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Wilson KF, Fox AE. Exercise recovers weight gain, but not increased impulsive choice, caused by a high-fat diet. Appetite 2024; 203:107668. [PMID: 39245366 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
A high-fat diet has negative effects on physical, neurological, and behavioral outcomes. One consistent finding is that a diet high in fat increases impulsive choice behavior-behavior that is linked to a wide range of other negative health behaviors. While the mechanism for this increase in impulsive choice is not well understood, exercise, with its well-known and many benefits, may serve as an effective and accessible way to combat increased impulsive choice associated with a high-fat diet. The goal of this work was to test this possibility. Rats were divided into four groups in a two-by-two factorial design: exercise and control diet, sedentary and control diet, exercise and high-fat diet, sedentary and high-fat diet. Rats in the exercise groups engaged in 30-min of forced, moderate intensity wheel-running exercise five days per week. Rats in the high-fat diet groups ate a diet high in fat. Impulsive choice was measured using a delay discounting task. Exercise prevented weight gain associated with the high-fat diet. Exercise also preserved relative motivation for food reinforcement. However, exercise did not prevent increases in impulsive choice observed for rats that consumed a high-fat diet relative to the rats that consumed the control diet. This work rules out several possible mechanisms by which a high-fat diet may increase impulsive choice behavior. It makes clear that exercise alone may not stave off increases in impulsive choice caused by a high-fat diet. Future work is necessary to uncover the underlying mechanism for this effect and discover interventions, perhaps ones that combine both physically and cognitively demanding activities, to improve health and behavior as it relates to decision making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan F Wilson
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, United States
| | - Adam E Fox
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, United States.
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2
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Brown JM, Sofis M, Zimmer S, Kaplan BA. Delay discounting is associated with addiction and mental health measures while controlling for health behaviors and health barriers in a large US sample. Addict Behav Rep 2024; 19:100545. [PMID: 38680208 PMCID: PMC11046061 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive discounting of future rewards [delay discounting (DD)] may be a transdiagnostic process and treatment target underlying behavioral health outcomes, including trauma, depression, anxiety, and problematic substance use. However, multiple health behaviors and barriers are also related to these outcomes, including social media usage, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), sleep quality, healthcare access, housing status, and exercise. To extend research examining DD as transdiagnostic process, we recruited a large, heterogenous sample to examine the association between DD, problematic substance use, and mental health outcomes while controlling for certain health behaviors and health barriers. Method In a cross-sectional online survey of 3992 US residents, we administered validated measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and problematic alcohol, stimulant, and opioid use. Using linear or ordinal logistic models, scores for each outcome were regressed onto DD while controlling for demographics, health behaviors, and health barriers. Results Including only DD and demographics, DD was associated with each outcome at low effect sizes (ƒ2 = .013, OR range = 1.08-1.16). Except for opioid ASSIST scores, these relationships held when controlling for social media usage, sleep, housing status, healthcare access, ACEs, physical exercise, and demographic variables (ƒ2 = .002, OR range = 1.03-1.12), increasing confidence that DD concurrently and directly relates to four of these five clinical outcomes. Discussion These findings support the conceptualization of DD as a transdiagnostic process underlying certain psychopathologies and suggest targeting DD in co-occurring substance use disorder and/or mental health treatments may result in clinically significant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah M. Brown
- Advocates for Human Potential, 490-B Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 01776, USA
| | - Michael Sofis
- Advocates for Human Potential, 490-B Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 01776, USA
| | - Sara Zimmer
- Advocates for Human Potential, 490-B Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 01776, USA
| | - Brent A. Kaplan
- Advocates for Human Potential, 490-B Boston Post Road, Sudbury, MA 01776, USA
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3
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Berardi V, Phillips CB, McEntee ML, Stecher C, Todd M, Adams MA. The Impact of Monetary Incentives on Delay Discounting Within a Year-Long Physical Activity Intervention. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:341-352. [PMID: 38507617 PMCID: PMC11008587 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting is the depreciation in a reward's perceived value as a function of the time until receipt. Monetary incentive programs that provide rewards contingent on meeting daily physical activity (PA) goals may change participants' delay discounting preferences. PURPOSE Determine if monetary incentives provided in close temporal proximity to meeting PA goals changed delay discounting, and if such changes mediated intervention effects. METHODS Inactive adults (n = 512) wore accelerometers during a 12-month intervention where they received proximal monetary incentives for meeting daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) goals or delayed incentives for study participation. Delay discount rate and average MVPA were assessed at baseline, end of intervention, and a 24-month follow-up. Using structural equation modeling, we tested effects of proximal versus delayed rewards on delay discounting and whether any changes mediated intervention effects on MVPA. PA self-efficacy was also evaluated as a potential mediator, and both self-efficacy and delay discounting were assessed as potential moderators of intervention effects. RESULTS Proximal rewards significantly increased participants' delay discounting (β = 0.238, confidence interval [CI]: -0.078, 0.380), indicating greater sensitivity to reinforcement timing. This change did not mediate incentive-associated increases in MVPA at the end of the 12-month intervention (β = -0.016, CI: -0.053, 0.019) or at a 24-month follow-up (β = -0.020, CI: -0.059, 0.018). Moderation effects were not found. CONCLUSIONS Incentive-induced increases in delay discounting did not deleteriously impact MVPA. This finding may help assuage concerns about using monetary incentives for PA promotion, but further research regarding the consequences of changes in delay discounting is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Berardi
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Mindy L McEntee
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chad Stecher
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Todd
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marc A Adams
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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4
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Kakoschke N, Cox DN, Ryan J, Gwilt I, Davis A, Jansons P, de Courten B, Brinkworth G. Disrupting future discounting: a commentary on an underutilised psychological approach for improving adherence to diet and physical activity interventions. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1088-1093. [PMID: 36786324 PMCID: PMC10346014 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002200252x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus are major contributors to the burden of disease. NCD are largely driven by modifiable lifestyle factors including poor diet and insufficient physical activity, and consequently, prevention is a public health priority. Although diet and physical activity levels can be improved via lifestyle interventions, long-term adherence to such interventions remains low, which limits their effectiveness. Thus, it is critical to identify the underlying mechanisms that challenge uptake and adherence to such interventions. The current commentary discusses an important, but underexplored, psychological driver of poor adherence to lifestyle interventions, namely, future discounting, which describes the tendency to prefer smaller, short-term rewards over larger, long-term rewards. For example, in the nutrition domain, future discounting refers to valuing the immediate reward of excessive intake of energy-dense, nutrient-poor, discretionary foods high in salt, sugar, and saturated fat, and insufficient intake of low-energy, nutrient-dense, whole foods such as vegetables. Prominent theoretical models propose that excessive future discounting is a major contributor to the development of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. Furthermore, a vast body of evidence suggests that future discounting plays a key role in risk of NCD. Thus, the evidence to date supports the idea that future discounting is an important multi-behaviour target for supporting lifestyle behaviour change; however, this approach has been largely neglected in preventive health efforts. Furthermore, this commentary discusses promising techniques (e.g. Episodic Future Thinking) for disrupting future discounting to promote improved adherence to lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing NCD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kakoschke
- Human Health, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide5000, Australia
| | - David N Cox
- Human Health, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide5000, Australia
| | - Jillian Ryan
- Human Health, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide5000, Australia
- BVA BDRC, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian Gwilt
- UniSA Creative, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Aaron Davis
- UniSA Creative, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul Jansons
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Grant Brinkworth
- Human Health, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide5000, Australia
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5
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Escobar GG, Morales-Chainé S, Haynes JM, Santoyo C, Mitchell SH. Moderate Stability among Delay, Probability, and Effort Discounting in Humans. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2023; 73:1-14. [PMID: 36820275 PMCID: PMC9931166 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-023-00537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The stability of delay discounting across time has been well-established. However, limited research has examined the stability of probability discounting, and no studies of the stability of effort discounting are available. The present study assessed the steady-state characteristics of delay, probability, and effort discounting tasks across time with hypothetical rewards in humans, as well as whether response characteristics suggested a common discounting equation. Participants completed delay, probability, and effort discounting tasks on three occasions. We found moderate relative stability of delay and probability tasks, and similar evidence for absolute stability across time for all tasks. The interclass correlations coefficient showed some correspondence across time points and tasks, and higher levels of between subject variability, especially for the effort discounting task, suggesting trait level variables has a stronger influence on performance than state level variables. Performance on the delay and probability tasks were moderately correlated and similar mathematical functions fit choice patterns on both tasks (hyperbolic), suggesting that delay and probability discounting processes shared some common elements. Lower correlations and different function fits suggested that effort discounting involves more unique features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisel G. Escobar
- Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Universidad Avenue 3004, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
- Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Silvia Morales-Chainé
- Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Universidad Avenue 3004, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Santoyo
- Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Universidad Avenue 3004, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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Dinu LM, Singh SN, Baker NS, Georgescu AL, Singer BF, Overton PG, Dommett EJ. The Effects of Different Exercise Approaches on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020129. [PMID: 36829357 PMCID: PMC9952527 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) results in significant functional impairment. Current treatments, particularly for adults, are limited. Previous research indicates that exercise may offer an alternative approach to managing ADHD, but research into different types of exercise and adult populations is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of acute exercise (aerobic cycling vs mind-body yoga exercises) on symptoms of ADHD in adults. Adults with ADHD (N = 82) and controls (N = 77) were randomly allocated to 10 min of aerobic (cycling) or mind-body (Hatha yoga) exercise. Immediately before and after exercise, participants completed the Test of Variables of Attention task, Delay Discounting Task, and Iowa Gambling Task to measure attention and impulsivity. Actigraphy measured movement frequency and intensity. Both groups showed improved temporal impulsivity post-exercise, with cycling beneficial to all, whilst yoga only benefited those with ADHD. There were no effects of exercise on attention, cognitive or motor impulsivity, or movement in those with ADHD. Exercise reduced attention and increased movement in controls. Exercise can improve temporal impulsivity in adult ADHD but did not improve other symptoms and worsened some aspects of performance in controls. Exercise interventions should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M. Dinu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Samriddhi N. Singh
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Neo S. Baker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Alexandra L. Georgescu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Bryan F. Singer
- School of Psychology, Sussex Addiction Research & Intervention Centre, Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Paul G. Overton
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, Sheffield S1 2LT, UK
| | - Eleanor J. Dommett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Correspondence:
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7
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Zhang Y, Chen L, Jiang X, Bőthe B. Investigating the Associations of ADHD Symptoms, Impulsivity, Physical Exercise, and Problematic Pornography Use in a Chinese Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15221. [PMID: 36429937 PMCID: PMC9691194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and impulsivity will benefit our understanding of the concept of problematic pornography use (PPU), and revealing predisposing and malleable moderators of PPU will be beneficial for its prevention and intervention. The current study not only aimed to observe these relationships, but also explored the potential moderating role of physical exercise in the general population. A total of 600 Chinese adults (Mage = 32.31, SDage = 12.40, 39.8% women) were recruited and completed an online survey. The results showed that participants with regular exercise scored lower than those without exercise on ADHD, impulsivity, and PPU (all ps < 0.001). Using latent moderated structural equations (LMS), the findings revealed that the relationship between ADHD symptoms and PPU was mediated by impulsivity, and physical exercise moderated this relationship (B = -0.14, p = 0.048). Specifically, when individuals' physical exercise was higher than 0.84 standard deviations above the mean, the positive predictive effect of impulsivity on PPU was not significant. These findings indicate the important role of impulsivity in the relationship between ADHD and PPU, and physical exercise could be a meaningful component of interventions among individuals experiencing PPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaoliu Jiang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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8
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Bibriescas N, Wainwright K, Thomas R, Lopez V, Romanowich P. Differential relationships between discount rates and health behaviors in an ethnically diverse college sample. Front Public Health 2022; 10:943499. [PMID: 36016889 PMCID: PMC9396243 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.943499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated associations between delay discount rate and engagement in several health behaviors. The delay discount rate is also inversely associated with social discount rates, a putative measure for sharing. However, there is little research that examines whether delay and social discount rates are differentially associated with health behavior engagement, and even less research examining the impact of ethnicity on these relationships. This study investigated whether delay and/or social discount rates predict three health behaviors varying in sociality: sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, alcohol consumption and exercise frequency in an ethnically diverse university sample. The results showed that neither delay nor social discount rate significantly predicted alcohol consumption and exercise frequency. However, increasing social discount rates (i.e., decreased sharing) was associated with a decreased likelihood to be tested for STIs. Ethnicity significantly contributed to two models, indicating differences in STI testing and alcohol consumption across ethnicities. Ethnic differences in these health behaviors were consistent with many previous health behavior studies, suggesting a profitable way to research cultural contingencies and test the reliability of the ethnically diverse data. These findings indicate that the social discount rate is differentially associated with health behaviors with more social aspects (i.e., health behaviors related to sex) in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natashia Bibriescas
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Katherine Wainwright
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca Thomas
- Ecampus Research Unit, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Victoria Lopez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Paul Romanowich
- Department of Psychology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Paul Romanowich
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9
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Reed DD, DiGennaro Reed FD, Critchfield TS. In Memoriam: David P. Jarmolowicz (1976-2022): Five unformalized principles for thriving in science and in life. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 118:177-180. [PMID: 35844036 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research & Treatment
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10
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Madison AA, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Are sick people really more impulsive?: Investigating inflammation-driven impulsivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 141:105763. [PMID: 35429698 PMCID: PMC10103332 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In both animals and humans, inflammatory stimuli - especially infections and endotoxin injections - cause "sickness behaviors," including lethargy, malaise, and low mood. An emerging line of research asserts that inflammation may provoke present-focused decision making and impulsivity. The current article assesses that claim in the context of the broader literature - including preclinical models and clinical interventions. This literature presents three challenges to purported inflammation-impulsivity link that have not been addressed to date: (1) the nebulous and imprecise definition of impulsivity; (2) reverse causality; and (3) a lack of causal evidence. These challenges point to ways in which future research designs can improve upon the extant literature to further explore the ostensible relationship between inflammation and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise A Madison
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, USA.
| | - Janice K Kiecolt-Glaser
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA
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11
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Javelle F, Vogel A, Laborde S, Oberste M, Watson M, Zimmer P. Physical exercise is tied to emotion-related impulsivity: insights from correlational analyses in healthy humans. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:1010-1017. [PMID: 35504027 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2065927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Seminal work has found a negative association between physical exercise and impulsivity levels in humans. This paper aims to strengthen these findings by evaluating the association between the amount of self-reported physical exercise per week and emotion-related impulsivity whilst considering age and gender as covariates on a large-scale dataset.Participants completed an online self-report questionnaire about emotion-related impulsivity (i.e. Feelings Trigger Action) and exercise-related questions. After quality control, 773 participants were included in the analysis. Correlational analyses and a multiple regression model explaining the emotion-related impulsivity scores via the amount of exercise per week and demographic characteristics (i.e. age and gender) were performed.The number of hours spent exercising per week was significantly inversely correlated with the Feelings Trigger Action score (r = -.131, p < .001) and two out of its three subscales. The multiple linear regression model showed that hours of exercise per week and gender were significantly associated with the Feelings Trigger Action score (std. β = -.122, p < .001), however, this model explained only 3.2% of the overall variance.This large-scale dataset confirms seminal work displaying an inverse association between emotion-related impulsivity and hours of exercise per week. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the two variables. HighlightsThis study (N = 773) confirms seminal work on the connection between exercise and impulsivity.When controlling for demographic variables, the amount of exercise per week was inversely correlated (small effect size) with emotion-related impulsivity levels.In the multiple-regression model, hours of exercise per week and gender were significantly associated with the Feelings Trigger Action score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Javelle
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anke Vogel
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Normandie University, Caen, France
| | - Max Oberste
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology (IMSB), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew Watson
- Department of Health and Social Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.,Department for Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Comparison of Health Care Expenditures Among U.S. Older Adults With Pain Who Reported Frequent Exercise Versus Nonfrequent Exercise. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 30:824-832. [PMID: 34942593 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study included a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged ≥50 years with self-reported pain in the past 4 weeks from the 2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Adjusted linear regression analyses accounted for the complex survey design and assessed differences in several types of annual health care expenditures between individuals who reported frequent exercise (≥30 min of moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity ≥5 times per week) and those who did not. Approximately 23,940,144 of 56,979,267 older U.S. adults with pain reported frequent exercise. In adjusted analyses, individuals who reported frequent exercise had 15% lower annual prescription medication expenditures compared with those who did not report frequent exercise (p = .007). There were no statistical differences between frequent exercise status for other health care expenditure types (p > .05). In conclusion, adjusted annual prescription medication expenditures were 15% lower among older U.S. adults with pain who reported frequent exercise versus those who did not.
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13
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Jarmolowicz DP, Greer BD, Killeen PR, Huskinson SL. Applied Quantitative Analysis of Behavior: What It Is, and Why We Care-Introduction to the Special Section. Perspect Behav Sci 2021; 44:503-516. [PMID: 35098022 PMCID: PMC8738785 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Science evolves from prior approximations of its current form. Interest in changes in species over time was not a new concept when Darwin made his famous voyage to the Galapagos Islands; concern with speciation stretches back throughout the history of modern thought. Behavioral science also does and must evolve. Such change can be difficult, but it can also yield great dividends. The focus of the current special section is on a common mutation that appears to have emerged across these areas and the critical features that define an emerging research area-applied quantitative analysis of behavior (AQAB). In this introduction to the "Special Issue on Applications of Quantitative Methods," we will outline some of the common characteristics of research in this area, an exercise that will surely be outdated as the research area continues to progress. In doing so, we also describe how AQAB is relevant to theory, behavioral pharmacology, applied behavior analysis, and health behaviors. Finally, we provide a summary for the articles that appear in this special issue. The authors of these papers are all thinking outside the Skinner box, creating new tools and approaches, and testing them against relevant data. If we can keep up this evolution of methods and ideas, behavior analysis will regain its place at the head of the table!
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
- Healthcare Institute for Improvements in Quality (Hi -IQ), University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Brian D. Greer
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Peter R. Killeen
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Sally L. Huskinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
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14
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Steele CC, Steele TJ, Gwinner M, Rosenkranz SK, Kirkpatrick K. The relationship between dietary fat intake, impulsive choice, and metabolic health. Appetite 2021; 165:105292. [PMID: 33991645 PMCID: PMC8206036 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthful foods are convenient, ubiquitous, and inexpensive. Overconsumption of unhealthful foods can result in disease states such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes. In addition to the physiological consequences of unhealthful foods, research in rats has shown that diets high in processed fat and sugar induce impulsive choice behavior. Research in humans has demonstrated a link between metabolic health and impulsive choice, but most investigations have not included diet. We investigated how dietary fat intake interacts with body fat percentage, fasting glucose, insulin response, and systemic inflammation levels to predict impulsive choices in humans. Participants were split into either Control (<35% calories from fat) or High-Fat (≥40% calories from fat) groups based on self-reported dietary intake, completed an impulsive choice task, and underwent testing to determine their body fat, glucose, insulin response, and inflammation levels. High-fat diets were not predictive of impulsive choices, but added sugar was predictive. Body fat percentage was associated with impulsive choices only in the group who reported consuming high-fat diets. In addition, fasting glucose was associated with impulsive choices in the control group. Therefore, metabolic health and dietary fat intake interacted to predict impulsive choices. These findings indicate that knowledge of dietary patterns coupled with metabolic health markers may help us better understand impulsive choices, thereby improving our ability to target individuals who could benefit from interventions to reduce impulsive choice behavior, with the goal of promoting more self-controlled food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Steele
- Department of Psychology and Communication, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, 78041, USA.
| | - Trevor J Steele
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kimberly Kirkpatrick
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 , USA
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15
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Increasing Physical Activity among Breast Cancer Survivors by Modulating Temporal Orientation with rTMS: Feasibility and Potential Efficacy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910052. [PMID: 34639353 PMCID: PMC8508508 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining adequate amounts of physical activity is a critical component of survivorship care for women with breast cancer. Increased physical activity is associated with increases in well-being, quality of life, and longevity, but women with cancer face unique, cancer-related factors that might affect physical activity. Consistent with the Competing Neurobehavioral Decision Systems model of decision making, we proposed to decrease delay discounting and increase physical activity by stimulating the executive function system via high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC). This randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded trial examined the feasibility and potential efficacy of this approach to increase physical activity in breast cancer survivors. We hypothesized that active rTMS would significantly increase the mean number of steps per day and decrease delay discounting. Participants (n = 30) were primarily middle-aged (M = 53.7, SD = 7.9) and white with a mean BMI and body mass indices below 40. Indicators of feasibility and limited efficacy testing were positive. Although repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant changes in delay discounting, generalized estimating equations (GEE) found that participants in the active condition increased their mean daily steps by 400 steps per day, while those in the sham condition decreased this by nearly 600 steps per day. These findings indicate that the continued investigation of HF rTMS for increasing physical activity among women with breast cancer is justified.
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16
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Bickel WK, Freitas-Lemos R, Tomlinson DC, Craft WH, Keith DR, Athamneh LN, Basso JC, Epstein LH. Temporal discounting as a candidate behavioral marker of obesity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:307-329. [PMID: 34358579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although obesity is a result of processes operating at multiple levels, most forms result from decision-making behavior. The aim of this review was to examine the candidacy of temporal discounting (TD) (i.e. the reduction in the value of a reinforcer as a function of the delay to its receipt) as a behavioral marker of obesity. For this purpose, we assessed whether TD has the ability to: identify risk for obesity development, diagnose obesity, track obesity progression, predict treatment prognosis/outcomes, and measure treatment effectiveness. Three databases (Pubmed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were searched using a combination of terms related to TD and obesity. A total of 153 papers were reviewed. Several areas show strong evidence of TD's predictive utility as a behavioral marker of obesity (e.g., distinguishing obese from non obese). However, other areas have limited and/or mixed evidence (e.g., predicting weight change). Given the positive relationship for TD in the majority of domains examined, further consideration for TD as a behavioral marker of obesity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
| | | | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - William H Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Diana R Keith
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Liqa N Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Julia C Basso
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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17
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Carr KA, Hollis-Hansen K, Austin K, Epstein LH. Written or drawn episodic future thinking cues improves delay discounting in adults. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021; 74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Javelle F, Wiegand M, Joormann J, Timpano KR, Zimmer P, Johnson SL. The German Three Factor Impulsivity Index: Confirmatory factor analysis and ties to demographic and health-related variables. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 171. [PMID: 35185234 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has focused on the differentiation of emotion-related versus non-emotion-related impulsivity, assessed by the Three-Factor Impulsivity (TFI) index. The goal of this study is to develop a German TFI index, and to validate the emotion-related impulsivity subscales against indices of substance abuse, physical or psychological disorder, physical exercise, BMI, and hours of sleep. 395 native-German speakers completed the German TFI index and questions on validity indicators online. Factor analyses supported the three-factor structure, including Pervasive Influence of Feelings, Lack of Follow Through, and Feelings Trigger Action. Correlations between factors were higher than in the original work. Both emotion-related impulsivity subscales correlated significantly with psychological disorder, engagement in and minutes of physical exercise per week. When included in multivariate regression models, the three factors explained 3.1%, and 29.2% of variance in amount of exercise per week and psychological disorder, respectively. In sum, findings indicated that the German TFI index has a robust three-factor structure that showed expected links to validity indicators, and novel effects in relation to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javelle
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Wiegand
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - J Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, United States
| | - K R Timpano
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, United States
| | - P Zimmer
- Clinical Exercise-Neuroimmunology Group, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.,Department for Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - S L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, United States
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Exercise Shifts Hypothetical Food Choices toward Greater Amounts and More Immediate Consumption. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020347. [PMID: 33498953 PMCID: PMC7911174 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although exercise modulates appetite regulation and food intake, it remains poorly understood how exercise impacts decision-making about food. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of an acute exercise bout on hypothetical choices related to the amount and timing of food intake. Forty-one healthy participants (22.0 ± 2.6 years; 23.7 ± 2.5 kg/m2, 56% female) completed 45 min of aerobic exercise and a resting control condition in randomized order. Food amount preferences and intertemporal food preferences (preference for immediate vs. delayed consumption) were assessed using electronic questionnaires with visual food cues. Compared to rest, exercise resulted in a greater increase in the food amount selected, both immediately post-exercise (+25.8 ± 11.0 vs. +7.8 ± 11.0 kcal/item, p = 0.02) and 30 min post-exercise (+47.3 ± 12.4 vs. +21.3 ± 12.4 kcal/item, p = 0.005). Exercise further resulted in a greater increase in the preference for immediate consumption immediately post-exercise (+0.23 ± 0.10 vs. +0.06 ± 0.10; p = 0.03) and 30 min post-exercise (+0.30 ± 0.12 vs. +0.08 ± 0.12; p = 0.01). Our findings demonstrate that a single bout of aerobic exercise shifts hypothetical food choices toward greater amounts and more immediate consumption, highlighting the importance of the timing of food choices made in the exercise context.
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20
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Tseng VW, Costa JDR, Jung MF, Choudhury T. Using Smartphone Sensor Data to Assess Inhibitory Control in the Wild: Longitudinal Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e21703. [PMID: 33275106 PMCID: PMC7748963 DOI: 10.2196/21703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibitory control, or inhibition, is one of the core executive functions of humans. It contributes to our attention, performance, and physical and mental well-being. Our inhibitory control is modulated by various factors and therefore fluctuates over time. Being able to continuously and unobtrusively assess our inhibitory control and understand the mediating factors may allow us to design intelligent systems that help manage our inhibitory control and ultimately our well-being. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate whether we can assess individuals’ inhibitory control using an unobtrusive and scalable approach to identify digital markers that are predictive of changes in inhibitory control. Methods We developed InhibiSense, an app that passively collects the following information: users’ behaviors based on their phone use and sensor data, the ground truths of their inhibition control measured with stop-signal tasks (SSTs) and ecological momentary assessments (EMAs), and heart rate information transmitted from a wearable heart rate monitor (Polar H10). We conducted a 4-week in-the-wild study, where participants were asked to install InhibiSense on their phone and wear a Polar H10. We used generalized estimating equation (GEE) and gradient boosting tree models fitted with features extracted from participants’ phone use and sensor data to predict their stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), an objective metric used to measure an individual’s inhibitory control, and identify the predictive digital markers. Results A total of 12 participants completed the study, and 2189 EMAs and SST responses were collected. The results from the GEE models suggest that the top digital markers positively associated with an individual’s SSRT include phone use burstiness (P=.005), the mean duration between 2 consecutive phone use sessions (P=.02), the change rate of battery level when the phone was not charged (P=.04), and the frequency of incoming calls (P=.03). The top digital markers negatively associated with SSRT include the standard deviation of acceleration (P<.001), the frequency of short phone use sessions (P<.001), the mean duration of incoming calls (P<.001), the mean decibel level of ambient noise (P=.007), and the percentage of time in which the phone was connected to the internet through a mobile network (P=.001). No significant correlation between the participants’ objective and subjective measurement of inhibitory control was found. Conclusions We identified phone-based digital markers that were predictive of changes in inhibitory control and how they were positively or negatively associated with a person’s inhibitory control. The results of this study corroborate the findings of previous studies, which suggest that inhibitory control can be assessed continuously and unobtrusively in the wild. We discussed some potential applications of the system and how technological interventions can be designed to help manage inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ws Tseng
- Department of Information Science, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jean Dos Reis Costa
- DawnLight Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Malte F Jung
- Department of Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tanzeem Choudhury
- Department of Information Science, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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21
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García-Pérez Á, Vallejo-Seco G, Weidberg S, González-Roz A, Secades-Villa R. Long-term changes in delay discounting following a smoking cessation treatment for patients with depression. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108007. [PMID: 32370930 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting (DD) has been identified as a trans-disorder process underlying addictive behaviors, including smoking. Previous studies have evaluated how different treatments for drug dependence have affected DD, showing mixed results. Furthermore, no study has examined the effects of changes in depression on DD rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of treatment type: cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT), CBT + behavioral activation (BA), or CBT + BA + contingency management (CM), and changes in smoking status and depression on DD rates in long-term follow-up among a sample of treatment-seeking smokers with depression. METHODS Participants were 180 treatment-seeking smokers with depression who were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment conditions: CBT (n = 60), CBT + BA (n = 60), and CBT + BA + CM (n = 60). Depressive symptomatology and major depression diagnosis were evaluated through the BDI-II and the SCID-I of the DSM-IV-TR. DD rates were assessed using the DD task with hypothetical monetary rewards. Smoking status, DD, and depressive symptomatology were collected at baseline, at end-of-treatment and at one-, two-, three-, and six-month follow-ups. RESULTS CM for smoking cessation reduces DD rates (p = .0094). Smoking abstinence (p = .0024) and reduction in depressive symptoms (p = .0437) were associated with decreases in DD rates in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS CM interventions for smoking cessation, smoking abstinence, and the improvement of depression contribute to reductions in DD over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | | | - Sara Weidberg
- Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alba González-Roz
- Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Roberto Secades-Villa
- Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
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22
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Veillard ML, Vincent BT. Temporal discounting does not influence body mass index. Physiol Behav 2020; 221:112893. [PMID: 32277987 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has driven searches for cognitive or behavioural economic factors related to Body Mass Index (BMI). One candidate is delay discounting: those who prefer smaller sooner rewards over larger but later rewards are hypothesised to have higher BMI. The findings in the literature are mixed however, with meta analyses suggesting only a very small correlation between discounting and BMI. Here we present novel empirical data (N=381) and Bayesian analyses which suggest no such relationship between discounting of either monetary or weight loss rewards and BMI. We also find evidence against our novel proposal that discounting moderates the rate of BMI gain over time. We also present our data in the context of a random effects Bayesian meta-analytical result which does suggest the presence of a small correlation overall. The strength of the correlation is so weak (2.25% shared variance) that its practical significance may be minor to non existent. However because we found decisive evidence for unaccounted for study-level variance, due to study heterogeneity, we argue that we should treat such meta-analytic correlations with extreme caution. While the relationship between discounting and health outcomes such as BMI remain theoretically appealing, our empirical and meta-analytic results suggest we should be cautious in inferring a correlational, let alone a causal, role for discounting processes in driving BMI or moderating BMI gain with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Veillard
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Benjamin T Vincent
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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23
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Phillips CB, Hurley JC, Angadi SS, Todd M, Berardi V, Hovell MF, Adams MA. Delay Discount Rate Moderates a Physical Activity Intervention Testing Immediate Rewards. Behav Med 2020; 46:142-152. [PMID: 30973315 PMCID: PMC7830827 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2019.1570071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Financial incentives can increase physical activity (PA), but differences in the immediacy of reward delivery and individual differences in delay discount rates (i.e., higher discount values associated with less tolerance for delayed rewards) may explain differential responding. The current study tested whether delay discount rate moderated the relative effectiveness of immediate financial rewards on increasing daily PA. Inactive, overweight adults (ages 18-60, N = 96) were randomized to receive either smaller, immediate goal-contingent rewards or larger, delayed rewards for participation. Delay discount rates were derived for those who completed the Monetary Choice Questionnaire (N = 85). Linear mixed models tested interactions between discount rate and intervention arm on changes in mean daily Fitbit-measured steps from baseline to intervention phases, and rates of change during the intervention phase. Across all groups, participants increased by 2258 steps/day on average from baseline to intervention and declined by 9 steps/day across the 4-month intervention phase. The mean increase in daily steps was greater for immediate reward-arm participants across all discount rates. Descriptive exploration of reward effects by delay discount rate suggested that the magnitude of reward effects decreased at higher discount rates. During the 4-month intervention phase, rates of decline in daily steps were similar in both reward arms, but declines became more pronounced at higher discount rates. Overall, intervention efficacy decreased with less tolerance for delays. The importance of financial reward immediacy for increasing PA appears to increase with greater delay discount rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane C. Hurley
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Michael Todd
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Vincent Berardi
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Melbourne F. Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | - Marc A. Adams
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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24
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Independent Effects of Ideal Body Image Valuation and Delay Discounting on Proximal and Typical Levels of Physical Activity. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Exercise as a reward: Self-paced exercise perception and delay discounting in comparison with food and money. Physiol Behav 2018; 199:333-342. [PMID: 30529339 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is an important health behavior. Expressed reasons for participation are often delayed outcomes i.e. health threats and benefits, but also enjoyment. However, we do not know how people evaluate exercise as a reward. The value of rewards diminish the longer we have to wait for them and the discounting effect can undermine decision-making. Here, we investigated delay-discounting of exercise perception and its valuation with time delays; we conducted self-paced exercise sessions on treadmill and compared the discounting rates of exercise (kex) with those of established rewards of food (kfo) and money (km). Outcomes show, that young, moderately active participants (n = 70) preferred walking/running intensity with low to moderate cardiovascular strain and light perceived exertion. Delay discounting rates (k) indicated that exercise was discounted like other consumable rewards at the same rate as food and more rapidly than monetary rewards. Significant associations were detected of kex with preferred speed and with extrinsic exercise motivation. Exercise training (n = 16) reduced kex specifically, not affecting kfo. Our studies show, that participants perceived and discounted self-paced walking/running like a consumable reward. Exercise discounting was quicker in individuals who preferred lower speeds being less physically active and exercise training reduced the decay rate of exercise specifically.
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26
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Tosun NL, Allen SS, Eberly LE, Yao M, Stoops WW, Strickland JC, Harrison KA, al'Absi M, Carroll ME. Association of exercise with smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity in men and women. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 192:29-37. [PMID: 30199844 PMCID: PMC7257807 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite extensive efforts to develop effective smoking cessation interventions, 70-85% of American cigarette smokers who quit relapse within one year. Exercise has shown promise as an intervention; however, many results have been equivocal. This study explored how exercise is associated with smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity in male and female smokers. METHODS Participants were recruited throughout the United States using the on-line crowdsourcing platform, Amazon's Mechanical Turk. They completed a survey with self-report measures assessing exercise, smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity. Differences between men and women were tested using t- and chi-square tests. Regression analyses tested for associations between exercise and smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity. RESULTS Participants (N = 604) were, on average, 32 (SD = 6.2) years old, mostly Caucasian, with at least some college education and approximately half were women. Women exercised slightly less than men and had more negative affect, craving, physical symptoms and withdrawal. Women smoked more cigarettes per day, had greater nicotine dependency and more years of smoking. Positive affect was positively associated with exercise for both men and women; however, this association was significantly stronger in women. Negative affect and withdrawal were inversely associated with exercise for women only. Impulsivity was inversely associated with exercise for both men and women. CONCLUSION Exercise was significantly associated with several smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity variables for both men and women, suggesting that exercise may be a useful intervention for smoking cessation. Future prospective research should determine how exercise directly impacts smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Tosun
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States.
| | - Sharon S Allen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States.
| | - Lynn E Eberly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Meng Yao
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, 1100 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506, United States.
| | - Katherine A Harrison
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States.
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth Campus, 1035 University Ave, Duluth, MN 55812, United States.
| | - Marilyn E Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, 505 Essex St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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Caldwell AE, Masters KS, Peters JC, Bryan AD, Grigsby J, Hooker SA, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. Harnessing centred identity transformation to reduce executive function burden for maintenance of health behaviour change: the Maintain IT model. Health Psychol Rev 2018; 12:231-253. [PMID: 29402182 PMCID: PMC6124500 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2018.1437551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The inability to produce sustainable lifestyle modifications (e.g., physical activity, healthy diet) remains a major barrier to reducing morbidity and mortality from prevalent, preventable conditions. The objective of this paper is to present a model that builds on and extends foundational theory and research to suggest novel approaches that may help to produce lasting behaviour change. The model aims to integrate factors not typically examined together in order to elucidate potential processes underlying a shift from behaviour initiation to long-term maintenance. The central premise of the Maintain IT model builds on approaches demonstrating that in-tact executive function (EF) is critical for health behaviour initiation, for more complex behaviours beyond initiation, and in unsupportive environments and circumstances, but successful recruitment of EF is effortful and prone to error. Enduring changes are more likely if the underlying cognitive processes can become less effortful (non-conscious, automatic). The Maintain IT model posits that a centred identity transformation is one path leading to less effortful processing and facilitating successful recruitment of EF when necessary over the long term, increasing the sustainability of health behaviour change. A conceptual overview of the literature supporting the utility of this integrative model, future directions, and anticipated challenges are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Caldwell
- Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Kevin S. Masters
- Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - John C. Peters
- Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Angela D. Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder
| | - Jim Grigsby
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Denver
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Holly R. Wyatt
- Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - James O. Hill
- Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
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Delay discounting and parental monitoring in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. J Behav Med 2017; 40:864-874. [PMID: 28500504 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-017-9856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In a sample of adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes, this study examined if delay discounting, the extent to which individuals prefer immediate over delayed rewards, was associated with severity of non-adherence and poor glycemic control, and if parental monitoring of diabetes management moderated those associations. Sixty-one adolescents (M age = 15.08 years, SD 1.43) with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes completed a delayed discounting task and an HbA1c blood test. Adherence was assessed via self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) data from adolescents' glucometers. Parents completed a parental monitoring questionnaire. Greater delay discounting was associated with higher HbA1c, but not SMBG. Direct parent observation of diabetes tasks, but not indirect parental monitoring, moderated the link between greater delay discounting and higher HbA1c, with higher direct parent observation buffering the link between greater discounting and poorer glycemic control. Delay discounting may be a target for future interventions to improve HbA1c in youth with type 1 diabetes.
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