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Kichou H, Bonnier F, Caritá AC, Byrne HJ, Chourpa I, Munnier E. Confocal Raman spectroscopy coupled with in vitro permeation testing to study the effects of formalin fixation on the skin barrier function of reconstructed human epidermis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124617. [PMID: 38870697 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Confocal Raman Spectroscopy is recognised as a potent tool for molecular characterisation of biological specimens. There is a growing demand for In Vitro Permeation Tests (IVPT) in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas, increasingly conducted using Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) skin models. In this study, chemical fixation of RHE in 10 % Neutral Buffered Formalin for 24 h has been examined for storing RHE samples at 4 °C for up to 21 days. Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS), combined with Principal Components Analysis, revealed the molecular-level effects of fixation, notably in protein and lipid conformation within the stratum corneum and viable epidermis. IVPT by means of high-performance liquid chromatography, using caffeine as a model compound, showed minimal impact of formalin fixation on the cumulative amount, flux, and permeability coefficient after 12 h. While the biochemical architecture is altered, the function of the model as a barrier to maintain rate-limiting diffusion of active molecules within skin layers remains intact. This study opens avenues for enhanced flexibility and utility in skin model research, promising insights into mitigating the limited shelf life of RHE models by preserving performance in fixed samples for up to 21 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Kichou
- UPR CNRS 4301 CBM, Département NMNS « NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes », Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Franck Bonnier
- LVMH Recherche, 185 Av. de Verdun, 45800, Saint-Jean-de-Braye, France
| | - Amanda C Caritá
- UPR CNRS 4301 CBM, Département NMNS « NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes », Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Hugh J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, TU Dublin, City Campus, Camden Row, Dublin 8, D08 CKP1, Ireland
| | - Igor Chourpa
- UPR CNRS 4301 CBM, Département NMNS « NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes », Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Emilie Munnier
- UPR CNRS 4301 CBM, Département NMNS « NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes », Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France.
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2
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Gordhan BG, Liebenberg D, Scarlatti G, Herrera C, Chiodi F, Martinson N, Fox J, Kana BD. Ex vivo challenge models for infectious diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:785-804. [PMID: 37909097 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2274855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis for infectious agents were studied in cell culture or animal models but have limitations on the extent to which the resulting data reflect natural infection in humans. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need to rapidly develop laboratory models that enable the study of host-pathogen interactions, particularly the relative efficacy of preventive measures. Recently, human and animal ex vivo tissue challenge models have emerged as a promising avenue to study immune responses, screen potential therapies and triage vaccine candidates. This approach offers the opportunity to closely approximate human disease from the perspective of pathology and immune response. It has advantages compared to animal models which are expensive, lengthy and often require containment facilities. Herein, we summarize some recent advances in the development of ex vivo tissue challenge models for COVID-19, HIV-1 and other pathogens. We focus on the contribution of these models to enhancing knowledge of host-pathogen interactions, immune modulation, and their value in testing therapeutic agents. We further highlight the advantages and limitations of using ex vivo challenge models and briefly summarize how the use of organoids provides a useful advancement over current approaches. Collectively, these developments have enormous potential for the study of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Gowan Gordhan
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dale Liebenberg
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neil Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julie Fox
- Guys and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bavesh Davandra Kana
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ahn J, Nam YS. Assessing Barrier Function in Psoriasis and Cornification Models of Artificial Skin Using Non-Invasive Impedance Spectroscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400111. [PMID: 38995098 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Reconstructed epidermal equivalents (REEs) consist of two distinct cell layers - the stratum corneum (SC) and the keratinocyte layer (KL). The interplay of these layers is particularly crucial in pruritic inflammatory disorders, like psoriasis, where a defective SC barrier is associated with immune dysregulation. However, independent evaluation of the skin barrier function of the SC and KL in REEs is highly challenging because of the lack of quantitative methodologies that do not disrupt the counter layer. Here, a non-invasive impedance spectroscopy technique is introduced for dissecting the distinct contributions of the SC and KL to overall skin barrier function without disrupting the structure. These findings, inferred from the impedance spectra, highlight the individual barrier resistances and maturation levels of each layer. Using an equivalent circuit model, a correlation between impedance parameters and specific skin layers, offering insights beyond traditional impedance methods that address full-thickness skin only is established. This approach successfully detects subtle changes, such as increased paracellular permeability due to mild irritants and the characterization of an immature SC in psoriatic models. This research has significant implications, paving the way for detailed mechanistic investigations and fostering the development of therapies for skin irritation and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Kang S, Chen EC, Cifuentes H, Co JY, Cole G, Graham J, Hsia R, Kiyota T, Klein JA, Kroll KT, Nieves Lopez LM, Norona LM, Peiris H, Potla R, Romero-Lopez M, Roth JG, Tseng M, Fullerton AM, Homan KA. Complex in vitromodels positioned for impact to drug testing in pharma: a review. Biofabrication 2024; 16:042006. [PMID: 39189069 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad6933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the creation and popularization of various complexin vitromodels (CIVMs), such as organoids and organs-on-chip, as a technology with the potential to reduce animal usage in pharma while also enhancing our ability to create safe and efficacious drugs for patients. Public awareness of CIVMs has increased, in part, due to the recent passage of the FDA Modernization Act 2.0. This visibility is expected to spur deeper investment in and adoption of such models. Thus, end-users and model developers alike require a framework to both understand the readiness of current models to enter the drug development process, and to assess upcoming models for the same. This review presents such a framework for model selection based on comparative -omics data (which we term model-omics), and metrics for qualification of specific test assays that a model may support that we term context-of-use (COU) assays. We surveyed existing healthy tissue models and assays for ten drug development-critical organs of the body, and provide evaluations of readiness and suggestions for improving model-omics and COU assays for each. In whole, this review comes from a pharma perspective, and seeks to provide an evaluation of where CIVMs are poised for maximum impact in the drug development process, and a roadmap for realizing that potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serah Kang
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Eugene C Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Helen Cifuentes
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Julia Y Co
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Cole
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Jessica Graham
- Product Quality & Occupational Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of Americaica
| | - Rebecca Hsia
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Jessica A Klein
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Katharina T Kroll
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Lenitza M Nieves Lopez
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Leah M Norona
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Heshan Peiris
- Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Ratnakar Potla
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Monica Romero-Lopez
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Julien G Roth
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Min Tseng
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Aaron M Fullerton
- Investigative Toxicology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A Homan
- Complex in vitro Systems Group, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
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Raabe HA, Costin GE, Allen DG, Lowit A, Corvaro M, O'Dell L, Breeden-Alemi J, Page K, Perron M, Flint Silva T, Westerink W, Baker E, Sullivan K. Human relevance of in vivo and in vitro skin irritation tests for hazard classification of pesticides. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39180341 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2024.2387596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Background: Test methods to inform hazard characterization and labeling of pesticides to protect human health are typically conducted using laboratory animals, and for skin irritation/corrosion the rabbit Draize test is currently required by many regulatory agencies. Although the Draize test is generally regarded to provide protective classifications for human health, new approach methodologies (NAMs) have been developed that offer more human relevant models that circumvent the uncertainty associated with species differences that exist between rabbits and humans. Despite wide applicability and use of these test methods across a broad range of chemicals, they have not been widely adopted for testing pesticides and pesticidal formulations. One of the barriers to adoption of these methods in this sector is low concordance with results from the Draize rabbit test, particularly for chemicals within the mild to moderate irritation spectrum. Methods: This review compares and contrasts the extent to which available models used in skin irritation testing mimic the anatomy and physiology of human skin, and how each aligns with the known key events leading to chemically-induced adverse skin irritation and corrosion. Doing so fully characterizes the human relevance of each method. Results: As alternatives to the rabbit Draize test, several protocols using ex vivo, in chemico, and in vitro skin models are available as internationally harmonized test guidelines. These methods rely on a variety of models of human skin, including excised rodent skin, synthetic biochemical models of barrier function, cell culture systems, and reconstructed human tissue models. We find these models exhibit biological and mechanistic relevance aligned with human skin irritation responses. Further, recent retrospective analyses have shown that the reproducibility of the Draize test is less than 50% for mild and moderate responses, with many of the replicate predictions spanning more than one category (e.g., a moderate response reported in one study followed by a non-irritant response reported in another study). Conclusions: Based on this comparative evaluation, we recommend top-down and bottom-up testing strategies that use the most human relevant in vitro test methods for skin irritation and corrosion classification of pesticides and pesticide formulations. To further discriminate among mild and non-irritant formulations, optimization of a cytokine release protocol and subsequent analyses of reference formulation test results is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans A Raabe
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Lowit
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Baker
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Ragnarsdóttir O, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. Dermal bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances using in vitro 3D human skin equivalent models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 188:108772. [PMID: 38810496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been identified in various products that come in contact with human skin, ranging from school uniforms to personal care products. Despite this, knowledge on human dermal uptake of PFAS is lacking. Thus, the human dermal absorption of 17 PFAS was assessed, for the first time, using in vitro 3D-human skin equivalent models exposed to 500 ng/cm2 PFAS dissolved in methanol over 24-36 h. The distribution of target PFAS is presented, based on three fractions: absorbed, un-absorbed, and retained within skin tissue (absorbable dose). Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) had the highest absorbed fraction, 58.9 % and 48.7 % respectively, with the absorbed fraction decreasing with increasing carbon chain length of the studied perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) (r = 0.97, p = 0.004). Interestingly, while longer chain PFAS (Cn ≥ 9) were not directly absorbed, a large fraction of the exposure dose was detected within the skin tissue at the end of the exposure. This was most apparent for perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorononane sulfonate (PFNS) for which 66.5 % and 68.3 % of the exposure dose was found within the skin tissue, while neither compound was detected in the absorbed fraction. For compounds with a carbon chain length > 11, the fraction found within the skin tissue, decreases with increasing chain length. Physicochemical properties played a role in dermal permeation of PFAS, with a clear inverse correlation between logKOW and absorbed fraction for both PFCAs (r = -0.97; p ≤ 0.001) and PFSAs (r = -0.99; p ≤ 0.001). Steady-state flux (JSS) and permeation coefficients (Papp) were determined for target compounds with significant permeation after 36 h exposure (C5-C8 PFCAs and C4-C7 PFSAs). In general, both the flux and permeation coefficient decreased with increasing chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddný Ragnarsdóttir
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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7
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Akpojevwe Abafe O, Harrad S, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Assessment of human dermal absorption of flame retardant additives in polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics using 3D human skin equivalent models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108635. [PMID: 38631261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
To overcome ethical and technical challenges impeding the study of human dermal uptake of chemical additives present in microplastics (MPs), we employed 3D human skin equivalent (3D-HSE) models to provide first insights into the dermal bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) present in MPs; and evaluated different factors influencing human percutaneous absorption of PBDEs under real-life exposure scenario. PBDEs were bioavailable to varying degrees (up to 8 % of the exposure dose) and percutaneous permeation was evident, albeit at low levels (≤0.1 % of the exposure dose). While the polymer type influenced the release of PBDEs from the studied MPs to the skin, the polymer type was less important in driving the percutaneous absorption of PBDEs. The absorbed fraction of PBDEs was strongly correlated (r2 = 0.88) with their water solubility, while the dermal permeation coefficient Papp of PBDEs showed strong association with their molecular weight and logKOW. More sweaty skin resulted in higher bioavailability of PBDEs from dermal contact with MPs than dry skin. Overall, percutaneous absorption of PBDEs upon skin contact with MPs was evident, highlighting, for the first time, the potential significance of the dermal pathway as an important route of human exposure to toxic additive chemicals in MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovokeroye Akpojevwe Abafe
- Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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8
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Galvan A, Pellicciari C, Calderan L. Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1165. [PMID: 38256238 PMCID: PMC10816982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin plays crucial roles in the human body: besides protecting the organism from external threats, it acts as a thermal regulator, is responsible for the sense of touch, hosts microbial communities (the skin microbiota) involved in preventing the invasion of foreign pathogens, contains immunocompetent cells that maintain a healthy immunogenic/tolerogenic balance, and is a suitable route for drug administration. In the skin, four defense levels can be identified: besides the physical, chemical, and immune barriers that are inherent to the tissue, the skin microbiota (i.e., the numerous microorganisms living on the skin surface) provides an additional barrier. Studying the skin barrier function or the effects of drugs or cosmetic agents on human skin is a difficult task since snapshot evidence can only be obtained using bioptic samples where dynamic processes cannot properly be followed. To overcome these limitations, many different in vitro models of human skin have been developed that are characterized by diverse levels of complexity in terms of chemical, structural, and cellular composition. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different human skin models so far available and to underline how the insertion of a proper microbiota would positively impact an in vitro human skin model in an attempt to better mimic conditions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galvan
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Carlo Pellicciari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Calderan
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.G.); (L.C.)
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9
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Magnano GC, Quadri M, Palazzo E, Lotti R, Loschi F, Dall'Acqua S, Abrami M, Larese Filon F, Marconi A, Hasa D. 3D human foreskin model for testing topical formulations of sildenafil citrate. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123612. [PMID: 37992980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Sildenafil citrate is an approved drug used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Despite a widespread application, sildenafil citrate shows numerous adverse cardiovascular effects in high-risk patients. Local transdermal drug delivery of this drug is therefore being explored as an interesting and noninvasive alternative administration method that avoids adverse effects arised from peak plasma drug concentrations. Although human and animal skin represents the most reliable models to perform penetration studies, they involve a series of ethical issues and restrictions. For these reasons new in vitro approaches based on artificially reconstructed human skin or "human skin equivalents" are being developed as possible alternatives for transdermal testing. There is little information, however, on the efficiency of such new in vitro methods on cutaneous penetration of active ingredients. The objective of the current study was to investigate the sildenafil citrate loaded in three commercial transdermal vehicles using 3D full-thickness skin equivalent and compare the results with the permeability experiments using porcine skin. Our results demonstrated that, while the formulation plays an imperative role in an appropriate dermal uptake of sildenafil citrate, the D coefficient results obtained by using the 3D skin equivalent are comparable to those obtained by using the porcine skin when a simple drug suspension is applied (1.17 × 10-10 ± 0.92 × 10-10 cm2/s vs 3.5 × 102 ± 3.3 × 102 cm2/s), suggesting that in such case, this 3D skin model can be a valid alternative for ex-vivo skin absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Camilla Magnano
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marika Quadri
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Palazzo
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberta Lotti
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Loschi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Pharmacology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Pharmacology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Abrami
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Marconi
- DermoLAB, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Dritan Hasa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy.
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10
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Kichou H, Bonnier F, Dancik Y, Bakar J, Michael-Jubeli R, Caritá AC, Perse X, Soucé M, Rapetti L, Tfayli A, Chourpa I, Munnier E. Strat-M® positioning for skin permeation studies: A comparative study including EpiSkin® RHE, and human skin. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123488. [PMID: 37805151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
In the development and optimization of dermatological products, In Vitro Permeation Testing (IVPT) is pivotal for controlled study of skin penetration. To enhance standardization and replicate human skin properties reconstructed human skin and synthetic membranes are explored as alternatives. Strat-M® is a membrane designed to mimic the multi-layered structure of human skin for IVPT. For instance, in Strat-M®, the steady-state fluxes (JSS) of resorcinol in formulations free of permeation enhancers were found to be 41 ± 5 µg/cm2·h for the aqueous solution, 42 ± 6 µg/cm2·h for the hydrogel, and 40 ± 6 µg/cm2·h for the oil-in-water emulsion. These results were closer to excised human skin (5 ± 3, 9 ± 2, 13 ± 6 µg/cm2·h) and surpassed the performance of EpiSkin® RHE (138 ± 5, 142 ± 6, and 162 ± 11 µg/cm2·h). While mass spectrometry and Raman microscopy demonstrated the qualitative molecular similarity of EpiSkin® RHE to human skin, it was the porous and hydrophobic polymer nature of Strat-M® that more faithfully reproduced the skin's diffusion-limiting barrier. Further validation through similarity factor analysis (∼80-85%) underscored Strat-M®'s significance as a reliable substitute for human skin, offering a promising approach to enhance realism and reproducibility in dermatological product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Kichou
- Université de Tours, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Franck Bonnier
- LVMH Recherche, 185 Av. de Verdun, 45800 Saint-Jean-de-Braye, France
| | - Yuri Dancik
- Certara UK Ltd., Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2B1, UK
| | - Joudi Bakar
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lip(sys)(2) « Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques », 17 avenue des sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Rime Michael-Jubeli
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lip(sys)(2) « Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques », 17 avenue des sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Amanda C Caritá
- Université de Tours, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Xavier Perse
- Université de Tours, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Martin Soucé
- Université de Tours, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Laetitia Rapetti
- Alphenyx, 430 avenue du Maréchal Lattre de Tassigny, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Ali Tfayli
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lip(sys)(2) « Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques », 17 avenue des sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Igor Chourpa
- Université de Tours, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Emilie Munnier
- Université de Tours, EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France.
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11
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Salminen AT, Davis KJ, Felton RP, Nischal N, VonTungeln LS, Beland FA, Derr K, Brown PC, Ferrer M, Katz LM, Kleinstreuer NC, Leshin J, Manga P, Sadrieh N, Xia M, Fitzpatrick SC, Camacho L. Parallel evaluation of alternative skin barrier models and excised human skin for dermal absorption studies in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 91:105630. [PMID: 37315744 PMCID: PMC10527924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skin permeation is a primary consideration in the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients, topical drugs, and human users handling veterinary medicinal products. While excised human skin (EHS) remains the 'gold standard' for in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) studies, unreliable supply and high cost motivate the search for alternative skin barrier models. In this study, a standardized dermal absorption testing protocol was developed to evaluate the suitability of alternative skin barrier models to predict skin absorption in humans. Under this protocol, side-by-side assessments of a commercially available reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) model (EpiDerm-200-X, MatTek), a synthetic barrier membrane (Strat-M, Sigma-Aldrich), and EHS were performed. The skin barrier models were mounted on Franz diffusion cells and the permeation of caffeine, salicylic acid, and testosterone was quantified. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and histology of the biological models were also compared. EpiDerm-200-X exhibited native human epidermis-like morphology, including a characteristic stratum corneum, but had an elevated TEWL as compared to EHS. The mean 6 h cumulative permeation of a finite dose (6 nmol/cm2) of caffeine and testosterone was highest in EpiDerm-200-X, followed by EHS and Strat-M. Salicylic acid permeated most in EHS, followed by EpiDerm-200-X and Strat-M. Overall, evaluating novel alternative skin barrier models in the manner outlined herein has the potential to reduce the time from basic science discovery to regulatory impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec T Salminen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Kelly J Davis
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Robert P Felton
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Nathania Nischal
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Linda S VonTungeln
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Kristy Derr
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paul C Brown
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Linda M Katz
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Leshin
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne C Fitzpatrick
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Luísa Camacho
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA.
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12
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Vilela de Sousa I, Ferreira MJS, Bebiano LB, Simões S, Matos AF, Pereira RF, Granja PL. Skin models of cutaneous toxicity, transdermal transport and wound repair. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad014. [PMID: 37520659 PMCID: PMC10382248 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Skin is widely used as a drug delivery route due to its easy access and the possibility of using relatively painless methods for the administration of bioactive molecules. However, the barrier properties of the skin, along with its multilayer structure, impose severe restrictions on drug transport and bioavailability. Thus, bioengineered models aimed at emulating the skin have been developed not only for optimizing the transdermal transport of different drugs and testing the safety and toxicity of substances but also for understanding the biological processes behind skin wounds. Even though in vivo research is often preferred to study biological processes involving the skin, in vitro and ex vivo strategies have been gaining increasing relevance in recent years. Indeed, there is a noticeably increasing adoption of in vitro and ex vivo methods by internationally accepted guidelines. Furthermore, microfluidic organ-on-a-chip devices are nowadays emerging as valuable tools for functional and behavioural skin emulation. Challenges in miniaturization, automation and reliability still need to be addressed in order to create skin models that can predict skin behaviour in a robust, high-throughput manner, while being compliant with regulatory issues, standards and guidelines. In this review, skin models for transdermal transport, wound repair and cutaneous toxicity will be discussed with a focus on high-throughput strategies. Novel microfluidic strategies driven by advancements in microfabrication technologies will also be revised as a way to improve the efficiency of existing models, both in terms of complexity and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luís B Bebiano
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- ISEP - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simões
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Matos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rúben F Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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13
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Shahinfar S, Maibach H. In vitro percutaneous penetration test overview. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1102433. [PMID: 37388444 PMCID: PMC10300277 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is a detailed, organized, and intricate niche in the human body. Topical and transdermal drugs are unique, in that their absorption is quite different from other routes of administration (oral, intramuscular, intravenous, etc.,.). A robust amount of research is required to approve the use of a drug-in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies collectively help manufacturers and government agencies with approval of various compounds. Use of human and animal studies poses ethical and financial concerns, making samples difficult to use. In vitro and ex vivo methods have improved over the past several decades-results show relevance when compared to in vivo methods. The history of testing is discussed, followed by a detailed account of known complexities of skin and the current state of percutaneous penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeva Shahinfar
- Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
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14
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Józsa L, Nemes D, Pető Á, Kósa D, Révész R, Bácskay I, Haimhoffer Á, Vasvári G. Recent Options and Techniques to Assess Improved Bioavailability: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methods. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041146. [PMID: 37111632 PMCID: PMC10144798 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioavailability assessment in the development phase of a drug product is vital to reveal the disadvantageous properties of the substance and the possible technological interventions. However, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies provide strong evidence for drug approval applications. Human and animal studies must be designed on the basis of preliminary biorelevant experiments in vitro and ex vivo. In this article, the authors have reviewed the recent methods and techniques from the last decade that are in use for assessing the bioavailability of drug molecules and the effects of technological modifications and drug delivery systems. Four main administration routes were selected: oral, transdermal, ocular, and nasal or inhalation. Three levels of methodologies were screened for each category: in vitro techniques with artificial membranes; cell culture, including monocultures and co-cultures; and finally, experiments where tissue or organ samples were used. Reproducibility, predictability, and level of acceptance by the regulatory organizations are summarized for the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Józsa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Nemes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágota Pető
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kósa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Réka Révész
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Haimhoffer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasvári
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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15
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Biondo NE, Argenta DF, Caon T. A Comparative Analysis of Biological and Synthetic Skin Models for Drug Transport Studies. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1209-1221. [PMID: 36959412 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Ethical restrictions as well as practical or economic issues related to use of animal and human skin has been the main reason the growth in the number of investigations with alternative models. Reconstructed skin models, for example, have been useful to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of compounds; however, these models usually overestimate the amount of drug permeated due to impaired barrier properties. In this review, the performance of synthetic and biological skin models in transport studies was compared by considering two compounds with different physicochemical properties. The advantages and limitations of each skin model are discussed in detail. Although synthetic and reconstructed skin models have shown to be useful in the formulation optimization step, they present many limitations: (1) impaired barrier properties; (2) lack of follicular transport; (3) no metabolism in synthetic membranes; (4) differences in terms of lipid organization; (5) more affected by formulation constituents. Therefore, animal and human tissues should still be prioritized in drug transport studies until new advances in alternative models are achieved. Investigations of the impact of cell-culture conditions on skin formation, in turn, bring perspectives related to the development of unhealthy/injured skin models (an aspect that still deserves attention).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Esposto Biondo
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, S/N - Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Débora Fretes Argenta
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, S/N - Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Caon
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, S/N - Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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16
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Zhang S, Cheng Z, Yang M, Guo Z, Zhao L, Baqar M, Lu Y, Wang L, Sun H. Percutaneous Penetration of Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) by In Vitro Three-Dimensional Human Skin Equivalents: Possible Mechanisms and Implications for Human Dermal Exposure Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4454-4463. [PMID: 36867107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) are indispensable materials in liquid crystal displays, which have been recognized as emerging persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic organic pollutants. Occupational and nonoccupational exposure risk assessment suggested that dermal exposure is the primary exposure route for LCMs. However, the bioavailability and possible mechanisms of dermal exposure to LCMs via skin absorption and penetration remain unclear. Herein, we used EpiKutis 3D-Human Skin Equivalents (3D-HSE) to quantitatively assess the percutaneous penetration of nine LCMs, which were detected in e-waste dismantling workers' hand wipes with high detection frequencies. LCMs with higher log Kow and greater molecular weight (MW) were more difficult to penetrate through the skin. Molecular docking results showed that ABCG2 (an efflux transporter) may be responsible for percutaneous penetration of LCMs. These results suggest that passive diffusion and active efflux transport may be involved in the penetration of LCMs across the skin barrier. Furthermore, the occupational dermal exposure risks evaluated based on the dermal absorption factor suggested the underestimation of the continuous LCMs' health risks via dermal previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ming Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zijin Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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17
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Tan SH, Chua DAC, Tang JRJ, Bonnard C, Leavesley D, Liang K. Design of Hydrogel-based Scaffolds for in vitro Three-dimensional Human Skin Model Reconstruction. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:13-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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18
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Ragnarsdóttir O, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Dermal uptake: An important pathway of human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119478. [PMID: 35588958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been produced and used in a broad range of products since the 1950s. This class, comprising of thousands of chemicals, have been used in many different products ranging from firefighting foam to personal care products and clothes. Even at relatively low levels of exposure, PFAS have been linked to various health effects in humans such as lower birth weight, increased serum cholesterol levels, and reduced antibody response to vaccination. Human biomonitoring data demonstrates ubiquitous exposure to PFAS across all age groups. This has been attributed to PFAS-contaminated water and dietary intake, as well as inadvertent ingestion of indoor dust for adults and toddlers. In utero exposure and breast milk have been indicated as important exposure pathways for foetuses and nursing infants. More recently, PFAS have been identified in a wide range of products, many of which come in contact with skin (e.g., cosmetics and fabrics). Despite this, few studies have evaluated dermal uptake as a possible route for human exposure and little is known about the dermal absorption potential of different PFAS. This article critically investigates the current state-of-knowledge on human exposure to PFAS, highlighting the lack of dermal exposure data. Additionally, the different approaches for dermal uptake assessment studies are discussed and the available literature on human dermal absorption of PFAS is critically reviewed and compared to other halogenated contaminants, e.g., brominated flame retardants and its implications for dermal exposure to PFAS. Finally, the urgent need for dermal permeation and uptake studies for a wide range of PFAS and their precursors is highlighted and recommendations for future research to advance the current understanding of human dermal exposure to PFAS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddný Ragnarsdóttir
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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19
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Reconstructed Human Epidermis: An Alternative Approach for In Vitro Bioequivalence Testing of Topical Products. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081554. [PMID: 35893811 PMCID: PMC9331624 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of in vitro human skin permeation tests is of value when addressing the quality and equivalence of topical drug products in Europe and the US. Human skin is the membrane of choice for these studies. The use of human skin as a membrane is hindered by limited access, high variability of results, and limited applicability for drugs with low skin permeability. Reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models are validated as skin surrogates for safety tests and have been explored for percutaneous absorption testing. Clotrimazole poorly permeates human skin and is widely available for topical treatments. In this study, clotrimazole creams were used to test the ability of RhE to be used as biological membrane for bioequivalence testing, based on the Draft Guideline on Quality and Equivalence of Topical Products (CHMP/QWP/708282/2018) using a discriminative and modified in vitro permeation test (IVPT). To fulfill the validation of a discriminatory method, Canesten® 10 mg/g cream was compared with a test product with the same drug strength, along with two “negative controls” dosed at a 50% and 200% drug strength. Products were compared in finite dose conditions, regarding maximal flux (Jmax) and the total amount of drug permeated (Atotal). The results showed the discriminatory power of the method among the three drug strengths with no interference of the placebo formulation. The study design and validation complied with the requirements established in the guideline for a valid IVPT. This new test system allowed for the equivalence comparison between test and comparator product. Higher permeability of the RhE compared to human skin could be observed. This arose as a strength of the model for this modified IVPT bioequivalence testing, since comparing permeation profiles among products is envisaged instead of drawing absolute conclusions on skin permeation extent. These results may support the acceptance of RhE as biological membranes for modified IVPT in bioequivalence testing of topical products.
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20
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Schaller-Ammann R, Kreß S, Feiel J, Schwagerle G, Priedl J, Birngruber T, Kasper C, Egger D. Advanced Online Monitoring of In Vitro Human 3D Full-Thickness Skin Equivalents. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071436. [PMID: 35890329 PMCID: PMC9315769 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin equivalents and skin explants are widely used for dermal penetration studies in the pharmacological development of drugs. Environmental parameters, such as the incubation and culture conditions affect cellular responses and thus the relevance of the experimental outcome. However, available systems such as the Franz diffusion chamber, only measure in the receiving culture medium, rather than assessing the actual conditions for cells in the tissue. We developed a sampling design that combines open flow microperfusion (OFM) sampling technology for continuous concentration measurements directly in the tissue with microfluidic biosensors for online monitoring of culture parameters. We tested our design with real-time measurements of oxygen, glucose, lactate, and pH in full-thickness skin equivalent and skin explants. Furthermore, we compared dermal penetration for acyclovir, lidocaine, and diclofenac in skin equivalents and skin explants. We observed differences in oxygen, glucose, and drug concentrations in skin equivalents compared to the respective culture medium and to skin explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schaller-Ammann
- Health—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.S.-A.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Sebastian Kreß
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural, Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (S.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Jürgen Feiel
- Health—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.S.-A.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Gerd Schwagerle
- Health—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.S.-A.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Joachim Priedl
- Health—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.S.-A.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- Health—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.S.-A.); (J.F.); (G.S.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (D.E.)
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural, Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (S.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Dominik Egger
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural, Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (S.K.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (D.E.)
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21
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Caloni F, De Angelis I, Hartung T. Replacement of animal testing by integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA): a call for in vivitrosi. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1935-1950. [PMID: 35503372 PMCID: PMC9151502 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternative methods to animal use in toxicology are evolving with new advanced tools and multilevel approaches, to answer from one side to 3Rs requirements, and on the other side offering relevant and valid tests for drugs and chemicals, considering also their combination in test strategies, for a proper risk assessment.While stand-alone methods, have demonstrated to be applicable for some specific toxicological predictions with some limitations, the new strategy for the application of New Approach Methods (NAM), to solve complex toxicological endpoints is addressed by Integrated Approaches for Testing and Assessment (IATA), aka Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) or Defined Approaches for Testing and Assessment (DA). The central challenge of evidence integration is shared with the needs of risk assessment and systematic reviews of an evidence-based Toxicology. Increasingly, machine learning (aka Artificial Intelligence, AI) lends itself to integrate diverse evidence streams.In this article, we give an overview of the state of the art of alternative methods and IATA in toxicology for regulatory use for various hazards, outlining future orientation and perspectives. We call on leveraging the synergies of integrated approaches and evidence integration from in vivo, in vitro and in silico as true in vivitrosi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Isabella De Angelis
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- CAAT Europe, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
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22
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Pulsoni I, Lubda M, Aiello M, Fedi A, Marzagalli M, von Hagen J, Scaglione S. Comparison Between Franz Diffusion Cell and a novel Micro-physiological System for In Vitro Penetration Assay Using Different Skin Models. SLAS Technol 2022; 27:161-171. [PMID: 35058208 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro diffusive models are an important tool to screen the penetration ability of active ingredients in various formulations. A reliable assessment of skin penetration enhancing properties, mechanism of action of carrier systems, and an estimation of a bioavailability are essential for transdermal delivery. Given the importance of testing the penetration kinetics of different compounds across the skin barrier, several in vitro models have been developedThe aim of this study was to compare the Franz Diffusion Cell (FDC) with a novel fluid-dynamic platform (MIVO) by evaluating penetration ability of caffeine, a widely used reference substance, and LIP1, a testing molecule having the same molecular weight but a different lipophilicity in the two diffusion chamber systems. A 0.7% caffeine or LIP1 formulation in either water or propylene glycol (PG) containing oleic acid (OA) was topically applied on the Strat-M® membrane or pig ear skin, according to the infinite-dose experimental condition (780 ul/cm2). The profile of the penetration kinetics was determined by quantify the amount of molecule absorbed at different time-points (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours), by means of HPLC analysis. Both diffusive systems show a similar trend for caffeine and LIP1 penetration kinetics. The Strat-M® skin model shows a lower barrier function than the pig skin biopsies, whereby the PGOA vehicle exhibits a higher penetration, enhancing the effect for both diffusive chambers and skin surrogates. Most interestingly, MIVO diffusive system better predicts the lipophilic molecules (i.e. LIP1) permeation through highly physiological fluid flows resembled below the skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maurizio Aiello
- React4life Srl, Genoa, Italy; CNR -National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Italy
| | - Arianna Fedi
- CNR -National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Scaglione
- React4life Srl, Genoa, Italy; CNR -National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Italy.
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23
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. Dermal uptake of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants via contact with furniture fabrics; implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112847. [PMID: 35104485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (Cl-PFRs): tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl)-phosphate (TCIPP) and tris-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCIPP), have been widely used in upholstered furniture despite their carcinogenic potential. Although Cl-PFRs are mainly added to furniture foam, they are present in the fabrics likely due to migration from the foam. While several studies have assessed human exposure to Cl-PFRs via different pathways, no information exists on dermal uptake of these chemicals through contact with fabrics. In the current study, dermal absorption of TCEP, TCIPP and TDCIPP from 3 UK domestic furniture fabrics was experimentally assessed for the first time using in vitro 3D-human skin equivalents (EpiSkin™) under different real-life exposure scenarios. Results revealed all 3 target Cl-PFRs were dermally bioavailable to varying degrees (3.5%-25.9% of exposure dose) following 24 h contact with the studied fabrics. Estimated permeability coefficients (KP, cm h-1) showed TCEP had the highest percutaneous penetration potential followed by TCIPP, then TDCIPP. Further investigation revealed human dermal uptake of Cl-PFRs can be influenced by several factors including: the specific physicochemical properties of the compound, the type of exposure matrix, the exposure dose and the degree of skin hydration at the point of contact. Exposure assessment revealed UK adults and toddlers can be exposed to 20.4 and 14.1 ng TCIPP/kg bw/day via contact with furniture fabrics in summer, which is higher than international average exposures via inhalation and dust ingestion for adults and dietary exposure for toddlers. Therefore, risk assessment studies for Cl-PFRs and future replacements should consider dermal contact with consumer products (e.g. furniture fabrics) as a potential significant human exposure pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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24
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Kluxen FM, Totti S, Maas W, Toner F, Page L, Webbley K, Nagane R, Mingoia R, Whitfield C, Kendrick J, Valentine C, Dorange JB, Egron C, Imart C, Domoradzki JY, Fisher P, Lorez C, McEuen S, Felkers E, Chen T, Wiemann C. An OECD TG 428 study ring trial with 14C-Caffeine demonstrating repeatability and robustness of the dermal absorption in vitro method. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105184. [PMID: 35577015 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The dermal absorption potential of 14C-Caffeine applied as a 4 mg/mL concentration (10 μL/cm2 finite dose) was investigated in six laboratories under Good Laboratory Practice conditions using an OECD TG 428-compliant in vitro assay with flow-through cells and split-thickness human skin. Potential sources of variation were reduced by a standardized protocol, test item and skin source. Particularly, skin samples from same donors were distributed over two repeats and between labs in a non-random, stratified design. Very similar recovery was achieved in the various assay compartments between laboratories, repeats and donors, demonstrating that the assay can be robustly and reliably performed. The absorption in one laboratory was 5-fold higher than in the others. This did not clearly correlate with skin integrity parameters but might be associated with an accidental COVID-19 pandemic-related interruption in sample shipment. It is possible that other factors may affect dermal absorption variation not routinely assessed or considered in the current method. The mean receptor fluid recovery, potential absorption (recovery in receptor fluid and skin except tape strips 1 and 2) and mass balance of caffeine was 6.99%, 7.14% and 99.13%, respectively, across all and 3.87%, 3.96% and 99.00% in the subset of five laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wilfred Maas
- Charles River Laboratories, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Toner
- Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Page
- Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip Fisher
- Bayer SAS, Bayer Crop Science, Sophia, Antipolis, France
| | | | | | | | - Tao Chen
- University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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25
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Olkowska E, Gržinić G. Skin models for dermal exposure assessment of phthalates. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133909. [PMID: 35143861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of compounds that have found widespread use in industrial applications, in particular in the polymer, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. While ingestion, and to a lesser degree inhalation, have been considered as the major exposure routes, especially for higher molecular weight phthalates, dermal exposure is an important route for lower weight phthalates such as diethyl phthalate (DEP). Assessing the dermal permeability of such compounds is of great importance for evaluating the impact and toxicity of such compounds in humans. While human skin is still the best model for studying dermal permeation, availability, cost and ethical concerns may preclude or restrict its use. A range of alternative models has been developed over time to substitute for human skin, especially in the early phases of research. These include ex vivo animal skin, human reconstructed skin and artificial skin models. While the results obtained using such alternative models correlate to a lesser or greater degree with those from in vivo human studies, the use of such models is nevertheless vital in dermal permeation research. This review discusses the alternative skin models that are available, their use in phthalate permeation studies and possible new avenues of phthalate research using skin models that have not been used so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Goran Gržinić
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland
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26
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Schlich M, Musazzi UM, Campani V, Biondi M, Franzé S, Lai F, De Rosa G, Sinico C, Cilurzo F. Design and development of topical liposomal formulations in a regulatory perspective. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1811-1828. [PMID: 34755281 PMCID: PMC8577404 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the absorption site for drug substances intended to treat loco-regional diseases, although its barrier properties limit the permeation of drug molecules. The growing knowledge of the skin structure and its physiology have supported the design of innovative nanosystems (e.g. liposomal systems) to improve the absorption of poorly skin-permeable drugs. However, despite the dozens of clinical trials started, few topically applied liposomal systems have been authorized both in the EU and the USA. Indeed, the intrinsic complexity of the topically applied liposomal systems, the higher production costs, the lack of standardized methods and the more stringent guidelines for assessing their benefit/risk balance can be seen as causes of such inefficient translation. The present work aimed to provide an overview of the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterization methods that can be applied to topical liposomal systems intended to be marketed as medicinal products, and the current regulatory provisions. The discussion highlights how such methodologies can be relevant for defining the critical quality attributes of the final product, and they can be usefully applied based on the phase of the life cycle of a liposomal product: to guide the formulation studies in the early stages of development, to rationally design preclinical and clinical trials, to support the pharmaceutical quality control system and to sustain post-marketing variations. The provided information can help define harmonized quality standards able to overcome the case-by-case approach currently applied by regulatory agencies in assessing the benefit/risk of the topically applied liposomal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schlich
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Vita E Dell'Ambiente, Sezione Scienze del Farmaco, Università Di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy.,Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Umberto M Musazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Virginia Campani
- Dipartimento Di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Biondi
- Dipartimento Di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Franzé
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Lai
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Vita E Dell'Ambiente, Sezione Scienze del Farmaco, Università Di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Dipartimento Di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Sinico
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Vita E Dell'Ambiente, Sezione Scienze del Farmaco, Università Di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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27
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Sinkó B, Bárdos V, Vesztergombi D, Kádár S, Malcsiner P, Moustie A, Jouy C, Takács-Novák K, Grégoire S. Use of an In Vitro Skin Parallel Artificial Membrane Assay (Skin-PAMPA) as a Screening Tool to Compare Transdermal Permeability of Model Compound 4-Phenylethyl-Resorcinol Dissolved in Different Solvents. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111758. [PMID: 34834173 PMCID: PMC8625559 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorption through the skin of topically applied chemicals is relevant for both formulation development and safety assessment, especially in the early stages of development. However, the supply of human skin is limited, and the traditional in vitro methods are of low throughput. As an alternative, an artificial membrane-based Skin Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (Skin-PAMPA) has been developed to mimic the permeability through the stratum corneum. In this study, this assay was used to measure the permeability of a model compound, 4-phenylethyl-resorcinol (PER), dissolved in 13 different solvents that are commonly used in cosmetic formulation development. The study was performed at concentrations close to the saturated solution of PER in each solvent to investigate the maximum thermodynamic potential of the solvents. The permeability of PER in selected solvents was also measured on ex vivo pig skin for comparison. Pig ear skin is an accepted alternative model of human skin. The permeability coefficient, which is independent of the concentration of the applied solution, showed a good correlation (R2 = 0.844) between the Skin-PAMPA and the pig skin permeation data. Our results support the use of the Skin-PAMPA to screen the suitability of different solvents for non-polar compounds at an early stage of formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Sinkó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (V.B.); (D.V.); (P.M.)
- Pion Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Vivien Bárdos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (V.B.); (D.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Dániel Vesztergombi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (V.B.); (D.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Szabina Kádár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Petra Malcsiner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (V.B.); (D.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Anne Moustie
- L’Oréal Research & Innovation, 93601 Aulnay-sous Bois, France; (A.M.); (C.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Chantal Jouy
- L’Oréal Research & Innovation, 93601 Aulnay-sous Bois, France; (A.M.); (C.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Krisztina Takács-Novák
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (V.B.); (D.V.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3612155241
| | - Sebastien Grégoire
- L’Oréal Research & Innovation, 93601 Aulnay-sous Bois, France; (A.M.); (C.J.); (S.G.)
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28
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Human Skin Permeation Enhancement Using PLGA Nanoparticles Is Mediated by Local pH Changes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101608. [PMID: 34683901 PMCID: PMC8538358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The steady improvement and optimization of transdermal permeation is a constant and challenging pharmaceutical task. In this study the influence of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles on the dermal permeation of the anti-inflammatory drug flufenamic acid (FFA) was investigated. For this aim, different vehicles under non-buffered and buffered conditions and different skin models (human heat separated epidermis and reconstructed human epidermis equivalents) were tested. Permeation experiments were performed using static Franz diffusion cells under infinite dosing conditions. Already the presence of drug-free nanoparticles increased drug permeation across the skin. Drug permeation was even enhanced when applying drug-loaded nanoparticles. In contrast, buffered vehicles with different pH values (pH 5.4–7.4) revealed the influence of the pH on the permeation of FFA. The change of the surrounding pH of the biodegradable nanoparticulate system was demonstrated and visualized using pH-sensitive fluorescent probes. While a potential contribution of hair follicles could be ruled out, our data suggest that the enhanced permeation of FFA through human skin in the presence of PLGA nanoparticles is mediated by a locally decreased pH during hydrolytic degradation of this polymer. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that skin permeation of the weak base caffeine was not affected.
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29
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Gao W, Lin Y, Liang Y, Wang Y, Jiang L, Wang Y, Jiang G. Percutaneous penetration and dermal exposure risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126178. [PMID: 34492952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in environmental matrices has resulted in a high frequency exposure to CPs via dermal contact. To quantitatively estimate percutaneous penetration of CPs, Episkin® human skin equivalents (HSE) was applied as an in vitro model to evaluate the mechanism of percutaneous penetration of CPs. The co-exposure of CPs mixtures to HSE showed that about 11.7% and 10.2% of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) could penetrate the HSE and enter the receptor fluid, while no long-chain CPs (LCCPs) (C>17) were able to penetrate the HSE during the 36-h assay period. The experimentally obtained permeability coefficient (Kp) values for CPs were significantly (p < 0.01) negatively correlated with their log octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow). Furthermore, 24 participants were recruited to assess direct human dermal exposure to CPs in China with the total CPs collected onto hand wipes and forehead wipes being 96,600 and 30,400 ng/person, respectively. The proportion of total SCCPs and MCCPs intake via dermal penetration (skin area investigated in this study) accounting for 2.0% of the total intake of CPs. Considering the total skin surface of human body is around 20 times of the area studied, the total intake of CPs through dermal penetration could be a significant exposure pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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30
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Salameh S, Tissot N, Cache K, Lima J, Suzuki I, Marinho PA, Rielland M, Soeur J, Takeuchi S, Germain S, Breton L. A perfusable vascularized full-thickness skin model for potential topical and systemic applications. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33910175 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abfca8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization of reconstructed tissues is one of the remaining hurdles to be considered to improve both the functionality and viability of skin grafts and the relevance ofin vitroapplications. Our study, therefore, sought to develop a perfusable vascularized full-thickness skin equivalent that comprises a more complex blood vasculature compared to existing models. We combined molding, auto-assembly and microfluidics techniques in order to create a vascularized skin equivalent representing (a) a differentiated epidermis with a physiological organization and correctly expressing K14, K10, Involucrin, TGM1 and Filaggrin, (b) three perfusable vascular channels with angiogenic sprouts stained with VE-Caderin and Collagen IV, (c) an adjacent microvascular network created via vasculogenesis and connected to the sprouting macrovessels. Histological analysis and immunostaining of CD31, Collagen IV, Perlecan and Laminin proved the integrity of vascular constructs. In order to validate the vascularized skin potential of topical and systemic applications, caffeine and minoxidil, two compounds with different chemical properties, were topically applied to measure skin permeability and benzo[a]pyrene pollutant was systemically applied to evaluate systemic delivery. Our results demonstrated that perfusion of skin reconstructs and the presence of a complex vascular plexus resulted in a more predictive and reliable model to assess respectively topical and systemic applications. This model is therefore aimed at furthering drug discovery and improving clinical translation in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Salameh
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tissot
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Kevin Cache
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Joaquim Lima
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Itaru Suzuki
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | - Maité Rielland
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Jérémie Soeur
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Stéphane Germain
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Breton
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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31
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Im JE, Kim HY, Lee JD, Park JJ, Kang KS, Kim KB. Effect of Application Amounts on In Vitro Dermal Absorption Test Using Caffeine and Testosterone. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050641. [PMID: 33946395 PMCID: PMC8147129 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal absorption of chemicals is a key factor in risk assessment. This study investigated the effects of different amounts of application on dermal absorption and suggested an appropriate application dose for proper dermal absorption. Caffeine and testosterone were chosen as test compounds. An in vitro dermal absorption test was performed using a Franz diffusion cell. Different amounts (5, 10, 25, and 50 mg (or µL)/cm2) of semisolid (cream) and liquid (solution) formulations containing 1% caffeine and 0.1% testosterone were applied to rat and minipig (Micropig®) skins. After 24 h, the concentrations of both compounds remaining on the skin surface and in the stratum corneum, dermis and epidermis, and receptor fluid were determined using LC-MS / MS or HPLC. Dermal absorption of both compounds decreased with increasing amounts of application in both skin types (rat and minipig) and formulations (cream and solution). Especially, dermal absorptions (%) of both compounds at 50 mg (or µL)/cm2 was significantly lower compared to 5 or 10 mg (or µL)/cm2 in both rat and minipig skins. Therefore, a low dose (5 or 10 mg (or µL)/cm2) of the formulation should be applied to obtain conservative dermal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueng-Eun Im
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
- Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hyang Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
| | - Jung Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
| | - Jin-Ju Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
| | - Kyung-Soo Kang
- APURES Co., Ltd., Pyeongtae 13174, Korea;
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shingu College, Gwangmyeong-ro 377, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si 13174, Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-550-1443; Fax: +82-41-559-7899
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32
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Chaturvedi S, Garg A. An insight of techniques for the assessment of permeation flux across the skin for optimization of topical and transdermal drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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33
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Schuler M, Tomlinson L, Homiski M, Cheung J, Zhan Y, Coffing S, Engel M, Rubitski E, Seitis G, Hales K, Robertson A, Vispute S, Cook J, Radi Z, Hollingshead B. Experiments in the EpiDerm 3D Skin In Vitro Model and Minipigs In Vivo Indicate Comparatively Lower In Vivo Skin Sensitivity of Topically Applied Aneugenic Compounds. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:103-121. [PMID: 33481035 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk management of in vitro aneugens for topically applied compounds is not clearly defined because there is no validated methodology to accurately measure compound concentration in proliferating stratum basale keratinocytes of the skin. Here, we experimentally tested several known aneugens in the EpiDerm reconstructed human skin in vitro micronucleus assay and compared the results to flow cytometric mechanistic biomarkers (phospho-H3; MPM2, DNA content). We then evaluated similar biomarkers (Ki-67, nuclear area) using immunohistochemistry in skin sections of minipigs following topical exposure the potent aneugens, colchicine, and hesperadin. Data from the EpiDerm model showed positive micronucleus responses for all aneugens tested following topical or direct media dosing with similar sensitivity when adjusted for applied dose. Quantitative benchmark dose-response analysis exhibited increases in the mitotic index biomarkers phospho-H3 and MPM2 for tubulin binders and polyploidy for aurora kinase inhibitors are at least as sensitive as the micronucleus endpoint. By comparison, the aneugens tested did not induce histopathological changes, increases in Ki-67 immunolabeling or nuclear area in skin sections from the in vivo minipig study at doses in significant excess of those eliciting a response in vitro. Results indicate the EpiDerm in vitro micronucleus assay is suitable for the hazard identification of aneugens. The lack of response in the minipig studies indicates that the barrier function of the minipig skin, which is comparable to human skin, protects from the effects of aneugens in vivo. These results provide a basis for conducting additional studies in the future to further refine this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Lindsay Tomlinson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Homiski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Cheung
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yutian Zhan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie Coffing
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Maria Engel
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rubitski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Gary Seitis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Katherine Hales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrew Robertson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Saurabh Vispute
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jon Cook
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zaher Radi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Brett Hollingshead
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Helder RWJ, Rousel J, Boiten WA, Gooris GS, Nadaban A, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. Improved organotypic skin model with reduced quantity of monounsaturated ceramides by inhibiting stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158885. [PMID: 33444760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Full thickness models (FTM) are 3D in vitro skin cultures that resemble the native human skin (NHS) to a great extent. However, the barrier function of these skin models is reduced. The skin barrier is located in the stratum corneum (SC) and consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix. In this matrix, deviations in the composition of the FTMs lipid matrix may contribute to the impaired skin barrier when compared to NHS. One of the most abundant changes in lipid composition is an increase in monounsaturated lipids for which stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) is responsible. To improve the SC lipid composition, we reduced SCD-1 activity during the generation of the FTMs. These FTMs were subsequently assessed on all major aspects, including epidermal homeostasis, lipid composition, lipid organization, and barrier functionality. We demonstrate that SCD-1 inhibition was successful and resulted in FTMs that better mimic the lipid composition of FTMs to NHS by a significant reduction in monounsaturated lipids. In conclusion, this study demonstrates an effective approach to normalize SC monounsaturated lipid concentration and may be a valuable tool in further optimizing the FTMs in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W J Helder
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jannik Rousel
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit S Gooris
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Andreea Nadaban
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Yeo S, Jung S, Cho HK, Kim YH, Kim GH, Kim D, Ko BH, Lee J. Design and Characterization of Elastic Artificial Skin Containing Adenosine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Treating Wrinkles. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:33. [PMID: 33379295 PMCID: PMC7823613 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine (AD), which is used for treating wrinkles, exhibits poor skin permeation. The aim of the present study was to develop a cross-linked silicone-based cellulose elastomer as an elastic artificial skin for the treatment of skin wrinkles, a biocompatible lipid-based nano-carrier for enhancing the skin permeation of AD, and a formulation consisting of the lipid-based carrier incorporated in the elastic artificial skin. AD-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared using a double-emulsion method. Particle characteristics and mechanical properties of SLNs and elastic artificial skin, respectively, were assessed. Skin permeation was evaluated using SkinEthic RHE tissue, a reconstructed human epidermis model. The mean particle size and zeta potential for SLNs ranged from 123.57 to 248.90 nm and -13.23 to -41.23 mV, respectively. The components of neither SLNs nor the elastic artificial skin were cytotoxic, according to cell- and tissue-viability assays and EU classification. SLNs and the elastic artificial skin exhibited sustained drug release for 48 h. The amount of AD released from SLNs and elastic artificial skin was approximately 10 times and 5 times higher, respectively, than that from AD solution. Therefore, elastic artificial skin incorporated with AD-loaded SLNs may serve as a promising topical delivery system for cosmeceutical treatment of skin wrinkles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooho Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.Y.); (S.J.); (D.K.); (B.H.K.)
| | - Sukkyun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.Y.); (S.J.); (D.K.); (B.H.K.)
| | - Heui Kyoung Cho
- R&D Center, Megacos, 16, Simin-daero 327 Rd, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14055, Korea; (H.K.C.); (Y.H.K.); (G.H.K.)
| | - Young Ho Kim
- R&D Center, Megacos, 16, Simin-daero 327 Rd, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14055, Korea; (H.K.C.); (Y.H.K.); (G.H.K.)
| | - Gi Hwan Kim
- R&D Center, Megacos, 16, Simin-daero 327 Rd, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14055, Korea; (H.K.C.); (Y.H.K.); (G.H.K.)
| | - Dohyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.Y.); (S.J.); (D.K.); (B.H.K.)
| | - Byoung Hyen Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.Y.); (S.J.); (D.K.); (B.H.K.)
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.Y.); (S.J.); (D.K.); (B.H.K.)
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Iliopoulos F, Chapman A, Lane ME. A comparison of the in vitro permeation of 3-O-ethyl-l-ascorbic acid in human skin and in a living skin equivalent (LabSkin™). Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 43:107-112. [PMID: 33238056 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The safety assessment of personal care products often entails determining dermal absorption of their ingredients. Such experiments are typically performed in human or animal skin in vitro; however, ethical and safety considerations are associated with obtaining these tissues. Several human skin equivalent models (HSEs) have been developed as alternatives to human tissue. The barrier function of such models however, is normally less developed than human skin. Here, we examine the permeability of the HSE LabSkinTM to a model compound, 3-O-ethyl-l-ascorbic acid (EA) compared with human skin. METHODS Skin uptake and permeation of EA was investigated in vitro using heat-separated human epidermis and LabSkinTM . Finite dose (5 μL cm-2 ) Franz-diffusion studies were conducted using 2 % (w/w) EA in a ternary solvent mixture comprising propylene glycol (PG), propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML), and isopropyl myristate (IPM). These excipients are commonly used in cosmetic products and they have been reported to promote permeation of EA in a different model, namely porcine skin. RESULTS Permeation of EA through LabSkinTM was evident from 2 h; however, EA permeation in human skin was not detected until 5 h. Similar amounts of EA permeated through the two membranes at time points 8, 10, 12 and 24 h (p > 0.05). The cumulative amounts of EA delivered through LabSkinTM at 24 h were 41.3 ± 2.0 µg cm-2 , corresponding to 55.1 ± 1.8 % of the applied dose. Similar amounts permeated across human skin, 49.4 ± 4.1 µg cm-2 , accounting for 58.0 ± 4.2 % of the dose applied (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The permeation of EA in LabSkinTM compared well with results for human epidermis in terms of the permeation profiles and the cumulative amounts of EA that permeated. The data suggest that the skin barrier of the two models was similar with regard to their overall permeability to the hydrophilic active EA. The findings are promising for the use of LabSkinTM as a surrogate for human skin in permeability testing. Future studies will focus on exploring the reproducibility and robustness of LabSkinTM for delivery of other actives that span a range of physicochemical properties.
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Human-Derived In Vitro Models Used for Skin Toxicity Testing Under REACh. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020. [PMID: 33136188 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In regulatory toxicology, in vivo studies are still prevailing, and human-derived in vitro models are mostly used in testing for local toxicity to the skin and the eyes. A single in vitro model may be limited to address one or few molecular or cellular events leading to adverse outcomes. Hence, in many instances their regulatory use involves the combination of several in vitro models to assess the hazard potential of test substance. A so-called defined approach combines different testing methods and a 'data interpretation procedure' to obtain a comprehensive overall assessment which is used for the regulatory hazard classification of the test substance.Validation is a prerequisite of regulatory acceptance of new testing methods: This chapter provides an overview of the method development from an experimental method to a test guideline via application of GIVIMP (good in vitro method practice), standardization, validation to the regulatory adoption as an OECD test guidelines. Quandaries associated with the validation towards reference data from in vivo animal studies with limited accuracy and limited human relevance are discussed, as well as uncertainty and limitations arising from restricted applicability and technical and biological variance of the in vitro methods.This chapter provides an overview of human-derived in vitro models currently adopted as OECD test guidelines: From the first skin corrosion tests utilizing reconstructed human epidermis models (RhE), to models to test for skin irritation, phototoxicity, eye irritation, and skin sensitization. The latter is using a battery of different methods and defined approaches which are still under discussion for their regulatory adoption. They will be a vanguard of future applications of human-derived models in regulatory toxicology. RhEs for testing of genotoxicity and of dermal penetration and absorption, have been developed, underwent validation studies and may soon be adopted for regulatory use; these are included in this chapter.
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Dancik Y, Kichou H, Eklouh-Molinier C, Soucé M, Munnier E, Chourpa I, Bonnier F. Freezing Weakens the Barrier Function of Reconstructed Human Epidermis as Evidenced by Raman Spectroscopy and Percutaneous Permeation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1041. [PMID: 33143093 PMCID: PMC7694161 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and characterization of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) is an active area of R&D. RHE can replace animal tissues in pharmaceutical, toxicological and cosmetic sciences, yielding scientific and ethical advantages. RHEs remain costly, however, due to consumables and time required for their culture and a short shelf-life. Storing, i.e., freezing RHE could help reduce costs but to date, little is known on the effects of freezing on the barrier function of RHE. We studied such effects using commercial EpiSkin™ RHE stored at -20, -80 and -150 °C for 1 and 10 weeks. We acquired intrinsic Raman spectra in the stratum corneum (SC) of the RHEs as well as spectra obtained following topical application of resorcinol in an aqueous solution. In parallel, we quantified the effects of freezing on the permeation kinetics of resorcinol from time-dependent permeation experiments. Principal component analyses discriminated the intrinsic SC spectra and the spectra of resorcinol-containing RHEs, in each case on the basis of the freezing conditions. Permeation of resorcinol through the frozen RHE increased 3- to 6-fold compared to fresh RHE, with the strongest effect obtained from freezing at -20 °C for 10 weeks. Due to the extensive optimization and standardization of EpiSkin™ RHE, the effects observed in our work may be expected to be more pronounced with other RHEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dancik
- Le STUDIUM Institute of Advanced Studies, 1 rue Dupanloup, 45000 Orléans, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, EA 6295 NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes, 37200 Tours, France; (H.K.); (C.E.-M.); (M.S.); (E.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Hichem Kichou
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, EA 6295 NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes, 37200 Tours, France; (H.K.); (C.E.-M.); (M.S.); (E.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Christophe Eklouh-Molinier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, EA 6295 NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes, 37200 Tours, France; (H.K.); (C.E.-M.); (M.S.); (E.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Martin Soucé
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, EA 6295 NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes, 37200 Tours, France; (H.K.); (C.E.-M.); (M.S.); (E.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Emilie Munnier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, EA 6295 NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes, 37200 Tours, France; (H.K.); (C.E.-M.); (M.S.); (E.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Igor Chourpa
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, EA 6295 NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes, 37200 Tours, France; (H.K.); (C.E.-M.); (M.S.); (E.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Franck Bonnier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, EA 6295 NanoMédicaments et NanoSondes, 37200 Tours, France; (H.K.); (C.E.-M.); (M.S.); (E.M.); (I.C.)
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Moniz T, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Human skin models: From healthy to disease-mimetic systems; characteristics and applications. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4314-4329. [PMID: 32608012 PMCID: PMC7484561 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin drug delivery is an emerging route in drug development, leading to an urgent need to understand the behaviour of active pharmaceutical ingredients within the skin. Given, As one of the body's first natural defences, the barrier properties of skin provide an obstacle to the successful outcome of any skin drug therapy. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this barrier, reductionist strategies have designed several models with different levels of complexity, using non-biological and biological components. Besides the detail of information and resemblance to human skin in vivo, offered by each in vitro model, the technical and economic efforts involved must also be considered when selecting the most suitable model. This review provides an outline of the commonly used skin models, including healthy and diseased conditions, in-house developed and commercialized models, their advantages and limitations, and an overview of the new trends in skin-engineered models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moniz
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Sofia A. Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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Thors L, Öberg L, Forsberg E, Wigenstam E, Larsson A, Bucht A. Skin penetration and decontamination efficacy following human skin exposure to fentanyl. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pan W, Zeng D, Ding N, Luo K, Man YB, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Kang Y. Percutaneous Penetration and Metabolism of Plasticizers by Skin Cells and Its Implication in Dermal Exposure to Plasticizers by Skin Wipes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10181-10190. [PMID: 32678582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies focused on the human exposure to plasticizers via dermal contact; however, the percutaneous penetration of plasticizers was seldom considered in exposure assessment. In the present study, skin wipes of palms, back-of-hands, and forehead were collected from 114 participants (ages: 18-27). There was no significant difference between the levels of phthalates from palms and back-of-hand, while all phthalates collected from the forehead were significantly higher than those from palms and back-of-hand (p < 0.001); di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate levels were substantially higher than other detected phthalates followed by di(n-butyl)phthalate and di(isobutyl)phthalate (DiBP), and for alternative plasticizers, bis-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate levels were substantially higher than acetyltributyl citrate and bis-2-ethylhexyladipate. Skin permeation and metabolism of phthalates was assessed using human skin equivalent models. The permeability coefficient (kp) values of phthalates were significantly negatively correlated with their log octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow), while a significantly positive correlation was found between the log Kow and the cumulative amounts of phthalates in the cells. The proportion of phthalate intake via dermal exposure to skin wipes ranges from 1.3% (for dimethyl phthalate) to 8.6% (for DiBP) and suggests that dermal absorption is a significant route for adult phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Pan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Diya Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Ding
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kesong Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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Sanches PL, Geaquinto LRDO, Cruz R, Schuck DC, Lorencini M, Granjeiro JM, Ribeiro ARL. Toxicity Evaluation of TiO 2 Nanoparticles on the 3D Skin Model: A Systematic Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:575. [PMID: 32587852 PMCID: PMC7298140 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are regularly used in sunscreens because of their photoprotective capacity. The advantage of using TiO2 on the nanometer scale is due to its transparency and better UV blocking efficiency. Due to the greater surface area/volume ratio, NPs become more (bio)-reactive giving rise to concerns about their potential toxicity. To evaluate the irritation and corrosion of cosmetics, 3D skin models have been used as an alternative method to animal experimentation. However, it is not known if this model is appropriate to study skin irritation, corrosion and phototoxicity of nanomaterials such as TiO2 NPs. This systematic review (SR) proposed the following question: Can the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles be evaluated in a 3D skin model? This SR was conducted according to the Preliminary Report on Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The protocol was registered in CAMARADES and the ToxRTool evaluation was performed in order to increase the quality and transparency of this search. In this SR, 7 articles were selected, and it was concluded that the 3D skin model has shown to be promising to evaluate the toxicity of TiO2 NPs. However, most studies have used biological assays that have already been described as interfering with these NPs, demonstrating that misinterpretations can be obtained. This review will focus in the possible efforts that should be done in order to avoid interference of NPs with biological assays applied in 3D in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Laviola Sanches
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Luths Raquel de Oliveira Geaquinto
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Cruz
- Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Rosa Lopes Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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Targeted cutaneous delivery of etanercept using Er:YAG fractional laser ablation. Int J Pharm 2020; 580:119234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Neupane R, Boddu SH, Renukuntla J, Babu RJ, Tiwari AK. Alternatives to Biological Skin in Permeation Studies: Current Trends and Possibilities. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E152. [PMID: 32070011 PMCID: PMC7076422 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
: The transdermal route of drugs has received increased attention in recent years due to numerous advantages over the oral and injectable routes, such as avoidance of the hepatic metabolism, protection of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract, sustained drug delivery, and good patient compliance. The assessment of ex vivo permeation during the pharmaceutical development process helps in understanding the product quality and performance of a transdermal delivery system. Generally, excised human skin relevant to the application site or animal skin is recommended for ex vivo permeation studies. However, the limited availability of the human skin and ethical issues surrounding the use of animal skin rendered these models less attractive in the permeation study. In the last three decades, enormous efforts have been put into developing artificial membranes and 3D cultured human skin models as surrogates to the human skin. This manuscript provides an insight on the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines for permeation studies and the parameters affected when using Franz diffusion cells in the permeation study. The need and possibilities for skin alternatives, such as artificially cultured human skin models, parallel artificial membrane permeability assays (PAMPA), and artificial membranes for penetration and permeation studies, are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (A.K.T.)
| | - Sai H.S. Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, UAE;
| | - Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (A.K.T.)
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Lent EM, Maistros KJ, Oyler JM. In vitro dermal absorption of carfentanil. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thélu A, Catoire S, Kerdine-Römer S. Immune-competent in vitro co-culture models as an approach for skin sensitisation assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hausmann C, Vogt A, Kerscher M, Ghoreschi K, Schäfer-Korting M, Zoschke C. Optimizing skin pharmacotherapy for older patients: the future is at hand but are we ready for it? Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:851-861. [PMID: 31987937 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes affect both the local pharmacotherapy of skin diseases and the transdermal administration of drugs. The development of aged skin models disregards the highly individual process of aging, facilitating general conclusions for older patients. Nevertheless, 'omics technology, high-content screening, and non-invasive imaging, as well as bioprinting, CRISPR-Cas, and, patients-on-a-chip, can retrieve personalized information for the generation of in vitro models. Herein, we suggest a strategy to optimize pharmacotherapy for older patients. The technology for relevant human cell-based models is at hand and the consideration of patient heterogeneity is required to unlock their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hausmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Kerscher
- Universität Hamburg, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Papendamm 21, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Hardwick RN, Betts CJ, Whritenour J, Sura R, Thamsen M, Kaufman EH, Fabre K. Drug-induced skin toxicity: gaps in preclinical testing cascade as opportunities for complex in vitro models and assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:199-214. [PMID: 31598618 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00519f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as the principle barrier to the environment. Composed of multiple cell types arranged in stratified layers with highly specialized appendages, it serves sensory and immune surveillance roles in addition to its primary mechanical function. Several complex in vitro models of skin (i.e. microphysiological systems (MPS) including but not limited to 3D tissues, organ-on-a-chip, organoids), have been developed and assays validated for regulatory purposes. As such, skin is arguably the most advanced organ with respect to model development and adoption across industries including chemical, cosmetic, and to a somewhat lesser extent, pharmaceutical. Early adoption of complex skin models and associated assays for assessment of irritation and corrosion spurred research into other areas such as sensitization, absorption, phototoxicity, and genotoxicity. Despite such considerable advancements, opportunities remain for immune capabilities, inclusion of appendages such as hair follicles, fluidics, and innervation, among others. Herein, we provide an overview of current complex skin model capabilities and limitations within the drug development scheme, and recommendations for future model development and assay qualification and/or validation with the intent to facilitate wider adoption of use within the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon N Hardwick
- Translational Safety Sciences, Theravance Biopharma, US, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Catherine J Betts
- Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Whritenour
- Pfizer, Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Maike Thamsen
- Pharmacology, Theravance Biopharma, US, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elad H Kaufman
- Biology, Theravance Biopharma, US, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Fabre
- MPS Center of Excellence, Drug Safety & Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
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Elpelt A, Ivanov D, Nováčková A, Kováčik A, Sochorová M, Saeidpour S, Teutloff C, Lohan SB, Lademann J, Vávrová K, Hedtrich S, Meinke MC. Investigation of TEMPO partitioning in different skin models as measured by EPR spectroscopy - Insight into the stratum corneum. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 310:106637. [PMID: 31765968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy represents an established tool to study properties of microenvironments, e.g. to investigate the structure and dynamics of biological and artificial membranes. In this study, the partitioning of the spin probe 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) in ex vivo human abdominal and breast skin, ex vivo porcine abdominal and ear skin as well as normal and inflammatory in vitro skin equivalents was investigated by EPR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the stratum corneum (SC) lipid composition (as determined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography), SC lipid chain order (probed by infrared spectroscopy) and the SC thickness (investigated by histology) were determined in the skin models. X-band EPR measurements have shown that TEMPO partitions in the lipophilic and hydrophilic microenvironment in varying ratios in different ex vivo and in vitro skin models. Ex vivo human abdominal skin exhibited the highest amount of TEMPO in the lipophilic microenvironment. In contrast, the lowest amount of TEMPO in the lipophilic microenvironment was determined in ex vivo human breast skin and the inflammatory in vitro skin equivalents. Individual EPR spectra of epidermis including SC and dermis indicated that the lipophilic microenvironment of TEMPO mainly corresponds to the most lipophilic part of the epidermis, the SC. The amount of TEMPO in the lipophilic microenvironment was independent of the SC lipid composition and the SC lipid chain order but correlated with the SC thickness. In conclusion, EPR spectroscopy could be a novel technique to determine differences in the SC thickness, thus suitably complementing existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Elpelt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Ivanov
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Nováčková
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Sochorová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siavash Saeidpour
- Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Teutloff
- Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, V6T1Z3 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Contribution of Palmitic Acid to Epidermal Morphogenesis and Lipid Barrier Formation in Human Skin Equivalents. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236069. [PMID: 31810180 PMCID: PMC6928966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outermost barrier layer of the skin is the stratum corneum (SC), which consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix. Biosynthesis of barrier lipids occurs de novo in the epidermis or is performed with externally derived lipids. Hence, in vitro developed human skin equivalents (HSEs) are developed with culture medium that is supplemented with free fatty acids (FFAs). Nevertheless, the lipid barrier formation in HSEs remains altered compared to native human skin (NHS). The aim of this study is to decipher the role of medium supplemented saturated FFA palmitic acid (PA) on morphogenesis and lipid barrier formation in HSEs. Therefore, HSEs were developed with 100% (25 μM), 10%, or 1% PA. In HSEs supplemented with reduced PA level, the early differentiation was delayed and epidermal activation was increased. Nevertheless, a similar SC lipid composition in all HSEs was detected. Additionally, the lipid organization was comparable for lamellar and lateral organization, irrespective of PA concentration. As compared to NHS, the level of monounsaturated lipids was increased and the FFA to ceramide ratio was drastically reduced in HSEs. This study describes the crucial role of PA in epidermal morphogenesis and elucidates the role of PA in lipid barrier formation of HSEs.
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