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Williams TR, Erving CL, Mitchell T, Crayton LS, Chaney K, Stewart Iv WD. The roles of psychosocial resources in reducing the impact of gendered racism on worry among Black women attending an HBCU. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39356966 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2382444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The study ascertained the effects of Black college women's experiences of gendered racism on worry. Psychosocial resources were examined as factors expected to reduce the impact of gendered racial microaggressions on worry. Participants: The sample comprised 197 Black-identified students enrolled at a southern Historically Black College or University. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was used. After adjusting for covariates, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models evaluated the associations between gendered racial microaggressions, psychosocial resources, and worry. Results: Frequent experiences of gendered racial microaggressions were associated with heightened worry. The Angry Black Woman stereotype had the most robust relationship with worry. Psychosocial resources, specifically mastery, self-esteem, and resilience, reduced the impact of gendered racial microaggressions on worry. Conclusion: Gendered racism contributes to increased worry, and thus, heightens the risk of experiencing anxiety. High levels of mastery, self-esteem, and resilience reduce the effects of gendered racism on worry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Williams
- Psychological Sciences & Counseling, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Taeja Mitchell
- Psychological Sciences & Counseling, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - LaShay S Crayton
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kernisha Chaney
- Psychological Sciences & Counseling, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Dady N, Toplan S, Gardere J, Moore R, Agandi L, Ulysse UF, Aminpour A, Gelvin M, Akinsanya J, Steier K. Diversity in osteopathic medical school admissions and the COMPASS program: an update. J Osteopath Med 2024; 124:205-212. [PMID: 38265309 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2023-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In the United States, the 40 colleges of osteopathic medicine and 157 schools of allopathic medicine face challenges in recruiting candidates who are underrepresented in medicine (URiM), and gaps in racial disparity appear to be widening. In this commentary, the authors provide an analysis of the data collected from 8 years of conducting a URiM recruitment and welcoming social events. The event is sponsored by a student special interest group called Creating Osteopathic Minority Physicians Who Achieve Scholastic Success (COMPASS) at the Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine - New York (TouroCOM-NY). The results of the 8-year data analysis supports the conclusion that the COMPASS program has benefited the school environment through increased diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Dady
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine - New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Toplan
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine - New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gardere
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine - New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin Moore
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Lorreen Agandi
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine - New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Aida Aminpour
- Touro University School of Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - McKensie Gelvin
- Touro University School of Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jemima Akinsanya
- Neuroimmunology Clinic, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth Steier
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine - New York, New York, NY, USA
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Wood CI, Yu Z, Sealy DA, Moss I, Zigbuo-Wenzler E, McFadden C, Landi D, Brace AM. Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:463-468. [PMID: 35298363 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is having profound effects on college students, and those with mental health conditions are more vulnerable to the impact of this stress. Objective: To study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on college students' mental health. Participants: Participants (n=489) were mostly female, undergraduate, and aged 18-25. Methods: Participants completed an online survey assessing symptoms of mental health problems including hopelessness, loneliness, sadness, anxiety, sadness, and anger. Results: Approximately 81.6 % self-reported at least one negative mental health symptom. Students reported increased feelings of hopelessness (+7.8%), loneliness (+6.7%), sadness (+8.8%), depression (+2.6%), anxiety (+5.2%), and anger (+14.6%) during the pandemic than before. LGBTQ students and Black students had significantly more mental health symptoms during the pandemic than straight and White students. Conclusions: Results of this study highlight the negative impact of the pandemic and resultant changes on college students' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline I Wood
- Department of Health Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Zuojin Yu
- Department of Health Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Diadrey-Anne Sealy
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Ian Moss
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Carrie McFadden
- Department of Health Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Dillon Landi
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea M Brace
- Department of Health Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
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Martin ZT, Al-Daas IO, Cardenas N, Kolade JO, Merlau ER, Vu JK, Brown KK, Brothers RM. Peripheral and Cerebral Vasodilation in Black and White Women: Examining the Impact of Psychosocial Stress Exposure Versus Internalization and Coping. Hypertension 2023; 80:2122-2134. [PMID: 37534492 PMCID: PMC10530116 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black women have among the highest rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevalence and mortality in part due to blunted vascular function. Psychosocial stress likely also contributes but its relationship to vascular function remains incompletely understood. Recent studies suggest that stress internalization and coping strategies are more important than stress exposures alone. We hypothesized that Black women would have blunted peripheral and cerebral vasodilation and that, among Black women, this would be inversely related with psychosocial stress internalization/coping but not stress exposures. METHODS Healthy Black (n=21; 20±2 years) and White (n=16; 25±7 years) women underwent testing for forearm reactive hyperemia, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and cerebrovascular reactivity. Psychosocial stress exposures (adverse childhood experiences; past week discrimination) and internalization/coping techniques (John Henryism Active Coping Scale; Giscombe Superwoman Schema Questionnaire) were assessed. RESULTS Reactive hyperemia and cerebrovascular reactivity were not different between groups (P>0.05), whereas FMD was lower in Black women (P=0.007). Neither adverse childhood experiences nor past week discrimination were associated with FMD in either group (P>0.05 for all). John Henryism Active Coping Scale scores were negatively associated with FMD in Black women (P=0.014) but positively associated with FMD in White women (P=0.042). Superwoman Schema-Succeed was negatively associated (P=0.044) and Superwoman Schema-Vulnerable tended to be negatively associated (P=0.057) with FMD in Black women. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that blunted FMD in Black women may be due more to stress internalization and maladaptive coping than stress exposures alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - Iman O Al-Daas
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - Natalia Cardenas
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - John O Kolade
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - Emily R Merlau
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - Joshua K Vu
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - Kyrah K Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - R Matthew Brothers
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
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Williams KDA, Dougherty SE, Utsey SO, LaRose JG, Carlyle KE. "Could Be Even Worse in College": Social Factors, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms Among Black Men on a College Campus. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:1165-1177. [PMID: 35428951 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01302-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding mental health risks among Black men is a step forward in reducing health and educational disparities that are persistent in today's society. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted with 20 Black male undergraduate students from a college campus in the Southeast. The aim was to identify and understand the social and contextual factors impacting their risk of experiencing anxiety and depressive symptoms. A thematic analysis, theoretically grounded in the social-ecological model (SEM), was conducted, revealing three overarching themes: 1) what is known or felt about mental health 2) causes of stressors and 3) signs as symptoms. Discussions with men offered insight into their perspectives and personal experiences related to mental health issues and perceived risk factors. Themes suggest that the college transition, academic workload, perceived financial distress, and their desire and need to conform to ideals of masculinity were significant risk factors and stressors. Men offered descriptions of specific symptoms and health behaviors associated with such stress, including social isolation, anger, irritability, and changes in their own personal behaviors. Key findings paint a picture of college mental health experiences for some Black male college students. Moving forward, more research is needed to expand on this study's findings and improve mental health risk among this underserved population. Future directions are discussed alongside the results presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofoworola D A Williams
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 750 N. Lake Shore Drive, 10th Floor, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sharyn E Dougherty
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shawn O Utsey
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University College of Humanities & Sciences, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jessica G LaRose
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kellie E Carlyle
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Madela S, Harriman NW, Sewpaul R, Mbewu AD, Williams DR, Sifunda S, Manyaapelo T, Nyembezi A, Reddy SP. Individual and area-level socioeconomic correlates of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in uMgungundlovu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:417. [PMID: 36864433 PMCID: PMC9979474 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is the second leading risk factor for death in South Africa, and rates have steadily increased since the end of Apartheid. Research on the determinants of hypertension in South Africa has received considerable attention due to South Africa's rapid urbanization and epidemiological transition. However, scant work has been conducted to investigate how various segments of the Black South African population experience this transition. Identifying the correlates of hypertension in this population is critical to the development of policies and targeted interventions to strengthen equitable public health efforts. METHODS This analysis explores the relationship between individual and area-level socioeconomic status and hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control within a sample of 7,303 Black South Africans in three municipalities of the uMgungundlovu district in KwaZulu-Natal province: the Msunduzi, uMshwathi, and Mkhambathini. Cross-sectional data were collected on participants from February 2017 to February 2018. Individual-level socioeconomic status was measured by employment status and educational attainment. Ward-level area deprivation was operationalized by the most recent (2011 and 2001) South African Multidimensional Poverty Index scores. Covariates included age, sex, BMI, and diabetes diagnosis. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension in the sample was 44.4% (n = 3,240). Of those, 2,324 were aware of their diagnosis, 1,928 were receiving treatment, and 1,051 had their hypertension controlled. Educational attainment was negatively associated with hypertension prevalence and positively associated with its control. Employment status was negatively associated with hypertension control. Black South Africans living in more deprived wards had higher odds of being hypertensive and lower odds of having their hypertension controlled. Those residing in wards that became more deprived from 2001 to 2011 had higher odds of being aware of their hypertension, yet lower odds of receiving treatment for it. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study can assist policymakers and practitioners in identifying groups within the Black South African population that should be prioritized for public health interventions. Black South Africans who have and continue to face barriers to care, including those with low educational attainment or living in deprived wards had worse hypertension outcomes. Potential interventions include community-based programs that deliver medication to households, workplaces, or community centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slm Madela
- Expectra Health Solutions, Dundee, South Africa
| | - N W Harriman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
| | - R Sewpaul
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A D Mbewu
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
| | - D R Williams
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.,African and African American Studies Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - S Sifunda
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T Manyaapelo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Somkhele, South Africa
| | - A Nyembezi
- University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S P Reddy
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Berea, South Africa
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Rice J, Rosario-Williams B, Williams F, West-Livingston L, Savage D, Wilensky JA, Landry A. Impostor syndrome among minority medical students who are underrepresented in medicine. J Natl Med Assoc 2023; 115:191-198. [PMID: 36813700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impostor syndrome (IS) is prevalent in medical professionals. However, little is known about the prevalence of IS among medical trainees and those who are underrepresented in medicine (UiM). Even less is known about the experiences of UiM students at predominantly white institutions (PWIs) and historically black colleges/universities (HBCUs) relative to their non-UiM peers. The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in impostor syndrome among UiM and non-UiM medical students at a PWI and a HBCU. We additionally explored gender differences in impostor syndrome among UiM and non-UiM students at both institutions. METHOD Medical students (N = 278) at a PWI (N = 183, 107 (59%) women) and a HBCU (N = 95, 60 (63%) women), completed an anonymous, online two-part survey. In part one, students provided demographic information, and in part two, students completed the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale, a 20-item self-report questionnaire that assessed feelings of inadequacy and self-doubt surrounding intelligence, success, achievements, and one's inability to accept praise/recognition. Based on the student's score, the level of IS was measured and placed into one of two levels: few/moderate IS feelings, or frequent/intense IS feelings. We conducted a series of chi-square tests, binary logistic regression, independent sample t-tests, and analysis of variance to test the main aim of the study. RESULTS The response rate was 22% and 25% at the PWI and HBCU, respectively. Overall, 97% of students reported moderate to intense feelings of IS, and women were 1.7 times more likely than men to report frequent or intense feelings of IS (63.5% vs 50.5%, p = 0.03). Students at PWI were 2.7 times more likely to report frequent or intense IS than HBCU students (66.7% vs 42.1%, p< 0.01). In addition, UiM students at PWI were 3.0 times more likely to report frequent or intense IS compared to UiM students at HBCU (68.6 % vs 42.0%, p = 0.01). Computation of a three-way ANOVA with gender, minority status, and school type revealed a two-way interaction indicating that UiM women scored higher on impostor syndrome than UiM men at the PWI and HBCU. This trend was not observed among non-UiM students. CONCLUSIONS Impostor syndrome is informed by gender, UiM status, as well as environmental context. Efforts to provide supportive professional development for medical students should be directed towards understanding and combatting this phenomenon at this critical juncture of their medical career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Rice
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, 3700 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | | | | | | | - Dasha Savage
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, 3700 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Stone-Sabali S, Bernard DL, Mills KJ, Osborn PR. Mapping the evolution of the impostor phenomenon research: A bibliometric analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Perez AD, Dufault SM, Spears EC, Chae DH, Woods-Giscombe CL, Allen AM. Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism. Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:115070. [PMID: 35690497 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE John Henryism and Superwoman Schema (SWS) are dispositional characteristics adopted to overcome the challenges of chronic psychosocial stress, and have particular salience for African American women. Both show protective and harmful effects on health and share conceptual similarities and distinctions, yet there is no empirical evidence of the potential overlap resulting in uncertainty about the unique roles they may each play concerning the health of African American women. OBJECTIVE We examined: 1) whether and to what extent John Henryism and SWS represent similar or distinct constructs relevant to the unique sociohistorical and sociopolitical position of African American women, and 2) whether the two differentially predict health outcomes. METHODS Data are from a purposive and socioeconomically diverse sample of 208 African American women in the San Francisco Bay Area. First, we conducted a progressive series of tests to systematically examine the conceptual and empirical overlap between John Henryism and SWS: correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), principal component analysis and k-modes cluster analysis. Next, we used multivariable regression to examine associations with psychological distress and hypertension. RESULTS John Henryism and SWS were moderately correlated with one another (rs = 0.30-0.48). In both EFA and cluster analyses, John Henryism items were distinct from SWS subscale items. For SWS, feeling an obligation to present an image of strength and an obligation to help others predicted higher odds of hypertension (p < 0.05); having an intense motivation to succeed predicted lower odds (p = 0.048). John Henryism did not predict hypertension. Feeling an obligation to help others and an obligation to suppress emotions predicted lower levels of psychological distress (p < 0.05) whereas John Henryism predicted higher distress (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS We discuss the implications of these findings for the measurement of culturally specific phenomena and their role in contributing to the unequal burden of ill health among African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Perez
- Divisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
| | - Suzanne M Dufault
- Divisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Erica C Spears
- Louisiana Public Health Institute, 400 Poydras St., Suite 1250, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
| | - David H Chae
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Cheryl L Woods-Giscombe
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, CB #7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7460, USA
| | - Amani M Allen
- Divisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
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Ukanwa K, Jones AC, Turner BL. School choice increases racial segregation even when parents do not care about race. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117979119. [PMID: 35994665 PMCID: PMC9436322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117979119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This research examines how school choice impacts school segregation. Specifically, this work demonstrates that even if parents do not take the racial demographics of schools into account, preference differences between Black and White parents for other school attributes can still result in segregation. These preference differences stem from motivational differences in pursuit of social status. Given that the de facto US racial hierarchy assigns Black people to a lower social status, Black parents are more motivated to seek schools that signal that they can improve their children's status. Simulations of parental school decisions at scale show that preference differences under an unmitigated school-choice policy lead to more segregated schools, impacting more than half a million US children for every 3-percentage-point increase in school-choice availability. In contrast, if Black and White parents have similar preferences, unmitigated school choice would reduce racial segregation. This research may inform public policy concerning school choice and school segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalinda Ukanwa
- Department of Marketing, Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Aziza C. Jones
- Department of Marketing, Wisconsin School of Business, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Broderick L. Turner
- Marketing Department, Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Chakraverty D. A Cultural Impostor? Native American Experiences of Impostor Phenomenon in STEM. CBE LIFE SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022; 21:ar15. [PMID: 35225673 PMCID: PMC9250367 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.21-08-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a framework of colonization in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), this U.S.-based study examined how seven Native American PhD students/postdoctoral scholars experienced impostor phenomenon. Participants were identified/contacted at a national conference on minorities in STEM through purposeful sampling. Surveys computed impostor phenomenon scores on a validated scale, while interviews documented how identity and culture contributed to impostor phenomenon in academia. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews were analyzed inductively using a constant comparative method. Surveys scores indicated high to intense impostor phenomenon. Interviews with the same participants further identified the following aspects of impostor phenomenon in relation to their minoritized identity: cultural differences and lack of understanding of Indigenous culture, lack of critical mass and fear of standing out, academic environment, family background and upbringing, and looks and diversity status. Developing a diverse and culturally competent STEM workforce requires a deeper understanding of what deters Native American individuals from pursuing a STEM career. They have the lowest college enrollment and retention rates compared with any race in the United States and could be vulnerable to racial bias and discrimination. Understanding impostor phenomenon through culturally relevant experiences would be crucial to broaden participation in STEM careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasmita Chakraverty
- Ravi J. Matthai Centre for Educational Innovation, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad 380 015, Gujarat, India
- *Address correspondence to: Devasmita Chakraverty ()
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12
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Cokley K, Krueger N, Garba R, Bailey M, Harris K, Hall S, Coleman C, Archer J. Lawyering While Black: Perceived Stress as a Mediator of Impostor Feelings, Race-Related Stress and Mental Health Among Black Attorneys. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00957984211070216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attorneys suffer from high rates of stress and mental health problems, and Black attorneys, who make up only five percent of all attorneys in the United States, are especially vulnerable due to underrepresentation and experiences of bias. The present study examined perceived stress as a mediator of the impostor phenomenon, race-related stress, and mental health among a sample of 142 Black attorneys (114 women, 25 men). Gender, age, impostor phenomenon, race-related stress, and perceived stress accounted for 51% and 57% of the variance in depression and anxiety, respectively. Perceived stress fully mediated the links between the impostor phenomenon and depression, cultural racism and depression, and impostor feelings and anxiety and partially mediated the link between cultural racism and anxiety. Results suggest that perceived stress is an important mechanism for understanding why the impostor phenomenon and race-related stress negatively impact the mental health of Black attorneys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramya Garba
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Shaina Hall
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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13
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Jelsma E, Chen S, Varner F. Working Harder than Others to Prove Yourself: High-Effort Coping as a Buffer between Teacher-Perpetrated Racial Discrimination and Mental Health among Black American Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:694-707. [PMID: 35094198 PMCID: PMC8930523 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-effort coping (feeling like one must work harder than others to succeed due to anticipated discrimination) is an understudied concept in adolescence. The current study examined among Black American adolescents surveyed in eighth and 11th grade (N = 630, 49% female) how high-effort coping moderated the relations between teacher-perpetrated racial discrimination and psychological distress across time, and whether the buffering role of high-effort coping varied by adolescent gender and socioeconomic status. Experiencing racial discrimination from teachers in eighth grade was positively related with depressive symptoms, anger, and suicidal ideation in 11th grade. High-effort coping buffered against teacher discrimination for suicidal ideation among low socioeconomic status youth, as well as for anger among high socioeconomic status youth. Findings underscore the harmful influence of racial discrimination on Black American adolescents' mental health, as well as suggest that among certain subpopulations, high-effort coping may be one psychologically protective resource through which Black American youth retain positive feelings that are undermined by racial discrimination, and thus promote mental well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jelsma
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, United States.
| | - Shanting Chen
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, United States
| | - Fatima Varner
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, United States
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14
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Kiang L, Martin Romero MY, Coard SI, Gonzalez LG, Stein GL. “We’re All Equal” But Not Really: Perceptions of Racial Inequity Among Racial-Ethnic Minoritized Youth in the U.S. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584211062113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Racial-ethnic inequity is deeply entrenched in U.S. social systems, yet adolescents’ voices and understanding around inequity are not often directly examined. The current qualitative study uses focus group data from African American ( n = 21), Chinese- ( n = 17), Indian- ( n = 13), and Mexican- ( n = 17) origin adolescents ( Mage = 12.93 years; SD = 1.23; 51% boys) to provide insight on how youth navigate their attitudes and beliefs about these issues. Using a racial-ethnic socialization lens, we explore proximal (e.g., parents, peers, teachers) and distal (e.g., media, society) ways in which adolescents come to understand racial-ethnic inequity. Three themes characterized adolescents’ discussions. School diversity, of peers and of thought, and messages around egalitarianism were two prominent influences on their perceptions. A third theme related to perceptions of social hierarchies, which appeared to be shaped by stereotypes, peer interactions, and ideas about inequity itself. Emergent themes suggest that the school context is a particularly salient social setting that encompasses multiple sources of socialization (e.g., teachers, classmates, academics, climate), and parents, peers, and the media also play prominent roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kiang
- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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15
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Ibrahim F, Münscher JC, Herzberg PY. Examining the Impostor-Profile-Is There a General Impostor Characteristic? Front Psychol 2021; 12:720072. [PMID: 34566801 PMCID: PMC8458651 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Impostor-Profile (IPP) is a six-dimensional questionnaire measuring the Impostor Phenomenon facets. This study aims to test (a) the appropriateness of a total score, (b) measurement invariance (MI) between gender, (c) the reliability of the IPP, and (d) the convergent validity of the IPP subscales. The sample consisted of N = 482 individuals (64% female). To identify whether the scales of the IPP form a total score, we compared four models: (1) six correlating subscales, (2) a general factor model, (3) a second-order model with one second-order factor and six first-order factors, and (4) a bifactorial model with six group factors. The bifactorial model obtained the best fit. This supports the assumption of a total impostor score. The inspection of structural validity between gender subgroups showed configural, metric, and partial scalar MI. Factor mean comparisons supported the assumption that females and males differ in latent means of the Impostor Phenomenon expressions. The omega coefficients showed sufficient reliability (≥0.71), except for the subscale Need for Sympathy. Overall, the findings of the bifactor model fit and construct validity support the assumption that the measurement through total expression is meaningful in addition to the theoretically formulated multidimensionality of the Impostor Phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ibrahim
- Department of Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johann-Christoph Münscher
- Department of Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Yorck Herzberg
- Department of Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Helmut-Schmidt-University, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Rolle T, Vue Z, Murray SA, Shareef SA, Shuler HD, Beasley HK, Marshall AG, Hinton A. Toxic stress and burnout: John Henryism and social dominance in the laboratory and STEM workforce. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftab041. [PMID: 34410372 PMCID: PMC8435059 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persons Excluded from science because of Ethnicity and Race (PEERs) face chronic exposure to interpersonal stressors, such as social discrimination, throughout their scientific careers, leading to a long-term decline in physical and mental health. Many PEERs exhibit John Henryism, a coping mechanism to prolonged stress where an individual expends higher levels of effort and energy at the cost of their physical and mental health. In this article, we discuss how social dominance may increase John Henryism within the STEM community; the causes, effects and costs of John Henryism; and highlight solutions to combat these social adversity stressors within the academic institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Rolle
- American Society of Human Genetics, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sandra A Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Salma Ash Shareef
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Haysetta D Shuler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA
| | - Heather K Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Hinton and Garza Lopez Family Consulting Company, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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Estrellado JE, Green JM, Shuman TJ, Staples J. CROSS-RACIAL AND INTERSECTIONAL ALLYSHIP EFFORTS AMONG FACULTY IN A PSYCHOLOGY DOCTORAL PROGRAM. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2021.1942687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Students' recollections of parenting styles and impostor phenomenon: The mediating role of social anxiety. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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