1
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Heitmann S, Reichardt R. Determinants of automatic age and race bias: ingroup-outgroup distinction salience moderates automatic evaluations of social groups. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1328775. [PMID: 38562233 PMCID: PMC10982430 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1328775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present research investigates whether ingroup-outgroup distinction salience moderates automatic intergroup bias (i.e., more positive evaluations of ingroup targets relative to outgroup targets) toward multiply categorizable social targets. Methods In two experiments, we manipulated the salience of participants' social identity based on age vs. race, respectively. Afterwards, we measured automatic evaluations of social targets varying in age and race. Results Young White participants exhibited higher automatic race bias when their racial identity (i.e., White in contrast to Black) was salient. Conversely, they exhibited higher automatic age bias when their age identity (i.e., young in contrast to old) was salient. Discussion Going beyond previous research, we show that it is sufficient to direct participants' attention to their ingroup-identity in contrast to the respective outgroup to cause changes in automatic intergroup bias. This is important because it provides a strong test of the hypothesis that ingroup-outgroup distinction salience moderates automatic intergroup bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Heitmann
- Schumpeter Center for Research on Socio-Economic Change, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Regina Reichardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Allidina S, Cunningham WA. Motivated Categories: Social Structures Shape the Construction of Social Categories Through Attentional Mechanisms. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023; 27:393-413. [PMID: 37212415 PMCID: PMC10559649 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231172255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PUBLIC ABSTRACT Social categories like race and gender often give rise to stereotypes and prejudice, and a great deal of research has focused on how motivations influence these biased beliefs. Here, we focus on potential biases in how these categories are even formed in the first place, suggesting that motivations can influence the very categories people use to group others. We propose that motivations to share schemas with other people and to gain resources shape people's attention to dimensions like race, gender, and age in different contexts. Specifically, people will pay attention to dimensions to the degree that the conclusions produced from using those dimensions align with their motivations. Overall, we suggest that simply examining the downstream effects of social categorization like stereotyping and prejudice is not enough, and that research should look earlier in the process at how and when we form the categories on which those stereotypes are based.
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3
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Deist M, Fourie MM. (Not) part of the team: Racial empathy bias in a South African minimal group study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283902. [PMID: 37023090 PMCID: PMC10079011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP) research suggests that recategorization with an arbitrarily defined group may be sufficient to override empathy biases among salient social categories like race. However, most studies utilizing MGPs do not consider sufficiently the socio-historical contexts of social groups. Here we investigated whether the recategorization of White participants into arbitrarily defined mixed-race teams using a non-competitive MGP would ameliorate racial empathy biases towards ingroup team members in the South African context. Sixty participants rated their empathic and counter-empathic (Schadenfreude, Glückschmerz) responses to ingroup and outgroup team members in physically painful, emotionally distressing, and positive situations. As anticipated, results indicated significant ingroup team biases in empathic and counter-empathic responses. However, mixed-race minimal teams were unable to override ingroup racial empathy biases, which persisted across events. Interestingly, a manipulation highlighting purported political ideological differences between White and Black African team members did not exacerbate racial empathy bias, suggesting that such perceptions were already salient. Across conditions, an internal motivation to respond without prejudice was most strongly associated with empathy for Black African target individuals, regardless of their team status. Together, these results suggest that racial identity continues to provide a salient motivational guide in addition to more arbitrary group memberships, even at an explicit level, for empathic responding in contexts characterized by historical power asymmetry. These data further problematize the continued official use of race-based categories in such contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Deist
- Centre for the Study of the Afterlife of Violence and the Reparative Quest, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Melike M Fourie
- Centre for the Study of the Afterlife of Violence and the Reparative Quest, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Beasley CR, Xiao YJ. Incarceration history and ethnic bias in hiring perceptions: An experimental test of intersectional bias & psychological mechanisms. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280397. [PMID: 36649297 PMCID: PMC9844837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study seeks to better understand mechanisms of bias against formerly incarcerated and ethnically minoritized job applicants as well as the interactive effects of those two identities. In a sample of 358 hiring managers in the United States, the 2 (incarceration history) x 4 (ethnicity) experiment will manipulate incarceration history and ethnicity through job application materials, and measure hireability, and perception of job applicants along dimensions of sociability/warmth, competence, and morality. We will use a moderated mediation model to test hypotheses regarding a main effect of prior incarceration and an interaction effect of incarceration history and ethnicity on judgments of hireability, as well as whether such effects are mediated through perception of job applicants. We expect results to inform both research and practice related to employment practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y. Jenny Xiao
- University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Kiyokawa Y, Kuroda N, Takeuchi Y. The strain of unfamiliar conspecifics affects stress identification in rats. Behav Processes 2022; 201:104714. [PMID: 35901937 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans show distinct social behaviours when we evaluate an individual as being a member of the same group and recognize social similarity to the individual. One example is more accurate identification of emotion in that individual. Our previous studies proposed that rats recognize social similarity to certain strains of unfamiliar rats. It is therefore possible that the strain of unfamiliar conspecifics affects stress identification in rats. Wistar subject rats were allowed to explore a pair of unfamiliar Wistar, Sprague-Dawley (SD), Long-Evans (LE), or Fischer344 (F344) stimulus rats. To induce differences in stress, one of the stimulus rats had received foot shocks immediately before the test. It was found that the subjects showed biased interaction towards the shocked Wistar and SD stimulus rats, but not toward the shocked LE or F344 stimulus rats. Subsequent experiments confirmed that the biased interaction towards the shocked Wistar and SD stimulus rats was driven by stress in these stimulus rats. In addition, the lack of biased interaction towards the shocked LE and F344 stimulus rats did not appear to be due to procedural reasons. The experiment using LE subject rats further confirmed that the shocked LE stimulus rats emitted distress signals. These results suggested that Wistar rats could identify stress in unfamiliar Wistar and SD rats, but not in unfamiliar LE or F344 rats. Therefore, rats appear to recognize social similarity to certain unfamiliar strains of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kiyokawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Naoko Kuroda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukari Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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6
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Hackel LM, Kogon D, Amodio DM, Wood W. Group value learned through interactions with members: A reinforcement learning account. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Kogo H, Maeda N, Kiyokawa Y, Takeuchi Y. Rats do not consider all unfamiliar strains to be equivalent. Behav Processes 2021; 190:104457. [PMID: 34216685 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Humans show distinct social behaviours when we recognise social similarity in opponents that are members of the same social group. However, little attention has been paid to the role of social similarity in non-human animals. In the Wistar subject rats, the presence of an unfamiliar Wistar rat mitigated stress responses, suggesting the importance of social similarity in this stress-buffering phenomenon. We subsequently found that the presence of unfamiliar Sprague-Dawley (SD) or Long-Evans (LE) rats, but not an unfamiliar Fischer 344 (F344) rat, similarly mitigated stress responses in the subject rats. It is therefore possible that the subject rats recognised social similarity to unfamiliar SD and LE rats. In this study, we demonstrated that the Wistar subject rats were capable of categorizing unfamiliar rats based on their strain, and that the Wistar subjects showed a preference for unfamiliar Wistar, SD, and LE rats over F344 rats. However, the subject rats did not show a preference among Wistar, SD, and LE rats. In addition, the results were not due to an aversion to F344 rats, and preference was not affected when anaesthetised rats were presented to the subject rats. The findings suggested that rats recognise social similarity to certain unfamiliar strains of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kogo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naori Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kiyokawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yukari Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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8
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Golarai G, Ghahremani DG, Greenwood AC, Gabrieli JDE, Eberhardt JL. The development of race effects in face processing from childhood through adulthood: Neural and behavioral evidence. Dev Sci 2020; 24:e13058. [PMID: 33151616 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most adults are better at recognizing recently encountered faces of their own race, relative to faces of other races. In adults, this race effect in face recognition is associated with differential neural representations of own- and other-race faces in the fusiform face area (FFA), a high-level visual region involved in face recognition. Previous research has linked these differential face representations in adults to viewers' implicit racial associations. However, despite the fact that the FFA undergoes a gradual development which continues well into adulthood, little is known about the developmental time-course of the race effect in FFA responses. Also unclear is how this race effect might relate to the development of face recognition or implicit associations with own- or other-races during childhood and adolescence. To examine the developmental trajectory of these race effects, in a cross-sectional study of European American (EA) children (ages 7-11), adolescents (ages 12-16) and adults (ages 18-35), we evaluated responses to adult African American (AA) and EA face stimuli, using functional magnetic resonance imaging and separate behavioral measures outside the scanner. We found that FFA responses to AA and EA faces differentiated during development from childhood into adulthood; meanwhile, the magnitudes of race effects increased in behavioral measures of face-recognition and implicit racial associations. These three race effects were positively correlated, even after controlling for age. These findings suggest that social and perceptual experiences shape a protracted development of the race effect in face processing that continues well into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golijeh Golarai
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dara G Ghahremani
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Tewari S, Makwana M, Srinivasan N. Group congruent labelling leads to subjective expansion of time. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201063. [PMID: 33391796 PMCID: PMC7735360 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given top-down effects on perception, we examined the effect of group identity on time perception. We investigated whether the duration of an ambiguous sound clip is processed differently as a function of group congruent or incongruent source attribution. Group congruent (in-group) and incongruent (out-group) context was created by attributing the source of an identical ambiguous sound clip to Hindu or Muslim festivals. Participants from both the religious groups (Hindus and Muslims) prospectively listened to a 20 s long ambiguous sound clip and reproduced its duration (experiment 1a). Both groups reproduced significantly longer durations when the sound clip was associated with the group congruent compared to the group incongruent festival contexts. The two groups did not differ significantly in reproduced duration when the sound attributed to a non-religious common (busy city street) context (experiment 1b). With multiple durations (1, 5, 10 and 20 s), longer durations were reproduced for group congruent labelling at objectively longer durations (experiment 2). According to the internal clock model of time perception, the significant slope effect indicated that the group congruent context influences temporal experience through changes in pacemaker frequency. We argue that the duration appearing relevant to one's own group is processed differently possibly owing to differences in attentional deployment, which influences the pacemaker frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Tewari
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, J207 Academic Block, Rau-Pithampur Road, Indore 453556, India
| | - Mukesh Makwana
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
- Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Narayanan Srinivasan
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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10
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Telzer EH, Fowler CH, Davis MM, Rudolph KD. Hungry for inclusion: Exposure to peer victimization and heightened social monitoring in adolescent girls. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1495-1508. [PMID: 31744573 PMCID: PMC7521618 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Belonging to a social group is one of the most important factors contributing to well-being. The Belonging Regulation model proposes that humans possess a social monitoring system (SMS) that evaluates social inclusion and monitors belonging needs. Here, we used a prospective longitudinal design to examine links between peer victimization experienced across 7 years and social monitoring at the behavioral and neural level in adolescent girls (n = 38, Mage = 15.43 years, SD = .33). Participants completed a social evaluation task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. More severe peer victimization was associated with increased activation to in-group versus out-group peers in the amygdala, ventral striatum, fusiform gyrus, and temporoparietal junction. Moreover, participants who displayed increased activation in these regions reported lower social self esteem and higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These results suggest that exposure to peer victimization across the school years is associated with heightened social monitoring at the neural level during adolescence, which has potential adverse implications for girls' adjustment and well-being.
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11
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Individual differences in social and non-social cognitive control. Cognition 2020; 202:104317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Jenkins M, Obhi SS. Neurophysiological and Psychological Consequences of Social Exclusion: The Effects of Cueing In-Group and Out-Group Status. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa057. [PMID: 34296120 PMCID: PMC8152886 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusion by outgroups is often attributed to external factors such as prejudice. Recently, event-related potential studies have demonstrated that subtle cues influence expectations of exclusion, altering the P3b response to inclusion or exclusion. We investigated whether a visual difference between participants and interaction partners could activate expectations of exclusion, indexed by P3b activity, and whether this difference would influence psychological responses to inclusion and exclusion. Participants played a ball-tossing game with two computer-controlled coplayers who were believed to be real. One period involved fair play inclusion while the other involved partial exclusion. Avatars represented participants, with their color matching participant skin tone, and either matching or differing from the color of coplayer avatars. This created the impression that the participant was an ingroup or outgroup member. While ingroup members elicited enhanced P3b activation when receiving the ball during exclusion, outgroup members showed this pattern for both inclusion and exclusion, suggesting that they formed robust a-priori expectations of exclusion. Self-reports indicated that while these expectations were psychologically protective during exclusion, they were detrimental during inclusion. Ultimately, this study reveals that expectations of exclusion can be formed purely based on visual group differences, regardless of the actual minority or majority status of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
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13
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Steines M, Krautheim JT, Neziroğlu G, Kircher T, Straube B. Conflicting group memberships modulate neural activation in an emotional production-perception network. Cortex 2020; 126:153-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Simon JC, Gutsell JN. Effects of Minimal Grouping On Implicit Prejudice, Infrahumanization, and Neural Processing Despite Orthogonal Social Categorizations. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2020; 23:323-343. [PMID: 33981179 DOI: 10.1177/1368430219837348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Racial prejudice is a pervasive and pernicious form of intergroup bias. However, a mounting number of studies show that re-categorization-even into minimal groups-can overcome the typical consequences of racial and other group classifications. We tested the effects of minimal grouping on implicit prejudice and infrahumanization using a paradigm in which race was orthogonal to group membership. This allowed us to examine whether knowledge of group membership overrides obvious category differences. We found that participants infrahumanized and showed implicit bias toward the minimal out-group, despite the crosscutting presence of race, and in fact did not show any of the usual implicit racial bias. In addition, Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) showed an early race effect followed by distinct reactions on the basis of group as processing continued. This is evidence that arbitrary social classifications can engender in-group preference even in the presence of orthogonal, visually salient categorizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Simon
- Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02140
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15
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Van Bavel JJ, Reinero DA, Harris E, Robertson CE, Pärnamets P. Breaking Groupthink: Why Scientific Identity and Norms Mitigate Ideological Epistemology. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1722599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay J. Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - Philip Pärnamets
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY
- Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Yan Z, Schmidt SNL, Saur S, Kirsch P, Mier D. The effect of ethnicity and team membership on face processing: a cultural neuroscience perspective. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:1017-1025. [PMID: 31680173 PMCID: PMC6917021 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In-ethnicity bias, as one of the in-group biases, is widespread in different cultures, interfering with cross-ethnicity communication. Recent studies have revealed that an in-ethnicity bias can be reduced by an in-team bias caused by the membership in a mixed-ethnicity team. However, the neural correlates of different in-group biases are still not clear, especially regarding possible cultural differences. A total of 44 participants (20 Chinese and 24 Germans) were recruited and completed a social categorization fMRI-task, categorizing faces according to their ethnicity and a learned team membership. Our behavioral results revealed both in-ethnicity and in-team bias in German participants, but not in Chinese participants. Our imaging results, however, showed both biases across all participants, as reflected in increased dorsal medial frontal cortex (MFC) activation for in-ethnicity, as well as in-team categorizations, while activation in ventral MFC was higher for in-ethnicity faces in Chinese participants than in the German participants. Our results highlight the importance of the dorsal MFC for in-group categorization across cultures and suggest that cultures might modulate in-group biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie N L Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Saur
- Faculty of Applied Psychology, SRH University of Applied Sciences Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Mier
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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17
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Skinner AL, Perry S. Are Attitudes Contagious? Exposure to Biased Nonverbal Signals Can Create Novel Social Attitudes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:514-524. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167219862616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prior work has established that nonverbal signals that capitalize on existing cultural biases can shift attitudes toward members of familiar social groups (e.g., racial minority group members). This research is the first to examine whether nonverbal signals can influence adults’ attitudes toward unfamiliar individuals outside the context of existing cultural biases. In a series of studies, we examined whether seeing one individual receive more cold, unfriendly nonverbal signals than another individual would lead to biases in favor of the target of more positive nonverbal signals. Consistent with our preregistered hypotheses, exposure to nonverbal bias in favor of one individual over another led participants to develop nonverbal signal-consistent explicit biases. Moreover, a combined analysis of the data from all four samples indicated that participants also formed nonverbal signal-consistent implicit biases. Taken together, these findings suggest that nonverbal signals have the potential to create and spread attitudes toward others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Skinner
- University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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18
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Sudden shifts in social identity swiftly shape implicit evaluation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Adam‐Troian J, Caroti D, Arciszewski T, Ståhl T. Unfounded beliefs among teachers: The interactive role of rationality priming and cognitive ability. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jais Adam‐Troian
- LPSAix Marseille University Aix‐en‐Provence France
- European InstituteBilgi University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Denis Caroti
- Centre Gilles Gaston Granger, CNRSAix Marseille University Marseille France
- Department of PhilosophyCORTECS team, Aix‐Marseille University Marseille France
| | | | - Tomas Ståhl
- Psychology DepartmentUniversity of Illinois at Chicago Chicago
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20
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Mattan BD, Kubota JT, Li T, Venezia SA, Cloutier J. Implicit Evaluative Biases Toward Targets Varying in Race and Socioeconomic Status. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 45:1512-1527. [PMID: 30902032 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219835230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Generally, White (vs. Black) and high-status (vs. low-status) individuals are rated positively. However, implicit evaluations of simultaneously perceived race and socioeconomic status (SES) remain to be considered. Across four experiments, participants completed an evaluative priming task with face primes orthogonally varying in race (Black vs. White) and SES (low vs. high). Following initial evidence of a positive implicit bias for high-SES (vs. low-SES) primes, subsequent experiments revealed that this bias is sensitive to target race, particularly when race and SES antecedents are presented in an integrated fashion. Specifically, high-SES positive bias was more reliable for White than for Black targets. Additional analyses examining how implicit biases may be sensitive to perceiver characteristics such as race, SES, and beliefs about socioeconomic mobility are also discussed. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of examining evaluations based on race and SES when antecedents of both categories are simultaneously available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tianyi Li
- The University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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Gönültaş S, Selçuk B, Slaughter V, Hunter JA, Ruffman T. The Capricious Nature of Theory of Mind: Does Mental State Understanding Depend on the Characteristics of the Target? Child Dev 2019; 91:e280-e298. [PMID: 30698277 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using a between-groups design and random assignment, this study examined 214 Turkish children's (M = 11.66 years) mindreading and general reasoning about in-group members (Turks), similar out-group members (Syrians within Turkey) and dissimilar out-group members (Northern Europeans). Children heard four mindreading and four general reasoning stories with in-group or out-group members as targets. Whereas children's general reasoning about three groups was equivalent, accuracy of mental state inferences differed by target with more accurate mindreading of in-group targets compared to both sets of out-group targets. In this Turkish sample, mindreading of Syrian targets was the least accurate. Prejudice and perceived realistic threat predicted lower mindreading. These findings have important implications for understanding how similarity and intergroup processes play a role in children's mindreading.
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22
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Dunham Y. Mere Membership. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:780-793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Heilman ME, Caleo S. Combatting gender discrimination: A lack of fit framework. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430218761587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gender inequalities in the workplace persist, and scholars point to gender discrimination as a significant contributor. As organizations attempt to address this problem, we argue that theory can help shed light on potential solutions. This paper discusses how the lack of fit model can be used by organizations as a framework to understand the process that facilitates gender discrimination in employment decisions and to identify intervention strategies to combat it. We describe two sets of strategies. The first is aimed at reducing the perception that women are not suited for male-typed positions. The second is aimed at preventing the negative performance expectations that derive from this perception of unsuitability from influencing evaluative judgments. Also included is a discussion of several unintentional consequences that may follow from enacting these strategies. We conclude by arguing for the importance of the interplay between theory and practice in targeting gender discrimination in the workplace.
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Sayans‐Jiménez P, Harreveld F, Dalege J, Rojas Tejada AJ. Investigating stereotype structure with empirical network models. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sayans‐Jiménez
- Department of Psychology University of Almería Almería Spain
- Centre for the Study of Migrations and Intercultural Relations (CEMyRI) University of Almería Spain
| | - Frenk Harreveld
- Department of Social Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Department of Social Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Antonio J. Rojas Tejada
- Department of Psychology University of Almería Almería Spain
- Centre for the Study of Migrations and Intercultural Relations (CEMyRI) University of Almería Spain
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25
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Fiske ST. Prejudices in Cultural Contexts: Shared Stereotypes (Gender, Age) Versus Variable Stereotypes (Race, Ethnicity, Religion). PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 12:791-799. [PMID: 28972839 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617708204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Some prejudices share cross-cultural patterns, but others are more variable and culture specific. Those sharing cross-cultural patterns (sexism, ageism) each combine societal status differences and intimate interdependence. For example, in stereotypes of sex and age, lower status groups-women and elders-gain stereotypic warmth (from their cooperative interdependence) but lose stereotypic competence (from their lower status); men and middle-aged adults show the opposite trade-off, stereotypically more competent than warm. Meta-analyses support these widespread ambivalent (mixed) stereotypes for gender and age across cultures. Social class stereotypes often share some similarities (cold but competent rich vs. warm but incompetent poor). These compensatory warmth versus competence stereotypes may function to manage common human dilemmas of interacting across societal and personal positions. However, other stereotypes are more variable and culture specific (ethnicity, race, religion). Case studies of specific race/ethnicities and religions reveal much more cultural variation in their stereotype content, supporting their being responses to particular cultural contexts, apparent accidents of history. To change stereotypes requires understanding their commonalities and differences, their origins and patterns across cultures.
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26
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Bertrand P, Guegan J, Robieux L, McCall CA, Zenasni F. Learning Empathy Through Virtual Reality: Multiple Strategies for Training Empathy-Related Abilities Using Body Ownership Illusions in Embodied Virtual Reality. Front Robot AI 2018; 5:26. [PMID: 33500913 PMCID: PMC7805971 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several disciplines have investigated the interconnected empathic abilities behind the proverb "to walk a mile in someone else's shoes" to determine how the presence, and absence, of empathy-related phenomena affect prosocial behavior and intergroup relations. Empathy enables us to learn from others' pain and to know when to offer support. Similarly, virtual reality (VR) appears to allow individuals to step into someone else's shoes, through a perceptual illusion called embodiment, or the body ownership illusion. Considering these perspectives, we propose a theoretical analysis of different mechanisms of empathic practices in order to define a possible framework for the design of empathic training in VR. This is not intended to be an extensive review of all types of practices, but an exploration of empathy and empathy-related phenomena. Empathy-related training practices are analyzed and categorized. We also identify different variables used by pioneer studies in VR to promote empathy-related responses. Finally, we propose strategies for using embodied VR technology to train specific empathy-related abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bertrand
- Frontiers VR Laboratory (CRI Labs), Institut Innovant de Formation par la Recherche, USPC, Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Adaptations Travail-Individu, Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de psychologie, Paris, France
- BeAnotherLab Research, BeAnotherLab Association, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Guegan
- Laboratoire Adaptations Travail-Individu, Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de psychologie, Paris, France
| | - Léonore Robieux
- Laboratoire Adaptations Travail-Individu, Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de psychologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Franck Zenasni
- Laboratoire Adaptations Travail-Individu, Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de psychologie, Paris, France
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27
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Van Bavel JJ, Pereira A. The Partisan Brain: An Identity-Based Model of Political Belief. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:213-224. [PMID: 29475636 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Democracies assume accurate knowledge by the populace, but the human attraction to fake and untrustworthy news poses a serious problem for healthy democratic functioning. We articulate why and how identification with political parties - known as partisanship - can bias information processing in the human brain. There is extensive evidence that people engage in motivated political reasoning, but recent research suggests that partisanship can alter memory, implicit evaluation, and even perceptual judgments. We propose an identity-based model of belief for understanding the influence of partisanship on these cognitive processes. This framework helps to explain why people place party loyalty over policy, and even over truth. Finally, we discuss strategies for de-biasing information processing to help to create a shared reality across partisan divides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Social Perception and Evaluation Laboratory, New York University, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Andrea Pereira
- Social Perception and Evaluation Laboratory, New York University, NY 10003, USA; Social and Organizational Psychology Institute, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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28
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Shen F, Hu Y, Fan M, Wang H, Wang Z. Racial Bias in Neural Response for Pain Is Modulated by Minimal Group. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:661. [PMID: 29379429 PMCID: PMC5770956 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether empathic racial bias could be modulated is a subject of intense interest. The present study was carried out to explore whether empathic racial bias for pain is modulated by minimal group. Chinese/Western faces with neutral expressions receiving painful (needle penetration) or non-painful (Q-tip touch) stimulation were presented. Participants were asked to rate the pain intensity felt by Chinese/Western models of ingroup/outgroup members. Their implicit racial bias were also measured. Two lines of evidence indicated that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was modulated by racial bias: (1) Chinese models elicited stronger activity than Western did in the ACC, and (2) activity in the ACC was modulated by implicit racial bias. Whereas the right anterior insula (rAI) were modulated by ingroup bias, in which ingroup member elicited stronger activity than outgroup member did. Furthermore, activity in the ACC was modulated by activity of rAI (i.e., ingroup bias) in the pain condition, while activity in the rAI was modulated by activity of ACC (i.e., racial bias) in the nopain condition. Our results provide evidence that there are different neural correlates for racial bias and ingroup bias, and neural racial bias for pain can be modulated by minimal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxia Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,New York University-East China Normal University Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Hackel LM, Coppin G, Wohl MJ, Van Bavel JJ. From groups to grits: Social identity shapes evaluations of food pleasantness. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Brooks JA, Freeman JB. Neuroimaging of person perception: A social-visual interface. Neurosci Lett 2017; 693:40-43. [PMID: 29275186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The visual system is able to extract an enormous amount of socially relevant information from the face, including social categories, personality traits, and emotion. While facial features may be directly tied to certain perceptions, emerging research suggests that top-down social cognitive factors (e.g., stereotypes, social-conceptual knowledge, prejudice) considerably influence and shape the perceptual process. The rapid integration of higher-order social cognitive processes into visual perception can give rise to systematic biases in face perception and may potentially act as a mediating factor for intergroup behavioral and evaluative biases. Drawing on neuroimaging evidence, we review the ways that top-down social cognitive factors shape visual perception of facial features. This emerging work in social and affective neuroscience builds upon work on predictive coding and perceptual priors in cognitive neuroscience and visual cognition, suggesting domain-general mechanisms that underlie a social-visual interface through which social cognition affects visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Brooks
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, United States.
| | - Jonathan B Freeman
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, United States.
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31
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Gamond L, Vilarem E, Safra L, Conty L, Grèzes J. Minimal group membership biases early neural processing of emotional expressions. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2584-2595. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Gamond
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
- UFR de Psychologie; Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis France
| | - Emma Vilarem
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
| | - Lou Safra
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
| | - Laurence Conty
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (LPN, EA 2027); Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis France
| | - Julie Grèzes
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche (CENIR); Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM); Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 UMRS 975; Inserm U975; CNRS UMR 7225; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière (ICM); Paris France
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32
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Sayans-Jiménez P, Cuadrado I, Rojas AJ, Barrada JR. Extracting the Evaluations of Stereotypes: Bi-factor Model of the Stereotype Content Structure. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1692. [PMID: 29085313 PMCID: PMC5649216 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotype dimensions—competence, morality and sociability—are fundamental to studying the perception of other groups. These dimensions have shown moderate/high positive correlations with each other that do not reflect the theoretical expectations. The explanation for this (e.g., halo effect) undervalues the utility of the shared variance identified. In contrast, in this work we propose that this common variance could represent the global evaluation of the perceived group. Bi-factor models are proposed to improve the internal structure and to take advantage of the information representing the shared variance among dimensions. Bi-factor models were compared with first order models and other alternative models in three large samples (300–309 participants). The relationships among the global and specific bi-factor dimensions with a global evaluation dimension (measured through a semantic differential) were estimated. The results support the use of bi-factor models rather than first order models (and other alternative models). Bi-factor models also show a greater utility to directly and more easily explore the stereotype content including its evaluative content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sayans-Jiménez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Center for the Study of Migration and Intercultural Relations, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuadrado
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Center for the Study of Migration and Intercultural Relations, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio J Rojas
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Center for the Study of Migration and Intercultural Relations, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Juan R Barrada
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
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33
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Hackel LM, Zaki J. My Brain Contains Multitudes: The Value of a Flexible Approach to Identity. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2017.1337387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leor M. Hackel
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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34
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Hehman E, Flake JK, Freeman JB. The Faces of Group Members Share Physical Resemblance. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 44:3-15. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167217722556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hehman
- Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Stern C, Rule NO. Physical Androgyny and Categorization Difficulty Shape Political Conservatives’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617703172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have recently begun to examine how categorization processes impact social evaluations. In two studies, we examined how sex categorization influences attitudes toward transgender individuals. We found that people evaluated transgender individuals more negatively if they possessed physically androgynous (vs. sex-typical) characteristics because they struggled to identify their sex. These relationships were stronger among political conservatives compared to individuals with more liberal political views. These findings provide new insights for research on attitudes toward gender minorities and for the role of political ideology in social judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadly Stern
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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36
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Lin SY, Packer DJ. Dynamic Tuning of Evaluations: Implicit Racial Attitudes Are Sensitive to Incentives for Intergroup Cooperation. SOCIAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2017.35.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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37
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DeJesus JM, Hwang HG, Dautel JB, Kinzler KD. "American = English Speaker" Before "American = White": The Development of Children's Reasoning About Nationality. Child Dev 2017; 89:1752-1767. [PMID: 28542847 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adults implicitly judge people from certain social backgrounds as more "American" than others. This study tests the development of children's reasoning about nationality and social categories. Children across cultures (White and Korean American children in the United States, Korean children in South Korea) judged the nationality of individuals varying in race and language. Across cultures, 5- to 6-year-old children (N = 100) categorized English speakers as "American" and Korean speakers as "Korean" regardless of race, suggesting that young children prioritize language over race when thinking about nationality. Nine- and 10-year-olds (N = 181) attended to language and race and their nationality judgments varied across cultures. These results suggest that associations between nationality and social category membership emerge early in life and are shaped by cultural context.
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38
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Cognitive control, attention, and the other race effect in memory. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173579. [PMID: 28282414 PMCID: PMC5345842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
People are better at remembering faces from their own race than other races–a phenomenon with significant societal implications. This Other Race Effect (ORE) in memory could arise from different attentional allocation to, and cognitive control over, same- and other-race faces during encoding. Deeper or more differentiated processing of same-race faces could yield more robust representations of same- vs. other-race faces that could support better recognition memory. Conversely, to the extent that other-race faces may be characterized by lower perceptual expertise, attention and cognitive control may be more important for successful encoding of robust, distinct representations of these stimuli. We tested a mechanistic model in which successful encoding of same- and other-race faces, indexed by subsequent memory performance, is differentially predicted by (a) engagement of frontoparietal networks subserving top-down attention and cognitive control, and (b) interactions between frontoparietal networks and fusiform cortex face processing. European American (EA) and African American (AA) participants underwent fMRI while intentionally encoding EA and AA faces, and ~24 hrs later performed an “old/new” recognition memory task. Univariate analyses revealed greater engagement of frontoparietal top-down attention and cognitive control networks during encoding for same- vs. other-race faces, stemming particularly from a failure to engage the cognitive control network during processing of other-race faces that were subsequently forgotten. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses further revealed that OREs were characterized by greater functional interaction between medial intraparietal sulcus, a component of the top-down attention network, and fusiform cortex during same- than other-race face encoding. Together, these results suggest that group-based face memory biases at least partially stem from differential allocation of cognitive control and top-down attention during encoding, such that same-race memory benefits from elevated top-down attentional engagement with face processing regions; conversely, reduced recruitment of cognitive control circuitry appears more predictive of memory failure when encoding out-group faces.
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39
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Skinner AL, Hudac CM. “Yuck, you disgust me!” Affective bias against interracial couples. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Skinner AL, Cheadle JE. The “Obama Effect”? Priming Contemporary Racial Milestones Increases Implicit Racial bias among Whites. SOCIAL COGNITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2016.34.6.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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41
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Banakou D, Hanumanthu PD, Slater M. Virtual Embodiment of White People in a Black Virtual Body Leads to a Sustained Reduction in Their Implicit Racial Bias. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:601. [PMID: 27965555 PMCID: PMC5126081 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality can be used to visually substitute a person's body by a life-sized virtual one. Such embodiment results in a perceptual illusion of body ownership over the virtual body (VB). Previous research has shown that the form of the VB can influence implicit attitudes. In particular, embodying White people in a Black virtual body is associated with an immediate decrease in their implicit racial bias against Black people. We tested whether the reduction in implicit bias lasts for at least 1 week and whether it is enhanced by multiple exposures. Two experiments were carried out with a total of 90 female participants where the virtual body was either Black or White. Participants were required to follow a virtual Tai Chi teacher who was either Asian or European Caucasian. Each participant had 1, 2, or 3 exposures separated by days. Implicit racial bias was measured 1 week before their first exposure and 1 week after their last. The results show that implicit bias decreased more for those with the Black virtual body than the White. There was also some evidence of a general decrease in bias independently of body type for which possible explanations are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domna Banakou
- Event Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mel Slater
- Event Lab, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Department of Computer Science, University College LondonLondon, UK; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis AvançatsBarcelona, Spain
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Boyer P, Firat R, van Leeuwen F. Safety, Threat, and Stress in Intergroup Relations: A Coalitional Index Model. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016; 10:434-50. [PMID: 26177946 DOI: 10.1177/1745691615583133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Contact between people from different groups triggers specific individual- and group-level responses, ranging from attitudes and emotions to welfare and health outcomes. Standard social psychological perspectives do not yet provide an integrated, causal model of these phenomena. As an alternative, we describe a coalitional perspective. Human psychology includes evolved cognitive systems designed to garner support from other individuals, organize and maintain alliances, and measure potential support from group members. Relations between alliances are strongly influenced by threat detection mechanisms, which are sensitive to cues that express that one's own group will provide less support or that other groups are dangerous. Repeated perceptions of such threat cues can lead to chronic stress. The model provides a parsimonious explanation for many individual-level effects of intergroup relations and group-level disparities in health and well-being. This perspective suggests new research directions aimed at understanding the psychological processes involved in intergroup relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Boyer
- Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Rengin Firat
- Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, Universite de Lyon, France
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43
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Correll J, Cloutier J, Mellinger C. Discriminating Perception. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2016.1215209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xiao YJ, Coppin G, Van Bavel JJ. Clarifying the Role of Perception in Intergroup Relations: Origins of Bias, Components of Perception, and Practical Implications. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2016.1237822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xiao YJ, Coppin G, Van Bavel JJ. Perceiving the World Through Group-Colored Glasses: A Perceptual Model of Intergroup Relations. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2016.1199221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Park G, van Bavel JJ, Hill LK, Williams DP, Thayer JF. Social Groups Prioritize Selective Attention to Faces: How Social Identity Shapes Distractor Interference. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161426. [PMID: 27556646 PMCID: PMC4996497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human faces automatically attract visual attention and this process appears to be guided by social group memberships. In two experiments, we examined how social groups guide selective attention toward in-group and out-group faces. Black and White participants detected a target letter among letter strings superimposed on faces (Experiment 1). White participants were less accurate on trials with racial out-group (Black) compared to in-group (White) distractor faces. Likewise, Black participants were less accurate on trials with racial out-group (White) compared to in-group (Black) distractor faces. However, this pattern of out-group bias was only evident under high perceptual load—when the task was visually difficult. To examine the malleability of this pattern of racial bias, a separate sample of participants were assigned to mixed-race minimal groups (Experiment 2). Participants assigned to groups were less accurate on trials with their minimal in-group members compared to minimal out-group distractor faces, regardless of race. Again, this pattern of out-group bias was only evident under high perceptual load. Taken together, these results suggest that social identity guides selective attention toward motivationally relevant social groups—shifting from out-group bias in the domain of race to in-group bias in the domain of minimal groups—when perceptual resources are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gewnhi Park
- Department of Psychology, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jay J. van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - LaBarron K. Hill
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - DeWayne P. Williams
- Department of Psychology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julian F. Thayer
- Department of Psychology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Martinez JE, Mack ML, Gelman BD, Preston AR. Knowledge of Social Affiliations Biases Economic Decisions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159918. [PMID: 27441563 PMCID: PMC4956271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An individual's reputation and group membership can produce automatic judgments and behaviors toward that individual. Whether an individual's social reputation impacts interactions with affiliates has yet to be demonstrated. We tested the hypothesis that during initial encounters with others, existing knowledge of their social network guides behavior toward them. Participants learned reputations (cooperate, defect, or equal mix) for virtual players through an iterated economic game (EG). Then, participants learned one novel friend for each player. The critical question was how participants treated the friends in a single-shot EG after the friend-learning phase. Participants tended to cooperate with friends of cooperators and defect on friends of defectors, indicative of a decision making bias based on memory for social affiliations. Interestingly, participants' explicit predictions of the friends' future behavior showed no such bias. Moreover, the bias to defect on friends of defectors was enhanced when affiliations were learned in a social context; participants who learned to associate novel faces with player faces during reinforcement learning did not show reputation-based bias for associates of defectors during single-shot EG. These data indicate that when faced with risky social decisions, memories of social connections influence behavior implicitly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E. Martinez
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Mack
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Bernard D. Gelman
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Alison R. Preston
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
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Scroggins WA, Mackie DM, Allen TJ, Sherman JW. Reducing Prejudice With Labels. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2015; 42:219-29. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167215621048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments, we used a novel Implicit Association Test procedure to investigate the impact of group memberships on implicit bias and implicit group boundaries. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that categorizing targets using a shared category reduced implicit bias by increasing the extent to which positivity was associated with Blacks. Results from Experiment 2 revealed that shared group membership, but not mere positivity of a group membership, was necessary to reduce implicit bias. Quadruple process model analyses indicated that changes in implicit bias caused by shared group membership are due to changes in the way that targets are evaluated, not to changes in the regulation of evaluative bias. Results from Experiment 3 showed that categorizing Black targets into shared group memberships expanded implicit group boundaries.
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Bruneau EG, Cikara M, Saxe R. Minding the Gap: Narrative Descriptions about Mental States Attenuate Parochial Empathy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140838. [PMID: 26505194 PMCID: PMC4624695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In three experiments, we examine parochial empathy (feeling more empathy for in-group than out-group members) across novel group boundaries, and test whether we can mitigate parochial empathy with brief narrative descriptions. In the absence of individuating information, participants consistently report more empathy for members of their own assigned group than a competitive out-group. However, individualized descriptions of in-group and out-group targets significantly reduce parochial empathy by interfering with encoding of targets’ group membership. Finally, the descriptions that most effectively decrease parochial empathy are those that describe targets’ mental states. These results support the role of individuating information in ameliorating parochial empathy, suggest a mechanism for their action, and show that descriptions emphasizing targets’ mental states are particularly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile G. Bruneau
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Saxe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States of America
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Abstract
Recent research shows that racial categorization can be reduced by contexts in which race does not predict how people interact and get along—a manipulation with little to no effect on sex and age. This suggests that our minds attend to race as an implicit cue to how people are likely to get along. However, the underlying mechanism of how these contexts reduce race is not yet known. Is race not encoded? Or, is race encoded, but then inhibited? The present study arbitrates between these possibilities. Results demonstrate that the reduction in racial categorization is happening at recall. Participants are still encoding targets’ race, but this information is locked away or inhibited. This clarifies how the mind switches away from previously relevant, but now irrelevant, social cues: it does not immediately abandon them, rather, it encodes them but inhibits their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pietraszewski
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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