, Lian F, Xing X, Tänzer M, Rauser S, Walch A, Feith M, Post S, Röcken C, Schmid RM, Ebert MPA, Burgermeister E. Bile acids down-regulate caveolin-1 in esophageal epithelial cells through sterol responsive element-binding protein. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:819-32. [PMID: 22474125 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol and are major risk factors for Barrett adenocarcinoma (BAC) of the esophagus. Caveolin-1 (Cav1), a scaffold protein of membrane caveolae, is transcriptionally regulated by cholesterol via sterol-responsive element-binding protein-1 (SREBP1). Cav1 protects squamous epithelia by controlling cell growth and stabilizing cell junctions and matrix adhesion. Cav1 is frequently down-regulated in human cancers; however, the molecular mechanisms that lead to this event are unknown. We show that the basal layer of the nonneoplastic human esophageal squamous epithelium expressed Cav1 mainly at intercellular junctions. In contrast, Cav1 was lost in 95% of tissue specimens from BAC patients (n = 100). A strong cytoplasmic expression of Cav1 correlated with poor survival in a small subgroup (n = 5) of BAC patients, and stable expression of an oncogenic Cav1 variant (Cav1-P132L) in the human BAC cell line OE19 promoted proliferation. Cav1 was also detectable in immortalized human squamous epithelial, Barrett esophagus (CPC), and squamous cell carcinoma cells (OE21), but was low in BAC cell lines (OE19, OE33). Mechanistically, bile acids down-regulated Cav1 expression by inhibition of the proteolytic cleavage of 125-kDa pre-SREBP1 from the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus and nuclear translocation of active 68-kDa SREBP1. This block in SREBP1's posttranslational processing impaired transcriptional activation of SREBP1 response elements in the proximal human Cav1 promoter. Cav1 was also down-regulated in esophagi from C57BL/6 mice on a diet enriched with 1% (wt/wt) chenodeoxycholic acid. Mice deficient for Cav1 or the nuclear bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor showed hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the basal cell layer of esophageal epithelia, respectively. These data indicate that bile acid-mediated down-regulation of Cav1 marks early changes in the squamous epithelium, which may contribute to onset of Barrett esophagus metaplasia and progression to BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prade
- Department of Chemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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Yager JA, Gross TL, Shearer D, Rothstein E, Power H, Sinke JD, Kraus H, Gram D, Cowper E, Foster A, Welle M. Abnormal sebaceous gland differentiation in 10 kittens (‘sebaceous gland dysplasia’) associated with generalized hypotrichosis and scaling. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:136-44, e30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Meyers NL, Wang L, Small DM. Apolipoprotein C-I binds more strongly to phospholipid/triolein/water than triolein/water interfaces: a possible model for inhibiting cholesterol ester transfer protein activity and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein uptake. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1238-48. [PMID: 22264166 DOI: 10.1021/bi2015212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-I (apoC-I) is an important constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and is involved in the accumulation of cholesterol ester in nascent HDL via inhibition of cholesterol ester transfer protein and potential activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). As the smallest exchangeable apolipoprotein (57 residues), apoC-I transfers between lipoproteins via a lipid-binding motif of two amphipathic α-helices (AαHs), spanning residues 7-29 and 38-52. To understand apoC-I's behavior at hydrophobic lipoprotein surfaces, oil drop tensiometry was used to compare the binding to triolein/water (TO/W) and palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine/triolein/water (POPC/TO/W) interfaces. When apoC-I binds to either interface, the surface tension (γ) decreases by ~16-18 mN/m. ApoC-I can be exchanged at both interfaces, desorbing upon compression and readsorbing on expansion. The maximal surface pressures at which apoC-I begins to desorb (Π(max)) were 16.8 and 20.7 mN/m at TO/W and POPC/TO/W interfaces, respectively. This suggests that apoC-I interacts with POPC to increase its affinity for the interface. ApoC-I is more elastic on POPC/TO/W than TO/W interfaces, marked by higher values of the elasticity modulus (ε) on oscillations. At POPC/TO/W interfaces containing an increasing POPC:TO ratio, the pressure at which apoC-I begins to be ejected increases as the phospholipid surface concentration increases. The observed increase in apoC-I interface affinity due to higher degrees of apoC-I-POPC interactions may explain how apoC-I can displace larger apolipoproteins, such as apoE, from lipoproteins. These interactions allow apoC-I to remain bound to the interface at higher Π values, offering insight into apoC-I's rearrangement on triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins as they undergo Π changes during lipoprotein maturation by plasma factors such as lipoprotein lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Meyers
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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47
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Festa E, Fretz J, Berry R, Schmidt B, Rodeheffer M, Horowitz M, Horsley V. Adipocyte lineage cells contribute to the skin stem cell niche to drive hair cycling. Cell 2011; 146:761-71. [PMID: 21884937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian skin, multiple types of resident cells are required to create a functional tissue and support tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The cells that compose the epithelial stem cell niche for skin homeostasis and regeneration are not well defined. Here, we identify adipose precursor cells within the skin and demonstrate that their dynamic regeneration parallels the activation of skin stem cells. Functional analysis of adipocyte lineage cells in mice with defects in adipogenesis and in transplantation experiments revealed that intradermal adipocyte lineage cells are necessary and sufficient to drive follicular stem cell activation. Furthermore, we implicate PDGF expression by immature adipocyte cells in the regulation of follicular stem cell activity. These data highlight adipogenic cells as skin niche cells that positively regulate skin stem cell activity, and suggest that adipocyte lineage cells may alter epithelial stem cell function clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Festa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Unique mode of lipogenic activation in rat preputial sebocytes. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2011:163631. [PMID: 21808727 PMCID: PMC3144693 DOI: 10.1155/2011/163631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein delivery of fatty acids and cholesterol is linked with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation in adipocytes and macrophages. We postulated that similar interactions exist in sebaceous epithelial cells (sebocytes) in which PPAR activation induces differentiation. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) markedly enhanced sebocyte differentiation above that found with PPAR agonists and were more potent than explicable by their lipid content. The PPARγ antagonist GW5393 reduced sebocyte differentiation to all PPAR isoform agonists, HDL and VLDL, suggesting that the lipoprotein effect on differentiation occurs partially through activation of PPARγ. Furthermore, we found that sebocytes expressed a unique pattern of lipogenic genes. Our results demonstrate that HDL and VLDL are the most potent inducers of sebocyte differentiation tested to date, and these actions are partially inhibited by PPAR antagonists. This suggests that substrates provided by lipoproteins are targeted to sebocytes and affect their own disposition via PPAR activation.
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The apolipoprotein C-I content of very-low-density lipoproteins is associated with fasting triglycerides, postprandial lipemia, and carotid atherosclerosis. J Lipids 2011; 2011:271062. [PMID: 21776394 PMCID: PMC3139117 DOI: 10.1155/2011/271062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Experimental studies in animals suggest that apolipoprotein (apo) C-I is an important regulator of triglycerides in fasting and postprandial conditions and associated with carotid atherosclerosis.
Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 81 subjects, aged 56–80 years recruited from a population health survey. The participants underwent a fat tolerance test (1 g fat per Kg body weight) and carotid atherosclerosis was determined by ultrasound examination. VLDL particles, Sf 20–400, were isolated and their lipid composition and apoC-I content determined.
Results. The carotid plaque area increased linearly with the number of apoC-I molecules per VLDL particles (P = 0.048) under fasting conditions. Fasting triglycerides increased across tertiles of apoC-I per VLDL particle in analyses adjusted for apoC-II and -C-III, apoE genotype and traditional cardiovascular risk factors (P = 0.011). The relation between apoC-I in VLDL and serum triglycerides was conveyed by triglyceride enrichment of VLDL particles (P for trend <0.001. The amount of apoC-I molecules per VLDL was correlated with the total (r = 0.41, P < 0.0001) and incremental (r = 0.35, P < 0.001) area under the postprandial triglyceride curve.
Conclusions. Our findings support the concept that the content of apoC-I per VLDL particle is an important regulator of triglyceride metabolism in the fasting and postprandial state and associated with carotid athrosclerosis.
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Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Nonshivering thermogenesis and its adequate measurement in metabolic studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:242-53. [PMID: 21177944 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in nonshivering thermogenesis are presently discussed as being both potentially causative of and able to counteract obesity. However, the necessity for mammals to defend their body temperature means that the ambient temperature profoundly affects the outcome and interpretation of metabolic experiments. An adequate understanding and assessment of nonshivering thermogenesis is therefore paramount for metabolic studies. Classical nonshivering thermogenesis is facultative, i.e. it is only activated when an animal acutely requires extra heat (switched on in minutes), and adaptive, i.e. it takes weeks for an increase in capacity to develop. Nonshivering thermogenesis is fully due to brown adipose tissue activity; adaptation corresponds to the recruitment of this tissue. Diet-induced thermogenesis is probably also facultative and adaptive and due to brown adipose tissue activity. Although all mammals respond to injected/infused norepinephrine (noradrenaline) with an increase in metabolism, in non-adapted mammals this increase mainly represents the response of organs not involved in nonshivering thermogenesis; only the increase after adaptation represents nonshivering thermogenesis. Thermogenesis (metabolism) should be expressed per animal, and not per body mass [not even to any power (0.75 or 0.66)]. A 'cold tolerance test' does not examine nonshivering thermogenesis capacity; rather it tests shivering capacity and endurance. For mice, normal animal house temperatures are markedly below thermoneutrality, and the mice therefore have a metabolic rate and food consumption about 1.5 times higher than their intrinsic requirements. Housing and examining mice at normal house temperatures carries a high risk of identifying false positives for intrinsic metabolic changes; in particular, mutations/treatments that affect the animal's insulation (fur, skin) may lead to such problems. Correspondingly, true alterations in intrinsic metabolic rate remain undetected when metabolism is examined at temperatures below thermoneutrality. Thus, experiments with animals kept and examined at thermoneutrality are likely to yield an improved possibility of identifying agents and genes important for human energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden.
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