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Walker M, Federico E, Zunt JR, Levitt MR, Johnston CM. Quantitative analysis of HSV‑1 shedding as a predictor of cerebral vasospasm severity in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Biomed Rep 2024; 21:177. [PMID: 39387003 PMCID: PMC11462505 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm (CV) is a critical determinant of outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Despite advances in neurocritical care, modifiable risk factors for CV remain poorly understood, and identifying them could significantly enhance patient management and treatment strategies. The present study explored the potential link between the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a common resident virus in cranial nerves, and CV severity. It was hypothesized that higher HSV-1 viral load in saliva may be associated with increased CV severity. Saliva samples were collected on days 4, 7, 10 and 14 post-aSAH, and HSV-1 DNA levels were measured using quantitative PCR. CV severity was assessed using the Lindegaard ratio (LR), with an LR >3 considered the diagnostic threshold for CV. A total of 36 patients were enrolled, and 139 saliva samples were collected. HSV-1 DNA was detected in 19.4% of samples (27/139), and 44% of patients (16/36) developed CV. HSV-1 seropositive patients made up 88.9% (32/36) of the cohort, with 50% exhibiting viral shedding during the study period. None of the HSV-1 seronegative patients (11.1%, 4/36) exhibited viral shedding or developed CV. Regression analysis showed a positive association between HSV-1 viral load and CV severity, with viral load explaining 27.8% of the variability (P=0.005). Age was also significant, with older patients experiencing less severe CV (P<0.001). Supervised machine learning identified viral load thresholds that aligned with standard LR values for moderate and severe CV. While the small sample size and observational design limit the generalizability of the results, these findings suggested that earlier detection and intervention for CV could be informed by assessing HSV-1 serostatus and monitoring viral activity through saliva samples or other non-invasive methods, highlighting the need for larger, controlled studies to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Walker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Stroke and Applied NeuroSciences Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Emma Federico
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Stroke and Applied NeuroSciences Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Joseph R. Zunt
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Michael R. Levitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Stroke and Applied NeuroSciences Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Christine M. Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Frederiksen EH, Ramirez MVR, Moreno-Hay I, Miller CS, Carlson CR. Whole unstimulated salivary flow rate decreases during acute stressful condition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2024; 137:594-603. [PMID: 38521649 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2024.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of acute stress on salivary flow using a validated stressor paradigm. STUDY DESIGN This uniform crossover study consisted of 40 healthy adults who underwent the Trier Social Stress Test, consisting of a 5-minute mental arithmetic task (MAT), and a nonstressful task (NST), consisting of a 5-minute free speech task. The order of the tasks was counterbalanced and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) was measured in 2 groups of 20 participants during each 5-minute task condition, with a 10-minute washout period between tasks. At baseline, mathematical ability was self-reported and psychological distress was measured using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Heart rate (HR) and breathing rate (BR) were recorded during each task. RESULTS Age, sex, HR, BR, and psychological distress were similar between groups at baseline (P > .05). During the MAT, HR increased significantly and mean UWS flow rate decreased significantly compared with the NST (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS An acute psychobiological stressor task was associated with a rapid decrease in salivary flow in adults. Thus, stress can contribute to reduced salivary flow and should be considered as a factor during the diagnostic workup of patients who complain of a dry mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Moreno-Hay
- Orofacial Pain Center, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Craig S Miller
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
| | - Charles R Carlson
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Papinska JA, Durślewicz J, Bagavant H, Deshmukh US. Deleting Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase 2 in Salivary Gland Ductal Epithelial Cells Recapitulates Non-Sjögren's Sicca Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5983. [PMID: 38892170 PMCID: PMC11172772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated oxidative stress can play a pivotal role in autoimmune diseases by exacerbating inflammatory responses and tissue damage. In Sjögren's disease (SjD), the contribution of oxidative stress in the disease pathogenesis remains unclear. To address this question, we created mice with a tamoxifen-inducible conditional knockout (KO) of a critical antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2), in the salivary glands (i-sg-Sod2 KO mice). Following tamoxifen treatment, Sod2 deletion occurred primarily in the ductal epithelium, and the salivary glands showed a significant downregulation of Sod2 expression. At twelve weeks post-treatment, salivary glands from the i-sg-Sod2 KO mice exhibited increased 3-Nitrotyrosine staining. Bulk RNA-seq revealed alterations in gene expression pathways related to ribosome biogenesis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative phosphorylation. Significant changes were noted in genes characteristic of salivary gland ionocytes. The i-sg-Sod2 KO mice developed reversible glandular hypofunction. However, this functional loss was not accompanied by glandular lymphocytic foci or circulating anti-nuclear antibodies. These data demonstrate that although localized oxidative stress in salivary gland ductal cells was insufficient for SjD development, it induced glandular dysfunction. The i-sg-Sod2 KO mouse resembles patients classified as non-Sjögren's sicca and will be a valuable model for deciphering oxidative-stress-mediated glandular dysfunction and recovery mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A. Papinska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Justyna Durślewicz
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.D.); (H.B.)
| | - Harini Bagavant
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.D.); (H.B.)
| | - Umesh S. Deshmukh
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.D.); (H.B.)
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Cong X, Mao XD, Wu LL, Yu GY. The role and mechanism of tight junctions in the regulation of salivary gland secretion. Oral Dis 2024; 30:3-22. [PMID: 36825434 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are cell-cell interactions that localize at the most apical portion of epithelial/endothelial cells. One of the predominant functions of TJs is to regulate material transport through paracellular pathway, which serves as a selective barrier. In recent years, the expression and function of TJs in salivary glands has attracted great interest. The characteristics of multiple salivary gland TJ proteins have been identified. During salivation, the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1, as well as other stimuli, promote the opening of acinar TJs by inducing internalization of TJs, thereby contributing to increased paracellular permeability. Besides, endothelial TJs are also redistributed with leakage of blood vessels in cholinergic-stimulated submandibular glands. Furthermore, under pathological conditions, such as Sjögren's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis, and autotransplantation, the integrity and barrier function of TJ complex are impaired and may contribute to hyposalivation. Moreover, in submandibular glands of Sjögren's syndrome mouse model and patients, the endothelial barrier is disrupted and involved in hyposecretion and lymphocytic infiltration. These findings enrich our understanding of the secretory mechanisms that link the importance of epithelial and endothelial TJ functions to salivation under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Di Mao
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
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Mereness JA, Piraino L, Chen CY, Moyston T, Song Y, Shubin A, DeLouise LA, Ovitt CE, Benoit DSW. Slow hydrogel matrix degradation enhances salivary gland mimetic phenotype. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:187-200. [PMID: 37150277 PMCID: PMC10330445 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently developed a salivary gland tissue mimetic (SGm), comprised of salivary gland cells encapsulated in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels within arrays of ∼320 µm diameter spherical cavities molded in PDMS. The SGm provides a functional and physiologically relevant platform well-suited to high-throughput drug screening for radioprotective compounds. However, the utility of the SGm would benefit from improved retention of acinar cell phenotype and function. We hypothesized that tuning biochemical cues presented within the PEG hydrogel matrix would improve maintenance of acinar cell phenotype and function by mimicking the natural extracellular matrix microenvironment of the intact gland. Hydrogels formed using slower-degrading MMP-sensitive peptide crosslinkers showed >2-fold increase in sphere number formed at 48 h, increased expression of acinar cell markers, and more robust response to calcium stimulation by the secretory agonist, carbachol, with reduced SGm tissue cluster disruption and outgrowth during prolonged culture. The incorporation of adhesive peptides containing RGD or IKVAV improved calcium flux response to secretory agonists at 14 days of culture. Tuning the hydrogel matrix improved cell aggregation, and promoted acinar cell phenotype, and stability of the SGm over 14 days of culture. Furthermore, combining this matrix with optimized media conditions synergistically prolonged the retention of the acinar cell phenotype in SGm. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Salivary gland (SG) dysfunction occurs due to off-target radiation due to head and neck cancer treatments. Progress in understanding gland dysfunction and developing therapeutic strategies for the SG are hampered by the lack of in vitro models, as salivary gland cells rapidly lose critical secretory function within 24 hours in vitro. Herein, we identify properties of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel matrices that enhance the secretory phenotype of SG tissue mimetics within the previously-described SG-microbubble tissue chip environment. Combining slow-degrading hydrogels with media conditions optimized for secretory marker expression further enhanced functional secretory response and secretory marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Mereness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Lindsay Piraino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, United States; Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Chiao Yun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Tracey Moyston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Yuanhui Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Knight Campus Department of Bioengineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Andrew Shubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Department of General Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lisa A DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, United States; Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Catherine E Ovitt
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, United States; Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Knight Campus Bioengineering Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.
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Shao M, Chen K, Wu X, Lin J, Jiang M, Zhuo F, Ying Z, Huang Y. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of sialorrhea in severe neurological patients with tracheotomy. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3164. [PMID: 37461166 PMCID: PMC10454347 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) injection into the salivary glands of the severe neurological patients with tracheotomy METHODS: Seven patients with severe neurological disorders after tracheotomy and obvious drooling symptoms were enrolled. BTA was injected into bilateral parotid glands and submandibular glands under the guidance of ultrasound. Unstimulated salivary flow rate (uSFR) and Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS) were used to evaluate drooling before injection, 1 week, and 4 weeks after injection. We compared the extubation time, time of changing from balloon cannula to metal cannula, hospitalization time and incidence of recurrent pulmonary infection between these patients and other patients accepted conventional curation. RESULTS (1) The drooling severity scale (DSFS-S), the drooling frequency scale (DSFS-F), the drooling frequency and severity scale total score (DSFS-T) were significantly lower at 4 weeks after BTA injection compared to prior-treatment (p < .001). (2) uSFR of 1 week and 4 weeks were both statistically decreased than the untreated condition (p < .001). (3) Compared with the conventional group, the time of changing from balloon cannula to metal cannula was shortened obviously (p < .05) and incidence of recurrent pulmonary infection was clearly decreased (p < .05) after BTA treatment CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided BTA injection into salivary glands can effectively reduce saliva secretion. We also found that the time of changing cannula was shortened obviously and the incidence of recurrent pneumonia infection was reduced. BTA injection of salivary glands to cure drooling could advance to the clinical therapy in severe neurological patients after tracheotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Shao
- Department of RehabilitationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Keyang Chen
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Department of RehabilitationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Department of RehabilitationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Mingxia Jiang
- Department of RehabilitationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Feinan Zhuo
- Department of RehabilitationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zhaojian Ying
- Department of EmergencyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of RehabilitationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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7
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Masuda K, Furuyama A, Ohsuga K, Abe S, Kawaai H. Effect of propofol on salivary secretion from the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands during intravenous sedation. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2023; 23:153-162. [PMID: 37313266 PMCID: PMC10260352 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2023.23.3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent animal studies have suggested the role of GABA type A (GABA-A) receptors in salivation, showing that GABA-A receptor agonists inhibit salivary secretion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of propofol (a GABA-A agonist) on salivary secretions from the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands during intravenous sedation in healthy volunteers. Methods Twenty healthy male volunteers participated in the study. They received a loading dose of propofol 6 mg/kg/h for 10 min, followed by 3 mg/kg/h for 15 min. Salivary flow rates in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands were measured before, during, and after propofol infusion, and amylase activity was measured in the saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands. Results We found that the salivary flow rates in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands significantly decreased during intravenous sedation with propofol (P < 0.01). Similarly, amylase activity in the saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Conclusion It can be concluded that intravenous sedation with propofol decreases salivary secretion in the submandibular, sublingual, and labial glands via the GABA-A receptor. These results may be useful for dental treatment when desalivation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Masuda
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akira Furuyama
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohsuga
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shota Abe
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Kawaai
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Ohu University Dental Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
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Takla M, Saadeh K, Tse G, Huang CLH, Jeevaratnam K. Ageing and the Autonomic Nervous System. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:201-252. [PMID: 37120470 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate nervous system is divided into central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) components. In turn, the PNS is divided into the autonomic (ANS) and enteric (ENS) nervous systems. Ageing implicates time-related changes to anatomy and physiology in reducing organismal fitness. In the case of the CNS, there exists substantial experimental evidence of the effects of age on individual neuronal and glial function. Although many such changes have yet to be experimentally observed in the PNS, there is considerable evidence of the role of ageing in the decline of ANS function over time. As such, this chapter will argue that the ANS constitutes a paradigm for the physiological consequences of ageing, as well as for their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary Tse
- Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury, UK
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Li J, Sudiwala S, Berthoin L, Mohabbat S, Gaylord EA, Sinada H, Cruz Pacheco N, Chang JC, Jeon O, Lombaert IM, May AJ, Alsberg E, Bahney CS, Knox SM. Long-term functional regeneration of radiation-damaged salivary glands through delivery of a neurogenic hydrogel. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc8753. [PMID: 36542703 PMCID: PMC9770982 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc8753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland acinar cells are severely depleted after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, leading to loss of saliva and extensive oro-digestive complications. With no regenerative therapies available, organ dysfunction is irreversible. Here, using the adult murine system, we demonstrate that radiation-damaged salivary glands can be functionally regenerated via sustained delivery of the neurogenic muscarinic receptor agonist cevimeline. We show that endogenous gland repair coincides with increased nerve activity and acinar cell division that is limited to the first week after radiation, with extensive acinar cell degeneration, dysfunction, and cholinergic denervation occurring thereafter. However, we found that mimicking cholinergic muscarinic input via sustained local delivery of a cevimeline-alginate hydrogel was sufficient to regenerate innervated acini and retain physiological saliva secretion at nonirradiated levels over the long term (>3 months). Thus, we reveal a previously unknown regenerative approach for restoring epithelial organ structure and function that has extensive implications for human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Li
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Sudiwala
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lionel Berthoin
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seayar Mohabbat
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliza A. Gaylord
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanan Sinada
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noel Cruz Pacheco
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiun Chiun Chang
- Orthopedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oju Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isabelle M.A. Lombaert
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison J. May
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Departments of Orthopedics, Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chelsea S. Bahney
- Orthopedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Sarah M. Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Bestwick-Stevenson T, Toone R, Neupert E, Edwards K, Kluzek S. Assessment of Fatigue and Recovery in Sport: Narrative Review. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1151-1162. [PMID: 35468639 DOI: 10.1055/a-1834-7177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is a phenomenon associated with decreases in both physical and cognitive performances and increases in injury occurrence. Competitive athletes are required to complete demanding training programs with high workloads to elicit the physiological and musculoskeletal adaptations plus skill acquisition necessary for performance. High workloads, especially sudden rapid increases in training loads, are associated with the occurrence of fatigue. At present, there is limited evidence elucidating the underlying mechanisms associating the fatigue generated by higher workloads and with an increase in injury risk. The multidimensional nature and manifestation of fatigue have led to differing definitions and dichotomies of the term. Consequently, a plethora of physiological, biochemical, psychological and performance markers have been proposed to measure fatigue and recovery. Those include self-reported scales, countermovement jump performance, heart rate variability, and saliva and serum biomarker analyses. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of fatigue and recovery plus methods of assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bestwick-Stevenson
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rebecca Toone
- Mountain Biking, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Emma Neupert
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kimberley Edwards
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stefan Kluzek
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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11
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May AJ, Mattingly AJ, Gaylord EA, Griffin N, Sudiwala S, Cruz-Pacheco N, Emmerson E, Mohabbat S, Nathan S, Sinada H, Lombaert IMA, Knox SM. Neuronal-epithelial cross-talk drives acinar specification via NRG1-ERBB3-mTORC2 signaling. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2550-2565.e5. [PMID: 36413949 PMCID: PMC9727910 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acinar cells are the principal secretory units of multiple exocrine organs. A single-cell, layered, lumenized acinus forms from a large cohort of epithelial progenitors that must initiate and coordinate three cellular programs of acinar specification, namely, lineage progression, secretion, and polarization. Despite this well-known outcome, the mechanism(s) that regulate these complex programs are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that neuronal-epithelial cross-talk drives acinar specification through neuregulin (NRG1)-ERBB3-mTORC2 signaling. Using single-cell and global RNA sequencing of developing murine salivary glands, we identified NRG1-ERBB3 to precisely overlap with acinar specification during gland development. Genetic deletion of Erbb3 prevented cell lineage progression and the establishment of lumenized, secretory acini. Conversely, NRG1 treatment of isolated epithelia was sufficient to recapitulate the development of secretory acini. Mechanistically, we found that NRG1-ERBB3 regulates each developmental program through an mTORC2 signaling pathway. Thus, we reveal that a neuronal-epithelial (NRG1/ERBB3/mTORC2) mechanism orchestrates the creation of functional acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aaron J Mattingly
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nathan Griffin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sonia Sudiwala
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Seayar Mohabbat
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hanan Sinada
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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12
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Huang Y, Wang WK, Zheng XM, Yang L, Wang LH, Qiu XH, Chen LH, Li RL, Lin CQ. Decreased salivary α-amylase activity responding to citric acid stimulation in Myasthenia gravis with malnutrition. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269621. [PMID: 35704634 PMCID: PMC9200330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Malnutrition, defined according to Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002), is commonly observed in patients of Myasthenia gravis (MG), a neuromuscular disorder manifested by varied degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. Because biochemical composition of saliva changes in correspondence to alterations in nutritional status, we tested our hypothesis that a certain saliva component(s) might serve as a biomarker(s) for nutrition status of MG, particularly for those MG patients with high risk of malnutrition. MATERIALS AND METHODS 60 MG patients and 60 subjects belonging to the healthy control group (HCG) were enrolled in this case-control study. The salivary α-amylase (sAA) activity, salivary flow rate (SFR), pH, total protein density (TPD), and the concentrations of chloride and calcium ions in MG group with or without malnutrition were measured before and after citric acid stimulation. Thereafter, the relationship between sAA activity and BMI was determined in MG and HCG. RESULTS Compared with HCG, more patients with malnutrition, increased TPD and chloride and calcium concentrations but decreased pH value and SFR both before and after acid stimulation, as well as reduced sAA activity, pH and TPD responses to acid stimulation. MG with malnutrition showed decreased sAA activity and TPD responding to acid stimulation compared with those without malnutrition. Compared with normal BMI, sAA activity response to acid stimulation was reduced in low BMI. There was a significant strong positive correlation between the ratio of sAA activity and BMI in MG. CONCLUSIONS Salivary biochemical characteristics are abnormally altered in MG with malnutrition. Altered sAA activity responding to acid stimulation was associated with malnutrition. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Decreased sAA activity responding to acid stimulation can reflect malnutrition state and may be one potential screening marker for MG patients with high risk of malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wen-kai Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-mei Zheng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Long Yang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li-hui Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiang-hong Qiu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Long-hui Chen
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ru-liu Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chuan-quan Lin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
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13
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Shi XJ, Liu HM, Li L, Zhang Y, Cong X, Liu LM, Wu LL, Xiang RL. Profiling the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network in the submandibular gland of diabetic mice. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:109. [PMID: 35449001 PMCID: PMC9028094 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyposalivation is one of the common symptoms of diabetes. Although long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes, the role of lncRNAs in diabetes-induced hyposalivation remains unknown. METHODS The present study aimed to explore the function of lncRNA-microRNA-mRNA regulatory network in the submandibular gland (SMGs) under the context of diabetes. LncRNA expression profile of the SMGs was analyzed using microarray technology. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR. Bioinformatics analyses were performed, and Coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed to explore the potential mechanisms of diabetes-induced hyposalivation. RESULTS A total of 1273 differentially expressed lncRNAs (536 up-regulated and 737 downregulated) were identified in the SMGs tissues of db/db mice. CNC and ceRNA network analyses were performed based on five differentially expressed lncRNAs validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Gene Ontology analysis of target genes of CNC network revealed that "calcium ion binding" was a highly enriched molecular function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of target genes of ceRNA network revealed that the "mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway" was significantly enriched. CONCLUSIONS On the whole, the findings of the present study may provide insight into the possible mechanism of diabetes-induced hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jin Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li-Mei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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14
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress affects mouse salivary protein secretion induced by chronic administration of an α 1-adrenergic agonist. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:443-457. [PMID: 35037129 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Stress stimulates both the sympathetic-adrenomedullary and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axes. Activation of these axes results in the release of catecholamines, which in turn affects salivary secretion. Thus, repetitive stimulation of the α1-adrenergic receptor could be useful for studying the effects of chronic stress on the salivary gland. Salivary protein concentration and kallikrein activity were significantly lower in mice following chronic phenylephrine (PHE) administration. Chronic PHE administration led to significantly increased expression of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein, activating transcription factor 4, and activating transcription factor 6. Histological analyses revealed a decrease in the size of the serous cell and apical cytoplasm. These results suggest that repetitive pharmacological stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system elicits ER stress and translational suppression. In addition, PHE-treated mice exhibited a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ influx elicited by carbachol, a muscarine receptor agonist in the submandibular gland. The present findings suggest that chronic psychological, social, and physical stress could adversely affect Ca2+ regulation.
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15
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Bhakta P, Chandra R, Beniwal J, Dhanda R, Saxena V, Sinha S. Evaluation of the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on salivary flow rate in patients with xerostomia - A case control study. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:767-771. [PMID: 35360757 PMCID: PMC8963647 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_922_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In oral cavity, saliva is a physiological fluid present in the oral cavity. Oral fluid is an absolute media exploring for health and disease surveillance. Saliva is a complex fluid. Xerostomia is the subjective complain of dryness in the oral cavity due to decreased salivary flow. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is an established physical therapy, which is useful for the pain relief. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 subjects of xerostomia and 25 age and sex matched normal subjects visiting the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pacific Dental College and Hospital were included in the study. For patients with positive mirror stick test unstimulated saliva were collected with ‘low forced spitting’ method in a graduated test tube for 5 minutes. Individuals with unstimulated salivary flow equal to or less than 0.5 mL per 5 min were included in the study group (xerostomia) and individuals with salivary flow more than 0.5 mL per 5 min were included in the control group (age and sex matched). The TENS unit were then activated and intensity control switch were gradually increased to tolerable level of patient for 15 min. At this optimal intensity, stimulated saliva were collected for 5 min with same method in a separate graduated test tube and flow rate were compared with unstimulated salivary flow rate. Same were done with 25 control patients. Results: The data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. The following findings were observed in the study. There was increase salivary flow rate in xerostomic individuals after TENS application. More improvement was found in inter appointment salivary flow than two follow-ups. Healthy group showed more improvement than xerostomia after TENS therapy Known cases of diabetes mellitus patients with xerostomia revealed more improvement than other etiologies of xerostomia included in this study. Conclusion: This present study has an important therapeutic value in the treatment of patients with xerostomia. TENS therapy was highly effective in stimulating whole salivary flow. The encouraging results of this present study indicate that TENS has the potential to increase salivary flow rate and can be an important alternative in the xerostomia treatment.
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16
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Berenz EC, Edalatian Zakeri S, Demos AP, Paltell KC, Bing-Canar H, Kevorkian S, Ranney R. Negative affect and alcohol craving in trauma-exposed young adult drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1479-1493. [PMID: 34241905 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical research indicates that successful posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment does not lead to improvements in alcohol use outcomes in comorbid PTSD and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Emerging theory suggests that treating PTSD may not disrupt an association between negative affect and alcohol craving, which underlies negative reinforcement drinking. The goal of the current study was to determine the respective influences of PTSD symptoms, coping motives, and negative affect on trauma and alcohol cue reactivity to inform theoretical models of co-occurring PTSD and AUD. METHODS The sample consisted of 189 young adults (50.3% women; 49.2% current PTSD; 84.0% current AUD) who endorsed interpersonal trauma (e.g., sexual/physical assault) and current weekly alcohol use. Participants completed a trauma and alcohol cue reactivity assessment, in which subjective (e.g., craving, affect) and physiological (i.e., salivation) measures were recorded in response to 4 narrative (i.e., personalized trauma or standard neutral) and in vivo beverage (i.e., personalized alcohol or water) cue combinations. RESULTS Forward-fitted linear mixed-effects (LME) models confirmed that trauma cue-elicited craving was elevated among those high but not low in PTSD symptoms, consistent with prior research and theory. Trauma cue-elicited craving was fully explained by increases in negative affect, with no evidence of a direct effect of trauma cue on craving. PTSD symptoms moderated an association between trauma cue and negative affect (but not negative affect and craving), and coping motives for alcohol moderated an association between negative affect and craving (but not trauma cue and negative affect). CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel laboratory evidence for the respective contributions of negative affect, PTSD symptoms, and coping motives on alcohol craving in trauma-exposed drinkers. It offers a methodological framework in which to evaluate novel strategies that aim to disrupt negative reinforcement drinking in individuals with co-occurring PTSD and AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Berenz
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alexander P Demos
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine C Paltell
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hanaan Bing-Canar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Salpi Kevorkian
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel Ranney
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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First bite syndrome treated with onabotulinumtoxin A injections. J Am Dent Assoc 2021; 153:284-289. [PMID: 34144804 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW First bite syndrome (FBS) is an orofacial pain condition characterized by moderate to severe unilateral facial pain associated with the first bite or taste of food. It is important that dentists and physicians be aware of patient history and examination findings commonly associated with FBS, as well as treatment options available for managing this condition. CASE DESCRIPTION Described here is a case of FBS arising in a 43-year-old man after partial parotidectomy for the treatment of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. His orofacial pain was being successfully treated by injection of onabotulinumtoxin A into the residual parotid tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Onabotulinumtoxin A is a promising therapeutic option for FBS owing to its profound relief of pain and minimal reported adverse effects. Therefore, oral health care providers treating FBS should be aware of this option.
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18
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Sahu RK, Patro S, Nayak B, Bardhan D, Panda S, Rajguru JP. Habit-associated salivary pH changes in oral submucous fibrosis: A cross-sectional study. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2021; 12:78-82. [PMID: 34188405 PMCID: PMC8191565 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_39_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Salivary pH plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of various oral diseases and conditions. Chewing of areca nut and various tobacco products changes salivary pH. Aim: The aim of the study was to measure the effect of habitual chewing of areca nut and various tobacco products on salivary pH. Materials and Methods: The present study included 360 individuals (chewers and nonchewers) of age group between 20 and 30 years who visited the Outpatient Department of Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital. The patient's salivary pH was measured with the help of a digital pH meter before and after chewing areca nut and various tobacco products. Results: It was observed that, in all the groups of chewers, pH decreased after chewing except in the gutkha and lime chewing group, where pH increased (pH before chewing was 7.43 ± 0.41 and after chewing was 7.51 ± 0.399), the difference was strongly significant (P < 0.001). pH was found to be less in lime and tobacco chewers (6.83 ± 0.33) and more in tobacco, betel nut, and lime chewers (7.50 ± 0.41) in comparison to other groups before chewing; the difference was strongly significant (P < 0.001). In the mean ± standard deviation, increase in pH was found among chewers (7.32 ± 0.49) as compared to nonchewers (6.99 ± 0.14), which is the control group, and the data were statically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: pH is altered in areca nut and various tobacco chewers, rendering the oral mucosa vulnerable to the toxic effects of areca nut and various tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sangram Patro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Bikash Nayak
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debajyoti Bardhan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Swagat Panda
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jagdish Prasad Rajguru
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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19
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Chhugani S, Chhugani GK, Pratap ASV, Adwan L, Jain S, Patil SR. Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Therapy on whole Salivary Flow in Patients with Xerostomia and Healthy Adults. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Supreet Jain
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, India
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20
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Shen ZJ, Han YC, Nie MW, Xiang RL, Xie HZ. Analyses of circRNA and mRNA profiles in the submandibular gland in hypertension. Genomics 2020; 113:57-65. [PMID: 33227410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the roles played by circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the mechanism underlying submandibular gland (SMG) dysfunction in hypertension. We employed RNA-seq to analyze the circRNA and mRNA expression profiles of SMGs. Seventy-five differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs and 691 DE mRNAs were determined to be significantly altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Altered mRNAs were primarily related to the immune system and immune response. Eight circRNAs were selected for further analysis. Cell adhesion molecules were determined to be the most strongly enriched pathway through analysis of DE mRNAs, the coding noncoding gene co-expression (CNC) network and the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. The salivary secretion pathway was observed to be notably enriched through analysis of the ceRNA network. These results suggest that the crosstalk among circRNAs may play a crucial role in the development of SMG dysfunction in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Jun Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000730, China
| | - Ye-Chen Han
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000730, China
| | - Mu-Wen Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000730, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000730, China.
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21
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Yamamoto Y, Morozumi T, Takahashi T, Saruta J, To M, Sakaguchi W, Shimizu T, Kubota N, Tsukinoki K. Faster Short-Chain Fatty Acid Absorption from the Cecum Following Polydextrose Ingestion Increases the Salivary Immunoglobulin A Flow Rate in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061745. [PMID: 32545166 PMCID: PMC7353249 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a vital role in preventing upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). In our previous study, we showed that the intake of carbohydrates increases the intestinal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn increase salivary IgA levels. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated in rats the effect of polydextrose (PDX) ingestion on salivary IgA level and SCFA concentration in cecal digesta and the portal vein. Five-week-old rats were fed with a fiber-free diet (control) or with 40 g/kg of PDX for 28 days. Compared to the control, ingestion of PDX led to a higher salivary IgA flow rate (p = 0.0013) and a higher concentration of SCFAs in the portal vein (p = 0.004). These two data were positively correlated (rs = 0.88, p = 0.0002, n = 12). In contrast, the concentration of SCFAs in cecal digesta and cecal digesta viscosity were significantly lower following PDX ingestion, compared to the control (p = 0.008 and 0.05, respectively). These findings suggest that the ingestion of PDX increases the absorption rate of SCFAs in the intestine through PDX-induced fermentation, which is accompanied by an increase in SCFA levels in the blood, and ultimately leads to increased salivary IgA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Junior College, School of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health, Kanazawa Gakuin University, 10 Sue-machi, Kanazawa 9201392, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Dental Anatomy, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 2210835, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-46-822-8866
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22
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Salivary lubricity (ex vivo) enhances upon moderate exercise: A pilot study. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 116:104743. [PMID: 32445974 PMCID: PMC7322397 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Moderate intensity exercise leads to enhanced lubrication performance of saliva. Such enhanced lubrication performance was sustained after 60 min of rest. Protein content and α-amylase activity in saliva was elevated post-exercise. Protein content and α-amylase activity returned to baseline with an hour. Effects of exercise on salivary mucin (MUC5B) content was not observed.
Objective This study sought to examine the effects of moderate intensity exercise on lubrication performance of saliva. We hypothesized that exercise would result in enhanced salivary lubricity by direct sympathetic stimulation of the salivary proteins. Study design In total, 11 healthy young pre-menopausal female participants (mean age: 24.4 ± 1.8 years, BMI: 22.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2) were included in a within-subjects repeated measures experimental design. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at rest (S0), immediately after 45 min of moderate intensity cycling at ∼70 % maximum heart rate (mean: 133.4 ± 0.8 bpm) or time-match quiet rest (S1), and after a 60 min of recovery period (S2). Ex vivo salivary lubricity were measured using soft tribology. Total protein content, mucin (MUC5B) concentration, and α-amylase activity were determined. Results Tribology results revealed that moderate intensity exercise resulted in enhanced lubricity of saliva with an order-of-magnitude lower friction coefficients in the boundary regime at S1 and S2, with frictional forces being significantly lower at S1 (p < 0.001) and S2 (p < 0.001) as compared to the Control procedure. Total protein and α-amylase secretion also increased in the Exercise procedure at S1 (p < 0.05), but concentrations returned to baseline levels at S2. Conclusions Moderate intensity exercise leads to an increase in α-amylase and total protein secretion resulting in enhanced lubrication performance of the saliva. However, the lubrication performance was not related to MUC5B content, suggesting the role of other proteinaceous species acting as lubricants. This proof-of-concept study serves as the first step to design exercise interventions in populations with dry mouth conditions.
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Restoration of Cyclo-Gly-Pro-induced salivary hyposecretion and submandibular composition by naloxone in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229761. [PMID: 32155179 PMCID: PMC7064257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclo-Gly-Pro (CGP) attenuates nociception, however its effects on salivary glands remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the acute effects of CGP on salivary flow and composition, and on the submandibular gland composition, compared with morphine. Besides, we characterized the effects of naloxone (a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist) on CGP- and morphine-induced salivary and glandular alterations in mice. After that, in silico analyses were performed to predict the interaction between CGP and opioid receptors. Morphine and CGP significantly reduced salivary flow and total protein concentration of saliva and naloxone restored them to the physiological levels. Morphine and CGP also reduced several infrared vibrational modes (Amide I, 1687-1594cm-1; Amide II, 1594-1494cm-1; CH2/CH3, 1488-1433cm-1; C = O, 1432-1365cm-1; PO2 asymmetric, 1290-1185cm-1; PO2 symmetric, 1135-999cm-1) and naloxone reverted these alterations. The in silico docking analysis demonstrated the interaction of polar contacts between the CGP and opioid receptor Cys219 residue. Altogether, we showed that salivary hypofunction and glandular changes elicited by CGP may occur through opioid receptor suggesting that the blockage of opioid receptors in superior cervical and submandibular ganglions may be a possible strategy to restore salivary secretion while maintaining antinociceptive action due its effects on the central nervous system.
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Theriault JE, Young L, Barrett LF. The sense of should: A biologically-based framework for modeling social pressure. Phys Life Rev 2020; 36:100-136. [PMID: 32008953 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
What is social pressure, and how could it be adaptive to conform to others' expectations? Existing accounts highlight the importance of reputation and social sanctions. Yet, conformist behavior is multiply determined: sometimes, a person desires social regard, but at other times she feels obligated to behave a certain way, regardless of any reputational benefit-i.e. she feels a sense of should. We develop a formal model of this sense of should, beginning from a minimal set of biological premises: that the brain is predictive, that prediction error has a metabolic cost, and that metabolic costs are prospectively avoided. It follows that unpredictable environments impose metabolic costs, and in social environments these costs can be reduced by conforming to others' expectations. We elaborate on a sense of should's benefits and subjective experience, its likely developmental trajectory, and its relation to embodied mental inference. From this individualistic metabolic strategy, the emergent dynamics unify social phenomenon ranging from status quo biases, to communication and motivated cognition. We offer new solutions to long-studied problems (e.g. altruistic behavior), and show how compliance with arbitrary social practices is compelled without explicit sanctions. Social pressure may provide a foundation in individuals on which societies can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liane Young
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatric Neuroimaging Division, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Physiology, Pathology and Regeneration of Salivary Glands. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090976. [PMID: 31455013 PMCID: PMC6769486 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands are essential structures in the oral cavity. A variety of diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, infections and physical traumas, can alter the functionality of these glands, greatly impacting the quality of life of patients. To date, no definitive therapeutic approach can compensate the impairment of salivary glands, and treatment are purely symptomatic. Understanding the cellular and molecular control of salivary glands function is, therefore, highly relevant for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we provide a starting platform for future studies in basic biology and clinical research, reporting classical ideas on salivary gland physiology and recently developed technology to guide regeneration, reconstruction and substitution of the functional organs.
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Kent M, Song RB, Glass EN, de Lahunta A. A Salivation Abnormality with Trigeminal Nerve Dysfunction in Dogs. J Vet Dent 2019; 36:8-16. [PMID: 31138049 DOI: 10.1177/0898756419846607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal nerve pathology can lead to sensory and motor dysfunction to structures of the head that are easily recognized. The trigeminal nerve is a conduit for the distribution of postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures of the head. Parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands is provided by preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. Postganglionic axons course with branches of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve to reach the salivary glands. Denervation of the salivary glands impacts glandular function, leading to a reduction in the volume and composition of the saliva produced. Saliva plays an important role in oral health. Poor oral health has widespread systemic implications. This article describes a group of dogs with unilateral or bilateral dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve and/or its branches. In all dogs, an accumulation of thick, foamy saliva was observed accumulating in the dorsal aspect of the caudal oral cavity on the ipsilateral side to the affected nerve. In dogs with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there was a reduction in size based on the largest cross-sectional area measurement and an increase in mean signal intensity of the salivary glands ipsilateral to the affected nerves compared to the glands on the normal side. The authors hypothesize that the abnormal saliva and MRI changes observed were consequent to parasympathetic denervation of the salivary glands. The recognition of this clinical observation is the first step in understanding the impact that denervation has on salivation and ultimately on overall oral and systemic health in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kent
- 1 Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rachel B Song
- 2 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ, USA
| | - Eric N Glass
- 2 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander de Lahunta
- 3 Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Strahler J, Nater UM, Skoluda N. Associations between Health Behaviors and Factors on Markers of Healthy Psychological and Physiological Functioning: a Daily Diary Study. Ann Behav Med 2019; 54:22-35. [DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cross-sectional and experimental knowledge highlight the contribution of various health-promoting behaviors, such as physical activity, regular sleep, and healthy nutrition to mental and physical health. Beyond these well-studied lifestyle behaviors, music listening and perceived respect in social interactions are just recently proposed everyday life experiences, which may act as health-promoting factors.
Purpose
This study tested the simultaneous contribution of several health-promoting behaviors and factors and examined listening to music and positive social interaction by means of perceived respect as new potentially preventive and health-promoting behaviors and factors using an ambulatory assessment design.
Methods
Seventy-seven young healthy adults (38 women, 23.9 ± 4.5 years) completed surveys on their psychological state (i.e., mood, stress, and fatigue) five times a day for four consecutive days. A saliva sample was collected with each data entry to explore the physiological stress markers salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, and flow rate as further outcome variables. As predictors, perceived respect, self-reported physical activity, the sleep’s restfulness, daily coffee, alcohol, vegetable/fruit consumption, and music listening behavior were recorded.
Results
Overall, restful sleep, mean daily perceived respect, and listening to music were most clearly associated with more positive psychological states, that is, better mood and lower fatigue and perceived stress. Associations with daily alcohol, coffee, and vegetable/fruit consumption appeared rather minor. While perceived respect scores were associated with lower daily cortisol output, coffee consumption was positively related to daily cortisol and alpha-amylase. Self-reported physical activity was unrelated to either outcome measure.
Conclusions
These findings provide important insights regarding potential resources of health (i.e., music and respect), their covariation, and which psycho-physiological mechanisms may underlie the links between health factors and well-being. Findings also have implications for the development of interventions aiming to increase resilience and foster health. Here, strategies for improving sleep quality, the use of music, and approaches that emphasize mutual respect and appreciation appear useful additions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Strahler
- Clinical Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Sport Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Urs M Nater
- Clinical Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Skoluda
- Clinical Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Rydholm M, Strang P. Acupuncture for Patients in Hospital-Based Home Care Suffering from Xerostomia. J Palliat Care 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/082585979901500404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Strang
- Palliative Research Unit, Linköping University, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden
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Zhang XM, Huang Y, Cong X, Qu LH, Zhang K, Wu LL, Zhang Y, Yu GY. Parasympathectomy increases resting secretion of the submandibular gland in minipigs in the long term. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9515-9524. [PMID: 30387129 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parasympathectomy leads to retrogressive alteration and dysfunction of the submandibular gland (SMG) within 1 month, but its long-term effect is unclear. Excessive secretion is observed in half of the patients 4-6 months after SMG transplantation, which completely denervates the gland. Here, we investigated the long-term effect of parasympathectomy on the secretion of SMGs in minipigs. The results showed that the resting salivary secretion of SMGs decreased by 82.9% of that in control at 2 months after denervation, but increased by 156% at 6 months. Although experiencing an atrophic period, the denervated glands regained their normal morphology by 6 months. The expression of the function-related proteins, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) 3, aquaporin 5 (AQP5), tight junction protein claudin-3, and claudin-4 was decreased at 2 months after denervation. Meanwhile, the protein expression of stem cell markers, including sex-determining region Y-box 2 and octamer-binding transcription factor 4, and the number of Ki67+ cells were significantly increased. However, at 6 months after denervation, the expression of mAChR3, AQP5, claudin-1, claudin-3, and claudin-4 was significantly raised, and the membrane distribution of these proteins was increased accordingly. The autonomic axonal area of the glands was reduced at 2 months after denervation but returned to the control level at 6 months, suggesting that reinnervation took place in the long term. In summary, parasympathectomy increases resting secretion of the SMGs in the long term with a possible mechanism involving improved transepithelial fluid transport. This finding may provide a new strategy for xerostomia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Han Qu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Huang Y, Shi X, Mao Q, Zhang Y, Cong X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Wu L, Xiang R, Yu G. Aquaporin 5 is degraded by autophagy in diabetic submandibular gland. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1049-1059. [PMID: 29951954 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process which is involved in the development of many diseases including diabetes mellitus and its complications. Hyposalivation is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, whereas its mechanism remains unclear. Here, we observed that the stimulated salivary flow rate of SMG was significantly decreased in db/db mice, a diabetic mice model. The expressions of aquaporin 5 (AQP5), a water channel protein, were decreased, whereas the mRNA level of AQP5 was increased in SMGs of both diabetic patients and mice. Under transmission electron microcope, more autophagosomes were detected in diabetic SMGs. Expressions of autophagy related proteins LC3II, Beclin-1 and ATG5 were increased, meanwhile autophagy substrate p62 was decreased in SMGs of diabetic patients and mice, indicating that autophagy was activated in diabetic SMG. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that the colocalization of AQP5 and LC3 was increased in SMGs of diabetic mice. In cultured SMG-C6 cells, high glucose (HG), but not high osmotic pressure, reduced AQP5 protein expression and induced autophagy. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenin, an autophagy inhibitor, or by autophagy-related gene 5 siRNA, decreased HG-induced AQP5 reduction in SMG-C6 cells. Additionally, the expression of p-p85, p-Akt and p-mTOR were decreased in HG-treated SMG-C6 cells. Pretreatment with 740Y-P, a PI3K agonist, significantly suppressed HG-induced autophagy and AQP5 degradation. Taken together, these results indicate that autophagy plays a crucial role in AQP5 degradation in diabetic SMG via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which contributes to the dysfunction of diabetic SMG. Our study provides a novel mechanism of diabetic hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xijin Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qianying Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhejing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruolan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Guangyan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Pedersen AML, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH, Ekström J. Salivary secretion in health and disease. J Oral Rehabil 2018; 45:730-746. [PMID: 29878444 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex fluid produced by 3 pairs of major salivary glands and by hundreds of minor salivary glands. It comprises a large variety of constituents and physicochemical properties, which are important for the maintenance of oral health. Saliva not only protects the teeth and the oropharyngeal mucosa, it also facilitates articulation of speech, and is imperative for mastication and swallowing. Furthermore, saliva plays an important role in maintaining a balanced microbiota. Thus, the multiple functions provided by saliva are essential for proper protection and functioning of the body as a whole and for the general health. A large number of diseases and medications can affect salivary secretion through different mechanisms, leading to salivary gland dysfunction and associated oral problems, including xerostomia, dental caries and fungal infections. The first part of this review article provides an updated insight into our understanding of salivary gland structure, the neural regulation of salivary gland secretion, the mechanisms underlying the formation of saliva, the various functions of saliva and factors that influence salivary secretion under normal physiological conditions. The second part focuses on how various diseases and medical treatment including commonly prescribed medications and cancer therapies can affect salivary gland structure and function. We also provide a brief insight into how to diagnose salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L Pedersen
- Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Clinical Oral Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C E Sørensen
- Oral Biochemistry, Cariology & Endodontics, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G B Proctor
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - G H Carpenter
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - J Ekström
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Georgiou K, Larentzakis A, Papavassiliou AG. Surgeons' and surgical trainees' acute stress in real operations or simulation: A systematic review. Surgeon 2017; 15:355-365. [PMID: 28716368 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute stress in surgery is ubiquitous and has an immediate impact on surgical performance and patient safety. Surgeons react with several coping strategies; however, they recognise the necessity of formal stress management training. Thus, stress assessment is a direct need. Surgical simulation is a validated standardised training milieu designed to replicate real-life situations. It replicates stress, prevents biases, and provides objective metrics. The complexity of stress mechanisms makes stress measurement difficult to quantify and interpret. This systematic review aims to identify studies that have used acute stress estimation measurements in surgeons or surgical trainees during real operations or surgical simulation, and to collectively present the rationale of these tools, with special emphasis in salivary markers. METHODS A search strategy was implemented to retrieve relevant articles from MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases. The 738 articles retrieved were reviewed for further evaluation according to the predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included in this systematic review. The methods for acute stress assessment varied greatly among studies with the non-invasive techniques being the most commonly used. Subjective and objective tests for surgeons' acute stress assessment are being presented. CONCLUSION There is a broad spectrum of acute mental stress assessment tools in the surgical field and simulation and salivary biomarkers have recently gained popularity. There is a need to maintain a consistent methodology in future research, towards a deeper understanding of acute stress in the surgical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Georgiou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Andreas Larentzakis
- 1st Propaedeutic Surgical Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
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Götrick B, Akerman S, Ericson D, Torstenson R, Tobin G. Oral Pilocarpine for Treatment of Opioid-induced Oral Dryness in Healthy Adults. J Dent Res 2016; 83:393-7. [PMID: 15111631 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pilocarpine induces a profuse flow of saliva when administered orally, but effects on drug-induced oral dryness have not been examined. The aim of this trial was to investigate if pilocarpine increases production of saliva in individuals suffering from dry mouth due to treatment with opioids. Sixty-five individuals were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The subjects received tramadol (50 mg t.d.s.) to induce oral dryness, and were thereafter assigned to one of three groups. Secretion rate of saliva was measured before and after tramadol, and after the oral administration of pilocarpine (5 mg), placebo, or no treatment. Baseline characteristics did not differ among the groups (mean ± SEM: 0.37 ± 0.06 mL/min), and tramadol lowered the secretion at the same level in all groups (0.15 ± 0.02 mL/min). Pilocarpine increased the flow above that observed with placebo (0.66 ± 0.19 vs. 0.15 ± 0.02 mL/min). Thus, pilocarpine re-establishes the flow of saliva in the state of tramadol-induced oral dryness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Götrick
- Department of Hospital Dentistry, Malmö University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Grover N, Sharma J, Sengupta S, Singh S, Singh N, Kaur H. Long-term effect of tobacco on unstimulated salivary pH. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20:16-9. [PMID: 27194856 PMCID: PMC4860921 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.180907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of tobacco on salivary pH between tobacco chewers, smokers and controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects (males and females) aged 25–40 years, were divided equally into three groups: Tobacco smokers (Group A), chewers (Group B) and controls (Group C). Saliva of each subject was collected under resting condition. Salivary pH was determined using the specific salivary pH meter. Results: The mean (±standard deviation) pH for Group A was 6.75 (±0.11), Group B was 6.5 (±0.29) and Group C was 7.00 (±0.28) after comparison. The significant results showed lower salivary pH in Groups A and B as compared to controls. Salivary pH was lowest in Group B compared to Group A and Group C. Conclusion: This study indicates that a lower (acidic) salivary pH was observed in tobacco users as compared with control. These alterations in pH due to the long-term effect of tobacco use can render oral mucosa vulnerable to various oral and dental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Grover
- Department of Oral Pathology, D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shamindra Sengupta
- Department of Oral Pathology, D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeet Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology, D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nishant Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology, D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harjeet Kaur
- Department of Oral Pathology, D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Nolte T, Brander-Weber P, Dangler C, Deschl U, Elwell MR, Greaves P, Hailey R, Leach MW, Pandiri AR, Rogers A, Shackelford CC, Spencer A, Tanaka T, Ward JM. Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:1S-125S. [PMID: 26973378 PMCID: PMC4765498 DOI: 10.1293/tox.29.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) project is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for nonproliferative and proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for classifying lesions in the digestive system including the salivary glands and the exocrine pancreas of laboratory rats and mice. Most lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature, the diagnostic criteria, and the photomicrographs are also available electronically on the Internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and age related lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test items. Relevant infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for the digestive system will decrease misunderstandings among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nolte
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an
der Riss, 88397, Germany
- Chairman of the Digestive Tract INHAND Committee
| | - Patricia Brander-Weber
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma
AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles Dangler
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA.
Present: Sanofi5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, Massachusetts 01740,
USA
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an
der Riss, 88397, Germany
| | - Michael R. Elwell
- Covance Laboratories, Inc. 14500 Avion Parkway, Ste 125,
Chantilly, Virginia 20151, USA
| | - Peter Greaves
- University of Leicester, Department of Cancer Studies and
Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Science Building, Leicester Royal
Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Hailey
- GlaxoSmithKline PO Box 14164 Durham, North Carolina 27709,
USA
| | | | - Arun R. Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology
Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709, USA
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc. PO Box 12766,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Arlin Rogers
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 274
Tremont Street, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Cynthia C. Shackelford
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology
Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Andrew Spencer
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Alnwick Research Centre,
Willowburn Avenue, Alnwick, Northumberland NE66 2JH United Kingdom
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Hasegawa Y, Sugahara K, Sano S, Sakuramoto A, Kishimoto H, Oku Y. Enhanced salivary secretion by interferential current stimulation in patients with dry mouth: a pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 121:481-9. [PMID: 27017403 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This pilot study tested the effects of submandibular and sublingual gland stimulation by interferential current stimulation (IFCS), a noninvasive mode of electrical stimulation. STUDY DESIGN Three groups were enrolled in this study: 20 young adults, 19 older adults, and 21 patients with dry mouth. Four electrodes were attached to the submandibular area, and the secreted saliva was collected by using Salivette cotton rolls (Sarstedt K. K., Tokyo, Japan) for 15 minutes, either with or without IFCS. Patients were randomly chosen to receive IFCS. Each subject rated pain and discomfort on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) after each experiment. Saliva chromogranin A levels were measured as a stress marker. To compare data between conditions with and without IFCS, a two-sample Student t test analysis was performed. RESULTS Saliva flow was slightly increased in those in the dry mouth group receiving IFCS compared with those who did not receive IFCS (approximately 130%). However, no such difference was found in the young and older adult groups. There was no significant difference in the VAS values of pain and discomfort or in the stress marker levels between patients who received or did not receive IFCS in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS IFCS delivered to submandibular and sublingual glands may promote saliva secretion in persons who suffer from dry mouth in a manner that does not induce pain or physical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hasegawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugahara
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Saori Sano
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sakuramoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kishimoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Oku
- Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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The effect of physical exercise on salivary secretion of MUC5B, amylase and lysozyme. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1639-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Submucosal glands contribute to airway surface liquid (ASL), a film that protects all airway surfaces. Glandular mucus comprises electrolytes, water, the gel-forming mucin MUC5B, and hundreds of different proteins with diverse protective functions. Gland volume per unit area of mucosal surface correlates positively with impaction rate of inhaled particles. In human main bronchi, the volume of the glands is ∼ 50 times that of surface goblet cells, but the glands diminish in size and frequency distally. ASL and its trapped particles are removed from the airways by mucociliary transport. Airway glands have a tubuloacinar structure, with a single terminal duct, a nonciliated collecting duct, then branching secretory tubules lined with mucous cells and ending in serous acini. They allow for a massive increase in numbers of mucus-producing cells without replacing surface ciliated cells. Active secretion of Cl(-) and HCO3 (-) by serous cells produces most of the fluid of gland secretions. Glands are densely innervated by tonically active, mutually excitatory airway intrinsic neurons. Most gland mucus is secreted constitutively in vivo, with large, transient increases produced by emergency reflex drive from the vagus. Elevations of [cAMP]i and [Ca(2+)]i coordinate electrolyte and macromolecular secretion and probably occur together for baseline activity in vivo, with cholinergic elevation of [Ca(2+)]i being mainly responsive for transient increases in secretion. Altered submucosal gland function contributes to the pathology of all obstructive diseases, but is an early stage of pathogenesis only in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Widdicombe
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Psychology and Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jeffrey J Wine
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Psychology and Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Sillanpää S, Sipilä M, Numminen J, Rautiainen M. The Experience of Treating Drooling with Repeated Botulinum Toxin Injections. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2015; 77:333-8. [PMID: 26418063 DOI: 10.1159/000439175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections to the salivary glands are effective in the treatment of drooling, and complications are rare. However, there are only a few previous reports on the long-term use of BTX-A injections. This study retrospectively analyzes our experience of treating drooling with repeated BTX-A injections in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. All patients who received repeated BTX-A injections to the submandibular glands at Tampere University Hospital in 2004-2013 were included in the analysis. Six patients, aged from 6 to 21 years, were included in the study, and a total of 41 bilateral BTX-A injections were administered to their submandibular glands. The average number of injections per patient was 6 (range: 3-11). The average interval between the injections was 9.8 months (range: 4-18), and 95% (39/41) of the injections were performed with good response. The complication rate of the BTX-A injections was 2.4% (1/41), since one of the patients had swallowing problems after an injection. BTX-A injections to the submandibular glands are effective and have a low morbidity rate, and repeated injections can be recommended as long-term treatment of drooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Sillanpää
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Nagy T, van Lien R, Willemsen G, Proctor G, Efting M, Fülöp M, Bárdos G, Veerman EC, Bosch JA. A fluid response: Alpha-amylase reactions to acute laboratory stress are related to sample timing and saliva flow rate. Biol Psychol 2015; 109:111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bhasin N, Reddy S, Nagarajappa AK, Kakkad A. A Study on Duration of Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Therapy on Whole Saliva Flow. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:479-85. [PMID: 26323452 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva is a complex fluid, whose important role is to maintain the well being of oral cavity. Salivary gland hypofunction or hyposalivation is the condition of having reduced saliva production which leads to the subjective complaint of oral dryness termed xerostomia.(7) Management of xerostomia includes palliative therapy using topical agents or systemic therapy. Electrostimulation to produce saliva was studied in the past and showed moderate promise but never became part of mainstream therapy. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on whole salivary flow rate in healthy adults and to evaluate how long this effect of TENS lasts on salivary flow. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred healthy adult subjects were divided into five age groups with each group containing 20 subjects equally divided into males and females in each group. Unstimulated saliva was collected using a graduated test tube fitted with funnel and quantity was measured. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit was activated and stimulated saliva was collected. Saliva was again collected 30 minutes and 24 hours post stimulation. RESULTS The mean unstimulated whole saliva flow rate for all subjects (n = 100) was 2.60 ml/5 min. During stimulation, it increased to 3.60 ± 0.39 ml/5 min. There was 38.46% increase in salivary flow. Ninety six out of 100 responded positively to TENS therapy. Salivary flow remained increased 30 minutes and 24 hours post stimulation with the values being 3.23 ± 0.41 ml/5 min and 2.69 ± 0.39 ml/5 min respectively. Repeated measures One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed that the difference between these values were statistically significant. CONCLUSION Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation therapy was effective for stimulation of whole saliva in normal, healthy subjects and its effect retained till 30 minutes and a little up to 24 hours. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation may work best synergistically with other sialagogues and can be used for the management of xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhasin
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, H. No. 2934/A Vidya Villa, Opposite Narmada Nagar, Adjacent Sukh Sagar Motors Gwarighat Road, Jabalpur 482008, Madhya Pradesh, India Phone: 09827767548, e-mail:
| | - Sreedevi Reddy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Nagarajappa
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ankur Kakkad
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Mattingly A, Finley JK, Knox SM. Salivary gland development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:573-90. [PMID: 25970268 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve-derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mattingly
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Aggarwal H, Pal-Singh M, Mathur H, Astekar S, Gulati P, Lakhani S. Evaluation of the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on whole salivary flow rate. J Clin Exp Dent 2015; 7:e13-7. [PMID: 25810824 PMCID: PMC4368000 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Saliva plays a critical role in maintaining oral homeostasis; it modulates the ecosystem through lubrication of the alimentary bolus, protection against microorganisms, buffer and repair of the oral mucosa, and helps in dental re-mineralization. Various local and systemic factors such as medications, radiation therapy, systemic conditions, etc. can lead to reduction in salivary flow. A decrease in salivary function, known as Xerostomia, increases a patient’s risk for caries and other oral infections. Palliative management of Xerostomia includes wetting agents such as ice chips, drugs and saliva substitutes. Systemic agents stimulate salivary flow but often have unfavorable side effects. Newer modalities like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), which has fewer side effects, have been used to stimulate salivary flow. The aim of the present study was to assess and evaluate the effect of TENS on whole salivary flow rates in healthy adult subjects.
Study design: A total of 80 healthy adult subjects were enrolled in the study. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva (using TENS) was collected for 5 minutes and the mean salivary flow rates were calculated. Data obtained was analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) version 15. Students ‘t’ test was employed for comparative analysis.
Results: Sixty-five of the 80 subjects demonstrated an increase in the salivary flow rate on application of TENS. Twelve subjects demonstrated a mild reduction in the salivary flow rates. Seven subjects experienced transient mild twitching of facial musculature as side effects.
Conclusion: Significant increase in salivary flow rates was observed on application of TENS with minimal or no side effects.
Key words:Stimulated saliva, whole salivary flow, TENS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohit Pal-Singh
- Professor - Dept. of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Pacific dental college, Udaipur
| | - Hemant Mathur
- Asst. Professor- Dept. of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Pacific dental college, Udaipur
| | - Sowmya Astekar
- Asst. Professor - Dept. of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Institute of dental sciences, Bareilley
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O’Leary ÉD, Howard S, Hughes BM, James JE. Salivary α-Amylase Reactivity to Laboratory Social Stress With and Without Acute Sleep Restriction. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A growing literature suggests that salivary α-amylase (sAA) may serve as a minimally invasive marker of psychophysiological stress-induced activity of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system (SAM). Previous inconsistencies in the experimental literature relating sAA response to short sleep duration may be as a result of poor reliability of self-reported sleep time, suggesting that further examination of sAA response following verified sleep loss is required. With regard to the potential usefulness of sAA as a biomarker of psychosocial stress in the laboratory, previous research has also relied primarily on traditional psychosocial stress protocols, including physically present evaluative observers. The present study aimed to examine sAA response following a period of verified acute sleep restriction compared to a rested condition, in addition to examining the sensitivity of sAA response to a laboratory stress protocol that exposed participants to negative social evaluation presented by video relay. One hundred and eight healthy young adults (age 17–22 years; M = 18.39 years, SD = 0.87) completed a laboratory social stress task and provided saliva samples pre- and post-stressor presentation, after a night of partial sleep restriction or a full night’s rest. Marked increases in sAA activity to the video-relayed stressor were observed in both rested and sleep restricted groups. Further, sleep restricted participants exhibited significantly increased basal levels of sAA activity. The data corroborate previous limited data indicating a general upregulation of sAA activity following poor sleep and support previous findings concerning the efficacy of an experimental paradigm that presents laboratory social stress by means of video recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éanna D. O’Leary
- Centre for Research on Occupational and Life Stress and School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Howard
- Department of Psychology, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian M. Hughes
- Centre for Research on Occupational and Life Stress and School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jack E. James
- Centre for Research on Occupational and Life Stress and School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavík University, Iceland
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Identification of CNS neurons with polysynaptic connections to both the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2103-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sugimoto N, Matsuzaki K, Ishibashi H, Tanaka M, Sawaki T, Fujita Y, Kawanami T, Masaki Y, Okazaki T, Sekine J, Koizumi S, Yachie A, Umehara H, Shido O. Upregulation of aquaporin expression in the salivary glands of heat-acclimated rats. Sci Rep 2014; 3:1763. [PMID: 23942196 PMCID: PMC3743064 DOI: 10.1038/srep01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that aquaporin (AQP) 5 expression in the apical membrane of acinar cells in salivary glands is important for the secretion of saliva in rodents and humans. Although heat acclimation enhances saliva secretion in rodents, the molecular mechanism of how heat induces saliva secretion has not been determined. Here, we found that heat acclimation enhanced the expression of AQP5 and AQP1 in rat submandibular glands concomitant with the promotion of the HIF-1α pathway, leading to VEGF induction and CD31-positive angiogenesis. The apical membrane distribution of AQP5 in serous acinar cells enhanced after heat acclimation, while AQP1 expression was restricted to the endothelial cells in the submandibular glands. A network of AQPs may be involved in heat-acclimated regulation in saliva secretion. Because AQPs probably plays a crucial role in saliva secretion in humans, these findings may lead to a novel strategy for treating saliva hyposecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Sugimoto
- 1] Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University [2] Department of Environmental Physiology, School of Medicine, Shimane University
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Bright MA, Frick JE, Out D, Granger DA. Individual differences in the cortisol and salivary α-amylase awakening responses in early childhood: relations to age, sex, and sleep. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:1300-15. [PMID: 24604597 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have examined post-waking changes in cortisol as a marker of HPA functioning, but questions remain about the stability of this response, as well as its relation to sleep and other ANS markers. The purposes of this study were to a) examine the presence and developmental changes in the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and salivary α-amylase awakening (sAA-AR) in a toddler sample and b) determine whether and how sleep relates to these responses in this age group. We measured cortisol and sAA upon awakening (and 30 min post-waking) and sleep characteristics using actigraphy (e.g., total sleep time, sleep efficiency, number of awakenings) in toddlers (N = 47; 36% female, ages 12-24 months). Forty-six percent of toddlers demonstrated a CAR and 52% demonstrated a sAA-AR. Strength of either response did not change linearly with age. Additionally, likelihood of demonstrating the CAR and sAA-AR was unrelated to age, sex, awakening time, time between samples, and time since feeding. Higher waking cortisol levels were associated with a shorter total sleep time and an earlier awakening. No associations were observed between sleep characteristics and the sAA-AR, ps > .05. Our findings suggest that these awakening responses function independently of sleep in toddlers. Additionally, the lack of change in percentage of children showing a CAR or sAA-AR across these ages suggests that these responses are stable and not emerging reliably across the second year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Bright
- Institute for Child Health Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Voegtline KM, Granger DA. Dispatches from the interface of salivary bioscience and neonatal research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:25. [PMID: 24624119 PMCID: PMC3940893 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the interdisciplinary field of salivary bioscience has created opportunity for neonatal researchers to measure multiple components of biological systems non-invasively in oral fluids. The implications are profound and potentially high impact. From a single oral fluid specimen, information can be obtained about a vast array of biological systems (e.g., endocrine, immune, autonomic nervous system) and the genetic polymorphisms related to individual differences in their function. The purpose of this review is to describe the state of the art for investigators interested in integrating these unique measurement tools into the current and next generation of research on gonadal steroid exposure during the prenatal and neonatal developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
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