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Das A, Pantzke J, Jeong S, Hartner E, Zimmermann EJ, Gawlitta N, Offer S, Shukla D, Huber A, Rastak N, Meščeriakovas A, Ivleva NP, Kuhn E, Binder S, Gröger T, Oeder S, Delaval M, Czech H, Sippula O, Schnelle-Kreis J, Di Bucchianico S, Sklorz M, Zimmermann R. Generation, characterization, and toxicological assessment of reference ultrafine soot particles with different organic content for inhalation toxicological studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175727. [PMID: 39181261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are the smallest atmospheric particulate matter linked to air pollution-related diseases. The extent to which UFP's physical and chemical properties contribute to its toxicity remains unclear. It is hypothesized that UFP act as carriers for chemicals that drive biological responses. This study explores robust methods for generating reference UFP to understand these mechanisms and perform toxicological tests. Two types of combustion-related UFP with similar elemental carbon cores and physical properties but different organic loads were generated and characterized. Human alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to these UFP at the air-liquid interface, and several toxicological endpoints were measured. UFP were generated using a miniCAST under fuel-rich conditions and immediately diluted to minimize agglomeration. A catalytic stripper and charcoal denuder removed volatile gases and semi-volatile particles from the surface. By adjusting the temperature of the catalytic stripper, UFP with high and low organic content was produced. These reference particles exhibited fractal structures with high reproducibility and stability over a year, maintaining similar mass and number concentrations (100 μg/m3, 2.0·105 #/cm3) and a mean particle diameter of about 40 nm. High organic content UFP had significant PAH levels, with benzo[a]pyrene at 0.2 % (m/m). Toxicological evaluations revealed that both UFP types similarly affected cytotoxicity and cell viability, regardless of organic load. Higher xenobiotic metabolism was noted for PAH-rich UFP, while reactive oxidation markers increased when semi-volatiles were stripped off. Both UFP types caused DNA strand breaks, but only the high organic content UFP induced DNA oxidation. This methodology allows modification of UFP's chemical properties while maintaining comparable physical properties, linking these variations to biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusmita Das
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena Hartner
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nadine Gawlitta
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Deeksha Shukla
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Huber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arūnas Meščeriakovas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Institute of Water Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mathilde Delaval
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 27, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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Buckley A, Guo C, Laycock A, Cui X, Belinga-Desaunay-Nault MF, Valsami-Jones E, Leonard M, Smith R. Aerosol exposure at air-liquid-interface (AE-ALI) in vitro toxicity system characterisation: Particle deposition and the importance of air control responses. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 100:105889. [PMID: 38971396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Experimental systems allowing aerosol exposure (AE) of cell cultures at the air-liquid-interface (ALI) are increasingly being used to assess the toxicity of inhaled contaminants as they are more biomimetic than standard methods using submerged cultures, however, they require detailed characterisation before use. An AE-ALI system combining aerosol generation with a CULTEX® exposure chamber was characterised with respect to particle deposition and the cellular effects of filtered air (typical control) exposures. The effect of system parameters (electrostatic precipitator voltage, air flowrate to cells and insert size) on deposition efficiency and spatial distribution were investigated using ICP-MS and laser ablation ICP-MS, for an aerosol of CeO2 nanoparticles. Deposition varied with conditions, but appropriate choice of operating parameters produced broadly uniform deposition at suitable levels. The impact of air exposure duration on alveolar cells (A549) and primary small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) was explored with respect to LDH release and expression of selected genes. Results indicated that air exposures could have a significant impact on cells (e.g., cytotoxicity and expression of genes, including CXCL1, HMOX1, and SPP1) at relatively short durations (from 10 mins) and that SAECs were more sensitive. These findings indicate that detailed system characterisation is essential to ensure meaningful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Buckley
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Chang Guo
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Adam Laycock
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Xianjin Cui
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Nanodot Limited, Loughborough LE11 4NT, UK
| | | | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martin Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE), UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health (EEH) at Imperial College London in Partnership with UKHSA, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 OBZ, UK
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Graf J, Trautmann-Rodriguez M, Sabnis S, Kloxin AM, Fromen CA. On the path to predicting immune responses in the lung: Modeling the pulmonary innate immune system at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 191:106596. [PMID: 37770004 PMCID: PMC10658361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases and infections are among the largest contributors to death globally, many of which still have no cure, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and respiratory syncytial virus among others. Pulmonary therapeutics afford untapped potential for treating lung infection and disease through direct delivery to the site of action. However, the ability to innovate new therapeutic paradigms for respiratory diseases will rely on modeling the human lung microenvironment and including key cellular interactions that drive disease. One key feature of the lung microenvironment is the air-liquid interface (ALI). ALI interface modeling techniques, using cell-culture inserts, organoids, microfluidics, and precision lung slices (PCLS), are rapidly developing; however, one major component of these models is lacking-innate immune cell populations. Macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, among others, represent key lung cell populations, acting as the first responders during lung infection or injury. Innate immune cells respond to and modulate stromal cells and bridge the gap between the innate and adaptive immune system, controlling the bodies response to foreign pathogens and debris. In this article, we review the current state of ALI culture systems with a focus on innate immune cells and suggest ways to build on current models to add complexity and relevant immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Graf
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Simone Sabnis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - April M Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Catherine A Fromen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Braakhuis HM, Gremmer ER, Bannuscher A, Drasler B, Keshavan S, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Birk B, Verlohner A, Landsiedel R, Meldrum K, Doak SH, Clift MJD, Erdem JS, Foss OAH, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Serchi T, Moschini E, Weber P, Burla S, Kumar P, Schmid O, Zwart E, Vermeulen JP, Vandebriel RJ. Transferability and reproducibility of exposed air-liquid interface co-culture lung models. NANOIMPACT 2023; 31:100466. [PMID: 37209722 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of reliable and robust in vitro models for hazard assessment, a prerequisite for moving away from animal testing, requires the evaluation of model transferability and reproducibility. Lung models that can be exposed via the air, by means of an air-liquid interface (ALI) are promising in vitro models for evaluating the safety of nanomaterials (NMs) after inhalation exposure. We performed an inter-laboratory comparison study to evaluate the transferability and reproducibility of a lung model consisting of the human bronchial cell line Calu-3 as a monoculture and, to increase the physiologic relevance of the model, also as a co-culture with macrophages (either derived from the THP-1 monocyte cell line or from human blood monocytes). The lung model was exposed to NMs using the VITROCELL® Cloud12 system at physiologically relevant dose levels. RESULTS Overall, the results of the 7 participating laboratories are quite similar. After exposing Calu-3 alone and Calu-3 co-cultures with macrophages, no effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), quartz (DQ12) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) NM-105 particles on the cell viability and barrier integrity were detected. LPS exposure induced moderate cytokine release in the Calu-3 monoculture, albeit not statistically significant in most labs. In the co-culture models, most laboratories showed that LPS can significantly induce cytokine release (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α). The exposure to quartz and TiO2 particles did not induce a statistically significant increase in cytokine release in both cell models probably due to our relatively low deposited doses, which were inspired by in vivo dose levels. The intra- and inter-laboratory comparison study indicated acceptable interlaboratory variation for cell viability/toxicity (WST-1, LDH) and transepithelial electrical resistance, and relatively high inter-laboratory variation for cytokine production. CONCLUSION The transferability and reproducibility of a lung co-culture model and its exposure to aerosolized particles at the ALI were evaluated and recommendations were provided for performing inter-laboratory comparison studies. Although the results are promising, optimizations of the lung model (including more sensitive read-outs) and/or selection of higher deposited doses are needed to enhance its predictive value before it may be taken further towards a possible OECD guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Anne Bannuscher
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Drasler
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Keshavan
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; Free University of Berlin, Pharmacy - Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Oda A H Foss
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Norway
| | | | - Tommaso Serchi
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Pamina Weber
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sabina Burla
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Edwin Zwart
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda P Vermeulen
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands.
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Assessing the NLRP3 Inflammasome Activating Potential of a Large Panel of Micro- and Nanoplastics in THP-1 Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081095. [PMID: 36008988 PMCID: PMC9406042 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the ubiquity of environmental micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), inhalation and ingestion by humans is very likely, but human health effects remain largely unknown. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a key player of the innate immune system and is involved in responses towards foreign particulate matter and the development of chronic intestinal and respiratory inflammatory diseases. We established NLRP3-proficient and -deficient THP-1 cells as an alternative in vitro screening tool to assess the potential of MNPs to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. By investigating cytokine release (IL-1β and IL-8) and cytotoxicity after treatment with engineered nanomaterials, this in vitro approach was compared to earlier published ex vivo murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and in vivo data. This approach showed a strong correlation with previously published data, verifying that THP-1 cells are a suitable model to investigate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We then investigated the proinflammatory potential of eight MNPs of different size, shape, and chemical composition. Only amine-modified polystyrene (PS-NH2) acted as a direct NLRP3 activator. However, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and nylon (PA6) induced a significant increase in IL-8 release in NLRP3−/− cells. Our results suggest that most MNPs are not direct activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome, but specific MNP types might still possess pro-inflammatory potential via other pathways.
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Comparing α-Quartz-Induced Cytotoxicity and Interleukin-8 Release in Pulmonary Mono- and Co-Cultures Exposed under Submerged and Air-Liquid Interface Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126412. [PMID: 35742856 PMCID: PMC9224477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The occupational exposure to particles such as crystalline quartz and its impact on the respiratory tract have been studied extensively in recent years. For hazard assessment, the development of physiologically more relevant in-vitro models, i.e., air-liquid interface (ALI) cell cultures, has greatly progressed. Within this study, pulmonary culture models employing A549 and differentiated THP-1 cells as mono-and co-cultures were investigated. The different cultures were exposed to α-quartz particles (Min-U-Sil5) with doses ranging from 15 to 66 µg/cm2 under submerged and ALI conditions and cytotoxicity as well as cytokine release were analyzed. No cytotoxicity was observed after ALI exposure. Contrarily, Min-U-Sil5 was cytotoxic at the highest dose in both submerged mono- and co-cultures. A concentration-dependent release of interleukin-8 was shown for both exposure types, which was overall stronger in co-cultures. Our findings showed considerable differences in the toxicological responses between ALI and submerged exposure and between mono- and co-cultures. A substantial influence of the presence or absence of serum in cell culture media was noted as well. Within this study, the submerged culture was revealed to be more sensitive. This shows the importance of considering different culture and exposure models and highlights the relevance of communication between different cell types for toxicological investigations.
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Juarez-Facio AT, Castilla C, Corbière C, Lavanant H, Afonso C, Morin C, Merlet-Machour N, Chevalier L, Vaugeois JM, Yon J, Monteil C. Development of a standardized in vitro approach to evaluate microphysical, chemical, and toxicological properties of combustion-derived fine and ultrafine particles. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:104-117. [PMID: 34963520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles represent a growing concern in the public health community but their precise role in many illnesses is still unknown. This lack of knowledge is related to the experimental difficulty in linking their biological effects to their multiple properties, which are important determinants of toxicity. Our aim is to propose an interdisciplinary approach to study fine (FP) and ultrafine (UFP) particles, generated in a controlled manner using a miniCAST (Combustion Aerosol Standard) soot generator used with two different operating conditions (CAST1 and CAST3). The chemical characterization was performed by an untargeted analysis using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. In conjunction with this approach, subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to identify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). CAST1 enabled the generation of FP with a predominance of small PAH molecules, and CAST3 enabled the generation of UFP, which presented higher numbers of carbon atoms corresponding to larger PAH molecules. Healthy normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at the air-liquid interface (ALI) were directly exposed to these freshly emitted FP and UFP. Expression of MUC5AC, FOXJ1, OCLN and ZOI as well as microscopic observation confirmed the ciliated pseudostratified epithelial phenotype. Study of the mass deposition efficiency revealed a difference between the two operating conditions, probably due to the morphological differences between the two categories of particles. We demonstrated that only NHBE cells exposed to CAST3 particles induced upregulation in the gene expression of IL-8 and NQO1. This approach offers new perspectives to study FP and UFP with stable and controlled properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clément Castilla
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Hélène Lavanant
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Morin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Laurence Chevalier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM-UMR6634, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Jérôme Yon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, CORIA, 76000 Rouen, France
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Pathak MP, Patowary P, Goyary D, Das A, Chattopadhyay P. β-caryophyllene ameliorated obesity-associated airway hyperresponsiveness through some non-conventional targets. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 89:153610. [PMID: 34175589 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity worsens airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthmatic subjects by up-regulating macrophage polarization that leads to excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines from white adipose tissue followed by generation of oxidative stress in the respiratory system. Treatment through conventional signaling pathways proved to be inadequate in obese asthmatics, so a therapeutical approach through a non-conventional pathway may prove to be effective. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a FDA-approved food additive, β-caryophyllene (BCP) in obesity-associated AHR. METHOD A repertoire of protein expression, cytokine and adiponectin estimation, oxidative stress assays, histopathology, and fluorescence immune-histochemistry were performed to assess the efficacy of BCP in C57BL/6 mice model of obesity-associated AHR. Additionally, human adipocyte was utilized to study the effect of BCP on macrophage polarization in Boyden chamber cell culture inserts. RESULTS Obesity-associated AHR is ameliorated by administration of BCP by inhibition of the macrophage polarization by activation of AMPKα, Nrf2/HO-1 and AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 signaling pathway, up-regulation of adiponectin, GLP-1, IFN-γ, SOD, catalase and down-regulation of NF-κB, leptin, IL-4, TNF, and IL-1β. Browning of eWAT by induction of thermogenesis and activation of melanocortin pathway also contributed to the amelioration of obesity-associated AHR. We conclude that BCP ameliorated the obesity-associated AHR via inhibition of macrophage polarization, activation of AMPKα, Nrf2/HO-1, and up-regulation of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 expression and down-regulation of NFκB expression in lung of animal. CONCLUSION Being an FDA-approved food additive, BCP may prove to be a safe and potential agent against obesity-associated AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash Pratim Pathak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, 784001, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, India
| | - Pompy Patowary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, 784001, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, 784001, India
| | - Aparoop Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, India
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9
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Manzoor S, Bashir DJ, Imtiyaz K, Rizvi MMA, Ahamad I, Fatma T, Agarwal NB, Arora I, Samim M. Biofabricated platinum nanoparticles: therapeutic evaluation as a potential nanodrug against breast cancer cells and drug-resistant bacteria. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24900-24916. [PMID: 35481013 PMCID: PMC9036961 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of plant extracts for the synthesis of various metal nanoparticles has gained much importance recently because it is a simple, less hazardous, conservative and cost-effective method. In this research work, platinum nanoparticles were synthesized by treating platinum ions with the leaf extract of Psidium guajava and their structural properties were studied using various characterization techniques. The formation of platinum nanoparticles was confirmed by the disappearance of the absorbance peak at 261 nm in UV-visible spectra. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis showed functional moieties responsible for bio-reduction of metal ions and stabilization of platinum nanoparticles. The use of dynamic light scattering (DLS) imaging techniques confirmed the formation of stable monodispersed platinum nanoparticles showing a zeta potential of -23.4 mV. The morphological examination using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of spherical platinum nanoparticles with an average diameter of 113.2 nm. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques showed the crystalline nature of biosynthesized platinum nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic structure. The results of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) showed 100% platinum content by weight confirming the purity of the sample. The cytotoxic effect of biosynthesized platinum nanoparticles assessed in a breast cancer (MCF-7) cell-line by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, revealed an IC50 of 167.2 μg ml-1. The results of a wound healing assay showed that treatment with platinum nanoparticles induced an anti-migratory effect on MCF-7 cells. In the cell cycle phase distribution, treatment with platinum nanoparticles inhibited cell proliferation as determined by flow cytometry with PI staining. Significant cell cycle arrest was detected at the G0/G1 phase with a notable decrease in the distribution of cells in the S and G2/M phases. The anti-bacterial activity of bio-synthesized platinum nanoparticles was evaluated against four pathogenic bacteria i.e. B. cereus (Gram positive), P. aeruginosa (Gram negative), K. pneumonia (Gram negative) and E. coli (Gram negative). The biosynthesized platinum nanoparticles were found to show dose-dependent inhibition against pathogenic bacteria with a significant effect on Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive bacteria. This synergistic blend of green and simplistic synthesis coupled with anti-proliferative and anti-bacterial properties makes these biogenic nanoparticles suitable in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Manzoor
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences Jamia Hamdard New Delhi-110062 India
| | - Dar Junaid Bashir
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences Jamia Hamdard New Delhi-110062 India
| | - Khalid Imtiyaz
- Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences Jamia Milia Islamia New Delhi-110025 India
| | - M Moshahid A Rizvi
- Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences Jamia Milia Islamia New Delhi-110025 India
| | - Irshad Ahamad
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences Jamia Milia Islamia New Delhi-110025 India
| | - Tasneem Fatma
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences Jamia Milia Islamia New Delhi-110025 India
| | - Nidhi Bharal Agarwal
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research Jamia Hamdard New Delhi-110062 India
| | - Indu Arora
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Shaheed Rajguru College, Delhi University New Delhi India
| | - Mohammed Samim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences Jamia Hamdard New Delhi-110062 India
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10
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Nossa R, Costa J, Cacopardo L, Ahluwalia A. Breathing in vitro: Designs and applications of engineered lung models. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211008696. [PMID: 33996022 PMCID: PMC8107677 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211008696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a systematic design guideline to users, particularly engineers interested in developing and deploying lung models, and biologists seeking to identify a suitable platform for conducting in vitro experiments involving pulmonary cells or tissues. We first discuss the state of the art on lung in vitro models, describing the most simplistic and traditional ones. Then, we analyze in further detail the more complex dynamic engineered systems that either provide mechanical cues, or allow for more predictive exposure studies, or in some cases even both. This is followed by a dedicated section on microchips of the lung. Lastly, we present a critical discussion of the different characteristics of each type of system and the criteria which may help researchers select the most appropriate technology according to their specific requirements. Readers are encouraged to refer to the tables accompanying the different sections where comprehensive and quantitative information on the operating parameters and performance of the different systems reported in the literature is provided.
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11
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Air-Liquid Interface Exposure of Lung Epithelial Cells to Low Doses of Nanoparticles to Assess Pulmonary Adverse Effects. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010065. [PMID: 33383962 PMCID: PMC7823463 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and predictive in vitro assays for hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) are still limited. Specifically, exposure systems which more realistically recapitulate the physiological conditions in the lung are needed to predict pulmonary toxicity. To this end, air-liquid interface (ALI) systems have been developed in recent years which might be better suited than conventional submerged exposure assays. However, there is still a need for rigorous side-by-side comparisons of the results obtained with the two different exposure methods considering numerous parameters, such as different MNMs, cell culture models and read outs. In this study, human A549 lung epithelial cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages were exposed under submerged conditions to two abundant types of MNMs i.e., ceria and titania nanoparticles (NPs). Membrane integrity, metabolic activity as well as pro-inflammatory responses were recorded. For comparison, A549 monocultures were also exposed at the ALI to the same MNMs. In the case of titania NPs, genotoxicity was also investigated. In general, cells were more sensitive at the ALI compared to under classical submerged conditions. Whereas ceria NPs triggered only moderate effects, titania NPs clearly initiated cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory gene expression and genotoxicity. Interestingly, low doses of NPs deposited at the ALI were sufficient to drive adverse outcomes, as also documented in rodent experiments. Therefore, further development of ALI systems seems promising to refine, reduce or even replace acute pulmonary toxicity studies in animals.
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12
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Gurunathan S, Jeyaraj M, La H, Yoo H, Choi Y, Do JT, Park C, Kim JH, Hong K. Anisotropic Platinum Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, Inflammatory Response, and Transcriptomic and Molecular Pathways in Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020440. [PMID: 31936679 PMCID: PMC7014054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermoplasmonic properties of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) render them desirable for use in diagnosis, detection, therapy, and surgery. However, their toxicological effects and impact at the molecular level remain obscure. Nanotoxicology is mainly focused on the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems, particularly with an emphasis on elucidating the relationship between the physical and chemical properties such as size and shape. Therefore, we hypothesized whether these unique anisotropic nanoparticles could induce cytotoxicity similar to that of spherical nanoparticles and the mechanism involved. Thus, we synthesized unique and distinct anisotropic PtNPs using lycopene as a biological template and investigated their biological activities in model human acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1) macrophages. Exposure to PtNPs for 24 h dose-dependently decreased cell viability and proliferation. Levels of the cytotoxic markers lactate dehydrogenase and intracellular protease significantly and dose-dependently increased with PtNP concentration. Furthermore, cells incubated with PtNPs dose-dependently produced oxidative stress markers including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and carbonylated protein. An imbalance in pro-oxidants and antioxidants was confirmed by significant decreases in reduced glutathione, thioredoxin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels against oxidative stress. The cell death mechanism was confirmed by mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased ATP levels, mitochondrial copy numbers, and PGC-1α expression. To further substantiate the mechanism of cell death mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), we determined the expression of the inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE1), (PKR-like ER kinase) PERK, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and activating transcription factor 4 ATF4, the apoptotic markers p53, Bax, and caspase 3, and the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. PtNPs could activate ERS and apoptosis mediated by mitochondria. A proinflammatory response to PtNPs was confirmed by significant upregulation of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), interferon γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interleukin (IL-6). Transcriptomic and molecular pathway analyses of THP-1 cells incubated with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PtNPs revealed the altered expression of genes involved in protein misfolding, mitochondrial function, protein synthesis, inflammatory responses, and transcription regulation. We applied transcriptomic analyses to investigate anisotropic PtNP-induced toxicity for further mechanistic studies. Isotropic nanoparticles are specifically used to inhibit non-specific cellular uptake, leading to enhanced in vivo bio-distribution and increased targeting capabilities due to the higher radius of curvature. These characteristics of anisotropic nanoparticles could enable the technology as an attractive platform for nanomedicine in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwonho Hong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-0560; Fax: +82-2-444-3490
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13
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Tilly TB, Ward RX, Luthra JK, Robinson S, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Lewis GS, Salisbury RL, Lednicky JA, Sabo-Attwood TL, Hussain SM, Wu CY. Condensational particle growth device for reliable cell exposure at the air-liquid interface to nanoparticles. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 53:1415-1428. [PMID: 33033421 PMCID: PMC7540808 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1659938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A first-of-its-kind aerosol exposure device for toxicity testing, referred to as the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID), was evaluated for its ability to deliver airborne nanoparticles to lung cells grown as air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures. For inhalation studies, ALI lung cell cultures exposed to airborne nanoparticles have more relevancy than the same cells exposed in submerged culture because ALI culture better represents the respiratory physiology and consequently more closely reflect cellular response to aerosol exposure. In DAVID, water condensation grows particles as small as 5 nm to droplets sized > 5 μm for inertial deposition at low flow rates. The application of DAVID for nanotoxicity analysis was evaluated by measuring the amount and variability in the deposition of uranine nanoparticles and then assessing the viability of ALI cell cultures exposed to clean-air under the same operational conditions. The results showed a low coefficient of variation, < 0.25, at most conditions, and low variability in deposition between the exposure wells, trials, and operational flow rates. At an operational flow rate of 4 LPM, no significant changes in cell viability were observed, and minimal effects observed at 6 LPM. The reliable and gentle deposition mechanism of DAVID makes it advantageous for nanoparticle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor B. Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan X. Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jiva K. Luthra
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Richard L. Salisbury
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tara L. Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Saber M. Hussain
- Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Bioeffects Division, Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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14
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Winters BR, Pleil JD, Boyer JC, Nylander-French LA, Wallace MAG, Madden MC. Review: Endogenously Produced Volatiles for In Vitro Toxicity Testing Using Cell Lines. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2018; 4:129-138. [PMID: 31037250 PMCID: PMC5994904 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ∼86,000 chemicals registered under the Toxic Substances Control Act and increasing ethical concerns regarding animal testing, it is not economically or technically feasible to screen every registered chemical for toxicity using animal-based toxicity assays. To address this challenge, regulatory agencies are investigating high-throughput screening in vitro methods to increase speed of toxicity testing, while reducing the overall cost. One approach for rapid toxicity testing currently being investigated is monitoring of volatile emissions produced by cell lines in culture. Such a metabolomics approach would measure gaseous emissions from a cell line and determine if such gaseous metabolites are altered upon exposure to a xenobiotic. Herein, we describe the history and rationale of monitoring endogenously produced volatiles for identification of pathologic conditions, as well as emerging applications in toxicity testing for such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Winters
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, NERL/ORD, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jayne C. Boyer
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leena A. Nylander-French
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M. Ariel Geer Wallace
- Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, NERL/ORD, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael C. Madden
- Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL/ORD, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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15
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Clippinger AJ, Allen D, Jarabek AM, Corvaro M, Gaça M, Gehen S, Hotchkiss JA, Patlewicz G, Melbourne J, Hinderliter P, Yoon M, Huh D, Lowit A, Buckley B, Bartels M, BéruBé K, Wilson DM, Indans I, Vinken M. Alternative approaches for acute inhalation toxicity testing to address global regulatory and non-regulatory data requirements: An international workshop report. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 48:53-70. [PMID: 29277654 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation toxicity testing, which provides the basis for hazard labeling and risk management of chemicals with potential exposure to the respiratory tract, has traditionally been conducted using animals. Significant research efforts have been directed at the development of mechanistically based, non-animal testing approaches that hold promise to provide human-relevant data and an enhanced understanding of toxicity mechanisms. A September 2016 workshop, "Alternative Approaches for Acute Inhalation Toxicity Testing to Address Global Regulatory and Non-Regulatory Data Requirements", explored current testing requirements and ongoing efforts to achieve global regulatory acceptance for non-animal testing approaches. The importance of using integrated approaches that combine existing data with in vitro and/or computational approaches to generate new data was discussed. Approaches were also proposed to develop a strategy for identifying and overcoming obstacles to replacing animal tests. Attendees noted the importance of dosimetry considerations and of understanding mechanisms of acute toxicity, which could be facilitated by the development of adverse outcome pathways. Recommendations were made to (1) develop a database of existing acute inhalation toxicity data; (2) prepare a state-of-the-science review of dosimetry determinants, mechanisms of toxicity, and existing approaches to assess acute inhalation toxicity; (3) identify and optimize in silico models; and (4) develop a decision tree/testing strategy, considering physicochemical properties and dosimetry, and conduct proof-of-concept testing. Working groups have been established to implement these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, contractor supporting the NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Annie M Jarabek
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Sean Gehen
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Grace Patlewicz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Miyoung Yoon
- Scitovation LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Dongeun Huh
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anna Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Barbara Buckley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Kelly BéruBé
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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16
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Gorr MW, Falvo MJ, Wold LE. Air Pollution and Other Environmental Modulators of Cardiac Function. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1479-1495. [PMID: 28915333 PMCID: PMC7249238 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in developed regions and a worldwide health concern. Multiple external causes of CVD are well known, including obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, age, and sedentary behavior. Air pollution has been linked with the development of CVD for decades, though the mechanistic characterization remains unknown. In this comprehensive review, we detail the background and epidemiology of the effects of air pollution and other environmental modulators on the heart, including both short- and long-term consequences. Then, we provide the experimental data and current hypotheses of how pollution is able to cause the CVD, and how exposure to pollutants is exacerbated in sensitive states. Published 2017. Compr Physiol 7:1479-1495, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Gorr
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael J. Falvo
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Loren E. Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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17
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Zavala J, Greenan R, Krantz QT, DeMarini DM, Higuchi M, Gilmour MI, White PA. Regulating temperature and relative humidity in air-liquid interface in vitro systems eliminates cytotoxicity resulting from control air exposures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:448-459. [PMID: 30090513 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
VITROCELL® systems permit cell exposures at the air-liquid interface (ALI); however, there are inconsistent methodologies in the literature for their operation. Some studies find that exposure to air (vehicle control) induced cytotoxicity relative to incubator controls; others do not mention if any cytotoxicity was encountered. We sought to test whether temperature and relative humidity (temp/RH) influence cytotoxicity with an unmodified (conditions A & B) and modified (condition C) VITROCELL® 6 CF with temp/RH controls to permit conditioning of the sampled air-flow. We exposed BEAS-2B cells for 1 h to air and measured viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release 6 h post-exposure. Relative to controls, cells exposed to air at (A) 22 °C and 18% RH had a 47.9% ± 3.2% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 10.7% ± 2.0% (p < 0.0001) increase in LDH release (B) 22 °C and 55% RH had a 40.3% ± 5.8% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 2.6% ± 2.0% (p = 0.2056) increase in LDH release, or (C) 37 °C and >75% RH showed no changes in cell viability and no increase in LDH release. Furthermore, cells exposed to air at 37 °C and >75% RH 24 h post-exposure showed no changes in viability or LDH release relative to incubator controls. Thus, reductions in cell viability were induced under conditions used typically in the literature (conditions A & B). However, our modifications (condition C) overcome this shortcoming by preventing cell desiccation; regulating temp/RH is essential for conducting adequate ALI exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Rebecca Greenan
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - David M DeMarini
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Mark Higuchi
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Paul A White
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
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18
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Frijns E, Verstraelen S, Stoehr LC, Van Laer J, Jacobs A, Peters J, Tirez K, Boyles MSP, Geppert M, Madl P, Nelissen I, Duschl A, Himly M. A Novel Exposure System Termed NAVETTA for In Vitro Laminar Flow Electrodeposition of Nanoaerosol and Evaluation of Immune Effects in Human Lung Reporter Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5259-5269. [PMID: 28339192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new prototype air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system, a flatbed aerosol exposure chamber termed NAVETTA, was developed to investigate deposition of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) on cultured human lung A549 cells directly from the gas phase. This device mimics human lung cell exposure to NPs due to a low horizontal gas flow combined with cells exposed at the ALI. Electrostatic field assistance is applied to improve NP deposition efficiency. As proof-of-principle, cell viability and immune responses after short-term exposure to nanocopper oxide (CuO)-aerosol were determined. We found that, due to the laminar aerosol flow and a specific orientation of inverted transwells, much higher deposition rates were obtained compared to the normal ALI setup. Cellular responses were monitored with postexposure incubation in submerged conditions, revealing CuO dissolution in a concentration-dependent manner. Cytotoxicity was the result of ionic and nonionic Cu fractions. Using the optimized inverted ALI/postincubation procedure, pro-inflammatory immune responses, in terms of interleukin (IL)-8 promoter and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activity, were observed within short time, i.e. One hour exposure to ALI-deposited CuO-NPs and 2.5 h postincubation. NAVETTA is a novel option for mimicking human lung cell exposure to NPs, complementing existing ALI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Frijns
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verstraelen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Linda Corinna Stoehr
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jo Van Laer
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - An Jacobs
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jan Peters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Kristof Tirez
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Matthew Samuel Powys Boyles
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pierre Madl
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Albert Duschl
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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19
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Sapcariu SC, Kanashova T, Dilger M, Diabaté S, Oeder S, Passig J, Radischat C, Buters J, Sippula O, Streibel T, Paur HR, Schlager C, Mülhopt S, Stengel B, Rabe R, Harndorf H, Krebs T, Karg E, Gröger T, Weiss C, Dittmar G, Hiller K, Zimmermann R. Metabolic Profiling as Well as Stable Isotope Assisted Metabolic and Proteomic Analysis of RAW 264.7 Macrophages Exposed to Ship Engine Aerosol Emissions: Different Effects of Heavy Fuel Oil and Refined Diesel Fuel. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157964. [PMID: 27348622 PMCID: PMC4922672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution resulting from fossil fuel combustion has been linked to multiple short-term and long term health effects. In a previous study, exposure of lung epithelial cells to engine exhaust from heavy fuel oil (HFO) and diesel fuel (DF), two of the main fuels used in marine engines, led to an increased regulation of several pathways associated with adverse cellular effects, including pro-inflammatory pathways. In addition, DF exhaust exposure was shown to have a wider response on multiple cellular regulatory levels compared to HFO emissions, suggesting a potentially higher toxicity of DF emissions over HFO. In order to further understand these effects, as well as to validate these findings in another cell line, we investigated macrophages under the same conditions as a more inflammation-relevant model. An air-liquid interface aerosol exposure system was used to provide a more biologically relevant exposure system compared to submerged experiments, with cells exposed to either the complete aerosol (particle and gas phase), or the gas phase only (with particles filtered out). Data from cytotoxicity assays were integrated with metabolomics and proteomics analyses, including stable isotope-assisted metabolomics, in order to uncover pathways affected by combustion aerosol exposure in macrophages. Through this approach, we determined differing phenotypic effects associated with the different components of aerosol. The particle phase of diluted combustion aerosols was found to induce increased cell death in macrophages, while the gas phase was found more to affect the metabolic profile. In particular, a higher cytotoxicity of DF aerosol emission was observed in relation to the HFO aerosol. Furthermore, macrophage exposure to the gas phase of HFO leads to an induction of a pro-inflammatory metabolic and proteomic phenotype. These results validate the effects found in lung epithelial cells, confirming the role of inflammation and cellular stress in the response to combustion aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Sapcariu
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine 6, avenue du Swing, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- * E-mail: (SCS); (RZ)
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Marco Dilger
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Radischat
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Jeroen Buters
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA – Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Hanns-Rudolf Paur
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Christoph Schlager
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Sonja Mülhopt
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Benjamin Stengel
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Rom Rabe
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Horst Harndorf
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Tobias Krebs
- Vitrocell GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA – Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA – Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine 6, avenue du Swing, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA – Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- HICE – Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health – Aerosols and Health, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany; Kuopio, Finland; Cardiff, United Kingdom; Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- * E-mail: (SCS); (RZ)
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20
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Oeder S, Kanashova T, Sippula O, Sapcariu SC, Streibel T, Arteaga-Salas JM, Passig J, Dilger M, Paur HR, Schlager C, Mülhopt S, Diabaté S, Weiss C, Stengel B, Rabe R, Harndorf H, Torvela T, Jokiniemi JK, Hirvonen MR, Schmidt-Weber C, Traidl-Hoffmann C, BéruBé KA, Wlodarczyk AJ, Prytherch Z, Michalke B, Krebs T, Prévôt ASH, Kelbg M, Tiggesbäumker J, Karg E, Jakobi G, Scholtes S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Lintelmann J, Matuschek G, Sklorz M, Klingbeil S, Orasche J, Richthammer P, Müller L, Elsasser M, Reda A, Gröger T, Weggler B, Schwemer T, Czech H, Rüger CP, Abbaszade G, Radischat C, Hiller K, Buters JTM, Dittmar G, Zimmermann R. Particulate matter from both heavy fuel oil and diesel fuel shipping emissions show strong biological effects on human lung cells at realistic and comparable in vitro exposure conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126536. [PMID: 26039251 PMCID: PMC4454644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ship engine emissions are important with regard to lung and cardiovascular diseases especially in coastal regions worldwide. Known cellular responses to combustion particles include oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling. OBJECTIVES To provide a molecular link between the chemical and physical characteristics of ship emission particles and the cellular responses they elicit and to identify potentially harmful fractions in shipping emission aerosols. METHODS Through an air-liquid interface exposure system, we exposed human lung cells under realistic in vitro conditions to exhaust fumes from a ship engine running on either common heavy fuel oil (HFO) or cleaner-burning diesel fuel (DF). Advanced chemical analyses of the exhaust aerosols were combined with transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic profiling including isotope labelling methods to characterise the lung cell responses. RESULTS The HFO emissions contained high concentrations of toxic compounds such as metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and were higher in particle mass. These compounds were lower in DF emissions, which in turn had higher concentrations of elemental carbon ("soot"). Common cellular reactions included cellular stress responses and endocytosis. Reactions to HFO emissions were dominated by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, whereas DF emissions induced generally a broader biological response than HFO emissions and affected essential cellular pathways such as energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and chromatin modification. CONCLUSIONS Despite a lower content of known toxic compounds, combustion particles from the clean shipping fuel DF influenced several essential pathways of lung cell metabolism more strongly than particles from the unrefined fuel HFO. This might be attributable to a higher soot content in DF. Thus the role of diesel soot, which is a known carcinogen in acute air pollution-induced health effects should be further investigated. For the use of HFO and DF we recommend a reduction of carbonaceous soot in the ship emissions by implementation of filtration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Oeder
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sean C. Sapcariu
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jose Manuel Arteaga-Salas
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marco Dilger
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hanns-Rudolf Paur
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Schlager
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sonja Mülhopt
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute for Technical Chemistry (ITC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stengel
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rom Rabe
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Horst Harndorf
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tiina Torvela
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma K. Jokiniemi
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
- Institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Kelly A. BéruBé
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Anna J. Wlodarczyk
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zoë Prytherch
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Lung and Particle Research Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Krebs
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Vitrocell GmbH, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kelbg
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Physics, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Josef Tiggesbäumker
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Institute of Physics, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sorana Scholtes
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Matuschek
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sophie Klingbeil
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Richthammer
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laarnie Müller
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Elsasser
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Reda
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Weggler
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theo Schwemer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher P. Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Radischat
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Jeroen T. M. Buters
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Mass Spectrometry Core Unit, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- HICE—Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, www.hice-vi.eu, Neuherberg, Rostock, Munich, Karlsruhe, Berlin, Waldkirch, Germany, Kuopio, Finland, Cardiff, UK, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA—Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Gorr MW, Youtz DJ, Eichenseer CM, Smith KE, Nelin TD, Cormet-Boyaka E, Wold LE. In vitro particulate matter exposure causes direct and lung-mediated indirect effects on cardiomyocyte function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H53-62. [PMID: 25957217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00162.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) exposure induces a pathological response from both the lungs and the cardiovascular system. PM is capable of both manifestation into the lung epithelium and entrance into the bloodstream. Therefore, PM has the capacity for both direct and lung-mediated indirect effects on the heart. In the present studies, we exposed isolated rat cardiomyocytes to ultrafine particulate matter (diesel exhaust particles, DEP) and examined their contractile function and calcium handling ability. In another set of experiments, lung epithelial cells (16HBE14o- or Calu-3) were cultured on permeable supports that allowed access to both the basal (serosal) and apical (mucosal) media; the basal media was used to culture cardiomyocytes to model the indirect, lung-mediated effects of PM on the heart. Both the direct and indirect treatments caused a reduction in contractility as evidenced by reduced percent sarcomere shortening and reduced calcium handling ability measured in field-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with various anti-oxidants before culture with DEP was able to partially prevent the contractile dysfunction. The basal media from lung epithelial cells treated with PM contained several inflammatory cytokines, and we found that monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was a key trigger for cardiomyocyte dysfunction. These results indicate the presence of both direct and indirect effects of PM on cardiomyocyte function in vitro. Future work will focus on elucidating the mechanisms involved in these separate pathways using in vivo models of air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Gorr
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dane J Youtz
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | | | - Korbin E Smith
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Timothy D Nelin
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Loren E Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
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22
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Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate aerosol particles induce pulmonary inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:617-32. [PMID: 25716161 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) phosphate was used as a disinfectant for the prevention of microorganism growth in humidifiers, without recognizing that a change of exposure route might cause significant health effects. Epidemiological studies reported that the use of humidifier disinfectant containing PHMG-phosphate can provoke pulmonary fibrosis. However, the pulmonary toxicity of PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles is unknown yet. This study aimed to elucidate the toxicological relationship between PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles and pulmonary fibrosis. An in vivo nose-only exposure system and an in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) co-culture model were applied to confirm whether PHMG-phosphate induces inflammatory and fibrotic responses in the respiratory tract. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles for 3 weeks and recovered for 3 weeks in a nose-only exposure chamber. In addition, three human lung cells (Calu-3, differentiated THP-1 and HMC-1 cells) were cultured at ALI condition for 12 days and were treated with PHMG-phosphate at set concentrations and times. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, airway barrier injuries and inflammatory and fibrotic responses were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. The rats exposed to PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles in nanometer size showed pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis including inflammatory cytokines and fibronectin mRNA increase, as well as histopathological changes. In addition, PHMG-phosphate triggered the ROS generation, airway barrier injuries and inflammatory responses in a bronchial ALI co-culture model. Those results demonstrated that PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles cause pulmonary inflammatory and fibrotic responses. All features of fibrogenesis by PHMG-phosphate aerosol particles closely resembled the pathology of fibrosis that was reported in epidemiological studies. Finally, we expected that PHMG-phosphate infiltrated into the lungs in the form of aerosol particles would induce an airway barrier injury via ROS, release fibrotic inflammatory cytokines, and trigger a wound-healing response, leading to pulmonary fibrosis. A simultaneous state of tissue destruction and inflammation caused by PHMG-phosphate had whipped up a "perfect storm" in the respiratory tract.
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23
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Ng CT, Yung LYL, Swa HLF, Poh RWY, Gunaratne J, Bay BH. Altered protein expression profile associated with phenotypic changes in lung fibroblasts co-cultured with gold nanoparticle-treated small airway epithelial cells. Biomaterials 2015; 39:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Snyder-Talkington BN, Dong C, Zhao X, Dymacek J, Porter DW, Wolfarth MG, Castranova V, Qian Y, Guo NL. Multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced gene expression in vitro: concordance with in vivo studies. Toxicology 2014; 328:66-74. [PMID: 25511174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a current interest in reducing the in vivo toxicity testing of nanomaterials in animals by increasing toxicity testing using in vitro cellular assays; however, toxicological results are seldom concordant between in vivo and in vitro models. This study compared global multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-induced gene expression from human lung epithelial and microvascular endothelial cells in monoculture and coculture with gene expression from mouse lungs exposed to MWCNT. Using a cutoff of 10% false discovery rate and 1.5 fold change, we determined that there were more concordant genes (gene expression both up- or downregulated in vivo and in vitro) expressed in both cell types in coculture than in monoculture. When reduced to only those genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis, known outcomes of in vivo MWCNT exposure, there were more disease-related concordant genes expressed in coculture than monoculture. Additionally, different cellular signaling pathways are activated in response to MWCNT dependent upon culturing conditions. As coculture gene expression better correlated with in vivo gene expression, we suggest that cellular cocultures may offer enhanced in vitro models for nanoparticle risk assessment and the reduction of in vivo toxicological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi N Snyder-Talkington
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Chunlin Dong
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9300, USA
| | - Xiangyi Zhao
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9300, USA
| | - Julian Dymacek
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6070, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Michael G Wolfarth
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Nancy L Guo
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9300, USA.
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25
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Panas A, Comouth A, Saathoff H, Leisner T, Al-Rawi M, Simon M, Seemann G, Dössel O, Mülhopt S, Paur HR, Fritsch-Decker S, Weiss C, Diabaté S. Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air-liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:1590-1602. [PMID: 25247141 PMCID: PMC4168966 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations on adverse biological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) in the lung by in vitro studies are usually performed under submerged conditions where NPs are suspended in cell culture media. However, the behaviour of nanoparticles such as agglomeration and sedimentation in such complex suspensions is difficult to control and hence the deposited cellular dose often remains unknown. Moreover, the cellular responses to NPs under submerged culture conditions might differ from those observed at physiological settings at the air-liquid interface. RESULTS In order to avoid problems because of an altered behaviour of the nanoparticles in cell culture medium and to mimic a more realistic situation relevant for inhalation, human A549 lung epithelial cells were exposed to aerosols at the air-liquid interphase (ALI) by using the ALI deposition apparatus (ALIDA). The application of an electrostatic field allowed for particle deposition efficiencies that were higher by a factor of more than 20 compared to the unmodified VITROCELL deposition system. We studied two different amorphous silica nanoparticles (particles produced by flame synthesis and particles produced in suspension by the Stöber method). Aerosols with well-defined particle sizes and concentrations were generated by using a commercial electrospray generator or an atomizer. Only the electrospray method allowed for the generation of an aerosol containing monodisperse NPs. However, the deposited mass and surface dose of the particles was too low to induce cellular responses. Therefore, we generated the aerosol with an atomizer which supplied agglomerates and thus allowed a particle deposition with a three orders of magnitude higher mass and of surface doses on lung cells that induced significant biological effects. The deposited dose was estimated and independently validated by measurements using either transmission electron microscopy or, in case of labelled NPs, by fluorescence analyses. Surprisingly, cells exposed at the ALI were less sensitive to silica NPs as evidenced by reduced cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION Amorphous silica NPs induced qualitatively similar cellular responses under submerged conditions and at the ALI. However, submerged exposure to NPs triggers stronger effects at much lower cellular doses. Hence, more studies are warranted to decipher whether cells at the ALI are in general less vulnerable to NPs or specific NPs show different activities dependent on the exposure method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Panas
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Comouth
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Saathoff
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Leisner
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marco Al-Rawi
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Simon
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus South, Kaiserstraße 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gunnar Seemann
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus South, Kaiserstraße 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olaf Dössel
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus South, Kaiserstraße 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sonja Mülhopt
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hanns-Rudolf Paur
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Susanne Fritsch-Decker
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Deschamps E, Weidler PG, Friedrich F, Weiss C, Diabaté S. Characterization of indoor dust from Brazil and evaluation of the cytotoxicity in A549 lung cells. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:225-233. [PMID: 23990125 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, ambient air particulate matter (PM) has been clearly associated with adverse health effects. In Brazil, small and poor communities are exposed to indoor dust derived from both natural sources, identified as blowing soil dust, and anthropogenic particles from mining activities. This study investigates the physicochemical and mineralogical composition of indoor PM10 dust samples collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil, and evaluates its cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential. The mean PM10 mass concentration was 206 μg/m(3). The high dust concentration in the interior of the residences is strongly related to blowing soil dust. The chemical and mineralogical compositions were determined by ICP-OES and XRD, and the most prominent minerals were clays, Fe-oxide, quartz, feldspars, Al(hydr)oxides, zeolites, and anatase, containing the transition metals Fe, Cr, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ti, and Mn as well as the metalloid As. The indoor dust samples presented a low water solubility of about 6 %. In vitro experiments were carried out with human lung alveolar carcinoma cells (A549) to study the toxicological effects. The influence of the PM10 dust samples on cell viability, intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 was analysed. The indoor dust showed little effects on alamarBlue reduction indicating unaltered mitochondrial activity. However, significant cell membrane damage, ROS production, and IL-8 release were detected in dependence of dose and time. This study will support the implementation of mitigation actions in the investigated area in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deschamps
- Environmental Agency Feam, Fumec University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,
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27
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The CULTEX RFS: a comprehensive technical approach for the in vitro exposure of airway epithelial cells to the particulate matter at the air-liquid interface. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:734137. [PMID: 23509768 PMCID: PMC3581133 DOI: 10.1155/2013/734137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The EU Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) demands the implementation of alternative methods for analyzing the hazardous effects of chemicals including particulate formulations. In the field of inhalation toxicology, a variety of in vitro models have been developed for such studies. To simulate the in vivo situation, an adequate exposure device is necessary for the direct exposure of cultivated lung cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI). The CULTEX RFS fulfills these requirements and has been optimized for the exposure of cells to atomized suspensions, gases, and volatile compounds as well as micro- and nanosized particles. This study provides information on the construction and functional aspects of the exposure device. By using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, the technical design was optimized to realize a stable, reproducible, and homogeneous deposition of particles. The efficiency of the exposure procedure is demonstrated by exposing A549 cells dose dependently to lactose monohydrate, copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) oxide, and micro- and nanoparticles. All copper compounds induced cytotoxic effects, most pronounced for soluble copper(II) sulfate. Micro- and nanosized copper(II) oxide also showed a dose-dependent decrease in the cell viability, whereby the nanosized particles decreased the metabolic activity of the cells more severely.
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28
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Mathis C, Poussin C, Weisensee D, Gebel S, Hengstermann A, Sewer A, Belcastro V, Xiang Y, Ansari S, Wagner S, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Human bronchial epithelial cells exposed in vitro to cigarette smoke at the air-liquid interface resemble bronchial epithelium from human smokers. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L489-503. [PMID: 23355383 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00181.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotypic culture of human primary bronchial epithelial cells is a useful in vitro system to study normal biological processes and lung disease mechanisms, to develop new therapies, and to assess the biological perturbations induced by environmental pollutants. Herein, we investigate whether the perturbations induced by cigarette smoke (CS) and observed in the epithelium of smokers' airways are reproducible in this in vitro system (AIR-100 tissue), which has been shown to recapitulate most of the characteristics of the human bronchial epithelium. Human AIR-100 tissues were exposed to mainstream CS for 7, 14, 21, or 28 min at the air-liquid interface, and we investigated various biological endpoints [e.g., gene expression and microRNA profiles, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) release] at multiple postexposure time points (0.5, 2, 4, 24, 48 h). By performing a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, we observed a significant enrichment of human smokers' bronchial epithelium gene signatures derived from different public transcriptomics datasets in CS-exposed AIR-100 tissue. Comparison of in vitro microRNA profiles with microRNA data from healthy smokers highlighted various highly translatable microRNAs associated with inflammation or with cell cycle processes that are known to be perturbed by CS in lung tissue. We also found a dose-dependent increase of MMP-1 release by AIR-100 tissue 48 h after CS exposure in agreement with the known effect of CS on this collagenase expression in smokers' tissues. In conclusion, a similar biological perturbation than the one observed in vivo in smokers' airway epithelium could be induced after a single CS exposure of a human organotypic bronchial epithelium-like tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Product SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of an alveolar epithelial cell line to airborne zinc oxide nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface: a comparison with conventional, submerged cell-culture conditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:652632. [PMID: 23484138 PMCID: PMC3581099 DOI: 10.1155/2013/652632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects of inhalable nanoparticles have been widely studied in vitro with pulmonary cells cultured under submerged and air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Submerged exposures are experimentally simpler, but ALI exposures are physiologically more realistic and hence potentially biologically more meaningful. In this study, we investigated the cellular response of human alveolar epithelial-like cells (A549) to airborne agglomerates of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles at the ALI, compared it to the response under submerged culture conditions, and provided a quantitative comparison with the literature data on different types of particles and cells. For ZnO nanoparticle doses of 0.7 and 2.5 μg ZnO/cm2 (or 0.09 and 0.33 cm2 ZnO/cm2), cell viability was not mitigated and no significant effects on the transcript levels of oxidative stress markers (HMOX1, SOD-2 and GCS) were observed. However, the transcript levels of proinflammatory markers (IL-8, IL-6, and GM-CSF) were induced to higher levels under ALI conditions. This is consistent with the literature data and it suggests that in vitro toxicity screening of nanoparticles with ALI cell culture systems may produce less false negative results than screening with submerged cell cultures. However, the database is currently too scarce to draw a definite conclusion on this issue.
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30
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Elihn K, Cronholm P, Karlsson HL, Midander K, Odnevall Wallinder I, Möller L. Cellular dose of partly soluble Cu particle aerosols at the air-liquid interface using an in vitro lung cell exposure system. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2012; 26:84-93. [PMID: 22889118 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2012.0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a need to develop and test in vitro systems for predicting the toxicity of nanoparticles. One challenge is to determine the actual cellular dose of nanoparticles after exposure. METHODS In this study, human epithelial lung cells (A549) were exposed to airborne Cu particles at the air-liquid interface (ALI). The cellular dose was determined for two different particle sizes at different deposition conditions, including constant and pulsed Cu aerosol flow. RESULTS Airborne polydisperse particles with a geometric mean diameter (GMD) of 180 nm [geometric standard deviation (GSD) 1.5, concentration 10(5) particles/mL] deposited at the ALI yielded a cellular dose of 0.4-2.6 μg/cm(2) at pulsed flow and 1.6-7.6 μg/cm(2) at constant flow. Smaller polydisperse particles in the nanoregime (GMD 80 nm, GSD 1.5, concentration 10(7) particles/mL) resulted in a lower cellular dose of 0.01-0.05 μg/cm(2) at pulsed flow, whereas no deposition was observed at constant flow. Exposure experiments with and without cells showed that the Cu particles were partly dissolved upon deposition on cells and in contact with medium. CONCLUSIONS Different cellular doses were obtained for the different Cu particle sizes (generated with different methods). Furthermore, the cellular doses were affected by the flow conditions in the cell exposure system and the solubility of Cu. The cellular doses of Cu presented here are the amount of Cu that remained on the cells after completion of an experiment. As Cu particles were partly dissolved, Cu (a nonnegligible contribution) was, in addition, present and analyzed in the nourishing medium present beneath the cells. This study presents cellular doses induced by Cu particles and demonstrates difficulties with deposition of nanoparticles at the ALI and of partially soluble particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Elihn
- Atmospheric Science Unit, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Goncharuk VV, Lapshin VB, Chichaeva MA, Syroezhkin AV. The atmosphere as a colloid system. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2012. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x11060014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Snyder-Talkington BN, Qian Y, Castranova V, Guo NL. New perspectives for in vitro risk assessment of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: application of coculture and bioinformatics. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2012; 15:468-492. [PMID: 23190270 PMCID: PMC3513758 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2012.736856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field with wide application for industrial and medical use; therefore, understanding the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials is critical for their commercialization. While short-term in vivo studies have been performed to understand the toxicity profile of various nanomaterials, there is a current effort to shift toxicological testing from in vivo observational models to predictive and high-throughput in vitro models. However, conventional monoculture results of nanoparticle exposure are often disparate and not predictive of in vivo toxic effects. A coculture system of multiple cell types allows for cross-talk between cells and better mimics the in vivo environment. This review proposes that advanced coculture models, combined with integrated analysis of genome-wide in vivo and in vitro toxicogenomic data, may lead to development of predictive multigene expression-based models to better determine toxicity profiles of nanomaterials and consequent potential human health risk due to exposure to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi N. Snyder-Talkington
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Nancy L. Guo
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Hirsch C, Roesslein M, Krug HF, Wick P. Nanomaterial cell interactions: are current in vitro tests reliable? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:837-47. [PMID: 21793675 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New properties of engineered nanomaterials raise great expectations for industrial, scientific as well as medical applications. At the same time concerns among consumers regarding the safety aspects of this new technology emerge. Furthermore, among the multitude of published studies, a considerable number do not reveal reliable data. Thus, standardized, validated, reliable, robust, reproducible and intelligent testing strategies are urgently needed that address nanomaterial toxicity. This article discusses the reliability of currently used in vitro toxicity assays. It covers major problems, pitfalls and challenges of assay performance and validation. We recommend a series of different controls to improve the experimental quality and, thus, also the reliability and reproducibility of current in vitro systems. These recommendations consequently applied in the future will increase the safe and sustainable use of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Hirsch
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Research & Testing, Laboratory for Materials-Biology Interactions, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St Gallen, Switzerland
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Ahmad S, Raemy DO, Loader JE, Kailey JM, Neeves KB, White CW, Ahmad A, Gehr P, Rothen-Rutishauser BM. Interaction and localization of synthetic nanoparticles in healthy and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells: effect of ozone exposure. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2011; 25:7-15. [PMID: 22007674 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2011.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles (NPs) produced by nanotechnology processes have taken the field of medicine by storm. Concerns about safety of these NPs in humans, however, have recently been raised. Although studies of NP toxicity have focused on lung disease the mechanistic link between NP exposure and lung injury remained unclear. This is primarily due to a lack of availability of appropriate airway disease models and sophisticated microscopic techniques to study nano-sized particulate delivery and resulting responses. METHODS Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of non-cystic fibrosis (CF) and CF airway epithelial cells were exposed to the FITC-labeled NPs using a PennCentury microsprayer™. Uptake of NPs was assessed by FACS. Laser scanning microscopy (LSM) was performed and the images were analyzed by an advanced imaging software to study particle deposition and uptake. RESULTS Flow cytometry data revealed that CF cells accumulated increased amounts of NPs. The increased NP uptake could be attributed to the reduced CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function as a similar increased retention/uptake was observed in cells whose CFTR expression was downregulated by antisense oligonucleotide. NPs alone did not induce pro-inflammatory cytokine release or cell death. The cell culture system was sensitive to ozone but exposure to the uncoated synthetic NPs used in this study, did not cause any synergistic or suppressive effects. LSM imaging and subsequent image restoration further indicated particle uptake and intracellular localization. Exposure to ozone increased nuclear uptake in both non-CF and CF cells. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the uptake of NPs using ALI cultures of non-CF and CF airway epithelial cells. The NPs used here were useful in demonstrating uptake by airway epithelial cells without causing adverse effects in presence or absence of ozone. However, to totally exclude toxic effects, chronic studies under in vivo conditions using coated particulates are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Ahmad
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Fritsch-Decker S, Both T, Mülhopt S, Paur HR, Weiss C, Diabaté S. Regulation of the arachidonic acid mobilization in macrophages by combustion-derived particles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:23. [PMID: 21810225 PMCID: PMC3162496 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exposure to elevated levels of environmental particulate matter (PM) is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality rates. These adverse health effects, e.g. culminating in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, have been demonstrated by a multitude of epidemiological studies. However, the underlying mechanisms relevant for toxicity are not completely understood. Especially the role of particle-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress and inflammatory responses is of particular interest.In this in vitro study we examined the influence of particle-generated ROS on signalling pathways leading to activation of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade. Incinerator fly ash particles (MAF02) were used as a model for real-life combustion-derived particulate matter. As macrophages, besides epithelial cells, are the major targets of particle actions in the lung murine RAW264.7 macrophages and primary human macrophages were investigated. RESULTS The interaction of fly ash particles with macrophages induced both the generation of ROS and as part of the cellular inflammatory responses a dose- and time-dependent increase of free AA, prostaglandin E2/thromboxane B2 (PGE2/TXB2), and 8-isoprostane, a non-enzymatically formed oxidation product of AA. Additionally, increased phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) JNK1/2, p38 and ERK1/2 was observed, the latter of which was shown to be involved in MAF02-generated AA mobilization and phosphorylation of the cytosolic phospolipase A2. Using specific inhibitors for the different phospolipase A2 isoforms the MAF02-induced AA liberation was shown to be dependent on the cytosolic phospholipase A2, but not on the secretory and calcium-independent phospholipase A2. The initiation of the AA pathway due to MAF02 particle exposure was demonstrated to depend on the formation of ROS since the presence of the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) prevented the MAF02-mediated enhancement of free AA, the subsequent conversion to PGE2/TXB2 via the induction of COX-2 and the ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 phosphorylation. Finally we showed that the particle-induced formation of ROS, liberation of AA and PGE2/TXB2 together with the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 proteins was decreased after pre-treatment of macrophages with the metal chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFO). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that one of the primary mechanism initiating inflammatory processes by incinerator fly ash particles seems to be the metal-mediated generation of ROS, which triggers via the MAPK cascade the activation of AA signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fritsch-Decker
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Anti-oxidative and inflammatory responses induced by fly ash particles and carbon black in lung epithelial cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3197-212. [PMID: 21626191 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived nanoparticles as constituents of ambient particulate matter have been shown to induce adverse health effects due to inhalation. However, the components inducing these effects as well as the biological mechanisms are still not fully understood. The fine fraction of fly ash particles collected from the electrostatic precipitator of a municipal solid waste incinerator was taken as an example for real particles with complex composition released into the atmosphere to study the mechanism of early biological responses of BEAS-2B human lung epithelial cells. The studies include the effects of the water-soluble and -insoluble fractions of the fly ash and the well-studied carbon black nanoparticles were used as a reference. Fly ash induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased the total cellular glutathione (tGSH) content. Carbon black also induced ROS generation; however, in contrast to the fly ash, it decreased the intracellular tGSH. The fly ash-induced oxidative stress was correlated with induction of the anti-oxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 and increase of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2. Carbon black was not able to induce HO-1. ROS generation, tGSH increase and HO-1 induction were only induced by the insoluble fraction of the fly ash, not by the water-soluble fraction. ROS generation and HO-1 induction were markedly inhibited by pre-incubation of the cells with the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine which confirmed the involvement of oxidative stress. Both effects were also reduced by the metal chelator deferoxamine indicating a contribution of bioavailable transition metals. In summary, both fly ash and carbon black induce ROS but only fly ash induced an increase of intracellular tGSH and HO-1 production. Bioavailable transition metals in the solid water-insoluble matrix of the fly ash mostly contribute to the effects.
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Kasper J, Hermanns MI, Bantz C, Maskos M, Stauber R, Pohl C, Unger RE, Kirkpatrick JC. Inflammatory and cytotoxic responses of an alveolar-capillary coculture model to silica nanoparticles: comparison with conventional monocultures. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:6. [PMID: 21272353 PMCID: PMC3040689 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date silica nanoparticles (SNPs) play an important role in modern technology and nanomedicine. SNPs are present in various materials (tyres, electrical and thermal insulation material, photovoltaic facilities). They are also used in products that are directly exposed to humans such as cosmetics or toothpaste. For that reason it is of great concern to evaluate the possible hazards of these engineered particles for human health. Attention should primarily be focussed on SNP effects on biological barriers. Accidentally released SNP could, for example, encounter the alveolar-capillary barrier by inhalation. In this study we examined the inflammatory and cytotoxic responses of monodisperse amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSNPs) of 30 nm in size on an in vitro coculture model mimicking the alveolar-capillary barrier and compared these to conventional monocultures. Methods Thus, the epithelial cell line, H441, and the endothelial cell line, ISO-HAS-1, were used in monoculture and in coculture on opposite sides of a filter membrane. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTS assay, detection of membrane integrity (LDH release), and TER (Transepithelial Electrical Resistance) measurement. Additionally, parameters of inflammation (sICAM-1, IL-6 and IL-8 release) and apoptosis markers were investigated. Results Regarding toxic effects (viability, membrane integrity, TER) the coculture model was less sensitive to apical aSNP exposure than the conventional monocultures of the appropriate cells. On the other hand, the in vitro coculture model responded with the release of inflammatory markers in a much more sensitive fashion than the conventional monoculture. At concentrations that were 10-100fold less than the toxic concentrations the apically exposed coculture showed a release of IL-6 and IL-8 to the basolateral side. This may mimic the early inflammatory events that take place in the pulmonary alveoli after aSNP inhalation. Furthermore, a number of apoptosis markers belonging to the intrinsic pathway were upregulated in the coculture following aSNP treatment. Analysis of the individual markers indicated that the cells suffered from DNA damage, hypoxia and ER-stress. Conclusion We present evidence that our in vitro coculture model of the alveolar-capillary barrier is clearly advantageous compared to conventional monocultures in evaluating the extent of damage caused by hazardous material encountering the principle biological barrier in the lower respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kasper
- University Medical Centre, Institute of Pathology, Mainz, Germany
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Ragnaill MN, Brown M, Ye D, Bramini M, Callanan S, Lynch I, Dawson KA. Internal benchmarking of a human blood-brain barrier cell model for screening of nanoparticle uptake and transcytosis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 77:360-7. [PMID: 21236340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful agents, is considered the holy grail of targeted delivery, due to the extreme effectiveness of this barrier at preventing passage of non-essential molecules through to the brain. This has caused severe limitations for therapeutics for many brain-associated diseases, such as HIV and neurodegenerative diseases. Nanomaterials, as a result of their small size (in the order of many protein-lipid clusters routinely transported by cells) and their large surface area (which acts as a scaffold for proteins thereby rendering nanoparticles as biological entities) offer great promise for neuro-therapeutics. However, in parallel with developing neuro-therapeutic applications based on nanotechnology, it is essential to ensure their safety and long-term consequences upon reaching the brain. One approach to determining safe application of nanomaterials in biology is to obtain a deep mechanistic understanding of the interactions between nanomaterials and living systems (bionanointeractions). To this end, we report here on the establishment and internal round robin validation of a human cell model of the blood-brain barrier for use as a tool for screening nanoparticles interactions, and assessing the critical nanoscale parameters that determine transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nic Ragnaill
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Okuwa K, Tanaka M, Fukano Y, Nara H, Nishijima Y, Nishino T. In vitro micronucleus assay for cigarette smoke using a whole smoke exposure system: a comparison of smoking regimens. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2010; 62:433-40. [PMID: 19560909 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the biological assessment of cigarette smoke (CS) mainly focused on the total particulate matter (TPM) collected using a Cambridge filter or gas vapor phase (GVP) bubbled through phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). To study the effects of native CS in vitro, direct exposure methods have been developed. Meanwhile, in vitro micronucleus (MN) assays have been reported to evaluate the mutagenicity of CS. The objective of this research is to investigate the MN-inducing activity of whole smoke (WS) and GVP using a whole smoke exposure system, CULTEX((R)), which allows direct exposure of cultured cells to native CS at the air/liquid interface (ALI). CS was generated according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO; 35ml, 2s, once per 60s) or the Health Canada Intensive (HCI; 55ml, 2s, once per 30s, with complete ventilation block) regimens and Chinese hamster lung (CHL/IU) cells were then exposed to this smoke. Dosages were adjusted according to the amount of smoke entering the actual exposure position. Under both smoking regimens, WS and GVP from 2R4F reference cigarettes induced MN responses. The concept of the dosage and similar dose-response relationships between theoretical and monitored dosage values under the two regimens enabled us to compare the MN-inducing activities of cigarettes in the direct exposure assay, even in the case of various experimental settings or different TPM amounts. MN-inducing activities of 2R4F under the ISO regimen seemed to be higher than those under HCI estimated by the TPM equivalent calculated values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okuwa
- Tobacco Science Research Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Schleh C, Erpenbeck VJ, Winkler C, Lauenstein HD, Nassimi M, Braun A, Krug N, Hohlfeld JM. Allergen particle binding by human primary bronchial epithelial cells is modulated by surfactant protein D. Respir Res 2010; 11:83. [PMID: 20569420 PMCID: PMC2898774 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergen-containing subpollen particles (SPP) are released from whole plant pollen upon contact with water or even high humidity. Because of their size SPP can preferentially reach the lower airways where they come into contact with surfactant protein (SP)-D. Our previous work demonstrated that SP-D increases the uptake of SPP by alveolar macrophages. In the present study, we investigated the uptake of SPP in human primary epithelial cells and the potential modulation by SP-D. The patho-physiological consequence was evaluated by measurement of pro-inflammatory mediators. Methods SPP were isolated from timothy grass and subsequently fluorescently labelled. Human primary bronchial epithelial cells were incubated with SPP or polystyrene particles (PP) in the presence and absence of surfactant protein D. In addition, different sizes and surface charges of the PP were studied. Particle uptake was evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Soluble mediators were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay or bead array. Results SPP were taken up by primary epithelial cells in a dose dependent manner. This uptake was coincided with secretion of Interleukin (IL)-8. SP-D increased the fraction of bronchial epithelial cells that bound SPP but not the fraction of cells that internalized SPP. SPP-induced secretion of IL-8 was further increased by SP-D. PP were bound and internalized by epithelial cells but this was not modulated by SP-D. Conclusions Epithelial cells bind and internalize SPP and PP which leads to increased IL-8 secretion. SP-D promotes attachment of SPP to epithelial cells and may thus be involved in the inflammatory response to inhaled allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schleh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Nanotoxicology: a perspective and discussion of whether or not in vitro testing is a valid alternative. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:723-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Toxicological evaluation of diesel emissions on A549 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:363-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Saunders M. Transplacental transport of nanomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 1:671-84. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2009; 21:296-300. [PMID: 19458522 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32832c972c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This bibliography is compiled by clinicians from the journals listed at the end of this publication. It is based on literature entered into our database between 1 February 2008 and 31 January 2009 (articles are generally added to the database about two and a half months after publication). In addition, the bibliography contains every paper annotated by reviewers; these references were obtained from a variety of bibliographic databases and published between the beginning of the review period and the time of going to press. The bibliography has been grouped into topics that relate to the reviews in this issue.
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Volckens J, Dailey L, Walters G, Devlin RB. Direct particle-to-cell deposition of coarse ambient particulate matter increases the production of inflammatory mediators from cultured human airway epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:4595-4599. [PMID: 19603682 PMCID: PMC2902165 DOI: 10.1021/es900698a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of cultured cells to particulate matter air pollution is usually accomplished by collecting particles on a solid matrix, extracting the particles from the matrix, suspending them in liquid, and applying the suspension to cells grown on plastic and submerged in medium. The objective of this work was to develop a more physiologically and environmentally relevant model of air pollutant deposition on cultures of human primary airway epithelial cells. We hypothesize that the toxicology of inhaled particulate matter depends strongly on both the particulate dispersion state and the mode of delivery to cells. Our exposure system employs a combination of unipolar charging and electrostatic force to deposit particles directly from the air onto cells grown at an air-liquid interface in a heated, humidified exposure chamber. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to concentrated, coarse ambient particulate matter in this system expressed increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers at 1 h following exposure and relative to controls exposed to particle-free air. More importantly, these effects are seen at particulate loadings that are 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than levels applied using traditional in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, 1681 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Mülhopt S, Diabaté S, Krebs T, Weiss C, Paur HR. Lung toxicity determination byin vitroexposure at the air liquid interface with an integrated online dose measurement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/170/1/012008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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