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Munteanu T, Longevial JF, Canard G, Jacquemin D, Pascal S, Siri O. Post-functionalization of triamino-phenazinium dyes to reach near-infrared emission. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19257-19263. [PMID: 38887642 PMCID: PMC11180995 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis and characterization of phenazinium dyes with absorption ranging from red to far-red, as well as emission extending into the far-red to near-infrared (NIR) region. The procedure involves the post-functionalization of a triamino-phenazinium that was recently reported as a theranostic agent. The introduction of electron-withdrawing moieties is accomplished through acylation or aromatic nucleophilic substitution. For one of the obtained products, a further substitution step could be achieved with primary amines to tune the electron density of the phenazinium core. The isolated dyes exhibit promising features that hold potential for future applications as biological markers or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Munteanu
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS UMR 7325 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) Campus de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 09 France
| | - Jean-François Longevial
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS UMR 7325 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) Campus de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 09 France
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC F-57000 Metz France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS UMR 7325 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) Campus de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 09 France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, CNRS Nantes F-44000 France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) Paris France
| | - Simon Pascal
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS UMR 7325 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) Campus de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 09 France
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, CNRS Nantes F-44000 France
| | - Olivier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS UMR 7325 Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) Campus de Luminy 13288 Marseille cedex 09 France
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Impellitteri F, Yunko K, Calabrese G, Porretti M, Martyniuk V, Gnatyshyna L, Nava V, Potortì AG, Piccione G, Di Bella G, Stoliar O, Faggio C. Chlorpromazine's impact on Mytilus galloprovincialis: a multi-faceted investigation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141079. [PMID: 38160957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The antipsychotic chlorpromazine (Cpz) has raised concern as a pharmaceutical effluent due to its wide medical applications. Moreover, its potent pro-oxidant properties and impact on the cell viability of the marine mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis, even at low concentrations (ng/L), have been noted. Based on this evidence, in this study, we investigated the physiological effects of Cpz on M. galloprovincialis, to elucidate its fate within the organism, in terms of bioaccumulation, biotransformation, byssus changes and stress responses of the cellular thiolome. Histological and indicators of vitality analyses were also performed to better evaluate the influence of the drug on the morphology and cell viability of the digestive gland. To this end, two different concentrations of Cpz (Cpz I (12 ng/L or 37 pM) and Cpz II (12 μg/L or 37 nM)) were administered to mussels over 14 days. Cpz accumulation in the digestive gland significantly increased with water concentration (BCF of Cpz I and Cpz II). Biochemical analyses indicated lysosomal dysfunction, reflected in elevated total Cathepsin D activity and compromised lysosomal membrane stability. Stress-related and metal-buffering proteins (GST and metallothionein) responded to both Cpz concentrations. Cpz I induced phase I biotransformation activity (CYP450-dependent EROD), while Cpz II triggered caspase-3 activation, indicative of detoxification overload. Histological analysis revealed digestive gland atrophy, epithelial thinning, haemocyte infiltration, and brown cell presence. Byssus analysis showed significant alterations. In conclusion, our study underscores Cpz-induced physiological and histological changes in M. galloprovincialis, posing potential implications for mussel health and confirming the utilisation of this mussel as an indication of Cpz ecotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Impellitteri
- Dept. of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci Snc, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Katerina Yunko
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Miriam Porretti
- Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Viktoria Martyniuk
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Lesya Gnatyshyna
- I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli 1, 46001, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Vincenzo Nava
- University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences (BIOMORF), 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Angela Giorgia Potortì
- University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences (BIOMORF), 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Dept. of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci Snc, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences (BIOMORF), 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Oksana Stoliar
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027, Ternopil, Ukraine; Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Dept. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy; Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
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Matskiv T, Martyniuk V, Khoma V, Yunko K, Orlova-Hudim K, Gnatyshyna L, Geffard A, Palos-Ladeiro M, Stoliar O. Biochemical basis of resistance to multiple contaminations in the native and invasive populations of Dreissena polymorpha. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109803. [PMID: 38008240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) is an invasive species and a valuable bioindicator in the inland waters. Nevertheless, the biochemical reasons for the unique competitiveness of zebra mussels are not clear. This study aimed to compare the native and invasive populations of D. polymorpha in their ability to withstand the same multiple environmental challenges (i.e. chemical: microplastics and caffeine; physical: temperatures). The specimens from the invasive population in west Ukraine (Tn) and native population at lower streams of river Dnipro (south Ukraine, Kh) were sampled in the August of 2021 y. Molluscs from both populations were treated simultaneously with microplastics (MP, 1 mg L-1, pore size 2 μm); caffeine (Caf, 20.0 μg L-1) at 18 °C, elevated temperature (25 °C) and MP and Caf combinations at 18 °C and 25 °C for 14 days. Untreated molluscs exposed at 18 °C represented control groups. A set of the 20 markers of oxidative stress, biotransformation, detoxification and apoptosis were assayed in the total soft tissues. From the two controls, Kh-group indicated lower stressful impact. However, both populations increased caspase-3 and GST activities and lysosomal instability in most exposures, and cholinesterase and phenoloxidase activities under the heating and combine exposures, indicating the remarkable properties to respond to new challenges and synergistic effect of mixtures. Inter-population differences were related to the metallothionein, cathepsin D, cytochrome P540 and oxidative stress responses that reflect population-dependent adverse outcome pathways. The discriminant analysis separated two populations with a substantially lesser magnitude of responses in the invasive population as a sign of higher resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Matskiv
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli 1, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Viktoria Martyniuk
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Vira Khoma
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Kateryna Yunko
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | | | - Lesya Gnatyshyna
- I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli 1, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Normandie Université, ULH, INERIS, SEBIO, UMR-I 02, Reims, France.
| | - Melissa Palos-Ladeiro
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Normandie Université, ULH, INERIS, SEBIO, UMR-I 02, Reims, France.
| | - Oksana Stoliar
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine.
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Bebek Markovinović A, Brdar D, Putnik P, Bosiljkov T, Durgo K, Huđek Turković A, Brčić Karačonji I, Jurica K, Pavlić B, Granato D, Bursać Kovačević D. Strawberry tree fruits (Arbutus unedo L.): Bioactive composition, cellular antioxidant activity, and 3D printing of functional foods. Food Chem 2024; 433:137287. [PMID: 37708697 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the use of Arbutus unedo L. fruits for the production of functional foods by three-dimensional printing (3DP). First, the biological activity of the fruits was investigated in vitro, followed by 3DP with different starch types and proportions using two 3DP programs. All 3DP samples were characterized for their bioactive, antioxidant, physicochemical and rheological properties. In terms of biological activity, the recommended daily dose of polyphenols from the aqueous extract of A. unedo can protect the integrity of DNA. Moreover, it could be useful as an antimicrobial agent. All 3DP parameters significantly affected bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. The 3DP products were found to be a good source of polyphenols (632.60 mg/100 g), among which condensed tannins were predominant (42 %). In conclusion, the fruits of A. unedo should be considered as a sustainable resource for the production of innovative functional foods with 3DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Bebek Markovinović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dora Brdar
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia.
| | - Tomislav Bosiljkov
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ana Huđek Turković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Irena Brčić Karačonji
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Karlo Jurica
- Special Security Operations Directorate, Ministry of the Interior, Ulica grada Vukovara 33, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branimir Pavlić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Daniel Granato
- Bioactivity and Applications Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Danijela Bursać Kovačević
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Mitjans M, Marics L, Bilbao M, Maddaleno AS, Piñero JJ, Vinardell MP. Size Matters? A Comprehensive In Vitro Study of the Impact of Particle Size on the Toxicity of ZnO. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111800. [PMID: 37299703 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a comparative in vitro study of the toxicity behavior of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and micro-sized particles. The study aimed to understand the impact of particle size on ZnO toxicity by characterizing the particles in different media, including cell culture media, human plasma, and protein solutions (bovine serum albumin and fibrinogen). The particles and their interactions with proteins were characterized in the study using a variety of methods, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Hemolytic activity, coagulation time, and cell viability assays were used to assess ZnO toxicity. The results highlight the complex interactions between ZnO NPs and biological systems, including their aggregation behavior, hemolytic activity, protein corona formation, coagulation effects, and cytotoxicity. Additionally, the study indicates that ZnO nanoparticles are not more toxic than micro-sized particles, and the 50 nm particle results were, in general, the least toxic. Furthermore, the study found that, at low concentrations, no acute toxicity was observed. Overall, this study provides important insights into the toxicity behavior of ZnO particles and highlights that no direct relationship between nanometer size and toxicity can be directly attributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Mitjans
- Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Marics
- Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Bilbao
- Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana S Maddaleno
- Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Piñero
- Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pilar Vinardell
- Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Protective Potential of Kombucha-Fermented Black Berry Extracts against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Skin Cells and Yeast Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054388. [PMID: 36901817 PMCID: PMC10002260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruits of R. nigrum L., A. melanocarpa Michx., and V. myrtillus L. are well-known natural plant materials with proven antioxidant activity. This work attempts to compare the antioxidant properties of extracts of these plants and ferments obtained during their fermentation using a consortium of microorganisms referred to as kombucha. As part of the work, a phytochemical analysis of extracts and ferments was carried out using the UPLC-MS method and the content of the main components was determined. The antioxidant properties of the tested samples and their cytotoxicity were assessed with the use of DPPH and ABTS radicals. The protective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress was also assessed. The possibility of inhibiting the increase in the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species was carried out on both human skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts) and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild-type strains and sod1Δ deletion mutants). The conducted analyses showed that the ferments obtained are characterized by a greater variety of biologically active compounds; in most cases they do not cause a cytotoxic effect, show strong antioxidant properties, and can reduce oxidative stress in both human and yeast cells. This effect depends on the concentration used and the fermentation time. The results obtained indicate that the tested ferments can be considered as an extremely valuable raw material protecting cells against the negative effects of oxidative stress.
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Gnatyshyna L, Khoma V, Martinyuk V, Matskiv T, Pedrini-Martha V, Niederwanger M, Stoliar O, Dallinger R. Sublethal cadmium exposure in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis meets a deficient, poorly responsive metallothionein system while evoking oxidative and cellular stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109490. [PMID: 36265756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Great Pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda, Hygrophila) is a wide-spread freshwater gastropod, being considered as a model organism for research in many fields of biology, including ecotoxicology. The aim of the present study was to explore the Cd sensitivity of L. stagnalis through the measurement of a biomarker battery for oxidative, toxic and cellular stress. The interpretation of biomarker parameters occurred against the background of a truncated metallothionein protein with a limited Cd-binding capacity. Individuals of L. stagnalis were exposed through 14 days to uncontaminated water (controls) or to low (30 μg · L-1) or high (50 μg · L-1) Cd concentrations. The digestive gland of control and low-Cd exposed snails was processed for transcriptional analysis of the Metallothionein (MT) gene expression, and for determination of biomarkers for oxidative stress, toxicity and cellular stress. Digestive gland supernatants of high-Cd exposed snails were subjected to chromatography and subsequent analysis by spectrophotometry. It was shown that the MT system of L. stagnalis is functionally deficient, with a poor Cd responsiveness at both, the transcriptional and the protein expression levels. Instead, L. stagnalis appears to rely on alternative detoxification mechanisms such as Cd binding by phytochelatins and metal inactivation by compartmentalization within the lysosomal system. In spite of this, however, traces of Cd apparently leak out of the pre-determined detoxification pathways, leading to adverse effects, which is clearly indicated by biomarkers of oxidative and cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesya Gnatyshyna
- I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Vira Khoma
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Viktoria Martinyuk
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Matskiv
- I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | | | - Michael Niederwanger
- Institute of Zoology, University and Center of Molecular Biosciences, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Oksana Stoliar
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.
| | - Reinhard Dallinger
- Institute of Zoology, University and Center of Molecular Biosciences, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Connolly M, Little S, Hartl MGJ, Fernandes TF. An Integrated Testing Strategy for Ecotoxicity (ITS-ECO) Assessment in the Marine Environmental Compartment using Mytilus spp.: A Case Study using Pristine and Coated CuO and TiO 2 Nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1390-1406. [PMID: 35226375 PMCID: PMC9321938 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An integrated testing strategy for ecotoxicity assessment (ITS-ECO) was developed to aid in the hazard and fate assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) deposited in marine environments using the bivalve Mytilus spp. as a test species. The ENMs copper(II) oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2 ), either in pristine form (core) or with functionalized coatings (polyethylene glycol [PEG], carboxyl [COOH], and ammonia [NH3 ]) were selected as case study materials based on their production levels and use. High-throughput in vitro testing in Tier 1 of the ITS-ECO revealed CuO ENMs to elicit cytotoxic effects on lysosomes of hemocytes of mussels, with the hazard potential CuO PEG > CuO COOH > CuO NH3 > CuO core, whereas TiO2 ENMs were not cytotoxic. Genotoxicity in hemocytes as well as gill cells of mussels following in vivo exposure (48 h) to CuO ENMs was also seen. Longer in vivo exposures in Tier 2 (48 h-21 days) revealed subacute and chronic oxidative effects for both CuO and TiO2 ENMs, in some cases leading to lipid peroxidation (core TiO2 ENMs). In Tier 3 bioaccumulation studies, distinct patterns of uptake for Cu (predominantly in gills) and Ti (predominantly in digestive glands) and between the different core and coated ENMs were found. Clear NM-specific and coating-dependent effects on hazard and fate were seen. Overall, using a tiered testing approach, the ITS-ECO was able to differentiate the hazard (acute, subacute, and chronic effects) posed by ENMs of different compositions and coatings and to provide information on fate for environmental risk assessment of these ENMs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1390-1406. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Connolly
- Institute of Life and Earth SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Little
- Institute of Life and Earth SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark G. J. Hartl
- Institute of Life and Earth SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Teresa F. Fernandes
- Institute of Life and Earth SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Huđek Turković A, Gunjača M, Marjanović M, Lovrić M, Butorac A, Rašić D, Peraica M, Vujčić Bok V, Šola I, Rusak G, Durgo K. Proteome changes in human bladder T24 cells induced by hydroquinone derived from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi herbal preparation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115092. [PMID: 35143933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (bearberry) is a well-known traditional herbal plant used as a urinary tract disinfectant. Its antiseptic and diuretic properties can be attributed to hydroquinone, obtained by hydrolysis of arbutin. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to determine the toxic profile of free hydroquinone on urinary bladder cells (T24) as a target of therapeutic action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the extract and the digestive stability and bioavailability of arbutin and hydroquinone were performed by HPLC assay and simulated in vitro digestion, respectively. Cytotoxic effect, reactive oxygen species induction and proteome changes in T24 cells after hydroquinone treatment were determined using Neutral red assay, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay and mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS Through in vitro digestion, arbutin was stable, but hydroquinone increased after pepsin treatment (109.6%) and then decreased after the small intestine phase (65.38%). The recommended doses of Uva-ursi had a cytotoxic effect on T24 cells only when all hydroquinone conjugates were converted to free hydroquinone (320 and 900 μg/mL) and the toxic effect was enhanced by recovery. One cup of the therapeutic dose had a prooxidative effect after 4 h of incubation. Shorter time of cell exposure (2 h) to hydroquinone did not have any impact on reactive oxygen species induction. Proteomic analysis found 17 significantly up-regulated proteins compared to control. Hydroquinone activated proteins related to oxidative stress response, stress-adaptive signalling, heat shock response and initiation of translation. CONCLUSIONS Despite the therapeutic properties of bearberry, up-regulated T24 cell proteins are evidence that plant compounds, although from a natural source, may exhibit negative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Huđek Turković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Gunjača
- BICRO BIOCentre, Ltd., Central Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marko Marjanović
- BICRO BIOCentre, Ltd., Central Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Lovrić
- BICRO BIOCentre, Ltd., Central Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ana Butorac
- BICRO BIOCentre, Ltd., Central Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dubravka Rašić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Peraica
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Valerija Vujčić Bok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Šola
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gordana Rusak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tabernilla A, dos Santos Rodrigues B, Pieters A, Caufriez A, Leroy K, Van Campenhout R, Cooreman A, Gomes AR, Arnesdotter E, Gijbels E, Vinken M. In Vitro Liver Toxicity Testing of Chemicals: A Pragmatic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5038. [PMID: 34068678 PMCID: PMC8126138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is among the most frequently targeted organs by noxious chemicals of diverse nature. Liver toxicity testing using laboratory animals not only raises serious ethical questions, but is also rather poorly predictive of human safety towards chemicals. Increasing attention is, therefore, being paid to the development of non-animal and human-based testing schemes, which rely to a great extent on in vitro methodology. The present paper proposes a rationalized tiered in vitro testing strategy to detect liver toxicity triggered by chemicals, in which the first tier is focused on assessing general cytotoxicity, while the second tier is aimed at identifying liver-specific toxicity as such. A state-of-the-art overview is provided of the most commonly used in vitro assays that can be used in both tiers. Advantages and disadvantages of each assay as well as overall practical considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (A.T.); (B.d.S.R.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.L.); (R.V.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.G.); (E.A.); (E.G.)
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11
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Zofia NŁ, Aleksandra Z, Tomasz B, Martyna ZD, Magdalena Z, Zofia HB, Tomasz W. Effect of Fermentation Time on Antioxidant and Anti-Ageing Properties of Green Coffee Kombucha Ferments. Molecules 2020; 25:E5394. [PMID: 33218080 PMCID: PMC7698870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kombucha, also known as the Manchurian mushroom, is a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast, the so-called SCOBY. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the ferments obtained from green coffee beans after different fermentation times with kombucha. Results for the ferments were compared to the green coffee extract that was not fermented. In this study, the antioxidant potential of obtained ferments was analyzed by assessing the scavenging of external and intracellular free radicals and the assessment of superoxide dismutase activity. Cytotoxicity of ferments on keratinocyte and fibroblast cell lines was assessed as well as anti-aging properties by determining their ability to inhibit the activity of collagenase and elastase enzymes. In addition, the composition of the obtained ferments and the extract was determined, as well as their influence on skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after application of samples on the skin. It has been shown that the fermentation time has a positive effect on the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. The highest values were recorded for the tested samples after 28 days of fermentation. After 14 days of the fermentation process, it was observed that the analyzed ferments were characterized by low cytotoxicity to keratinocytes and fibroblasts. On the other hand, the short fermentation time of 7 days had a negative effect on the properties of the analyzed ferments. The obtained results indicate that both green coffee extracts and ferments can be an innovative ingredient of cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizioł-Łukaszewska Zofia
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Kielnarowa 386a, 36-020 Tyczyn, Poland; (N.-Ł.Z.); (Z.A.); (Z.-D.M.)
| | - Ziemlewska Aleksandra
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Kielnarowa 386a, 36-020 Tyczyn, Poland; (N.-Ł.Z.); (Z.A.); (Z.-D.M.)
| | - Bujak Tomasz
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Kielnarowa 386a, 36-020 Tyczyn, Poland; (N.-Ł.Z.); (Z.A.); (Z.-D.M.)
| | - Zagórska-Dziok Martyna
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Kielnarowa 386a, 36-020 Tyczyn, Poland; (N.-Ł.Z.); (Z.A.); (Z.-D.M.)
| | - Zarębska Magdalena
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetykow 9, 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland; (Z.M.); (H.-B.Z.)
| | - Hordyjewicz-Baran Zofia
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network—Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetykow 9, 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland; (Z.M.); (H.-B.Z.)
| | - Wasilewski Tomasz
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland;
- Research and Development Department, ONLYBIO.life Sp. z o.o., Wojska Polskiego 65, 85-825 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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12
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Grant RL. Primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells as an experimental model to evaluate ocular toxicity and explore modes of action of toxic injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 64:104634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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De Simone U, Spinillo A, Caloni F, Avanzini MA, Coccini T. In vitro evaluation of magnetite nanoparticles in human mesenchymal stem cells: comparison of different cytotoxicity assays. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:48-59. [PMID: 31364912 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1650151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This work was aimed at defining the suitable test for evaluating Fe3O4 NPs cytotoxicity after short-term exposure in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using different viability tests, namely NRU, MTT and TB assays, paralleled by cell morphology analyses for cross checking. MTT and NRU data (culture medium with/without hMSCs plus Fe3O4NPs) indicated artificial/false increments in cell viability after Fe3O4NPs. These observations did not fit with the morphological analyses showing reduced cell density, loss of monolayer features, and morphological alterations at Fe3O4NPs ≥50 μg/ml. Fe3O4NPs alone induced a substantial increased absorbance at the wavelength required for MTT and NRU. A significant death (25%) of hMSC at Fe3O4NPs ≥10 μg/ml, with a maximum effect (45%) at 300 μg/ml after 24 h, exacerbated after 48 h, was observed when applying TB test. These results paralleled the effects on cell morphology. The optical properties and stability of Fe3O4NP suspension (tendency to agglomerate in a specific culture medium) represent factors that limit in vitro result interpretation. These findings suggest the non applicability of the spectrophotometric assays for hMSC culture conditions, while TB is an accurate method for determining cell viability after Fe3O4NP exposure in this model. In relation to NPs safety assessment: cell-based assays must be considered on case-by-case basis; selection of relevant cell models is also important for predictive toxicological studies; application of a testing strategy is fundamental for understanding the toxicity pathways driving cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uliana De Simone
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-SB, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-SB, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Intini C, Elviri L, Cabral J, Mros S, Bergonzi C, Bianchera A, Flammini L, Govoni P, Barocelli E, Bettini R, McConnell M. 3D-printed chitosan-based scaffolds: An in vitro study of human skin cell growth and an in-vivo wound healing evaluation in experimental diabetes in rats. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:593-602. [PMID: 30143167 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of porous 3D printed chitosan (CH) scaffolds for skin tissue regeneration and their behavior in terms of biocompatibility, cytocompatibility and toxicity toward human fibroblasts (Nhdf) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), are presented and discussed. 3D cell cultures achieved after 20 and 35 days of incubation showed significant in vitro qualitative and quantitative cell growth as measured by neutral red staining and MTT assays and confirmed by scanning electron microphotographs. The best cell growth was obtained after 35 days on 3D scaffolds when the Nhdf and HaCaT cells, seeded together, filled the pores in the scaffolds. An early skin-like layer consisting of a mass of fibroblast and keratinocyte cells growing together was observed. The tests of 3D printed scaffolds in wound healing carried out on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats demonstrate that 3D printed scaffolds improve the quality of the restored tissue with respect to both commercial patch and spontaneous healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Intini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Jaydee Cabral
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sonya Mros
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Carlo Bergonzi
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Biopharmanet TEC, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Flammini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Govoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barocelli
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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15
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Kresmann S, Arokia AHR, Koch C, Sures B. Ecotoxicological potential of the biocides terbutryn, octhilinone and methylisothiazolinone: Underestimated risk from biocidal pathways? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:900-908. [PMID: 29306832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of biocides by industry, agriculture and households increased throughout the last two decades. Many new applications with known substances enriched the variety of biocidal pollution sources for the aquatic environment. While agriculture was the major source for a long time, leaching from building facades and preservation of personal care and cleaning products was identified as new sources in the last few years. With the different usage forms of biocidal products the complexity of legislative regulation increased as well. The requirements for risk assessment differ from one law to another and the potential risk of substances under different regulations might be underestimated. Still EC50 and predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values gained from testing with different species are the core of environmental risk assessment, but ecotoxicological data is limited or lacking for many biocides. In this study the biocides widely used in facade coatings and household products terbutryn, octhilinone and methylisothiazolinone were tested with the Daphnia magna acute immobilisation assay, the neutral red uptake assay and the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay, performed with rainbow trout liver (RTL-W1) cells. Further, the MTT assay with the ovarian cell line CHO-9 from Chinese hamster was used as mammalian model. Octhilinone induced the strongest effects with EC50 values of 156μg/l in the D. magna assay, while terbutryn showed the weakest effects with 8390μg/l and methylisothiazolinone 513μg/l respectively. All other assays showed higher EC50 values and thus only weak effects. EROD assays did not show any effects. With additional literature and database records PNEC values were calculated: terbutryn reached 0.003μg/l, octhilinone 0.05μg/l and methylisothiazolinone 0.5μg/l. Potential ecotoxicological risks of these biocides are discussed, considering environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kresmann
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Arokia Hansel Rajan Arokia
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; Environmental Resources Management GmbH, Siemensstraße 9, 63263 Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co. KG, 45966 Gladbeck, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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16
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A novel assay for the detection of anthelmintic activity mediated by cuticular damage to nematodes: validation on Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to cysteine proteinases. Parasitology 2017; 144:583-593. [PMID: 28134060 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016002353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Plant cysteine proteinases (CPs) from Carica papaya kill parasitic and free-living nematodes in vitro by hydrolysis of the worm cuticle, a mechanism that is different to all commercially available synthetic anthelmintics. We have developed a cheap and effective, rapid-throughput Caenorhabditis elegans-based assay for screening plant CP extracts for anthelmintic activity targeting cuticular integrity. The assay exploits colorimetric methodology for assessment of cuticular damage, and is based on the ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind Neutral red dye within lysosomes and to release the dye when damaged. Living worms are pre-stained with the dye, exposed to CPs and then leakage of the dye through the damaged cuticle is quantified by spectrophotometry. In contrast to motility assays and semi-subjective interpretation of microscopical images, this colorimetric assay is independent of observer bias. Our assay was applied to a series of C. elegans bus mutant strains with leaky cuticles and to cystatin knockout mutants. At ambient temperature and over 0.5-24 h, both bus mutants and the cystatin knockouts were highly susceptible to CPs, whereas wild-type Bristol N2 worms were essentially unstained by Neutral red and unaffected by CPs, providing validation for the utility of this assay.
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17
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Nanotoxicity of cobalt induced by oxidant generation and glutathione depletion in MCF-7 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 40:94-101. [PMID: 28024936 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There are very few studies regarding the biological activity of cobalt-based nanoparticles (NPs) and, therefore, the possible mechanism behind the biological response of cobalt NPs has not been fully explored. The present study was designed to explore the potential mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of cobalt NPs in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. The shape and size of cobalt NPs were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The crystallinity of NPs was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dissolution of NPs was measured in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and culture media by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Cytotoxicity parameters, such as [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release suggested that cobalt NPs were toxic to MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner (50-200μg/ml). Cobalt NPs also significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial outer membrane potential loss (MOMP), and activity of caspase-3 enzymes in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, cobalt NPs decreased intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) molecules. The exogenous supply of antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine in cobalt NP-treated cells restored the cellular GSH level and prevented cytotoxicity that was also confirmed by microscopy. Similarly, the addition of buthionine-[S, R]-sulfoximine, which interferes with GSH biosynthesis, potentiated cobalt NP-mediated toxicity. Our data suggested that low solubility cobalt NPs could exert toxicity in MCF-7 cells mainly through cobalt NP dissolution to Co2+.
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Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M, Alhadlaq HA, Alshamsan A, Majeed Khan M, Alrokayan SA. Antioxidative and cytoprotective response elicited by molybdenum nanoparticles in human cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M, Alhadlaq HA, Khan MM, Alrokayan SA. Glutathione replenishing potential of CeO 2 nanoparticles in human breast and fibrosarcoma cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 453:21-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Enhanced biocompatibility and wound healing properties of biodegradable polymer-modified allyl 2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 51:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Curcic M, Durgo K, Kopjar N, Ancic M, Vucinic S, Antonijevic B. Cadmium and decabrominated diphenyl ether mixture: In vitro evaluation of cytotoxic, prooxidative and genotoxic effects. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:663-671. [PMID: 25218094 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to look into the combined effects of Cd and BDE-209 in vitro, this study was aimed at examining cytotoxic and genotoxic effects using the human colon carcinoma cell line (SW 480) as a biological test system as well as to determine if ROS production was one of the possible mechanisms of their mixture action. This cell line was chosen since ingestion of contaminated food/water represents an important route of exposure to both Cd and BDE-209, which is why intestinal cells are a common target for the contaminants present in food and water. Cells were treated with single Cd in concentrations of 2.5, 7.5 or 15μg Cd/mL (corresponding to 22, 67 or 134μM), single BDE-209 in concentrations of 2.5, 5 or 10μg BDE209/mL (corresponding to 2.5, 5 or 10μM), and their mixtures (design 3×3). Mixture of Cd and BDE-209 has shown clear potential to reduce the viability of SW 480 cells, as evidenced by cytotoxicity associated with ROS generation. Factorial regression models used to identify type of interaction revealed synergism related to mixture citotoxicity and additive interaction for the effect on ROS production. The results from this introductory study could contribute to the issue of possible adverse effects associated with co-exposure and body burden with two persistent environmental pollutants, Cd and BDE-209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Curcic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatovic", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- Department for Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Krsnjavoga 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mario Ancic
- Department for Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Krsnjavoga 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Slavica Vucinic
- National Poison Control Center, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatovic", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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22
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Park YJ, Song YH, An JH, Song HJ, Anusavice KJ. Cytocompatibility of pure metals and experimental binary titanium alloys for implant materials. J Dent 2013; 41:1251-8. [PMID: 24060476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of nine types of pure metal ingots (Ag, Al, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Nb, V, Zr) and 36 experimental titanium (Ti) alloys containing 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% of each alloying element. METHODS The cell viabilities for each test group were compared with that of CP-Ti using the WST-1 test and agar overlay test. RESULTS The ranking of pure metal cytotoxicity from most potent to least potent was as follows: Cu>Al>Ag>V>Mn>Cr>Zr>Nb>Mo>CP-Ti. The mean cell viabilities for pure Cu, Al, Ag, V, and Mn were 21.6%, 25.3%, 31.7%, 31.7%, and 32.7%, respectively, which were significantly lower than that for the control group (p<0.05). The mean cell viabilities for pure Zr and Cr were 74.1% and 60.6%, respectively (p<0.05). Pure Mo and Nb demonstrated good biocompatibility with mean cell viabilities of 93.3% and 93.0%, respectively. The mean cell viabilities for all the Ti-based alloy groups were higher than 80% except for Ti-20 Nb (79.6%) and Ti-10 V (66.9%). The Ti-10 Nb alloy exhibited the highest cell viability (124.8%), which was higher than that of CP-Ti. Based on agar overlay test, pure Ag, Cr, Cu, Mn, and V were ranked as 'moderately cytotoxic', whereas the rest of the tested pure metals and all Ti alloys, except Ti-10 V (mild cytotoxicity), were ranked as 'noncytotoxic'. SIGNIFICANCE The results obtained in this study can serve as a guide for the development of new Ti-based alloy implant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Joon Park
- Department of Dental Materials and MRC for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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Fijalkowski K, Czernomysy-Furowicz D, Irwin JA, Nawrotek P, Pobucewicz A. Secretory virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from mastitic bovine milk--effect on bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:82-7. [PMID: 21944833 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to test whether exogenic virulence factors secreted by Staphylococcus aureus isolates are involved in mechanisms that allow the bacteria to modulate and evade phagocytosis by bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The research was based on the comparison of the effects of supernatants, prepared from cultures of 30 S. aureus isolates, on the functional properties of bovine neutrophils in vitro. S. aureus isolates were collected from milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis. Supernatants, which were used to treat leukocytes, were prepared from 18 h S. aureus cultures. Exogenic virulence factors secreted by S. aureus isolates significantly influenced the phagocytosis parameters evaluated. Depending on their leukotoxic or superantigenic properties, supernatants could affect the ingestion process, and also showed an influence on the digestion efficiency and phagocytosis carried out by bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Fijalkowski
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland.
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Gitika B, Sai Ram M, Sharma SK, Ilavazhagan G, Banerjee PK. Quercetin protects C6 glial cells from oxidative stress induced by tertiary-butylhydroperoxide. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:95-102. [PMID: 16298764 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500335447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The anti-oxidant and cyto-protective activity of quercetin against tertiary-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH) induced oxidative stress on C6 glial cells is reported. Exposure of the cells to t-BOOH resulted in a significant increase in cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid peroxidation. There was a significant increase in DNA strand breaks and fall in reduced GSH levels in cells exposed to t-BOOH. A significant increase in calcium ion influx was noticed in cells exposed to t-BOOH. Pre-treatment of cells with quercetin, vitamin C (vit C), Trolox, and deferoxamine (DFO) significantly inhibited t-BOOH induced cytotoxicity and ROS generation. Pretreatment of cells with quercetin, Trolox and DFO inhibited the DNA damage, maintained higher GSH levels and prevented calcium influx significantly. Although vit C protected the cells from cytotoxicity induced by t-BOOH, the intracellular Ca(2+) levels were significantly higher than the control cells. However, anti-oxidants like butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), vitamin E (vit E), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) did not have significant cytoprotection against t-BOOH induced oxidative injury in C6 glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gitika
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Lucknow Road, Delhi, 110054, India
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Shukla V, Vashistha M, Singh SN. Evaluation of antioxidant profile and activity of amalaki (Emblica officinalis), spirulina and wheat grass. Indian J Clin Biochem 2009; 24:70-5. [PMID: 23105810 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-009-0012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of amalki (Emblica officinalis), spirulina and wheatgrass were prepared and analyzed for antioxidant vitamin content (vitamin C and E), total phenolic compounds. Antioxidant status, reducing power and effect on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were evaluated in vitro. Vitamin C content of crude amalaki powder was found to be 5.38 mg/g, while very less amount 0.22 mg/g was detected in wheat grass. Amalki was rich in vitamin E like activity, total phenolic content, reducing power and antioxidant activity. Total antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of amalki, spirulina and wheat grass at 1mg/ml concentration were 7.78, 1.33 and 0.278 mmol/l respectively. At similar concentrations the total antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of amalaki, spirulina and wheat grass was 6.67, 1.73 and 0.380 mmol/l respectively. Amalki was also found to be rich source of phenolic compounds (241mg/g gallic acid equivalent). Alcoholic extract of wheat grass showed 50 % inhibition in FeCl(2)- ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates in vitro. Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of amalaki inhibited activity of rat liver glutathione S-transferase (GST) in vitro in dose dependant manner. Since GST acts as powerful drug metabolizing enzyme its inhibition by amalaki offers possibility of its use for lowering therapeutic dose of herbal preparations. The aqueous extracts of both amalki and spirulina also showed protection against t-BOOH induced cytotoxicity and production of ROS in cultured C(6) glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Shukla
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054 India
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Repetto G, del Peso A, Zurita JL. Neutral red uptake assay for the estimation of cell viability/cytotoxicity. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:1125-31. [PMID: 18600217 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1408] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The neutral red uptake assay provides a quantitative estimation of the number of viable cells in a culture. It is one of the most used cytotoxicity tests with many biomedical and environmental applications. It is based on the ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind the supravital dye neutral red in the lysosomes. Most primary cells and cell lines from diverse origin may be successfully used. Cells are seeded in 96-well tissue culture plates and are treated for the appropriate period. The plates are then incubated for 2 h with a medium containing neutral red. The cells are subsequently washed, the dye is extracted in each well and the absorbance is read using a spectrophotometer. The procedure is cheaper and more sensitive than other cytotoxicity tests (tetrazolium salts, enzyme leakage or protein content). Once the cells have been treated, the assay can be completed in <3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Repetto
- National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Av. Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain.
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Gokce EH, Sandri G, Bonferoni MC, Rossi S, Ferrari F, Güneri T, Caramella C. Cyclosporine A loaded SLNs: evaluation of cellular uptake and corneal cytotoxicity. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:76-86. [PMID: 18725276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for topical ophthalmic applications were prepared by high shear homogenization and ultrasound method using Compritol 888 ATO, Poloxamer 188 and Tween 80, to investigate the cellular uptake of rabbit corneal epithelial cells (RCE) and to evaluate the cytotoxicity. The size of the optimized formulation was 225.9+/-5.5 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.253+/-0.05. The zeta potential and entrapment efficiency was detected as -16.9+/-0.7 mV and 95.6%, respectively. The CsA release was found to be enzyme (lipase/co-lipase complex) dependent. SLNs were sterilized at 110 and 121 degrees C. The cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro by means of RCE cells and was higher at 121 degrees C sterilization temperature, probably due to a supposed leakage of Tween 80 following lipid re-crystallization. The permeation and penetration of CsA across/into the corneal cells were evaluated using in vitro and ex vivo experiments. The cellular uptake was investigated by replacing CsA with the fluorescent dye Rhodamine B. The penetration enhancement properties were supported by confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. The internalization of SLNs in cornea and in RCE cell lines was confirmed, pointing out the possibility of CsA targeting to the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren H Gokce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ege, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
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Interactions between cell death induced by statins and 7-ketocholesterol in rabbit aorta smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1236-46. [PMID: 18469840 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 7-Ketocholesterol, an oxysterol present in atherosclerotic lesions, induces smooth muscle cell (SMC) death, thereby destabilizing plaques. Statins protect patients from myocardial infarction, though they induce SMC apoptosis. We investigated whether statins and 7-ketocholesterol exerted additive cell death effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cultured rabbit aorta SMCs (passage 2-6) were exposed to 7-ketocholesterol with or without fluvastatin, simvastatin or pravastatin. Uptake of neutral red (NR), monolayer protein, cleavage of the pan-caspase substrate Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-rhodamine110, cell morphology (light and electron microscopy) and processing of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3, immunoblot) were determined. KEY RESULTS NR uptake declined upon 18 h exposure to 25 microM 7-ketocholesterol (-41+/-3%, n=13), 100 microM fluvastatin (-59%) or 30-100 microM simvastatin (-28 to -74%). Oxysterol and high statin concentrations exerted additive effects, but lower concentrations (fluvastatin 10-30 microM, simvastatin 1-10 microM) partly reversed viability loss. 7-Ketocholesterol caused intense cytoplasmic vacuolization, processing of LC3-I to LC3-II, but little caspase activation (increase 29.5%). Fluvastatin (10-100 microM, 70-545% increase) and simvastatin (3-100 microM 43-322% increase) induced caspase activation without LC3 processing, but failed to activate caspases in 7-ketocholesterol-treated SMCs. Pravastatin up to 100 microM was always inactive. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 7-Ketocholesterol caused SMC death, mainly via autophagic vesicle formation with LC3 processing, whereas lipophilic statins evoked SMC apoptosis. Cell death following 7-ketocholesterol and low statin concentrations were not additive, presumably because the autophagic process interfered with statin-induced caspase activation. This further illustrates that drug effects in normal SMCs are not necessarily predictive for activities in atherosclerotic settings.
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Zepik HH, Walde P, Kostoryz EL, Code J, Yourtee DM. Lipid vesicles as membrane models for toxicological assessment of xenobiotics. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:1-11. [PMID: 18161501 DOI: 10.1080/10408440701524519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally animals and cell cultures have been used to assess the toxic potential of xenobiotics on cell membranes. In search for more reproducible, quantitative, cost- and time-effective assays, toxicologists have recently become interested in biomimetic lipid vesicle-based test systems. Lipid vesicles (liposomes) have long been appreciated as simple cell membrane models in biochemical and biophysical studies providing a good understanding of the physicochemical properties of liposome systems. More recently a number of reports have been published on the interactions of toxic substances with vesicles. Literature reports on liposome assays have appeared for widely different classes of xenobiotics, such as dental materials, antibiotics, detergents, and peptides. In this review we focus on those reports that contain a quantitative and significant correlation with more established toxicological tests like cell culture assays. We provide an introduction to the structure and main characteristics of vesicles and related lipid aggregates. The two main assays presented are leakage of fluorescence dyes and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the solid-ordered/liquid-disordered main phase transition temperature (Tm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut H Zepik
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The evaluation of eye and skin irritation potential is essential to ensuring the safety of individuals in contact with a wide variety of substances designed for industrial, pharmaceutical or cosmetic use. The Draize rabbit eye and skin irritancy tests have been used for 60 years to attempt to predict the human ocular and dermal irritation of such products. The Draize test has been the standard for ocular and dermal safety assessments for decades. However, several aspects of the test have been criticised. These include: the subjectivity of the method; the overestimation of human responses; and the method's cruelty. The inadequacies of the Draize test have led to several laboratories over the last 20 years making efforts to develop in vitro assays to replace it. Protocols that use different types of cell cultures and other methods have been devised to study eye and skin irritation. Different commercial kits have also been developed to study eye and skin irritation, based on the action of chemicals on these tissues. This article presents a review of the main alternatives developed to replace the use of animals in the study of chemical irritation. Particular attention is paid to the reproducibility of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Vinardell
- Department of Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Prasad D, Sai Ram M, Sawhney RC, Ilavazhagan G, Banerjee PK. Mechanism of tert-butylhydroperoxide induced cytotoxicity in U-937 macrophages by alteration of mitochondrial function and generation of ROS. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:846-54. [PMID: 17419000 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
tert-Butylhydroperoxide has been reported to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in number of cell types, but little is known about the molecular mechanism mediating these effects. In the present study, we determined the molecular pathways that lead to apoptosis after treatment of cells with t-BOOH. The cells were exposed to different concentrations of t-BOOH (100-750 microM) for 1-4 h and various parameters such as cytotoxicity, ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation, MMP (mitochondrial membrane potential), intracellular Ca++ levels and expression of various proteins involved in apoptosis were determined. Exposure of U-937 cells to t-BOOH induced cytotoxicity in a time dependent manner with about 50% toxicity at 400 microM t-BOOH in 4h. t-BOOH treatment resulted in a time dependent increase in reactive oxygen species levels, Ca++ influx and annexin V positive cells. There was a significant fall in MMP following exposure to t-BOOH with time. t-BOOH treatment of U-937 cells leads to apoptosis, which is accompanied by activation of caspase-3. The caspase-3 inhibitor (Ac-DEVD-CHO) inhibits the cytotoxicity induced by t-BOOH, indicating a direct link between caspase-3 activation and cell death. This activation of apoptosis is accompanied by release of cytochrome c, down regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 levels with concurrent increase in pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bad levels. These observations indicate that t-BOOH induces cell death in U-937 macrophages by apoptosis, which is mediated through mitochondrial pathway.
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32
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Ohayon-Courtès C, Passagne I, De Portal C, Pouvreau C, Cambar J, L'Azou B. ICP/OES application for assessing cadmium uptake (or toxicity) in glomerular cells: influence of extracellular calcium. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:750-9. [PMID: 17613746 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701236439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The risks of metals for health are highlighted by their chemical stability and their persistence in the environment. Chronic exposure to low cadmium (Cd) concentrations results in renal dysfunction mainly. Cd has been regarded primarily as a renal tubular toxicant, but glomerular structures may also be affected. Since the cellular environment may influence metal toxicity, differences concerning Cd uptake and toxicity were evaluated according to calcium (Ca) medium concentrations. An optimized inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry method (ICP/OES) was developed under defined conditions, as a selective analytical tool to determine cadmium uptake in glomerular mesangial cells. The performance characteristics of the analytical system were evaluated for both Cd and Ca by calibration (50 to 250 microg/L and 1 to 5 mg/L), linearity (r2 .9968 and .9943), limits of detection (1 microg/L and 0.1 mg/L) and quantitation (3 microg/L and 0.3 mg/L), accuracy with spiking, and repeatability (1.2 and 2.9%) with matrix matched standards. Total intracellular Cd content was significantly threefold lower in 0.175 mM Ca medium (Ca-free Eagle's minimum essential medium [EMEM] medium with 5% fetal bovine serum [FBS]) than in EMEM medium (1.8 mM Ca) with respectively 0.16 and 0.37 microg/mg proteins after 24 h of Cd (1 microM) exposure. Similar differences were obtained in cytotoxicity studies with a fourfold reduction in the mortality index (IC50). Complementary assays using Ca-spiked medium reinforced that Cd cytotoxicity and uptake were significantly dependent on the concentration of extracellular Ca. These findings suggest direct link between Cd uptake and toxicity, underlining the relevance of the analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Ohayon-Courtès
- Laboratoire Hydrologie-Environnement, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.
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Wisløff H, Gharehnia B, Flåøyen A, Andersen KJ. Effects of 3-methoxy-2(5H)-furanone-containing extracts from Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. on renal tubular cells in vitro. Toxicon 2007; 49:368-77. [PMID: 17141820 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Narthecium ossifragum, a perennial herb of the lily family, causes toxic renal tubular necrosis in several ruminant species. 3-Methoxy-2(5H)-furanone (3M2F) has been identified as a nephrotoxin present in N. ossifragum extracts. We studied effects of three different 3M2F-containing fractions isolated from N. ossifragum and synthetic 3M2F on the porcine kidney cell line LLC-PK1. In some of the experiments, we included the glioma cell lines U251 and BT4Cn to compare the effects of the toxin on LLC-PK1 cells to the effect on these cell lines. The synthetic 3M2F was shown to be only mildly toxic, and the most purified fraction from N. ossifragum showed the highest degree of toxicity in our studies. When monolayer cultures were exposed to increasing amounts of 3M2F-containing extract, a dose-dependent increase in cell death was observed. Similarly, reduced neutral red uptake and 3H-thymidine uptake (DNA synthesis) was observed. There was increased apoptotic activity in the LLC-PK1 cells with increasing concentration of 3M2F-containing extract. Multicellular three-dimensional spheroids from LLC-PK1 cells stopped fluid transport, showed degenerative changes and collapsed totally 6 h after extract exposure. Our findings indicate junctional damage, reduced cellular endocytosis and DNA-synthesis as well as induction of apoptosis as possible mechanisms for the acute tubular necrosis observed in ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Wisløff
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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L'Azou B, Dubus I, Ohayon-Courtès C, Cambar J. Human glomerular mesangial IP15 cell line as a suitable model for in vitro cadmium cytotoxicity studies. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 23:267-78. [PMID: 17180447 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium represents a major environmental pollutant that may induce severe damage, especially in the kidney where cadmium accumulates. While cadmium is known to severely impair renal tubular functions, glomerular structures are also potential targets. Owing to their contractile properties, glomerular mesangial cells play a major role in the control of glomerular hemodynamics and influence the ultrafiltration coefficient. Cell cultures provide alternative and fruitful models for study of in vitro toxicology. However, the use of primary human mesangial cell cultures is hampered by their limited survival span and their rapid dedifferentiation during passages. This study presents a human stable immortalized mesangial cell line, designated IP15. Cell characteristics were investigated by the detection of known mesangial markers, as well as their ability to contract in response to angiotensin II. IP15 cells were used to investigate cadmium uptake and morphological changes such as cell contraction and cytoskeleton protein expression. The IC(50) cytotoxicity index was obtained with 3.55 micromol/L using neutral red assay for 24 h. After cadmium exposure (1 micromol/L, determined as nonlethal concentration), 0.38 microg Cd/mg protein was internalized by the cells as evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP/OES). Cadmium induced a significant cell surface reduction that correlated with smooth-muscle alpha-actin disorganization. Thus, the IP15 cell line is a suitable model for study of in vitro cadmium cytotoxicity in mesangial cells and allows sufficient material to be obtained for future studies of the intracellular effects of cadmium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L'Azou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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35
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Sagi SSK, Paliwal P, Bansal A, Mishra C, Khan N, Mustoori SR, Ilavazhagan G, Sawhney RC, Banerjee PK. Studies on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DnaJ of Salmonella Typhi against lethal infection by Salmonella Typhimurium in mice. Vaccine 2006; 24:7135-41. [PMID: 16887241 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study DnaJ (HSP40) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has been evaluated for its immunogenicity and efficacy in protecting mice against lethal challenge by S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. DnaJ was amplified by PCR of the genomic DNA of S. Typhi and subsequently cloned in pQE-30 expression vector. The protein was induced by IPTG and purified using Ni-NTA chromatography under denaturing conditions. After refolding in vitro the immune response was evaluated by injecting 40 microg DnaJ protein/mouse i.p. on 0th, 7th and 28th day. The results showed a significant increase in antibody titre and lymphocyte proliferation in animals immunised with DnaJ as compared to control. Further there was an appreciable increase in IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma production in lymphocytes isolated from immunised mice as compared to control. In this limited study, immunisation of mice with DnaJ was found to provide 70% protection against lethal challenge by S. Typhimurium indicating the possible use of DnaJ as vaccine candidate against typhoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarada S K Sagi
- Department of Experimental Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
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Zhu QX, Shen T, Ding R, Liang ZZ, Zhang XJ. Cytotoxicity of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene on normal human epidermal keratinocytes and protective role of vitamin E. Toxicology 2005; 209:55-67. [PMID: 15725514 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PERC), the most common alkenyl halides, have been extensively used in industry, and can cause skin damage. To evaluate their cytotoxic potential on skin, the effects of these agents on the normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) were investigated. Their action on cell viability, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) was assessed by neutral red uptake (NRU) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release test and measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In addition, the protective effect of antioxidatant vitamin E on the cytotoxicity was also studied. Incubation of NHEK with various concentrations (0.01-31.6 mM) of TCE or PERC caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, with 80% reduction at 31.6 mM. NR50 values from the cytotoxicity assay was found to be 4.53 and 2.16 mM for TCE and PERC, respectively. A time- and concentration- dependent release of LDH were observed at 1, 2, 3, 4 h after cells were exposed to different doses of TCE or PERC. These agents also caused an increase of MDA, whilst an inhibition of SOD activity, in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of the cells with vitamin E at 10-200 mM dose-dependently attenuated the cytotoxic effect of TCE or PERC. Pre-treatment with vitamin E also reversed subsequent TCE or PERC-induced release of LDH, elevation of lipid peroxidation and decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results suggest that TCE and PERC could induce cytotoxicity to NHEK associated with oxidative stress and antioxidatant vitamin E could effectively protect NHEK from TCE- or PERC-induced cytotoxicity, which may be associated to the superoxide scavenging effect and enhancement of anti-oxidant enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xing Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China.
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Zhu QX, Shen T, Tu DY, Ding R, Liang ZZ, Zhang XJ. Protective Effects of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extracts on Trichloroethylene-Induced Human Keratinocyte Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 18:160-9. [PMID: 15920354 DOI: 10.1159/000085977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts (EGb) on trichloroethylene (TCE)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Cytotoxicity was determined by neutral red uptake, and lipid peroxidation of the cells was assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Electron microscopy and flow cytometry were used to evaluate NHEK apoptosis. Treatment of NHEK with various concentrations of TCE caused a substantial decrease in cell viability. NR(50 )from the cytotoxicity assay was found to be 4.53 mM. TCE caused an increase in MDA, while an inhibition of SOD activity, in a concentration-dependent manner. Electron microscopic examination revealed typical morphologic changes of apoptosis in cells treated with TCE. Incubation of NHEK with TCE (0, 0.125, 0.5, 2.0 mM) for 4 h increased the proportion of apoptotic cells from control of 19.23% to nearly 44.35%. Pretreatment of EGb at 10-200 mg/l dose-dependently attenuated the cytotoxic effect of TCE, prevented TCE-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation and decline of antioxidant enzyme activities. Similar inhibition by EGb on TCE-mediated NHEK apoptosis was also observed. These results suggest that EGb can protect NHEK from TCE-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which may be associated with the superoxide scavenging effect and enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-X Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
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Khosravi M, Bahrami ZS, Atabaki MSJ, Shokrgozar MA, Shokri F. Comparative effectiveness of hand and ultrasonic instrumentations in root surface planing in vitro. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:160-5. [PMID: 15016018 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6979.2004.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A variety of techniques are employed for planing and scaling of the superficial root surfaces, of which hand and ultrasonic instrumentations have been preferentially used in routine periodontics clinics. This study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of ultrasonic scalers and hand curettes in facilitating fibroblast attachment to the scaled root surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen patients with periodontally involved teeth and nine subjects without periodontal diseases (control subjects) were selected. Two single-rooted teeth were extracted from each subject. Mesial and distal surfaces of teeth were selected in treated and untreated groups, respectively. The mesial surface of each tooth was randomly chosen to be treated either by hand curettes or ultrasonic instrumentation. The degree of cell attachment on the root surfaces of treated and untreated groups from control subjects and patients was then determined by the use of a gingival fibroblast line established and employed at early passages. The attachment and proliferation of gingival fibroblasts on the root surfaces were evaluated using neutral red assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS Fibroblast survival and proliferation on the surfaces of untreated periodontally involved roots were found to be significantly lower compared with control untreated surfaces (p<0.0001) or treated surfaces from patients (p<0.0001). No significant difference, however, was observed between root surfaces treated either by hand curettes or ultrasonic scalers. CONCLUSION These results indicate the beneficial effectiveness of both techniques in root treatment and planing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Khosravi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Svendsen C, Spurgeon DJ, Hankard PK, Weeks JM. A review of lysosomal membrane stability measured by neutral red retention: is it a workable earthworm biomarker? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2004; 57:20-29. [PMID: 14659363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of biomarkers to integrate effects of chemicals on biota has lead to increased calls for their application in assessing the status of polluted ecosystems. In tandem there has been an increase in our knowledge of the ecophysiological responses of keystone species to pollutants, which has allowed the development of a number of promising methods. In contrast to the number of biomarker development studies, the number of biomarker validation studies has remained limited. This paper redresses this imbalance by drawing together data from studies that have used the earthworm lysosomal membrane stability response (measured using the neutral red retention assay). This review first gives a short history of the biomarker's development. Second, it sets published applications of the technique against established criteria for a "good" biomarker (i.e., dose-response relationship, sensitivity, ecological relevance, confounding factors, chemical specificity, species differences, time-response relationship, methodological concerns, and overall public/regulator confidence, and acceptance). Discussion of the biomarker's suitability to each criterion is followed by an overall evaluation of its workability for routine soil quality assessment and caveats for its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood, Abbotts Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE28 2LS, UK.
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40
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Sjögren G, Sletten G, Dahl JE. Cytotoxicity of dental alloys, metals, and ceramics assessed by millipore filter, agar overlay, and MTT tests. J Prosthet Dent 2000; 84:229-36. [PMID: 10946345 DOI: 10.1067/mpr.2000.107227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Biocompatibility of dental materials is dependent on the release of elements from the materials. In addition, the composition, pretreatment, and handling of the materials influence the element release. PURPOSE This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of dental alloys, metals, and ceramics, with specific emphasis on the effects of altering the composition and the pretreatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS By using cells from a mouse fibroblast cell line and the agar overlay test, Millipore filter test, and MTT test, cytotoxicity of various metals, metal alloys, and ceramics for dental restoration were studied. Effects of altering the composition of a high noble gold alloy and of pretreatment of a ceramic-bonding alloy were also studied. In addition, the release of elements into the cell culture medium by the materials studied was measured using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer. The results of the MTT test were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Scheffé test at a significance level of P <.05. RESULTS Specimens manufactured from materials intended for dental restorations and handled in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions were ranked from "noncytotoxic" to "mildly cytotoxic" according to the agar overlay and Millipore filter tests. For the MTT test, no significant differences were observed between these materials and controls, with the exception of JS C-gold and unalloyed titanium. The modified materials were ranked from "mildly cytotoxic" to "moderately cytotoxic" in the agar overlay and Millipore filter tests and from "noncytotoxic" to "moderately cytotoxic" in the MTT test. Thus, cytotoxicity was related to the alloy composition and treatment. The release of Cu and Zn seemed to be important for the cytotoxic effect. CONCLUSION Alterations in the composition and the pretreatment can greatly influence the cytotoxicity, and the results stress the importance of carefully following the manufacturers' instructions when handling dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sjögren
- NIOM-Scandinavian Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum, Norway.
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Smans KA, Ingvarsson MB, Lindgren P, Canevari S, Walt H, Stigbrand T, Bäckström T, Millán JL. Bispecific antibody-mediated lysis of primary cultures of ovarian carcinoma cells using multiple target antigens. Int J Cancer 1999; 83:270-7. [PMID: 10471538 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19991008)83:2<270::aid-ijc20>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that a bispecific antibody (BsAb) directed against both germ-cell alkaline phosphatase (GCAP) and the CD3 complex on mouse T cells could effectively eliminate GCAP-positive tumor cells in vivo using an immunocompetent mouse model. However, some GCAP-negative tumor cells were still able to grow, suggesting that BsAb therapy, when used in a clinical setting, could benefit from targeting several tumor markers to prevent outgrowth of tumor cells lacking a targeted marker. To test this hypothesis, we developed an in vitro model based on primary human ovarian carcinoma (OC) cultures and BsAbs directed against human T cells and several tumor markers [placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), GCAP, folate-binding protein (FBP) and CA19.9]. OC cells, isolated from primary tumors, were co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence or absence of various concentrations of BsAbs against PLAP/GCAP, FBP and CA19.9 administered separately or in combination. Results derived from 18 primary OC samples showed that the combination treatment was better than or equally effective as the best single BsAB treatment in 60% of cases. Sometimes targeting FBP, PLAP/GCAP or CA19.9 alone was superior to targeting all simultaneously. Combining each BsAb with a low dose of IL-2 was always beneficial. These results indicate that before using a specific BsAb in the clinic, it is important to determine the optimal BsAb for each patient using this in vitro assay on cells from the removed tumor mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Smans
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Medical Genetics, Umeâ University, Umeâ, Sweden
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Bondemark L, Kurol J, Wennberg A. Orthodontic rare earth magnets--in vitro assessment of cytotoxicity. BRITISH JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 1994; 21:335-41. [PMID: 7857892 DOI: 10.1179/bjo.21.4.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess and compare in vitro the cytotoxic effects of uncoated and parylene-coated rare earth magnets, used in orthodontics. Cytotoxicity of samarium-cobalt magnets (SmCo5 and Sm2Co17) and neodymium-iron-boron magnets (Nd2Fe14B) was assessed by two in vitro methods, the millipore filter method and an extraction method. Orthodontic stainless steel brackets served as controls. Uncoated SmCo5-magnets showed high cytotoxicity while uncoated Sm2Co17-magnets demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity. Uncoated neodymium-iron-boron magnets, as well as parylene coated Sm2Co17-magnets and parylene-coated neodymium-iron-boron magnets, showed negligible cytotoxicity. Short-term exposure to a static magnetic field did not cause any cytotoxic effect on the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bondemark
- Tandregleringskliniken (Orthodontic Clinic), Hässleholm, Sweden
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Grant RL, Yao C, Gabaldon D, Acosta D. Evaluation of surfactant cytotoxicity potential by primary cultures of ocular tissues: I. Characterization of rabbit corneal epithelial cells and initial injury and delayed toxicity studies. Toxicology 1992; 76:153-76. [PMID: 1281345 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(92)90162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to develop cytotoxicity assay systems using primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells as an experimental model to evaluate oculotoxic agents and the ability of these in vitro assay systems to predict irritancy potential and delayed toxicity. We have characterized the epithelial nature of the cultures by identifying keratins with antikeratin antibodies (AE1/AE3) and by demonstrating metabolic enzymes important to the integrity of the cells: lactate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase. Eight surfactants were compared and ranked according to their cytotoxic potential. We evaluated cytotoxicity by measuring leakage of the cytosolic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, into the medium, by making morphological observations and by assessing lysosomal neutral red uptake and mitochondrial 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction. The cells were treated for 1 h with the surfactants and the possibility of delayed toxicity was evaluated 24 h after removal of the surfactant. The cytotoxicity of the different types of surfactants as shown by all the tests was cationic > anionic = amphoteric > non-ionic. Triton X-100, a non-ionic surfactant but a severe irritant, had a ranking similar to anionic surfactants. The in vitro rankings corresponded well to reported in vivo Draize rabbit eye test data. The 24-h test for lactate dehydrogenase leakage showed that mild and non-irritating surfactants did not demonstrate any subsequent damage after a 1-h exposure, but the extreme and severe surfactants continued to show further damage after the 1-h exposure. These in vitro findings were similar to reported in vivo results. The neutral red and MTT tests did not adequately predict the prolonged toxicity of the more irritating surfactants, as was demonstrated by the lactate dehydrogenase leakage test. We conclude that in vitro cytotoxicity assays using primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells may be used to rank the cytotoxic potential of surfactants, but only the lactate dehydrogenase leakage test was able to assess prolonged cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Grant
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin 78712
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