1
|
Münzberg H, Heymsfield SB, Berthoud HR, Morrison CD. History and future of leptin: Discovery, regulation and signaling. Metabolism 2024; 161:156026. [PMID: 39245434 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The cloning of leptin 30 years ago in 1994 was an important milestone in obesity research. Prior to the discovery of leptin, obesity was stigmatized as a condition caused by lack of character and self-control. Mutations in either leptin or its receptor were the first single gene mutations found to cause severe obesity, and it is now recognized that obesity is caused mostly by a dysregulation of central neuronal circuits. Since the discovery of the leptin-deficient obese mouse (ob/ob) the cloning of leptin (ob aka lep) and leptin receptor (db aka lepr) genes, we have learned much about leptin and its action in the central nervous system. The first hope that leptin would cure obesity was quickly dampened because humans with obesity have increased leptin levels and develop leptin resistance. Nevertheless, leptin target sites in the brain represent an excellent blueprint to understand how neuronal circuits control energy homeostasis. Our expanding understanding of leptin function, interconnection of leptin signaling with other systems and impact on distinct physiological functions continues to guide and improve the development of safe and effective interventions to treat metabolic illnesses. This review highlights past concepts and current emerging concepts of the hormone leptin, leptin receptor signaling pathways and central targets to mediate distinct physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America.
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Gan M, Wang Y, Wang S, Lei Y, Wang K, Zhang X, Chen L, Zhao Y, Niu L, Zhang S, Zhu L, Shen L. Comprehensive review on lipid metabolism and RNA methylation: Biological mechanisms, perspectives and challenges. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132057. [PMID: 38710243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance, regulating hormones, and promoting metabolic health. To address disorders related to obesity and develop effective therapies, it is essential to have a deep understanding of adipose tissue biology. In recent years, RNA methylation has emerged as a significant epigenetic modification involved in various cellular functions and metabolic pathways. Particularly in the realm of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism, extensive research is ongoing to uncover the mechanisms and functional importance of RNA methylation. Increasing evidence suggests that RNA methylation plays a regulatory role in adipocyte development, metabolism, and lipid utilization across different organs. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of common RNA methylation modifications, their occurrences, and regulatory mechanisms, focusing specifically on their intricate connections to fat metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the research methodologies used in studying RNA methylation and highlight relevant databases that can aid researchers in this rapidly advancing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Saihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Linyuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Contreras PH, Vigil P. Across-species benefits of adrenalectomy on congenital generalized lipoatrophic diabetes: a review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1151873. [PMID: 38260129 PMCID: PMC10801166 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1151873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Two adrenalectomies py -45erformed fourteen years apart notoriously alleviated insulin resistance in a female teenager with Congenital Generalized Lipoatrophy (CGL, 1988) and in a murine model of CGL (2002). Following a successful therapeutic trial with anti-glucocorticoids, we performed the first surgical procedure on an 18-year-old girl. Before surgery, the anti-glucocorticoid therapy produced a rapid and striking drop in fasting serum insulin levels (from over 400 to 7.0 mU/L) and a slower -but impressive- fall in fasting serum triglycerides from 7,400 to 220-230 mg/dL. In contrast, fasting serum glucose levels dropped more slowly, from 225-290 to 121-138 mg/dL. Two weeks following total adrenalectomy, the fasting serum glucose level was 98 mg/dL, with a corresponding serum insulin level of 10 mU/L. During an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, the 2-hour serum glucose was 210 mg/dL, and serum insulin values during the test did not exceed 53 mU/L. In 2002, the A-ZIP/F1 hypoleptinemic mouse had its adrenal glands removed. Even though this CGL model does not respond well to leptin replacement, an infusion of recombinant leptin reduced the characteristic hypercorticosteronemia of this murine model of CGL. Adrenalectomy in this transgenic mouse improved insulin sensitivity in the liver and muscle. In summary, adrenalectomy -in both a human and a mouse case of CGL- limited adipose tissue exposure to corticosteroid action and led to a notorious metabolic improvement. On a broader scenario, given that leptin restrains the adrenal axis, the reduced leptin activity of the leptin resistance displayed by obese subjects should lead to adrenal axis overactivity. This overactivity should result in elevated serum levels of free cortisol, free fatty acids, and glycerol. In this manner, leptin resistance should lead to peripheral (adipose tissue, liver, and muscle) insulin resistance and islet beta-cell apoptosis, paving the way to Type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H. Contreras
- Reproductive Endocrinology Unit, Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile
- Endocrine and Gynecology Units, Fundación Médica San Cristóbal, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pilar Vigil
- Reproductive Endocrinology Unit, Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile
- Endocrine and Gynecology Units, Fundación Médica San Cristóbal, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao JM, Su ZH, Han QY, Wang M, Liu X, Li J, Huang SY, Chen J, Li XW, Chen XY, Guo ZL, Jiang S, Pan J, Li T, Xue W, Zhou T. Deficiency of Trex1 leads to spontaneous development of type 1 diabetes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38166933 PMCID: PMC10763031 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune condition, characterized by destruction of insulin-producing cells, due to the detrimental inflammation in pancreas. Growing evidences have indicated the important role of type I interferon in the development of type 1 diabetes. METHODS Trex1-deficient rats were generated by using CRISPR-Cas9. The fasting blood glucose level of rat was measured by a Roche Accuchek blood glucose monitor. The levels of insulin, islet autoantibodies, and interferon-β were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The inflammatory genes were detected by quantitative PCR and RNA-seq. Hematein-eosin staining was used to detect the pathological changes in pancreas, eye and kidney. The pathological features of kidney were also detected by Masson trichrome and periodic acid-Schiff staining. The distribution of islet cells, immune cells or ssDNA in pancreas was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS In this study, we established a Trex1-deletion Sprague Dawley rat model, and unexpectedly, we found that the Trex1-/- rats spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes. Similar to human diabetes, the hyperglycemia in rats is accompanied by diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy and cataract. Mechanistical investigation revealed the accumulation of ssDNA and the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-β, in Trex1 null pancreas. These are likely contributing to the inflammation in pancreas and eventually leading to the decline of pancreatic β cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study links the DNA-induced chronic inflammation to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, and also provides an animal model for type 1 diabetes studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Man Zhao
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Su
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Han
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shao-Yi Huang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xia-Ying Chen
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zeng-Lin Guo
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tao Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen Xue
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harvey I, Richard AJ, Mendoza TM, Stephens JM. Adipocyte STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5) is not required for glucocorticoid-induced metabolic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E438-E447. [PMID: 37702737 PMCID: PMC10864007 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00116.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Excess glucocorticoid (GC) signaling in adipose tissue is a key driver of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis, but underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling in adipocytes has also been implicated in the progression of similar metabolic disturbances. Although STAT5 has been shown to interact with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in many cell types including adipocytes, the relevance of the STAT5/GR complex has not been investigated in adipocytes. Adult male and female adipocyte-specific STAT5 knockout (STAT5AKO) and floxed mice were given corticosterone (CORT) or vehicle in their drinking water for 1 wk and examined for differences in their metabolic responses to GC excess. CORT-induced lipolysis, insulin resistance, and changes in body composition were comparable between genotypes and in both sexes. Adipocyte STAT5 is not necessary for GC-mediated progression of metabolic disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Both STAT5 and glucocorticoid receptor contribute to metabolic processes and type 2 diabetes, in large part, due to their functions in adipocytes. These two transcription factors can form a complex and function together. Our novel studies determined the role of adipocyte STAT5 in glucocorticoid-induced diabetes. We observed that STAT5 in adipocytes is not needed for glucocorticoid-induced diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Innocence Harvey
- Adipocyte Biology Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Allison J Richard
- Adipocyte Biology Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Tamra M Mendoza
- Adipocyte Biology Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
- Biological Sciences Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Akingbesote ND, Leitner BP, Jovin DG, Desrouleaux R, Owusu D, Zhu W, Li Z, Pollak MN, Perry RJ. Gene and protein expression and metabolic flux analysis reveals metabolic scaling in liver ex vivo and in vivo. eLife 2023; 12:e78335. [PMID: 37219930 PMCID: PMC10205083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic scaling, the inverse correlation of metabolic rates to body mass, has been appreciated for more than 80 years. Studies of metabolic scaling have largely been restricted to mathematical modeling of caloric intake and oxygen consumption, and mostly rely on computational modeling. The possibility that other metabolic processes scale with body size has not been comprehensively studied. To address this gap in knowledge, we employed a systems approach including transcriptomics, proteomics, and measurement of in vitro and in vivo metabolic fluxes. Gene expression in livers of five species spanning a 30,000-fold range in mass revealed differential expression according to body mass of genes related to cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolic processes, and to detoxication of oxidative damage. To determine whether flux through key metabolic pathways is ordered inversely to body size, we applied stable isotope tracer methodology to study multiple cellular compartments, tissues, and species. Comparing C57BL/6 J mice with Sprague-Dawley rats, we demonstrate that while ordering of metabolic fluxes is not observed in in vitro cell-autonomous settings, it is present in liver slices and in vivo. Together, these data reveal that metabolic scaling extends beyond oxygen consumption to other aspects of metabolism, and is regulated at the level of gene and protein expression, enzyme activity, and substrate supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi D Akingbesote
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Brooks P Leitner
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Daniel G Jovin
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Reina Desrouleaux
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Dennis Owusu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Wanling Zhu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Zongyu Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Michael N Pollak
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General HospitalMontrealCanada
- Department of Oncology, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ito Y, Sun R, Yagimuma H, Taki K, Mizoguchi A, Kobayashi T, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Tsunekawa T, Takagi H, Hagiwara D, Iwama S, Suga H, Konishi H, Kiyama H, Arima H, Banno R. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Deficiency Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Type 1 Diabetes Treated With Leptin. Diabetes 2022; 71:1902-1914. [PMID: 35748319 PMCID: PMC9862406 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, exhibits therapeutic potential for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key enzyme that negatively regulates leptin receptor signaling. Here, the role of PTP1B in the treatment of T1D was investigated using PTP1B-deficient (knockout [KO]) mice and a PTP1B inhibitor. T1D wild-type (WT) mice induced by streptozotocin showed marked hyperglycemia compared with non-T1D WT mice. KO mice displayed significantly improved glucose metabolism equivalent to non-T1D WT mice, whereas peripheral or central administration of leptin partially improved glucose metabolism in T1D WT mice. Peripheral combination therapy of leptin and a PTP1B inhibitor in T1D WT mice improved glucose metabolism to the same level as non-T1D WT mice. Leptin was shown to act on the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus to suppress gluconeogenesis in liver and enhance glucose uptake in both brown adipose tissue and soleus muscle through the sympathetic nervous system. These effects were enhanced by PTP1B deficiency. Thus, treatment of T1D with leptin, PTP1B deficiency, or a PTP1B inhibitor was shown to enhance leptin activity in the hypothalamus to improve glucose metabolism. These findings suggest a potential alternative therapy for T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Runan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yagimuma
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keigo Taki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taku Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Corresponding author: Ryoichi Banno,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan X, Wang J, Chen X, Yan W, Niu Q, Tang N, Zhang MZ, Gu W, Wang X. Effects of the timing of the initiation of dietary intake on pediatric type 1 diabetes for diabetic ketoacidosis. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:206. [PMID: 35418062 PMCID: PMC9008930 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Precision treatment of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has been the focus of research for decades. Whether the timing of the initiation of dietary intake contributes to DKA correction is ignored. Methods We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the effects of the timing of the initiation of dietary intake on DKA correction in Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, a tertiary children’s hospital, from June 2017 to December 2020. Individual basic characteristic and clinical information of all DKA cases (n = 183) were collected. Multiple linear regression, logistic regression model and random forest (RF) model were used to assess the effect of the timing of the initiation of dietary intake on DKA correction. Results The mean age of the children diagnosed with DKA was 6.95 (SD 3.82) years. The median DKA correction time and the timing of the initiation of dietary intake was 41.72 h and 3.13 h, respectively. There were 62.3% (n = 114) patients corrected DKA at the end of the 48-h rehydration therapy. For each hour delay in starting dietary intake, child’s DKA correction was prolonged by 0.5 (95% CI 1.05, 1.11, P < 0.001) hours and the adjusted odds of DKA over 48 h was increased by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.11, P < 0.001) after adjustment for potential confounders. The RF model based on the timing of the initiation of dietary intake and child’s weight and systolic pressure achieved the highest AUC of 0.789. Conclusion Pediatricians should pay attention to the effect of the timing of the initiation of dietary intake, a controllable factor, on DKA correction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03243-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jieguo Wang
- Department of Emergency, Pediatric intensive care unit, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wu Yan
- Department of Children Health Care, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qing Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Ming Zhi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen T, Ma F, Peng Y, Sun R, Xi Q, Sun J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li M. Plant miR167e-5p promotes 3T3-L1 adipocyte adipogenesis by targeting β-catenin. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:471-479. [PMID: 35829897 PMCID: PMC9277600 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is important in the development of fat deposition. Evidence showed that plant microRNAs (miRNAs) could be absorbed by the digestive tract and exert regulatory effects on animals' physiological processes. However, the regulation of plant miRNA on host lipogenesis remains unknown. This study explored the potential function of plant miRNA, miR167e-5p, in adipogenesis in vitro. The presentation of plant miR167e-5p improved lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Bioinformatics prediction and luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR167e-5p targeted β-catenin. MiR167e-5p could not only negatively affect the expression of β-catenin but also showed a positive effect on several fat synthesis-related genes, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (Cebpα), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (Ap2), lipolysis genes, adipose triglyceride lipase (Atgl), and hormone-sensitive lipase (Hsl) messenger RNA levels. Meanwhile, lipid accumulation and the expression of the β-catenin and other five fat synthesis-related genes were recovered to their original pattern by adding the miR167e-5p inhibitor in 3T3-L1 cells. The immunoblot confirmed the same expression pattern in protein levels in β-catenin, PPAR-γ, FAS, and HSL. This research demonstrates that plant miR167e-5p can potentially affect adipogenesis through the regulation of β-catenin, suggesting that plant miRNAs could be a new class of bioactive ingredients in adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Fei Ma
- College of Biological Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000 China
| | - Yongjia Peng
- College of Biological Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000 China
| | - Ruiping Sun
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou, 571100 China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000 China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Biological Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yaginuma H, Banno R, Sun R, Taki K, Mizoguchi A, Kobayashi T, Sugiyama M, Tsunekawa T, Onoue T, Takagi H, Hagiwara D, Ito Y, Iwama S, Suga H, Arima H. Peripheral combination treatment of leptin and an SGLT2 inhibitor improved glucose metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:340-347. [PMID: 34663516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether peripheral combination treatment of a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor and leptin improves glucose metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) model mice. Twelve-week-old male C57BL6 mice were intraperitoneally administered a high dose of streptozotocin to produce IDDM. IDDM mice were then divided into five groups: SGLT2 inhibitor treatment alone, leptin treatment alone, leptin and SGLT2 inhibitor co-treatment, untreated IDDM mice, and healthy mice groups. The blood glucose (BG) level at the end of the dark cycle was measured, and a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed and compared between the five groups. Leptin was peripherally administered at 20 μg/day using an osmotic pump, and an SGLT2 inhibitor, ipragliflozin, was orally administered at 3 mg/kg/day. Monotherapy with SGLT2 inhibitor or leptin significantly improved glucose metabolism in mice as evaluated by BG and GTT compared with the untreated group, whereas the co-treatment group with SGLT2 inhibitor and leptin further improved glucose metabolism as compared with the monotherapy group. Notably, glucose metabolism in the co-treatment group improved to the same level as that in the healthy mice group. Thus, peripheral combination treatment with leptin and SGLT2 inhibitor improved glucose metabolism in IDDM mice without the use of insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yaginuma
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan.
| | - Runan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Keigo Taki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, 2-2-22 Bunkyo, Ichinomiya 491-8558, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Taku Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, 2-2-22 Bunkyo, Ichinomiya 491-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Department of CKD Initiatives/Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lewis GF, Carpentier AC, Pereira S, Hahn M, Giacca A. Direct and indirect control of hepatic glucose production by insulin. Cell Metab 2021; 33:709-720. [PMID: 33765416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is general agreement that the acute suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin is mediated by both a direct and an indirect effect on the liver. There is, however, no consensus regarding the relative magnitude of these effects under physiological conditions. Extensive research over the past three decades in humans and animal models has provided discordant results between these two modes of insulin action. Here, we review the field to make the case that physiologically direct hepatic insulin action dominates acute suppression of glucose production, but that there is also a delayed, second order regulation of this process via extrahepatic effects. We further provide our views regarding the timing, dominance, and physiological relevance of these effects and discuss novel concepts regarding insulin regulation of adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism and central nervous system (CNS) signaling to the liver, as regulators of insulin's extrahepatic effects on glucose production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Andre C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fujikawa T. Central regulation of glucose metabolism in an insulin-dependent and -independent manner. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12941. [PMID: 33599044 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) contributes significantly to glucose homeostasis. The available evidence indicates that insulin directly acts on the CNS, in particular the hypothalamus, to regulate hepatic glucose production, thereby controlling whole-body glucose metabolism. Additionally, insulin also acts on the brain to regulate food intake and fat metabolism, which may indirectly regulate glucose metabolism. Studies conducted over the last decade have found that the CNS can regulate glucose metabolism in an insulin-independent manner. Enhancement of central leptin signalling reverses hyperglycaemia in insulin-deficient rodents. Here, I review the mechanisms by which central insulin and leptin actions regulate glucose metabolism. Although clinical studies have shown that insulin treatment is currently indispensable for managing diabetes, unravelling the neuronal mechanisms underlying the central regulation of glucose metabolism will pave the way for the design of novel therapeutic drugs for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Fujikawa
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pereira S, Cline DL, Glavas MM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Tissue-Specific Effects of Leptin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:1-28. [PMID: 33150398 PMCID: PMC7846142 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin was intrinsically associated with its ability to regulate body weight. However, the effects of leptin are more far-reaching and include profound glucose-lowering and anti-lipogenic effects, independent of leptin's regulation of body weight. Regulation of glucose metabolism by leptin is mediated both centrally and via peripheral tissues and is influenced by the activation status of insulin signaling pathways. Ectopic fat accumulation is diminished by both central and peripheral leptin, an effect that is beneficial in obesity-associated disorders. The magnitude of leptin action depends upon the tissue, sex, and context being examined. Peripheral tissues that are of particular relevance include the endocrine pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, immune cells, and the cardiovascular system. As a result of its potent metabolic activity, leptin is used to control hyperglycemia in patients with lipodystrophy and is being explored as an adjunct to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. To fully understand the role of leptin in physiology and to maximize its therapeutic potential, the mechanisms of leptin action in these tissues needs to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Adipose, or fat, tissue (AT) was once considered an inert tissue that primarily existed to store lipids, and was not historically recognized as an important organ in the regulation and maintenance of health. With the rise of obesity and more rigorous research, AT is now recognized as a highly complex metabolic organ involved in a host of important physiological functions, including glucose homeostasis and a multitude of endocrine capabilities. AT dysfunction has been implicated in several disease states, most notably obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The study of AT has provided useful insight in developing strategies to combat these highly prevalent metabolic diseases. This review highlights the major functions of adipose tissue and the consequences that can occur when disruption of these functions leads to systemic metabolic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Innocence Harvey
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Anik Boudreau
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kalantarhormozi M, Jouyan N, Asadipooya K, Nabipour I, Mirzaei K. Evaluation of adipokines, adiponectin, visfatin, and omentin, in uncomplicated type I diabetes patients before and after treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1723-1727. [PMID: 32342445 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is potentially a lethal complication of uncontrolled, especially type 1, diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying adipokine involvement in the regulation of glucose metabolism is important to prevent complications of hyperglycemia. The role of novel adipokines during DKA in human remains unclear. METHOD The method is to determine the changes in the circulating levels of adiponectin, visfatin, and omentin after treating DKA in the patients referred to Shohadaye Khalij-e-Fars hospital at the Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. Measuring adipokines (adiponectin, visfatin, and omentin) in 31 patients with DKA who are admitted in Shohadaye Khalij-e-Fars hospital at the Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. Adipokines are measured at the time of admission and after recovery from DKA, using ELISA method. RESULTS After recovery from DKA, omentin-1 serum concentration decreased significantly (from 183 to 165), but adiponectin and visfatin did not change significantly. CONCLUSION Omentin-1 may play a significant role in insulin resistance during the DKA and could be potentially recommended as a marker of recovery in DKA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kalantarhormozi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini St, 75147-63448, Bushehr, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - N Jouyan
- The Internal Medicine Department, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - K Asadipooya
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - I Nabipour
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini St, 75147-63448, Bushehr, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - K Mirzaei
- Community Medicine Specialist Medical School, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song JD, Alves TC, Befroy DE, Perry RJ, Mason GF, Zhang XM, Munk A, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Cline GW, Rothman DL, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Dissociation of Muscle Insulin Resistance from Alterations in Mitochondrial Substrate Preference. Cell Metab 2020; 32:726-735.e5. [PMID: 33035493 PMCID: PMC8218871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in muscle mitochondrial substrate preference have been postulated to play a major role in the pathogenesis of muscle insulin resistance. In order to examine this hypothesis, we assessed the ratio of mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation (VPDH) to rates of mitochondrial citrate synthase flux (VCS) in muscle. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found that high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed insulin-resistant rats did not manifest altered muscle substrate preference (VPDH/VCS) in soleus or quadriceps muscles in the fasting state. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HE) clamps increased VPDH/VCS in both muscles in normal and insulin-resistant rats. We then examined the muscle VPDH/VCS flux in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant humans and found similar relative rates of VPDH/VCS, following an overnight fast (∼20%), and similar increases in VPDH/VCS fluxes during a HE clamp. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that alterations in mitochondrial substrate preference are not an essential step in the pathogenesis of muscle insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joongyu D Song
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiago C Alves
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas E Befroy
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology & Bioengineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; PeakAnalysts, Benenden, Kent, UK
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Department of Radiology & Bioengineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander Munk
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Radiology & Bioengineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Singha A, Palavicini JP, Pan M, Farmer S, Sandoval D, Han X, Fujikawa T. Leptin Receptors in RIP-Cre 25Mgn Neurons Mediate Anti-dyslipidemia Effects of Leptin in Insulin-Deficient Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:588447. [PMID: 33071988 PMCID: PMC7538546 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.588447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a potent endocrine hormone produced by adipose tissue and regulates a broad range of whole-body metabolism such as glucose and lipid metabolism, even without insulin. Central leptin signaling can lower hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient rodents via multiple mechanisms, including improvements of dyslipidemia. However, the specific neurons that regulate anti-dyslipidemia effects of leptin remain unidentified. Here we report that leptin receptors (LEPRs) in neurons expressing Cre recombinase driven by a short fragment of a promoter region of Ins2 gene (RIP-Cre25Mgn neurons) are required for central leptin signaling to reverse dyslipidemia, thereby hyperglycemia in insulin-deficient mice. Ablation of LEPRs in RIP-Cre25Mgn neurons completely blocks glucose-lowering effects of leptin in insulin-deficient mice. Further investigations reveal that insulin-deficient mice lacking LEPRs in RIP-Cre25Mgn neurons (RIP-CreΔLEPR mice) exhibit greater lipid levels in blood and liver compared to wild-type controls, and that leptin injection into the brain does not suppress dyslipidemia in insulin-deficient RIP-CreΔLEPR mice. Leptin administration into the brain combined with acipimox, which lowers blood lipids by suppressing triglyceride lipase activity, can restore normal glycemia in insulin-deficient RIP-CreΔLEPR mice, suggesting that excess circulating lipids are a driving-force of hyperglycemia in these mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that LEPRs in RIP-Cre25Mgn neurons significantly contribute to glucose-lowering effects of leptin in an insulin-independent manner by improving dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Singha
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Scotlynn Farmer
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Darleen Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Teppei Fujikawa
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Division of Hypothalamic Research Center, Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Perry RJ, Shulman GI. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: Understanding the mechanisms for therapeutic promise and persisting risks. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14379-14390. [PMID: 32796035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a healthy person, the kidney filters nearly 200 g of glucose per day, almost all of which is reabsorbed. The primary transporter responsible for renal glucose reabsorption is sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2). Based on the impact of SGLT2 to prevent renal glucose wasting, SGLT2 inhibitors have been developed to treat diabetes and are the newest class of glucose-lowering agents approved in the United States. By inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, these agents promote glycosuria, thereby reducing blood glucose concentrations and often resulting in modest weight loss. Recent work in humans and rodents has demonstrated that the clinical utility of these agents may not be limited to diabetes management: SGLT2 inhibitors have also shown therapeutic promise in improving outcomes in heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and, in preclinical studies, certain cancers. Unfortunately, these benefits are not without risk: SGLT2 inhibitors predispose to euglycemic ketoacidosis in those with type 2 diabetes and, largely for this reason, are not approved to treat type 1 diabetes. The mechanism for each of the beneficial and harmful effects of SGLT2 inhibitors-with the exception of their effect to lower plasma glucose concentrations-is an area of active investigation. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which these drugs cause euglycemic ketoacidosis and hyperglucagonemia and stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis as well as their beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease and cancer. In so doing, we aim to highlight the crucial role for selecting patients for SGLT2 inhibitor therapy and highlight several crucial questions that remain unanswered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qing H, Desrouleaux R, Israni-Winger K, Mineur YS, Fogelman N, Zhang C, Rashed S, Palm NW, Sinha R, Picciotto MR, Perry RJ, Wang A. Origin and Function of Stress-Induced IL-6 in Murine Models. Cell 2020; 182:372-387.e14. [PMID: 32610084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute psychological stress has long been known to decrease host fitness to inflammation in a wide variety of diseases, but how this occurs is incompletely understood. Using mouse models, we show that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the dominant cytokine inducible upon acute stress alone. Stress-inducible IL-6 is produced from brown adipocytes in a beta-3-adrenergic-receptor-dependent fashion. During stress, endocrine IL-6 is the required instructive signal for mediating hyperglycemia through hepatic gluconeogenesis, which is necessary for anticipating and fueling "fight or flight" responses. This adaptation comes at the cost of enhancing mortality to a subsequent inflammatory challenge. These findings provide a mechanistic understanding of the ontogeny and adaptive purpose of IL-6 as a bona fide stress hormone coordinating systemic immunometabolic reprogramming. This brain-brown fat-liver axis might provide new insights into brown adipose tissue as a stress-responsive endocrine organ and mechanistic insight into targeting this axis in the treatment of inflammatory and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qing
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Reina Desrouleaux
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kavita Israni-Winger
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yann S Mineur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nia Fogelman
- Yale Stress Center and Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saleh Rashed
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center and Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Münzberg H, Singh P, Heymsfield SB, Yu S, Morrison CD. Recent advances in understanding the role of leptin in energy homeostasis. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32518627 PMCID: PMC7255681 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24260.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone leptin plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, although our overall understanding of acutely changing leptin levels still needs improvement. Several developments allow a fresh look at recent and early data on leptin action. This review highlights select recent publications that are relevant for understanding the role played by dynamic changes in circulating leptin levels. We further discuss the relevance for our current understanding of leptin signaling in central neuronal feeding and energy expenditure circuits and highlight cohesive and discrepant findings that need to be addressed in future studies to understand how leptin couples with physiological adaptations of food intake and energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Prachi Singh
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Perry RJ, Zhang D, Guerra MT, Brill AL, Goedeke L, Nasiri AR, Rabin-Court A, Wang Y, Peng L, Dufour S, Zhang Y, Zhang XM, Butrico GM, Toussaint K, Nozaki Y, Cline GW, Petersen KF, Nathanson MH, Ehrlich BE, Shulman GI. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis by INSP3R1-mediated hepatic lipolysis. Nature 2020; 579:279-283. [PMID: 32132708 PMCID: PMC7101062 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While it is well-established that alterations in the portal vein insulin/glucagon ratio play a major role in causing dysregulated hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D)1–3, the mechanisms by which glucagon alters hepatic glucose production and mitochondrial oxidation remain poorly understood. Here we show that glucagon stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis by increasing hepatic adipose triglyceride lipase activity, intrahepatic lipolysis, hepatic acetyl-CoA content, and pyruvate carboxylase flux, while also increasing mitochondrial fat oxidation, mediated by stimulation of the inositol triphosphate receptor-1 (InsP3R-I). Chronic physiological increases in plasma glucagon concentrations increased mitochondrial hepatic fat oxidation and reversed diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in rats and mice; however, the effect of chronic glucagon treatment to reverse hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance was abrogated in InsP3R-I knockout mice. These results provide new insights into glucagon biology and suggest that InsP3R-I may be a novel therapeutic target to reverse nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mateus T Guerra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Allison L Brill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ali R Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gina M Butrico
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Keshia Toussaint
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuichi Nozaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael H Nathanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nasiri AR, Rodrigues MR, Li Z, Leitner BP, Perry RJ. SGLT2 inhibition slows tumor growth in mice by reversing hyperinsulinemia. Cancer Metab 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 31867105 PMCID: PMC6907191 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-019-0203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity confers an increased risk and accelerates the progression of multiple tumor types in rodents and humans, including both breast and colon cancer. Because sustained weight loss is rarely achieved, therapeutic approaches to slow or prevent obesity-associated cancer development have been limited, and mechanistic insights as to the obesity-cancer connection have been lacking. Methods E0771 breast tumors and MC38 colon tumors were treated in vivo in mice and in vitro with two mechanistically different insulin-lowering agents, a controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and tumor growth and glucose metabolism were assessed. Groups were compared by ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. Results Dapagliflozin slows tumor growth in two mouse models (E0771 breast cancer and MC38 colon adenocarcinoma) of obesity-associated cancers in vivo, and a mechanistically different insulin-lowering agent, CRMP, also slowed breast tumor growth through its effect to reverse hyperinsulinemia. In both models and with both agents, tumor glucose uptake and oxidation were not constitutively high, but were hormone-responsive. Restoration of hyperinsulinemia by subcutaneous insulin infusion abrogated the effects of both dapagliflozin and CRMP to slow tumor growth. Conclusions Taken together, these data demonstrate that hyperinsulinemia per se promotes both breast and colon cancer progression in obese mice, and highlight SGLT2 inhibitors as a clinically available means of slowing obesity-associated tumor growth due to their glucose- and insulin-lowering effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali R Nasiri
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Marcos R Rodrigues
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.,3Department of Surgery, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Zongyu Li
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.,2Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine Yale University, PO Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Brooks P Leitner
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.,2Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine Yale University, PO Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.,2Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine Yale University, PO Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scheja L, Heeren J. The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:507-524. [PMID: 31296970 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their role in glucose and lipid metabolism, adipocytes respond differentially to physiological cues or metabolic stress by releasing endocrine factors that regulate diverse processes, such as energy expenditure, appetite control, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and tissue repair. Both energy-storing white adipocytes and thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes secrete hormones, which can be peptides (adipokines), lipids (lipokines) and exosomal microRNAs. Some of these factors have defined targets; for example, adiponectin and leptin signal through their respective receptors that are expressed in multiple organs. For other adipocyte hormones, receptors are more promiscuous or remain to be identified. Furthermore, many of these hormones are also produced by other organs and tissues, which makes defining the endocrine contribution of adipose tissues a challenge. In this Review, we discuss the functional role of adipose tissue-derived endocrine hormones for metabolic adaptations to the environment and we highlight how these factors contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. We also cover how this knowledge can be translated into human therapies. In addition, we discuss recent findings that emphasize the endocrine role of white versus thermogenic adipocytes in conditions of health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Tens of millions suffer from insulin deficiency (ID); a defect leading to severe metabolic imbalance and death. The only means for management of ID is insulin therapy; yet, this approach is sub-optimal and causes life-threatening hypoglycemia. Hence, ID represents a great medical and societal challenge. Here we report that S100A9, also known as Calgranulin B or Myeloid-Related Protein 14 (MRP14), is a leptin-induced circulating cue exerting beneficial anti-diabetic action. In murine models of ID, enhanced expression of S100A9 alone (i.e. without administered insulin and/or leptin) slightly improves hyperglycemia, and normalizes key metabolic defects (e.g. hyperketonemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation; FAO), and extends lifespan by at least a factor of two. Mechanistically, we report that Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is required, at least in part, for the metabolic-improving and pro-survival effects of S100A9. Thus, our data identify the S100A9/TLR4 axis as a putative target for ID care. Insulin replacement is a valuable therapy for insulin deficiency, however, other therapies are being investigated to restore metabolic homeostasis. Here, the authors identify S100A9 as a leptin induced circulating cue that improves glucose and lipid homeostasis and extends survival in insulin deficient mice.
Collapse
|
25
|
Perry RJ, Resch JM, Douglass AM, Madara JC, Rabin-Court A, Kucukdereli H, Wu C, Song JD, Lowell BB, Shulman GI. Leptin's hunger-suppressing effects are mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in rodents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13670-13679. [PMID: 31213533 PMCID: PMC6613139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901795116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin informs the brain about sufficiency of fuel stores. When insufficient, leptin levels fall, triggering compensatory increases in appetite. Falling leptin is first sensed by hypothalamic neurons, which then initiate adaptive responses. With regard to hunger, it is thought that leptin-sensing neurons work entirely via circuits within the central nervous system (CNS). Very unexpectedly, however, we now show this is not the case. Instead, stimulation of hunger requires an intervening endocrine step, namely activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Increased corticosterone then activates AgRP neurons to fully increase hunger. Importantly, this is true for 2 forms of low leptin-induced hunger, fasting and poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. Hypoglycemia, which also stimulates hunger by activating CNS neurons, albeit independently of leptin, similarly recruits and requires this pathway by which HPA axis activity stimulates AgRP neurons. Thus, HPA axis regulation of AgRP neurons is a previously underappreciated step in homeostatic regulation of hunger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jon M Resch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Amelia M Douglass
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hakan Kucukdereli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Chen Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Joongyu D Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215;
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hackl MT, Fürnsinn C, Schuh CM, Krssak M, Carli F, Guerra S, Freudenthaler A, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Helbich TH, Luger A, Zeyda M, Gastaldelli A, Buettner C, Scherer T. Brain leptin reduces liver lipids by increasing hepatic triglyceride secretion and lowering lipogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2717. [PMID: 31222048 PMCID: PMC6586634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis develops when lipid influx and production exceed the liver’s ability to utilize/export triglycerides. Obesity promotes steatosis and is characterized by leptin resistance. A role of leptin in hepatic lipid handling is highlighted by the observation that recombinant leptin reverses steatosis of hypoleptinemic patients with lipodystrophy by an unknown mechanism. Since leptin mainly functions via CNS signaling, we here examine in rats whether leptin regulates hepatic lipid flux via the brain in a series of stereotaxic infusion experiments. We demonstrate that brain leptin protects from steatosis by promoting hepatic triglyceride export and decreasing de novo lipogenesis independently of caloric intake. Leptin’s anti-steatotic effects are generated in the dorsal vagal complex, require hepatic vagal innervation, and are preserved in high-fat-diet-fed rats when the blood brain barrier is bypassed. Thus, CNS leptin protects from ectopic lipid accumulation via a brain-vagus-liver axis and may be a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate obesity-related steatosis. Obesity is associated with leptin resistance and rising blood leptin levels while central leptin exposure may be limited. Here, the authors show that brain leptin infusion reduces hepatic lipid content in rats by increasing hepatic VLDL secretion and lowering liver de novo lipogenesis via a vagal mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Theresa Hackl
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Maria Schuh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krssak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, High-Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Clinical Molecular MR Imaging, MOLIMA, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Guerra
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Santa Cecilia 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelika Freudenthaler
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Baumgartner-Parzer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas H Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Luger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Zeyda
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Santa Cecilia 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (DOMI), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abulizi A, Camporez JP, Zhang D, Samuel VT, Shulman GI, Vatner DF. Ectopic lipid deposition mediates insulin resistance in adipose specific 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 transgenic mice. Metabolism 2019; 93:1-9. [PMID: 30576689 PMCID: PMC6401251 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Excessive adipose glucocorticoid action is associated with insulin resistance, but the mechanisms linking adipose glucocorticoid action to insulin resistance are still debated. We hypothesized that insulin resistance from excess glucocorticoid action may be attributed in part to increased ectopic lipid deposition in liver. METHODS We tested this hypothesis in the adipose specific 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (HSD11B1) transgenic mouse, an established model of adipose glucocorticoid excess. Tissue specific insulin action was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, hepatic lipid content was measured, hepatic insulin signaling was assessed by immunoblotting. The role of hepatic lipid content was further probed by administration of the functionally liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupler, Controlled Release Mitochondrial Protonophore (CRMP). FINDINGS High fat diet fed HSD11B1 transgenic mice developed more severe hepatic insulin resistance than littermate controls (endogenous suppression of hepatic glucose production was reduced by 3.8-fold, P < 0.05); this was reflected by decreased insulin-stimulated hepatic insulin receptor kinase tyrosine phosphorylation and AKT serine phosphorylation. Hepatic insulin resistance was associated with a 53% increase (P < 0.05) in hepatic triglyceride content, a 73% increase in diacylglycerol content (P < 0.01), and a 66% increase in PKCε translocation (P < 0.05). Hepatic insulin resistance was prevented with administration of CRMP by reversal of hepatic steatosis and prevention of hepatic diacylglycerol accumulation and PKCε activation. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with excess adipose glucocorticoid activity being a predisposing factor for the development of lipid (diacylglycerol-PKCε)-induced hepatic insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abudukadier Abulizi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - João-Paulo Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pereira S, O'Dwyer SM, Webber TD, Baker RK, So V, Ellis CE, Yoon JS, Mojibian M, Glavas MM, Karunakaran S, Clee SM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Metabolic effects of leptin receptor knockdown or reconstitution in adipose tissues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3307. [PMID: 30824713 PMCID: PMC6397253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of peripheral and central leptin signalling to the regulation of metabolism and the mechanisms through which leptin affects glucose homeostasis have not been fully elucidated. We generated complementary lines of mice with either leptin receptor (Lepr) knockdown or reconstitution in adipose tissues using Cre-lox methodology. Lepr knockdown mice were modestly lighter and had lower plasma insulin concentrations following an oral glucose challenge compared to controls, despite similar insulin sensitivity. We rendered male mice diabetic using streptozotocin (STZ) and found that upon prolonged leptin therapy, Lepr knockdown mice had an accelerated decrease in blood glucose compared to controls that was associated with higher plasma concentrations of leptin and leptin receptor. Mice with transcriptional blockade of Lepr (LeprloxTB/loxTB) were obese and hyperglycemic and reconstitution of Lepr in adipose tissues of LeprloxTB/loxTB mice resulted in males reaching a higher maximal body weight. Although mice with adipose tissue Lepr reconstitution had lower blood glucose levels at several ages, their plasma insulin concentrations during an oral glucose test were elevated. Thus, attenuation or restoration of Lepr in adipocytes alters the plasma insulin profile following glucose ingestion, modifies the glucose-lowering effect of prolonged leptin therapy in insulin-deficient diabetes, and may modulate weight gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon M O'Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Travis D Webber
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert K Baker
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victor So
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cara E Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ji Soo Yoon
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Subashini Karunakaran
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susanne M Clee
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Perry RJ, Rabin-Court A, Song JD, Cardone RL, Wang Y, Kibbey RG, Shulman GI. Dehydration and insulinopenia are necessary and sufficient for euglycemic ketoacidosis in SGLT2 inhibitor-treated rats. Nat Commun 2019; 10:548. [PMID: 30710078 PMCID: PMC6358621 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08466-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of anti-diabetic agents; however, concerns have been raised about their potential to induce euglycemic ketoacidosis and to increase both glucose production and glucagon secretion. The mechanisms behind these alterations are unknown. Here we show that the SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) dapagliflozin promotes ketoacidosis in both healthy and type 2 diabetic rats in the setting of insulinopenia through increased plasma catecholamine and corticosterone concentrations secondary to volume depletion. These derangements increase white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis and hepatic acetyl-CoA content, rates of hepatic glucose production, and hepatic ketogenesis. Treatment with a loop diuretic, furosemide, under insulinopenic conditions replicates the effect of dapagliflozin and causes ketoacidosis. Furthermore, the effects of SGLT2 inhibition to promote ketoacidosis are independent from hyperglucagonemia. Taken together these data in rats identify the combination of insulinopenia and dehydration as a potential target to prevent euglycemic ketoacidosis associated with SGLT2i. The use of sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes has been associated with euglycemic ketoacidosis and increased glucose production and glucagon secretion. Here Perry et al. show that these effects rely on both insulinopenia and dehydration, and thus suggest ways to manage the side effects associated with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.,Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Joongyu D Song
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cardone
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Richard G Kibbey
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.,Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA. .,Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, TAC S269, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li J, Shen X. Oxidative stress and adipokine levels were significantly correlated in diabetic patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:13. [PMID: 30774721 PMCID: PMC6364461 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between blood adipokine level and oxidative stress in diabetic patients with hyperglycemic crises before and after treatment. METHODS We measured superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), adiponectin, leptin, and resistin in 63 diabetic patients with hyperglycemic crises. RESULTS Prior to treatment, patients with hyperglycemic crises had significantly lower serum SOD activity, TAC, and adiponectin and leptin levels, and higher serum levels of MDA, 8-iso-PGF2α, and resistin compared with the healthy control individuals (all at P < 0.05). After treatment, SOD, TAC, adiponectin, and leptin levels increased significantly, while MDA, 8-iso-PGF2α, and resistin levels decreased significantly (all at P < 0.05) in the patients. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic patients with hyperglycemic crises have increased oxidative stress, which is associated with serum adipokine abnormalities; improved oxidative stress after treatment suggests that oxidative stress may serve as target and/or indicator for the treatment of hyperglycemic crises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Emergency, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004 Fujian China
| | - Xingping Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004 Fujian China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Neumann UH, Kwon MM, Baker RK, Kieffer TJ. Leptin contributes to the beneficial effects of insulin treatment in streptozotocin-diabetic male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1264-E1273. [PMID: 30300012 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00159.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It was long thought that the only hormone capable of reversing the catabolic consequences of diabetes was insulin. However, various studies have demonstrated that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin can robustly lower blood glucose levels in rodent models of insulin-deficient diabetes. In addition, it has been suggested that some of the metabolic manifestations of insulin-deficient diabetes are due to hypoleptinemia as opposed to hypoinsulinemia. Because insulin therapy increases leptin levels, we sought to investigate the contribution of leptin to the beneficial effects of insulin therapy. To do this, we tested insulin therapy in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic mice that were either on an ob/ ob background or that were given a leptin antagonist to determine if blocking leptin action would blunt the glucose-lowering effects of insulin therapy. We found that STZ diabetic ob/ ob mice have a diminished blood glucose-lowering effect in response to insulin therapy compared with STZ diabetic controls and exhibited more severe weight loss post-STZ injection. In addition, STZ diabetic mice administered a leptin antagonist through daily injection or plasmid expression respond less robustly to insulin therapy as assessed by both fasting blood glucose levels and blood glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test. However, leptin antagonism did not prevent the insulin-induced reduction in β-hydroxybutyrate and triglyceride levels. Therefore, we conclude that elevated leptin levels can contribute to the glucose-lowering effect of insulin therapy in insulin-deficient diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula H Neumann
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Michelle M Kwon
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Robert K Baker
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
- Department of Surgery, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2133-2223. [PMID: 30067154 PMCID: PMC6170977 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1454] [Impact Index Per Article: 242.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some discoveries have matured, coalescing into solid and fertile ground for clinical application; others remain incompletely investigated and scientifically controversial. Here, we attempt to synthesize this work to guide further mechanistic investigation and to inform the development of novel therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The rational development of such therapies necessitates detailed knowledge of one of the key pathophysiological processes involved in T2D: insulin resistance. Understanding insulin resistance, in turn, requires knowledge of normal insulin action. In this review, both the physiology of insulin action and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance are described, focusing on three key insulin target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. We aim to develop an integrated physiological perspective, placing the intricate signaling effectors that carry out the cell-autonomous response to insulin in the context of the tissue-specific functions that generate the coordinated organismal response. First, in section II, the effectors and effects of direct, cell-autonomous insulin action in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue are reviewed, beginning at the insulin receptor and working downstream. Section III considers the critical and underappreciated role of tissue crosstalk in whole body insulin action, especially the essential interaction between adipose lipolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The pathophysiology of insulin resistance is then described in section IV. Special attention is given to which signaling pathways and functions become insulin resistant in the setting of chronic overnutrition, and an alternative explanation for the phenomenon of ‟selective hepatic insulin resistanceˮ is presented. Sections V, VI, and VII critically examine the evidence for and against several putative mediators of insulin resistance. Section V reviews work linking the bioactive lipids diacylglycerol, ceramide, and acylcarnitine to insulin resistance; section VI considers the impact of nutrient stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria on insulin resistance; and section VII discusses non-cell autonomous factors proposed to induce insulin resistance, including inflammatory mediators, branched-chain amino acids, adipokines, and hepatokines. Finally, in section VIII, we propose an integrated model of insulin resistance that links these mediators to final common pathways of metabolite-driven gluconeogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li J, Shen X. Leptin concentration and oxidative stress in diabetic ketoacidosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e13006. [PMID: 30053313 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a common metabolic state during ageing, and one in five elderly individuals suffers from diabetes. However, few studies have been performed in elderly diabetic patients, and large randomized clinical trials in this population are rare. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in serum leptin levels in elderly patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) before and after treatment and assess its relationship with oxidative stress parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum leptin levels, plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and plasma 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α ) levels were measured in elderly patients aged 81.76 ± 9.42 years with DKA before and after treatment. RESULTS Plasma SOD activity, TAC and serum leptins before treatment were significantly lower in elderly patients with DKA compared with the control group (P < 0.05), whereas plasma MDA and 8-iso-PGF2α levels before treatment were significantly higher in elderly patients with DKA (P < 0.05). Plasma SOD activity, TAC and serum leptin levels in elderly patients with DKA were significantly elevated after treatment, whereas their plasma MDA and 8-iso-PGF2α levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Leptin levels negatively correlated with plasma 8-iso-PGF2α after treatment in elderly DKA patients (r = -0.36, P < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 8-iso-PGF2α was a significant factor affecting serum leptin levels. CONCLUSIONS Serum leptin levels in the elderly patients with DKA were significantly reduced after treatment, which was associated with oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Emergency, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingping Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Madiraju AK, Qiu Y, Perry RJ, Rahimi Y, Zhang XM, Zhang D, Camporez JPG, Cline GW, Butrico GM, Kemp BE, Casals G, Steinberg GR, Vatner DF, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis via a redox-dependent mechanism in vivo. Nat Med 2018; 24:1384-1394. [PMID: 30038219 PMCID: PMC6129196 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, the universal first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, exerts its therapeutic glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, the primary molecular mechanism of this biguanide remains unclear, though it has been suggested to act, at least partially, by mitochondrial complex I inhibition. Here we show that clinically relevant concentrations of plasma metformin achieved by acute intravenous, acute intraportal or chronic oral administration in awake normal and diabetic rats inhibit gluconeogenesis from lactate and glycerol but not from pyruvate and alanine, implicating an increased cytosolic redox state in mediating metformin's antihyperglycemic effect. All of these effects occurred independently of complex I inhibition, evidenced by unaltered hepatic energy charge and citrate synthase flux. Normalizing the cytosolic redox state by infusion of methylene blue or substrates that contribute to gluconeogenesis independently of the cytosolic redox state abrogated metformin-mediated inhibition of gluconeogenesis in vivo. Additionally, in mice expressing constitutively active acetyl-CoA carboxylase, metformin acutely decreased hepatic glucose production and increased the hepatic cytosolic redox state without altering hepatic triglyceride content or gluconeogenic enzyme expression. These studies demonstrate that metformin, at clinically relevant plasma concentrations, inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in a redox-dependent manner independently of reductions in citrate synthase flux, hepatic nucleotide concentrations, acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, or gluconeogenic enzyme protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anila K Madiraju
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yang Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yasmeen Rahimi
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gina M Butrico
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne & Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University Fitzroy, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregori Casals
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kitt F Petersen
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Harvey I, Stephenson EJ, Redd JR, Tran QT, Hochberg I, Qi N, Bridges D. Glucocorticoid-Induced Metabolic Disturbances Are Exacerbated in Obese Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2275-2287. [PMID: 29659785 PMCID: PMC5946848 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of glucocorticoid-induced metabolic dysfunction in the presence of diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J adult male lean and diet-induced obese mice were given dexamethasone, and levels of hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and lipolysis were determined. Obese mice given dexamethasone had significant, synergistic effects on fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and markers of lipolysis, as well as hepatic steatosis. This was associated with synergistic transactivation of the lipolytic enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase. The combination of chronically elevated glucocorticoids and obesity leads to exacerbations in metabolic dysfunction. Our findings suggest lipolysis may be a key player in glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance and fatty liver in individuals with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Innocence Harvey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Erin J Stephenson
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - JeAnna R Redd
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Quynh T Tran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Irit Hochberg
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nathan Qi
- Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Correspondence: Dave Bridges, PhD, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Perry RJ. Leptin revisited: The role of leptin in starvation. Mol Cell Oncol 2018; 5:e1435185. [PMID: 30263938 PMCID: PMC6154858 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2018.1435185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starvation causes reductions in plasma leptin concentrations, but the physiologic impact of this observation had not been documented in the starved state. Here we discuss our recent work demonstrating that hypoleptinemia activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, increasing white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis and mediating a shift from glucose to fat metabolism to maintain euglycemia in fasted rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Meek TH, Matsen ME, Faber CL, Samstag CL, Damian V, Nguyen HT, Scarlett JM, Flak JN, Myers MG, Morton GJ. In Uncontrolled Diabetes, Hyperglucagonemia and Ketosis Result From Deficient Leptin Action in the Parabrachial Nucleus. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1585-1594. [PMID: 29438473 PMCID: PMC5939636 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates neurons that project from the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) to the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) in a neurocircuit that drives counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, including increased glucagon secretion. Among LPBN neurons in this circuit is a subset that expresses cholecystokinin (LPBNCCK neurons) and is tonically inhibited by leptin. Because uncontrolled diabetes is associated with both leptin deficiency and hyperglucagonemia, and because intracerebroventricular (ICV) leptin administration reverses both hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia in this setting, we hypothesized that deficient leptin inhibition of LPBNCCK neurons drives activation of this LPBN→VMN circuit and thereby results in hyperglucagonemia. Here, we report that although bilateral microinjection of leptin into the LPBN does not ameliorate hyperglycemia in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (STZ-DM), it does attenuate the associated hyperglucagonemia and ketosis. To determine if LPBN leptin signaling is required for the antidiabetic effect of ICV leptin in STZ-DM, we studied mice in which the leptin receptor was selectively deleted from LPBNCCK neurons. Our findings show that although leptin signaling in these neurons is not required for the potent antidiabetic effect of ICV leptin, it is required for leptin-mediated suppression of diabetic hyperglucagonemia. Taken together, these findings suggest that leptin-mediated effects in animals with uncontrolled diabetes occur through actions involving multiple brain areas, including the LPBN, where leptin acts specifically to inhibit glucagon secretion and associated ketosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Meek
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Miles E Matsen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colby L Samstag
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Vincent Damian
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong T Nguyen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan N Flak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory J Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
In vivo studies on the mechanism of methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid and methylene cyclopropyl glycine-induced hypoglycemia. Biochem J 2018; 475:1063-1074. [PMID: 29483297 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the toxins methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA) and methylene cyclopropyl glycine (MCPG) of unripe ackee and litchi fruit can lead to hypoglycemia and death; however, the molecular mechanisms by which MCPA and MCPG cause hypoglycemia have not been established in vivo To determine the in vivo mechanisms of action of these toxins, we infused them into conscious rodents and assessed rates of hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis, hepatic acyl-CoA and hepatic acetyl-CoA content, and hepatocellular energy charge. MCPG suppressed rates of hepatic β-oxidation as reflected by reductions in hepatic ketogenesis, reducing both short- and medium-chain hepatic acyl-CoA concentrations. Hepatic acetyl-CoA content decreased, and hepatic glucose production was inhibited. MCPA also suppressed β-oxidation of short-chain acyl-CoAs, rapidly inhibiting hepatic ketogenesis and hepatic glucose production, depleting hepatic acetyl-CoA content and ATP content, while increasing other short-chain acyl-CoAs. Utilizing a recently developed positional isotopomer NMR tracer analysis method, we demonstrated that MCPA-induced reductions in hepatic acetyl-CoA content were associated with a marked reduction of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase (PC) flux. Taken together, these data reveal the in vivo mechanisms of action of MCPA and MCPG: the hypoglycemia associated with ingestion of these toxins can be ascribed mostly to MCPA- or MCPG-induced reductions in hepatic PC flux due to inhibition of β-oxidation of short-chain acyl-CoAs by MCPA or inhibition of both short- and medium-chain acyl-CoAs by MCPG with resultant reductions in hepatic acetyl-CoA content, with an additional contribution to hypoglycemia through reduced hepatic ATP stores by MCPA.
Collapse
|
39
|
Perry RJ, Shulman GI. The Role of Leptin in Maintaining Plasma Glucose During Starvation. POSTDOC JOURNAL : A JOURNAL OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH AND POSTDOCTORAL AFFAIRS 2018; 6:3-19. [PMID: 29682594 PMCID: PMC5909716 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v6n3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For 20 years it has been known that concentrations of leptin, a hormone produced by the white adipose tissue (WAT) largely in proportion to body fat, drops precipitously with starvation, particularly in lean humans and animals. The role of leptin to suppress the thyroid and reproductive axes during a prolonged fast has been well defined; however, the impact of leptin on metabolic regulation has been incompletely understood. However emerging evidence suggests that, in starvation, hypoleptinemia increases activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, promoting WAT lipolysis, increasing hepatic acetyl-CoA concentrations, and maintaining euglycemia. In addition, leptin may be largely responsible for mediating a shift from a reliance upon glucose metabolism (absorption and glycogenolysis) to fat metabolism (lipolysis increasing gluconeogenesis) which preserves substrates for the brain, heart, and other critical organs. In this way a leptin-mediated glucose-fatty acid cycle appears to maintain glycemia and permit survival in starvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Perry RJ, Wang Y, Cline GW, Rabin-Court A, Song JD, Dufour S, Zhang XM, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Leptin Mediates a Glucose-Fatty Acid Cycle to Maintain Glucose Homeostasis in Starvation. Cell 2018; 172:234-248.e17. [PMID: 29307489 PMCID: PMC5766366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The transition from the fed to the fasted state necessitates a shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism that is thought to be mostly orchestrated by reductions in plasma insulin concentrations. Here, we show in awake rats that insulinopenia per se does not cause this transition but that both hypoleptinemia and insulinopenia are necessary. Furthermore, we show that hypoleptinemia mediates a glucose-fatty acid cycle through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, resulting in increased white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis rates and increased hepatic acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) content, which are essential to maintain gluconeogenesis during starvation. We also show that in prolonged starvation, substrate limitation due to reduced rates of glucose-alanine cycling lowers rates of hepatic mitochondrial anaplerosis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis. Taken together, these data identify a leptin-mediated glucose-fatty acid cycle that integrates responses of the muscle, WAT, and liver to promote a shift from carbohydrate to fat oxidation and maintain glucose homeostasis during starvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joongyu D Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xian Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Perry RJ, Peng L, Cline GW, Wang Y, Rabin-Court A, Song JD, Zhang D, Zhang XM, Nozaki Y, Dufour S, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Mechanisms by which a Very-Low-Calorie Diet Reverses Hyperglycemia in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2018; 27:210-217.e3. [PMID: 29129786 PMCID: PMC5762419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction rapidly reverses type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the mechanism(s) of this reversal are poorly understood. Here we show that 3 days of a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD, one-quarter their typical intake) lowered plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in a rat model of T2D without altering body weight. The lower plasma glucose was associated with a 30% reduction in hepatic glucose production resulting from suppression of both gluconeogenesis from pyruvate carboxylase (VPC), explained by a reduction in hepatic acetyl-CoA content, and net hepatic glycogenolysis. In addition, VLCD resulted in reductions in hepatic triglyceride and diacylglycerol content and PKCɛ translocation, associated with improved hepatic insulin sensitivity. Taken together, these data show that there are pleotropic mechanisms by which VLCD reverses hyperglycemia in a rat model of T2D, including reduced DAG-PKCɛ-induced hepatic insulin resistance, reduced hepatic glycogenolysis, and reduced hepatic acetyl-CoA content, PC flux, and gluconeogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joongyu D Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yuichi Nozaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang S, Xin P, Ou Q, Hollett G, Gu Z, Wu J. Poly(ester amide)-based hybrid hydrogels for efficient transdermal insulin delivery. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6723-6730. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01466c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive, non-invasive treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Peikun Xin
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Qianmin Ou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Hospital of Stomatology
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510055
| | - Geoffrey Hollett
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Zhipeng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The liver is crucial for the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis - it produces glucose during fasting and stores glucose postprandially. However, these hepatic processes are dysregulated in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and this imbalance contributes to hyperglycaemia in the fasted and postprandial states. Net hepatic glucose production is the summation of glucose fluxes from gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis and other pathways. In this Review, we discuss the in vivo regulation of these hepatic glucose fluxes. In particular, we highlight the importance of indirect (extrahepatic) control of hepatic gluconeogenesis and direct (hepatic) control of hepatic glycogen metabolism. We also propose a mechanism for the progression of subclinical hepatic insulin resistance to overt fasting hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insights into the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis by metformin and insulin and into the role of lipid-induced hepatic insulin resistance in modifying gluconeogenic and net hepatic glycogen synthetic flux are also discussed. Finally, we consider the therapeutic potential of strategies that target hepatosteatosis, hyperglucagonaemia and adipose lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine
| | | | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hussain Z, Khan JA. Food intake regulation by leptin: Mechanisms mediating gluconeogenesis and energy expenditure. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:940-944. [PMID: 29111188 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of blood glucose levels and body fat is critical for survival. Leptin circulates freely in blood and controls body weight and food intake mainly through hypothalamic receptors and regulates glucose metabolism in the liver both directly through leptin receptors and indirectly via the hypothalamic receptors of central nervous system. Leptin affects food intake regulation and eventually glucose metabolism, lipometabolism, endocrine and immune functions, reproductive function, adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure. Leptin also exerts peripheral effects directly on glucose metabolism and gluconeogenesis. Most of obese human subjects have elevated plasma levels of leptin associated to the size of their total adipose tissue mass. Hence gluconeogenic function may be an essential factor in the regulation of nutritional intake and weight gain. The aim of this review is therefore to identify and module the possible effects of leptin with special application in gluconeogenesis. In addition, this review includes the study of fat consumption and energy expenditure in the body. Specific modulation of leptin receptors and adipose tissues functioning could have important inference on therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulfia Hussain
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Ali Khan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cohen DM, Steger DJ. Nuclear Receptor Function through Genomics: Lessons from the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:531-540. [PMID: 28495406 PMCID: PMC5505657 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Unlocking the therapeutic potential of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has motivated a search for small molecules that selectively modulate its ability to activate or repress gene transcription. Recently, breakthrough studies in the field of genomics have reinvigorated debate over longstanding transcriptional models explaining how GR controls tissue-specific gene expression. Here, we highlight these genomic studies with the dual goals of advancing understanding of nuclear receptor-mediated transcription and stimulating thought on the development of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive ligands for GR that have reduced harmful effects on metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Cohen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David J Steger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Neumann UH, Ho JSS, Chen S, Tam YYC, Cullis PR, Kieffer TJ. Lipid nanoparticle delivery of glucagon receptor siRNA improves glucose homeostasis in mouse models of diabetes. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1161-1172. [PMID: 29031717 PMCID: PMC5641600 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hyperglucagonemia is present in many forms of diabetes and contributes to hyperglycemia, and glucagon suppression can ameliorate diabetes in mice. Leptin, a glucagon suppressor, can also reverse diabetes in rodents. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) effectively targets the liver and is in clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases. We compared the effectiveness of glucagon receptor (Gcgr)-siRNA delivered via LNPs to leptin in two mouse models of diabetes. Methods Gcgr siRNA encapsulated into LNPs or leptin was administered to mice with diabetes due to injection of the β-cell toxin streptozotocin (STZ) alone or combined with high fat diet (HFD/STZ). Results In STZ-diabetic mice, a single injection of Gcgr siRNA lowered blood glucose levels for 3 weeks, improved glucose tolerance, and normalized plasma ketones levels, while leptin therapy normalized blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance, and plasma ketones, and suppressed lipid metabolism. In contrast, in HFD/STZ-diabetic mice, Gcgr siRNA lowered blood glucose levels for 2 months, improved oral glucose tolerance, and reduced HbA1c, while leptin had no beneficial effects. Conclusions While leptin may be more effective than Gcgr siRNA at normalizing both glucose and lipid metabolism in STZ diabetes, Gcgr siRNA is more effective at reducing blood glucose levels in HFD/STZ diabetes. Gcgr siRNA improves glucose metabolism but not lipid metabolism in STZ diabetic mice. Leptin improves both glucose and lipid metabolism in STZ diabetic mice. Gcgr siRNA improves glucose metabolism in HFD/STZ diabetic mice. Leptin does not improve glucose metabolism in HFD/STZ diabetic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula H Neumann
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jessica S S Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sam Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yuen Yi C Tam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
D'souza AM, Neumann UH, Glavas MM, Kieffer TJ. The glucoregulatory actions of leptin. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1052-1065. [PMID: 28951828 PMCID: PMC5605734 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hormone leptin is an important regulator of metabolic homeostasis, able to inhibit food intake and increase energy expenditure. Leptin can also independently lower blood glucose levels, particularly in hyperglycemic models of leptin or insulin deficiency. Despite significant efforts and relevance to diabetes, the mechanisms by which leptin acts to regulate blood glucose levels are not fully understood. Scope of review Here we assess literature relevant to the glucose lowering effects of leptin. Leptin receptors are widely expressed in multiple cell types, and we describe both peripheral and central effects of leptin that may be involved in lowering blood glucose. In addition, we summarize the potential clinical application of leptin in regulating glucose homeostasis. Major conclusions Leptin exerts a plethora of metabolic effects on various tissues including suppressing production of glucagon and corticosterone, increasing glucose uptake, and inhibiting hepatic glucose output. A more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of the glucose-lowering actions of leptin may reveal new strategies to treat metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M D'souza
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ursula H Neumann
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Oberlin D, Buettner C. How does leptin restore euglycemia in insulin-deficient diabetes? J Clin Invest 2017; 127:450-453. [PMID: 28112680 DOI: 10.1172/jci91880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin replacement is the cornerstone of type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment; however, glycemic control remains a challenge. Leptin has been shown to effectively restore euglycemia in rodent models of T1D; however, the mechanism or mechanisms by which leptin exerts glycemic control are unclear. In this issue of the JCI, Perry and colleagues provide evidence that suppression of lipolysis is a key facet of leptin-mediated restoration of euglycemia. However, more work remains to be done to fully understand the antidiabetic mechanisms of leptin.
Collapse
|