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Li R, Lightbody AA, Lee CH, Bartholomay KL, Marzelli MJ, Reiss AL. Association of Intrinsic Functional Brain Network and Longitudinal Development of Cognitive Behavioral Symptoms in Young Girls With Fragile X Syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:814-822. [PMID: 37004849 PMCID: PMC10544666 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an X chromosome-linked genetic disorder characterized by increased risk for behavioral, social, and neurocognitive deficits. Because males express a more severe phenotype than females, research has focused largely on identifying neural abnormalities in all-male or both-sex populations with FXS. Therefore, very little is known about the neural alterations that contribute to cognitive behavioral symptoms in females with FXS. This cross-sectional study aimed to elucidate the large-scale resting-state brain networks associated with the multidomain cognitive behavioral phenotype in girls with FXS. METHODS We recruited 38 girls with full-mutation FXS (11.58 ± 3.15 years) and 32 girls without FXS (11.66 ± 2.27 years). Both groups were matched on age, verbal IQ, and multidomain cognitive behavioral symptoms. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected. RESULTS Compared with the control group, girls with FXS showed significantly greater resting-state functional connectivity of the default mode network, lower nodal strength at the right middle temporal gyrus, stronger nodal strength at the left caudate, and higher global efficiency of the default mode network. These aberrant brain network characteristics map directly onto the cognitive behavioral symptoms commonly observed in girls with FXS. An exploratory analysis suggested that brain network patterns at a prior time point (time 1) were predictive of the longitudinal development of participants' multidomain cognitive behavioral symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings represent the first examination of large-scale brain network alterations in a large sample of girls with FXS, expanding our knowledge of potential neural mechanisms underlying the development of cognitive behavioral symptoms in girls with FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihui Li
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau S.A.R., China.
| | - Amy A Lightbody
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Cindy H Lee
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kristi L Bartholomay
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew J Marzelli
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Ebisch SJH, Scalabrini A, Northoff G, Mucci C, Sergi MR, Saggino A, Aquino A, Alparone FR, Perrucci MG, Gallese V, Di Plinio S. Intrinsic Shapes of Empathy: Functional Brain Network Topology Encodes Intersubjective Experience and Awareness Traits. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040477. [PMID: 35448008 PMCID: PMC9024660 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trait empathy is an essential personality feature in the intricacy of typical social inclinations of individuals. Empathy is likely supported by multilevel neuronal network functioning, whereas local topological properties determine network integrity. In the present functional MRI study (N = 116), we aimed to trace empathic traits to the intrinsic brain network architecture. Empathy was conceived as composed of two dimensions within the concept of pre-reflective, intersubjective understanding. Vicarious experience consists of the tendency to resonate with the feelings of other individuals, whereas intuitive understanding refers to a natural awareness of others’ emotional states. Analyses of graph theoretical measures of centrality showed a relationship between the fronto-parietal network and psychometric measures of vicarious experience, whereas intuitive understanding was associated with sensorimotor and subcortical networks. Salience network regions could constitute hubs for information processing underlying both dimensions. The network properties related to empathy dimensions mainly concern inter-network information flow. Moreover, interaction effects implied several sex differences in the relationship between functional network organization and trait empathy. These results reveal that distinct intrinsic topological network features explain individual differences in separate dimensions of intersubjective understanding. The findings could help understand the impact of brain damage or stimulation through alterations of empathy-related network integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J. H. Ebisch
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Georg Northoff
- The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- TMU Research Centre for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Clara Mucci
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Maria Rita Sergi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Aristide Saggino
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.R.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Aquino
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Francesca R. Alparone
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Mauro Gianni Perrucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | - Simone Di Plinio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.A.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.P.); (S.D.P.)
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Amanzio M, Palermo S, Stanziano M, D'Agata F, Galati A, Gentile S, Castellano G, Bartoli M, Cipriani GE, Rubino E, Fonio P, Rainero I. Investigating Neuroimaging Correlates of Early Frailty in Patients With Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A MRI and FDG-PET Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:637796. [PMID: 33935684 PMCID: PMC8079404 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.637796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a dynamic clinical condition characterized by the reduction of interconnections among different psychobiological domains, which leads to a homeostatic vulnerability. The association between physical frailty and cognitive dysfunctions is a possible predictor of poor prognosis in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. However, this construct has not been fully analyzed by a multidimensional neuropsychogeriatric assessment matched with multimodal neuroimaging methods in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). We have investigated cognitive dysfunctions and frailty status, assessed by both a neuropsychological evaluation and the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI), in a sample of 18 bvFTD patients and compared to matched healthy controls. Gray matter (GM) volume (as assessed by voxel-based morphometry) and metabolism (on 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography) were first separately compared between groups, then voxelwise compared and correlated to each other within patients. Linear regression of the MPI was performed on those voxels presenting a significant correlation between altered GM volume and metabolism. The neuropsychological assessment reflected the diagnoses and the functional-anatomical alterations documented by neuroimaging analyses. In particular, the majority of patients presented significant executive dysfunction and mood changes in terms of apathy, depression, and anxiety. In the overall MPI score, the patients fell in the lower range (indicating an early frailty status). On imaging, they exhibited a bilateral decrease of GM density and hypometabolism involving the frontal pole, the anterior opercular region, and the anterior cingulate cortex. Greater atrophy than hypometabolism was observed in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, the triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, and the ventral striatum, whereas the contrary was detected in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and pre-supplementary motor area. MPI scores significantly correlated only with the co-occurrence of a decrease of GM density and hypometabolism in the right anterior insular cortex, but not with the separate pathological phenomena. Our results show a correlation between a specific pattern of co-occurring GM atrophy and hypometabolism with early frailty in bvFTD patients. These aspects, combined with executive dysfunction and mood changes, may lead to an increased risk of poor prognosis, highlighting a potentially critical and precocious role of the insula in the pathogenesis of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Amanzio
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP-AHA), Brussels, Belgium
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi Avanzati in Neuroscienze - National Institute of Turin (NIT), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP-AHA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mario Stanziano
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta,”Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico D'Agata
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonello Galati
- Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino,”Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gentile
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Castellano
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Rubino
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Fonio
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Radiology Institute, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi Avanzati in Neuroscienze - National Institute of Turin (NIT), Orbassano, Italy
- Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Era V, Carnevali L, Thayer JF, Candidi M, Ottaviani C. Dissociating cognitive, behavioral and physiological stress-related responses through dorsolateral prefrontal cortex inhibition. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 124:105070. [PMID: 33310375 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been implicated in the regulation of stress-related cognitive processes and physiological responses and is the principal target of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques applied to psychiatric conditions. However, existing studies are mostly correlational and causal evidence on the role of this region in mediating specific psychophysiological mechanisms underpinning stress-related responses are needed to make the application of such techniques more efficient. To fill this gap, this study used inhibitory continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) in healthy individuals to examine the extent to which activity of the left dlPFC is associated with cognitive (subjective focus on a tracking task), behavioral (reaction times and variability), and physiological responses (heart rate and its variability and cortisol level) following induction of perseverative cognition. Compared to sham and left ventral PreMotor area stimulation (as active control area), inhibition of left dlPFC determined sustained autonomic and neuroendocrine activation and increased the subjective perception of being task-focused, while not changing the behavioral and self-reported stress-related responses. Adopting a causative approach, we describe a role of left dlPFC in inhibitory control of the physiological stress-response associated to perseverative thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Era
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Carnevali
- Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Candidi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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The Neurological Predictor Scale Predicts Adaptive Functioning via Executive Dysfunction in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumor. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27:1-11. [PMID: 32641194 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617720000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Survivors of childhood brain tumors experience neurological sequelae that disrupt everyday adaptive functioning (AF) skills. The Neurological Predictor Scale (NPS), a cumulative measure of tumor treatments and sequelae, predicts cognitive outcomes, but findings on its relation to informant-reported executive dysfunction (ED) and AF are mixed. Given known effects of frontal-subcortical system disruptions on AF, this study assessed the NPS' relationship with AF as mediated by frontal systems dysfunction, measured by the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe). METHODS 75 participants (Mage = 23.5, SDage = 4.5) were young adult survivors of childhood brain tumors at least 5 years past diagnosis. FrSBe and Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R), a measure of AF, were administered to informants. Parallel multiple mediator models included Apathy and ED as mediators, and age at diagnosis and time between diagnosis and assessment as covariates. RESULTS More complex treatment and sequelae were correlated with poorer functioning. Mediation models were significant for all subscales: Motor Skills (MS), p = .0001; Social Communication (SC), p = .002; Personal Living (PL), p = .004; Community Living (CL), p = .007. The indirect effect of ED on SC and CL was significant; the indirect effect of Apathy was not significant for any subscales. CONCLUSIONS More complex tumor treatment and sequelae were associated with poorer long-term AF via increased ED. Cognitive rehabilitation programs may focus on the role of executive function and initiation that contribute to AF, particularly SC and CL skills, to help survivors achieve comparable levels of independence in everyday function as their peers.
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Bartoli M, Palermo S, Cipriani GE, Amanzio M. A Possible Association Between Executive Dysfunction and Frailty in Patients With Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Psychol 2020; 11:554307. [PMID: 33262722 PMCID: PMC7685991 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Frailty is an age-related dynamic status, characterized by a reduced resistance to stressors due to the cumulative decline of multiple physiological systems. Several researches have highlighted a relationship between physical frailty and cognitive decline; however, the role of specific cognitive domains has not been deeply clarified yet. Current studies have hypothesized that physical frailty and neuropsychological deficits may share systemic inflammation and increased oxidative stress in different neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. However, the role of the executive dysfunction should be investigated in a more detailed way using a multidimensional approach. With this aim, we conducted a review of the literature on the few experimental articles published to discuss the existence of a relationship between frailty and cognitive impairment in neurocognitive disorders, particularly focusing on the domain of executive dysfunction. The data suggest that physical frailty and cognitive decline, especially executive dysfunction, are two aspects strongly linked in mild and major neurocognitive disorders due to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. In light of this, a new framework linking aging, cognitive decline, and neurodegenerative diseases is needed. In order to analyze the effects that aging processes have on neural decline and neurocognitive disease, and to identify relevant groups of users and patients, future longitudinal studies should adopt a multidimensional approach, in the field of primary prevention and in the continuum from mild to major neurocognitive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Martina Amanzio
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing, Brussels, Belgium
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Choi SE, Roy B, Freeby M, Mullur R, Woo MA, Kumar R. Prefrontal cortex brain damage and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2020; 12:465-473. [PMID: 31886635 PMCID: PMC7210044 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined brain tissue integrity in sites that controls cognition (prefrontal cortices; PFC) and its relationships to glycemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We examined 28 T2DM patients (median age 57.1 years; median body mass index [BMI] 30.6 kg/m2 ;11 males) and 47 healthy controls (median age 55.0 years; median BMI 25.8 kg/m2 ; 29 males) for cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]), glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]), and PFC tissue status via brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). High-resolution T1-weighted images were collected using a 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner, and PFC tissue changes (tissue density) were examined with voxel-based morphometry procedures. RESULTS Reduced PFC density values were observed in T2DM patients compared to controls (left, 0.41 ± 0.02 mm3 /voxel vs 0.44 ± 0.02 mm3 /voxel, P < 0.001; right, 0.41 ± 0.03 mm3 /voxel vs 0.45 ± 0.02 mm3 /voxel, P < 0.001). PFC density values were positively correlated with cognition; left PFC region (r = 0.53, P = 0.005) and right PFC region (r = 0.56, P = 0.003), with age and sex as covariates. Significant negative correlations were found between PFC densities and HbA1c values; left PFC region (r = -0.39, P = 0.049) and right PFC region (r = -0.48, P = 0.01), with age and sex as covariates. CONCLUSIONS T2DM patients showed PFC brain tissue damage, which is associated with cognitive deficits and poor glycemic control. Further research is needed to identify causal relationships between HbA1c, cognition, and brain changes in T2DM and to evaluate the impact of interventions to prevent brain tissue injury or neuroregeneration in this high-risk patient population, to eventually preserve or enhance cognition and improve glucose outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Choi
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bhaswati Roy
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew Freeby
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rashmi Mullur
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mary A Woo
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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de la Peña IC, Pan MC, Thai CG, Alisso T. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050292. [PMID: 32422912 PMCID: PMC7287898 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the predominantly inattentive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-PI) subtype/presentation is important given its high prevalence, but paradoxically it is under-recognized and undertreated. The temporal stability of the inattention symptom could impact the high worldwide prevalence of ADHD-PI. Some evidence suggests differences in the nature of attentional deficit in ADHD-PI vs. that in other subtypes. Impairments in neuropsychological, neurocognitive, and social functioning are also evident in ADHD-PI, which could be specific to the subtype (e.g., processing speed, social perception, and skills), or differ from others in severity. Neuroimaging studies have also revealed ADHD-PI-specific neuropathological abnormalities and those that are shared with other subtypes. ADHD-PI is highly comorbid with learning and internalizing (e.g., anxiety and depression) disorders. There is no solid evidence for ADHD-PI-specific genetic etiologies and differential responses of subtypes to ADHD medications. Translational studies have used the Wistar Kyoto/NCrl substrain which requires further characterizations as an ADHD-PI model. Overall, ADHD-PI research has been conducted in the context of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, which arguably does not conform to the widely recognized "dimensional" view of ADHD. The Research Domain Criteria has been proposed to provide a novel framework for understanding the nature of neuropsychiatric illnesses and ultimately improve their diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike C. de la Peña
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (C.G.T.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-909-651-5995; Fax: +1-909-558-0446
| | - Michael C. Pan
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Division of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College, Tacloban 6500, Philippines
| | - Chau Giang Thai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (C.G.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Tamara Alisso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (C.G.T.); (T.A.)
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Serra L, Bruschini M, Ottaviani C, Di Domenico C, Fadda L, Caltagirone C, Cercignani M, Carlesimo GA, Bozzali M. Thalamocortical disconnection affects the somatic marker and social cognition: a case report. Neurocase 2019; 25:1-9. [PMID: 30931814 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2019.1599025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thalamo-cortical connectivity was characterised in a patient with bilateral infarct of the thalami, without evidence of cognitive deficits in everyday life. Patient underwent social and emotional tests, Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), with and without concomitant heart rate variability (HRV) recording and at 3T-MRI to assess thalamo-cortical connectivity. Patient showed impairment at the IGT, in somatic marker, in emotions and theory of mind. MRI documented a bilateral damage of the centromedian-parafascicular complex. Patient's thalamic lesions disconnected brain areas involved in decision-making and autonomic regulation, affecting the somatic marker and resulting in the neuropsychological deficit exhibited by L.C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Serra
- a Neuroimaging Laboratory , Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Michela Bruschini
- a Neuroimaging Laboratory , Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- a Neuroimaging Laboratory , Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,b Department of Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Lucia Fadda
- c Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology , Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,d Department of System Medicine , University of Rome 'Tor Vergata' , Rome , Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- c Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology , Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,d Department of System Medicine , University of Rome 'Tor Vergata' , Rome , Italy
| | - Mara Cercignani
- a Neuroimaging Laboratory , Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,e Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Department of Neuroscience , University of Sussex, Brighton & Sussex Medical School , Falmer , UK
| | - Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo
- c Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology , Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,d Department of System Medicine , University of Rome 'Tor Vergata' , Rome , Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- a Neuroimaging Laboratory , Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,e Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Department of Neuroscience , University of Sussex, Brighton & Sussex Medical School , Falmer , UK
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Leach J. ‘Give-up-itis’ revisited: Neuropathology of extremis. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Boeker H, Kraehenmann R. Neuropsychodynamic Approach to Depression: Integrating Resting State Dysfunctions of the Brain and Disturbed Self-Related Processes. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:247. [PMID: 29997487 PMCID: PMC6030717 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanism-based approach was developed focusing on the psychodynamic, psychological and neuronal mechanisms in healthy and depressed persons. In this integrative concept of depression, the self is a core dimension in depression. It is attributed to negative emotions (e.g., failure, guilt). The increased inward focus in depression is connected with a decreased environmental focus. The development of neuropsychodynamic hypotheses of the altered self-reference is based on the investigation of the emotional-cognitive interaction in depressed patients. It may be hypothesized that the increased negative self-attributions—as typical characteristics of an increased self-focus in depression—may result from altered neuronal activity in subcortical-cortical midline structures in the brain, especially from hyperactivity in the cortical-subcortical midline regions and hypoactivity in the lateral regions. The increased resting state activity in depression is especially associated with an increased resting state activity in the default mode network (DMN) and a dysbalance between DMN and executive network (EN) activity. Possible therapeutic consequences of the neuropsychodynamic approach to depression involve the necessary emotional attunement in psychotherapy of depressed patients and the adequate timing of therapeutic interventions. The hypotheses which have been developed in the context of the neuropsychodynamic model of depression may be used for more specific psychotherapeutic interventions, aiming at specific mechanisms of compensation and defence, which are related to the increased resting state activity and the disturbed resting state-stimulus-interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Boeker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Center for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychoanalysis, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kraehenmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Chen HJ, Gao YQ, Che CH, Lin H, Ruan XL. Diffusion Tensor Imaging With Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Reveals White Matter Abnormalities in Patients With Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:53. [PMID: 29997482 PMCID: PMC6028522 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate microstructural changes of major white matter (WM) tracts in patients with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Method: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were obtained from 24 subjects with subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD), including 13 subjects with VCI-no dementia (VCIND) and 11 subjects with normal cognition (as a control group). A tract-based spatial statistics approach was performed to investigate WM microstructure in VCIND by integrating multiple indices including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), which are intra-voxel metrics, and local diffusion homogeneity (LDH), which is an inter-voxel metric. Results: The VCIND group had decreased FA and increased MD values throughout widespread WM areas predominately in the corpus callosum, bilateral internal capsule/corona radiata/posterior thalamic radiation/inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and right inferior/superior longitudinal fasciculus. There was a slight discrepancy between the distribution of areas with decreased FA and LDH. The FA, MD and LDH values were significantly correlated with cognitive test results. According to a WM tract atlas, 10 major tracts were identified as tracts of interest in which three diffusion metrics simultaneously differed between groups, including bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, forceps minor, right corticospinal tract, bilateral inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, left inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculus, and bilateral uncinate fasciculus. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated the feasibility of using diffusion metrics along the forceps minor and left anterior thalamic radiation for separating two groups. Conclusion: The results suggest WM microstructural abnormalities contribute to cognitive impairments in SIVD patients. DTI parameters may be potential biomarkers for detecting VCIND from SIVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Chen
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qing Gao
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Fuqing City Hospital, Fuqing, China
| | - Chun-Hui Che
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hailong Lin
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin-Lin Ruan
- Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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14
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Ottaviani C. Brain-heart interaction in perseverative cognition. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13082. [PMID: 29607505 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The move from the concept of homeostasis to that of allostasis has led reactivity stress research to widen the object of its investigation: from the brief physiological response that occurs when one is facing a stressor to what happens when one is anticipating or recovering from a stressor. A paradigmatic example is represented by perseverative cognition, during which human beings react "as if" they were constantly facing a concrete stressor. The core idea behind this review is that the cognitive inflexibility that characterizes perseverative cognition is reflected in both our body (by increased autonomic nervous system rigidity assessed by heart rate variability; HRV) and our brain (by reduced prefrontal-amygdala functional connectivity). This is a review of studies conducted in different settings (laboratory, daily life), populations (healthy, major depression, generalized anxiety), location (United States, Europe), and age groups (children, adults) that consistently replicated the association between autonomic, subjective, and behavioral measures of cognitive inflexibility during perseverative cognition. Moreover, compelling neuroimaging data suggest that HRV reduction from pre- to post-induction of perseverative cognition is associated with both structural and functional brain abnormalities reflecting impaired prefrontal inhibitory control over subcortical structures (e.g., diminished prefrontal-amygdala functional connectivity). The integration of neuroscience techniques with clinical autonomic research has advanced our understanding of the neurobiology of brain-heart interaction during perseverative cognition, potentially yielding to more effective treatment packages. This is clinically relevant if one considers that perseverative cognition is a pervasive transdiagnostic factor that carries prognostic risk for both psychological and somatic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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15
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Raghanti MA, Edler MK, Stephenson AR, Munger EL, Jacobs B, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Holloway RL, Lovejoy CO. A neurochemical hypothesis for the origin of hominids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1108-E1116. [PMID: 29358369 PMCID: PMC5819450 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719666115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has always been difficult to account for the evolution of certain human characters such as language, empathy, and altruism via individual reproductive success. However, the striatum, a subcortical region originally thought to be exclusively motor, is now known to contribute to social behaviors and "personality styles" that may link such complexities with natural selection. We here report that the human striatum exhibits a unique neurochemical profile that differs dramatically from those of other primates. The human signature of elevated striatal dopamine, serotonin, and neuropeptide Y, coupled with lowered acetylcholine, systematically favors externally driven behavior and greatly amplifies sensitivity to social cues that promote social conformity, empathy, and altruism. We propose that selection induced an initial form of this profile in early hominids, which increased their affiliative behavior, and that this shift either preceded or accompanied the adoption of bipedality and elimination of the sectorial canine. We further hypothesize that these changes were critical for increased individual fitness and promoted the adoption of social monogamy, which progressively increased cooperation as well as a dependence on tradition-based cultural transmission. These eventually facilitated the acquisition of language by elevating the reproductive advantage afforded those most sensitive to social cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Melissa K Edler
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272
| | - Alexa R Stephenson
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Emily L Munger
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Bob Jacobs
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Department of Psychology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Ralph L Holloway
- Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - C Owen Lovejoy
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
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16
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Restrepo C, Patel SK, Rethnam V, Werden E, Ramchand J, Churilov L, Burrell LM, Brodtmann A. Left ventricular hypertrophy and cognitive function: a systematic review. J Hum Hypertens 2018; 32:171-179. [PMID: 29330420 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-017-0023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common in patients with hypertension. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is recognised as a marker of hypertension-related organ damage and is a strong predictor of coronary artery disease, heart failure and stroke. There is evidence that LVH is independently associated with cognitive impairment, even after adjustment for the presence of hypertension. We conducted a systematic review that examined cognitive impairment in adults with LVH. Independent searches were performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid psycInfo and PubMed with the terms left ventricular hypertrophy and cognition. Seventy-three studies were identified when both searches were combined. After limiting the search to studies that were: (1) reported in English; (2) conducted in humans; (3) in adults aged 50 years and older; and (4) investigated the relationship between LVH and cognitive performance, nine papers were included in this systematic review. The majority of studies found an association between LVH and cognitive performance. Inspection of results indicated that individuals with LVH exhibited a lower performance in cognitive tests, when compared to individuals without LVH. Memory and executive functions were the cognitive domains that showed a specific vulnerability to the presence of LVH. A possible mechanism for the relationship between LVH and cognition is the presence of cerebral white matter damage. White matter lesions occur frequently in patients with LVH and may contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Together, the results of this review suggest that memory impairment and executive dysfunction are the cognitive domains that showed a particular association with the presence of LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Restrepo
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - S K Patel
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - V Rethnam
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - E Werden
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - J Ramchand
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - L Churilov
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - L M Burrell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
| | - A Brodtmann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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17
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Amanzio M, Palermo S, Zucca M, Rosato R, Rubino E, Leotta D, Bartoli M, Rainero I. Neuropsychological Correlates of Pre-Frailty in Neurocognitive Disorders: A Possible Role for Metacognitive Dysfunction and Mood Changes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:199. [PMID: 29188218 PMCID: PMC5694746 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested that cognitive functions in patients with neurocognitive disorders have a significant role in the pathogenic mechanisms of frailty. Although pre-frailty is considered an intermediate, preclinical state, epidemiological research has begun to dislodge cognition and frailty into their specific subcomponents to understand the relationship among them. We aim to analyse the possible association between pre-frailty and neuropsychological variables to outline which factors can contribute to minor and major neurocognitive disorders. Methods 60 subjects complaining of different cognitive deficits underwent a deep-in-wide frailty and neuropsychological assessment. We conducted three multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for a combination of demographic measures and involving several neuropsychological–behavioural parameters selected by the literature on physical frailty. Results We found a significant association between frailty—as measured by the multidimensional prognostic index (MPI)—and action monitoring and monetary gain (cognitive domain), depression and disinhibition (behavioural domain). Moreover, an association between MPI and impaired awareness for instrumental activities disabilities exists. Conclusion We propose a novel framework for understanding frailty associated with metacognitive–executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Amanzio
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Milena Zucca
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosalba Rosato
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Rubino
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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18
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Bergeron D, Poulin S, Laforce R. Cognition and anatomy of adult Niemann-Pick disease type C: Insights for the Alzheimer field. Cogn Neuropsychol 2017; 35:209-222. [PMID: 28662611 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2017.1340264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder causing an intracellular lipid trafficking defect and varying damage to the spleen, liver, and central nervous system. The adult form, representing approximately 20% of the cases, is associated with progressive cognitive decline. Intriguingly, brains of adult NPC patients exhibit neurofibrillary tangles, a characteristic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the cognitive, psychiatric, and neuropathological features of adult NPC and their relation to AD have yet to be explored. We systematically reviewed the literature on adult NPC with a particular focus on cognitive and neuroanatomical abnormalities. The careful study of cognition in adult NPC allows drawing critical insights in our understanding of the pathophysiology of AD as well as normal cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bergeron
- a Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques , CHU de Québec , Quebec City , Quebec , Canada.,b Faculté de Médecine , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec , Canada
| | - Stéphane Poulin
- a Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques , CHU de Québec , Quebec City , Quebec , Canada.,b Faculté de Médecine , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec , Canada
| | - Robert Laforce
- a Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques , CHU de Québec , Quebec City , Quebec , Canada.,b Faculté de Médecine , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec , Canada
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19
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Chen YH, Chen YC, Kuo WJ, Kan K, Yang CC, Yen NS. Strategic Motives Drive Proposers to Offer Fairly in Ultimatum Games: An fMRI Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:527. [PMID: 28373714 PMCID: PMC5428836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of strategic motives postulates that offering fairly in the Ultimatum Game (UG) is to avoid rejection and receive money. In this fMRI study, we used a modified UG to elucidate how proposers reached decisions of offering fairly and to what extent they considered offering selfishly with different stakes. We had proposers choose between a fair and a selfish offer with different degrees of selfishness and stake sizes. Proposers were less likely and spent more time choosing the fair offer over a slightly-selfish offer than a very selfish offer independent of stakes. Such choices evoked greater activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortices that typically involve in allocation of cognitive control for cost/benefit decision making. Choosing a fair offer in higher stakes evoked greater activation in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACCg) and the areas that previously have been implicated in reward and theory of mind. Furthermore, choosing a slightly selfish offer over a fair offer evoked greater activation in the anterior cingulate sulcus, ACCg, ventral tegmental area (or substantia nigra) and anterior insular cortex signalling the higher gain and implying higher rejection risk. In conclusion, our findings favoured the hypothesis that proposers offer fairly based on the strategic motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hua Chen
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Kuo
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, No. 155, Sec. 2, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Kamhon Kan
- Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - C C Yang
- Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.,Department of Public Finance, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, No. 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Shing Yen
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, No. 64, ZhiNan Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.
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20
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De Ruiter NMP, Van Geert PLC, Kunnen ES. Explaining the “How” of Self-Esteem Development: The Self-Organizing Self-Esteem Model. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The current article proposes a theoretical model of self-esteem called the Self-Organizing Self-Esteem (SOSE) model. The model provides an integrative framework for conceptualizing and understanding the intrinsic dynamics of self-esteem and the role of the context across 3 levels of development: The macro level, which is the level of trait self-esteem, the meso level, on which we find state self-esteem, and the micro level, which is the level of discrete self experiences. The model applies principles from the complex dynamics systems perspective to self-esteem, and can thus uniquely describe the underlying mechanism of self-esteem development based on self-organizational processes and interacting time scales. We compare the proposed SOSE model with a formalized account of the traditional approach to self-esteem, showing that the SOSE model is especially conducive to the understanding of self-esteem development in a way that the traditional approach is not—namely, in its ability to explain and predict the underlying dynamics of trait and state self-esteem, the meaning of variability, and the role of the context.
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21
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Chambers RA, Wallingford SC. On Mourning and Recovery: Integrating Stages of Grief and Change Toward a Neuroscience-Based Model of Attachment Adaptation in Addiction Treatment. Psychodyn Psychiatry 2017; 45:451-473. [PMID: 29244621 PMCID: PMC6383361 DOI: 10.1521/pdps.2017.45.4.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal attachment and drug addiction share many attributes across their behavioral and neurobiological domains. Understanding the overlapping brain circuitry of attachment formation and addiction illuminates a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of trauma-related mental illnesses and comorbid substance use disorders, and the extent to which ending an addiction is complicated by being a sort of mourning process. Attention to the process of addiction recovery-as a form of grieving-in which Kubler-Ross's stages of grief and Prochaska's stages of change are ultimately describing complementary viewpoints on a general process of neural network and attachment remodeling, could lead to more effective and integrative psychotherapy and medication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Andrew Chambers
- Director, Addiction Psychiatry Training Program & Lab for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sue C. Wallingford
- Chair, Division of Transpersonal Counseling and Psychology, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Counseling & Psychology, Naropa University, Boulder, CO
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22
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Svatkova A, Nestrasil I, Rudser K, Goldenring Fine J, Bledsoe J, Semrud‐Clikeman M. Unique white matter microstructural patterns in ADHD presentations-a diffusion tensor imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3323-36. [PMID: 27159198 PMCID: PMC5663221 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI) and combined (ADHD-C) presentations are likely distinct disorders that differ neuroanatomically, neurochemically, and neuropsychologically. However, to date, little is known about specific white matter (WM) regions differentiating ADHD presentations. This study examined differences in WM microstructure using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from 20 ADHD-PI, 18 ADHD-C, and 27 typically developed children. Voxel-wise analysis of DTI measurements in major fiber bundles was carried out using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Clusters showing diffusivity abnormalities were used as regions of interest for regression analysis between fractional anisotropy (FA) and neuropsychological outcomes. Compared to neurotypicals, ADHD-PI children showed higher FA in the anterior thalamic radiations (ATR), bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and in the left corticospinal tract (CST). In contrast, the ADHD-C group exhibited higher FA in the bilateral cingulum bundle (CB). In the ADHD-PI group, differences in FA in the left ILF and ATR were accompanied by axial diffusivity (AD) abnormalities. In addition, the ADHD-PI group exhibited atypical mean diffusivity in the forceps minor (FMi) and left ATR and AD differences in right CB compared to healthy subjects. Direct comparison between ADHD presentations demonstrated radial diffusivity differences in FMi. WM clusters with FA irregularities in ADHD were associated with neurobehavioral performance across groups. In conclusion, differences in WM microstructure in ADHD presentations strengthen the theory that ADHD-PI and ADHD-C are two distinct disorders. Regions with WM irregularity seen in both ADHD presentations might serve as predictors of executive and behavioral functioning across groups. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3323-3336, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Svatkova
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
- Multimodal and Functional Neuroimaging Research GroupCEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Igor Nestrasil
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Kyle Rudser
- Division of BiostatisticsUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Jodene Goldenring Fine
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special EducationMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Jesse Bledsoe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
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23
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Martin A, Quintin EM, Hall SS, Reiss AL. The Role of Executive Function in Independent Living Skills in Female Adolescents and Young Adults With Fragile X Syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 121:448-460. [PMID: 27611354 PMCID: PMC5756733 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-121.5.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is associated with executive function (EF) and independent living skills (ILS) deficits. We examined the role of childhood EF in ILS during adolescence/early adulthood in females with FXS and two comparison groups in the same age range (matched for IQ [IQ/Age group] and with another genetic condition, Turner syndrome [TS group]). EF and ILS were significantly higher for the FXS group than the IQ/Age group but did not differ from the TS group. For the FXS group, age and EF were significant predictors of ILS during adolescence/early adulthood, but there were no statistically significant longitudinal associations between EF and ILS. Our findings suggest that impairments in EF may have a significant effect on ILS in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Martin
- Arianna Martin, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University; Eve-Marie Quintin, Educational and Counseling Psychology Department, McGill University; Scott S. Hall, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University; and Allan L. Reiss, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University
| | - Eve-Marie Quintin
- Arianna Martin, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University; Eve-Marie Quintin, Educational and Counseling Psychology Department, McGill University; Scott S. Hall, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University; and Allan L. Reiss, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University
| | - Scott S Hall
- Arianna Martin, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University; Eve-Marie Quintin, Educational and Counseling Psychology Department, McGill University; Scott S. Hall, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University; and Allan L. Reiss, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Arianna Martin, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University; Eve-Marie Quintin, Educational and Counseling Psychology Department, McGill University; Scott S. Hall, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University; and Allan L. Reiss, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University
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24
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Engagement in risky sexual behavior (RSB) is a significant public health concern. A growing body of literature is elucidating the role of brain systems and neuropsychological constructs implicated in RSB, which may pave the way for novel insights and prevention efforts. METHODS In this article, we review studies incorporating neuropsychology into the study of RSB across the lifespan. The review of the literature on the neuropsychology of RSB is separated into three different sections by age of participants. Background is presented on research associating RSB with neurocognitive processes and the brain systems involved. Given the overlap between RSBs and substance use, studies addressing these problems in tandem are also discussed. RESULTS Neurocognitive constructs are implicated in RSB, including impulsivity, decision-making, and working memory. DISCUSSION Thus far, evidence suggest that neuropsychological factors are associated with engagement in RSB. More research on the influence of neuropsychological factors on engagement in RSB is necessary and may help inform future prevention efforts. (JINS, 2016, 22, 586-594).
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Cabrera S, Edelstein K, Mason WP, Tartaglia MC. Assessing behavioral syndromes in patients with brain tumors using the frontal systems behavior scale (FrSBe). Neurooncol Pract 2016; 3:113-119. [PMID: 31386079 PMCID: PMC6668266 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality changes following brain tumors may be due to disruption of frontal-subcortical networks. The relation between personality changes and tumor parameters such as volumes of the surgical cavity, residual tumor, or nonspecific white matter abnormalities is unknown. In this study we examined the relation between these tumor parameters and abnormal behaviors typically associated with frontal lobe dysfunction. METHODS Thirty-one patients with intracranial tumors who completed the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) during clinical neuropsychological assessment and had a solitary, well-delimited brain lesion on MRI within 3 months of that assessment were included. Tumor parameters were manually segmented using OsiriX. Nonparametric statistics were used to determine the relationship between tumor parameters and frontal behavioral dysfunction as measured by FrSBe scores. RESULTS Patients reported significantly more behavior problems after tumor diagnosis. Tumor cavity volume was correlated with self-reported Executive Dysfunction (rho = 0.450, P = .047), and there was a trend in the relationship with self-reported Apathy (rho = 0.438, P = .053). Nonspecific white matter abnormality volume was also correlated with self-reported Apathy (rho = 0.810, P = .01). There were no correlations between FrSBe scores and residual tumor volume or summed volumes of tumor-related parameters. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that tumor parameters have differential effects on behaviors associated with frontal-subcortical networks and corroborate the high frequency of behavioral dysfunction in brain tumor patients. Examination of these relationships in a prospective trial is warranted to establish incidence, prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of behavioral disturbances in brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cabrera
- Memory Clinic, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto M5T 2S8,
Canada (S.C., M.C.T.); Pencer Brain Tumor
Centre, Princess Margaret Cancer
Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G 2M9,
Canada (S.C., K.E., W.P.M.); Department of Psychosocial
Oncology & Palliative Care, Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G
2M9, Canada (K.E.); Department of Hematology
Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer
Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G 2M9,
Canada (S.C., W.P.M.); Department of Neurology,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (S.C., W.P.M., M.C.T.);
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (K.E.); Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative
Disease, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (M.C.T.)
| | - Kim Edelstein
- Memory Clinic, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto M5T 2S8,
Canada (S.C., M.C.T.); Pencer Brain Tumor
Centre, Princess Margaret Cancer
Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G 2M9,
Canada (S.C., K.E., W.P.M.); Department of Psychosocial
Oncology & Palliative Care, Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G
2M9, Canada (K.E.); Department of Hematology
Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer
Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G 2M9,
Canada (S.C., W.P.M.); Department of Neurology,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (S.C., W.P.M., M.C.T.);
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (K.E.); Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative
Disease, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (M.C.T.)
| | - Warren P. Mason
- Memory Clinic, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto M5T 2S8,
Canada (S.C., M.C.T.); Pencer Brain Tumor
Centre, Princess Margaret Cancer
Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G 2M9,
Canada (S.C., K.E., W.P.M.); Department of Psychosocial
Oncology & Palliative Care, Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G
2M9, Canada (K.E.); Department of Hematology
Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer
Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G 2M9,
Canada (S.C., W.P.M.); Department of Neurology,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (S.C., W.P.M., M.C.T.);
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (K.E.); Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative
Disease, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (M.C.T.)
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Memory Clinic, Toronto Western
Hospital, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto M5T 2S8,
Canada (S.C., M.C.T.); Pencer Brain Tumor
Centre, Princess Margaret Cancer
Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G 2M9,
Canada (S.C., K.E., W.P.M.); Department of Psychosocial
Oncology & Palliative Care, Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G
2M9, Canada (K.E.); Department of Hematology
Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer
Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G 2M9,
Canada (S.C., W.P.M.); Department of Neurology,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (S.C., W.P.M., M.C.T.);
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada (K.E.); Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative
Disease, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada (M.C.T.)
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Abstract
Social cognitive neuroscience is a rapidly emerging field that utilizes cognitive neuroscientific techniques (e.g., lesion studies, neuroimaging) to address concepts traditionally in the social psychological realm (e.g., attitudes, stereotypes). The purpose of this article is to review published neuroscientific and neuropsychological research into social cognition. The author focuses on the role of the prefrontal cortex in social behavior and presents a framework that provides cohesion of this research. The article proposes that this framework will be useful in guiding future social cognitive neuroscientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline N. Wood
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Liberg B, Ekman CJ, Sellgren C, Johansson AG, Landén M. Subcortical morphometry and psychomotor function in euthymic bipolar disorder with a history of psychosis. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 9:333-41. [PMID: 25034133 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychomotor disturbances are prominent in bipolar disorder patients with a history of psychosis, but their neural correlates remain largely unexplored. We hypothesized that these psychomotor disturbances are associated with morphometric changes in functionally specific regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus. To test if psychomotor performance is associated with changes in volume and shape in these brain regions, we investigated 20 euthymic bipolar disorder patients with a history of psychosis and 20 healthy controls with structural magnetic resonance imaging and vertex-based morphometry. Within the patient group, the local shape of the basal ganglia was significantly associated with longer duration of illness, increased number of manic episodes, and treatment with antipsychotics. There were neither any statistically significant associations between psychomotor performance and morphometric measures in the patient group, nor any significant morphometric differences between patients and controls. We conclude that euthymic subjects with bipolar disorder and a previous history of psychosis show shape changes in regions of the basal ganglia associated to clinical variables that may predict psychomotor disturbances in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Liberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
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28
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Organization of Prefrontal-Striatal Connections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Sui J, Pearlson GD, Du Y, Yu Q, Jones TR, Chen J, Jiang T, Bustillo J, Calhoun VD. In search of multimodal neuroimaging biomarkers of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:794-804. [PMID: 25847180 PMCID: PMC4547923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cognitive deficits of schizophrenia are largely resistant to current treatments and thus are a lifelong illness burden. The Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) provides a reliable and valid assessment of cognition across major cognitive domains; however, the multimodal brain alterations specifically associated with MCCB in schizophrenia have not been examined. METHODS The interrelationships between MCCB and the abnormalities seen in three types of neuroimaging-derived maps-fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gray matter (GM) density from structural MRI, and fractional anisotropy from diffusion MRI-were investigated by using multiset canonical correlation analysis in data from 47 schizophrenia patients treated with antipsychotic medications and 50 age-matched healthy control subjects. RESULTS One multimodal component (canonical variant 8) was identified as both group differentiating and significantly correlated with the MCCB composite. It demonstrated 1) increased cognitive performance associated with higher fALFF (intensity of regional spontaneous brain activity) and higher GM volumes in thalamus, striatum, hippocampus, and the mid-occipital region, with co-occurring fractional anisotropy changes in superior longitudinal fascicules, anterior thalamic radiation, and forceps major; 2) higher fALFF but lower GM volume in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex related to worse cognition in schizophrenia; and 3) distinct domains of MCCB might exhibit dissociable multimodal signatures, e.g., increased fALFF in inferior parietal lobule particularly correlated with decreased social cognition. Medication dose did not relate to these findings in schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest linked functional and structural deficits in distributed cortico-striato-thalamic circuits may be closely related to MCCB-measured cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sui
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (JS, TJ), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, CT, USA, 06106,Dept. of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, 06519,Dept. of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, 06519
| | - Yuhui Du
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87106,School of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China, 030051
| | - Qingbao Yu
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87106
| | - Thomas R. Jones
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131
| | - Jiayu Chen
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87106
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100190
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87106,Dept. of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, 06519,Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131,Dept. of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131
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Boschin EA, Buckley MJ. Differential contributions of dorsolateral and frontopolar cortices to working memory processes in the primate. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:144. [PMID: 26578901 PMCID: PMC4624853 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to maintain and manipulate information across temporal delays is a fundamental requirement to bridge the gap between perception and action. In the case of higher-order behavior, the maintenance of rules and strategies is particularly helpful in bridging this gap. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been considered critical for such processes, and research has focused on different subdivisions of PFC to gain an insight into their diverse contributions to these mechanisms. Substantial evidence indicates that dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) is an important structure for maintaining information across delays, with cells actively firing across delays and lesions to this region causing deficits in tasks involving delayed responses and maintenance of rules online. Frontopolar cortex (FP), on the other hand, appears to show the opposite pattern of results, with cells not firing across delays and lesions to this region not affecting the same rule-based, delayed response tasks that are impaired following dlPFC lesions. The body of evidence therefore suggests that dlPFC and FP’s contributions to working memory differ. In this article, we will provide a perspective on how these regions might implement distinct but complementary and interactive functions that contribute to more general temporally-extended processes and support flexible, dynamic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Boschin
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Mark J Buckley
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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Atrophic Patterns of the Frontal-Subcortical Circuits in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130017. [PMID: 26066658 PMCID: PMC4466229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrophy of the cortical thickness and gray matter volume are regarded as sensitive markers for the early clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate differences in atrophy patterns in the frontal-subcortical circuits between MCI and AD, assess whether these differences were essential for the pathologic basis of cognitive impairment. A total of 131 individuals were recruited, including 45 with cognitively normal controls (CN), 46 with MCI, and 40 with AD. FreeSurfer software was used to perform volumetric measurements of the frontal-subcortical circuits from 3.0T magnetic resonance (MR) scans. Data revealed that both MCI and AD subjects had a thinner cortex in the left caudal middle frontal gyrus and the left lateral orbitofrontal gyrus compared with CN individuals. The left lateral orbitofrontal gyrus was also thinner in AD compared with MCI patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the cortical mean curvature among the three groups. Both MCI and AD subjects exhibited smaller bilateral hippocampus volumes compared with CN individuals. The volumes of the bilateral hippocampus and the right putamen were also smaller in AD compared with MCI patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the left lateral orbitofrontal gyrus and bilateral hippocampus were risk factors for cognitive impairment. These current results suggest that atrophy was heterogeneous in subregions of the frontal-subcortical circuits in MCI and AD patients. Among these subregions, the reduced thickness of the left lateral orbitofrontal and the smaller volume of the bilateral hippocampus seemed to be markers for predicting cognitive impairment.
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Acute hypoxic gas breathing severely impairs cognition and task learning in humans. Physiol Behav 2015; 142:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mobbs D, Hagan CC, Dalgleish T, Silston B, Prévost C. The ecology of human fear: survival optimization and the nervous system. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:55. [PMID: 25852451 PMCID: PMC4364301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a Survival Optimization System (SOS) to account for the strategies that humans and other animals use to defend against recurring and novel threats. The SOS attempts to merge ecological models that define a repertoire of contextually relevant threat induced survival behaviors with contemporary approaches to human affective science. We first propose that the goal of the nervous system is to reduce surprise and optimize actions by (i) predicting the sensory landscape by simulating possible encounters with threat and selecting the appropriate pre-encounter action and (ii) prevention strategies in which the organism manufactures safe environments. When a potential threat is encountered the (iii) threat orienting system is engaged to determine whether the organism ignores the stimulus or switches into a process of (iv) threat assessment, where the organism monitors the stimulus, weighs the threat value, predicts the actions of the threat, searches for safety, and guides behavioral actions crucial to directed escape. When under imminent attack, (v) defensive systems evoke fast reflexive indirect escape behaviors (i.e., fight or flight). This cascade of responses to threat of increasing magnitude are underwritten by an interconnected neural architecture that extends from cortical and hippocampal circuits, to attention, action and threat systems including the amygdala, striatum, and hard-wired defensive systems in the midbrain. The SOS also includes a modulatory feature consisting of cognitive appraisal systems that flexibly guide perception, risk and action. Moreover, personal and vicarious threat encounters fine-tune avoidance behaviors via model-based learning, with higher organisms bridging data to reduce face-to-face encounters with predators. Our model attempts to unify the divergent field of human affective science, proposing a highly integrated nervous system that has evolved to increase the organism's chances of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Mobbs
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Cindy C Hagan
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council-Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian Silston
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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Granholm L, Rowley S, Ellgren M, Segerström L, Nylander I. Impact of adolescent ethanol exposure and adult amphetamine self-administration on evoked striatal dopamine release in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4421-31. [PMID: 26407601 PMCID: PMC4646932 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adolescent binge drinking is common and associated with increased risk of substance use disorders. Transition from recreational to habitual ethanol consumption involves alterations in dorsal striatal function, but the long-term impact of adolescent ethanol exposure upon this region remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterise and describe relationships between adolescent ethanol exposure, amphetamine self-administration and adult dopamine dynamics in dorsal striatum, including response to amphetamine challenge, in male Wistar rats. METHODS Ethanol (2 g/kg) or water was administered intragastrically in an episodic binge-like regimen (three continuous days/week) between 4 and 9 weeks of age (i.e. post-natal days 28-59). In adulthood, animals were divided into two groups. In the first, dorsal striatal potassium-evoked dopamine release was examined via chronoamperometry, in the basal state and after a single amphetamine challenge (2 mg/kg, i.v.). In the second, amphetamine self-administration behaviour was studied (i.e. fixed and progressive ratio) before chronoamperometric analysis was conducted as described above. RESULTS Adolescent ethanol exposure suppressed locally evoked dopamine response after amphetamine challenge in adulthood, whereas in the basal state, no differences in dopamine dynamics were detected. Ethanol-exposed animals showed no differences in adult amphetamine self-administration behaviour but an abolished effect on dopamine removal in response to a single amphetamine challenge after self-administration. CONCLUSION Amphetamine challenges in adult rats revealed differences in in vivo dopamine function after adolescent ethanol exposure. The attenuated drug response in ethanol-exposed animals may affect habit formation and contribute to increased risk for substance use disorders as a consequence of adolescent ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Granholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - S Rowley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Ellgren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Segerström
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kinder M, Lotze M, Davids S, Domin M, Thoms K, Wendt J, Hirschfeld H, Hamm A, Lauffer H. Functional imaging in obese children responding to long-term sports therapy. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Functional network mirrored in the prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, and thalamus: high-resolution functional imaging and structural connectivity. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9202-12. [PMID: 25009254 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0228-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite myriads of studies on a parallel organization of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loops, direct evidence of this has been lacking for the healthy human brain. Here, we scrutinize the functional specificity of the cortico-subcortical loops depending on varying levels of cognitive hierarchy as well as their structural connectivity with high-resolution fMRI and diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) at 7 tesla. Three levels of cognitive hierarchy were implemented in two domains: second language and nonlanguage. In fMRI, for the higher level, activations were found in the ventroanterior portion of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the head of the caudate nucleus (CN), and the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) in the thalamus. Conversely, for the lower level, activations were located in the posterior region of the PFC, the body of the CN, and the medial dorsal nucleus (MD) in the thalamus. This gradient pattern of activations was furthermore shown to be tenable by the parallel connectivity in dMRI tractography connecting the anterior regions of the PFC with the head of the CN and the VA in the thalamus, whereas the posterior activations of the PFC were linked to the body of the CN and the MD in the thalamus. This is the first human in vivo study combining fMRI and dMRI showing that the functional specificity is mirrored within the cortico-subcortical loop substantiated by parallel networks.
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Kyeong S, Kim E, Park HJ, Hwang DU. Functional network organizations of two contrasting temperament groups in dimensions of novelty seeking and harm avoidance. Brain Res 2014; 1575:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Dores AR, Carvalho IP, Barbosa F, Martins C, de Sousa L, Castro-Caldas A. Conceptualization and Rehabilitation of Executive Functions. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Publications on executive functions have increased in the last few years, reflecting the importance of this area of study. The scientific output on executive functions is now extremely diverse, comprising variations around terminology, assessment, and rehabilitation practices, and ranging in topics from neuroanatomical correlates of executive functions to effects of executive dysfunction. This review seeks to explore this diversity around executive functions in order to provide an integrative overview of the topic that systematizes the current knowledge in this area, and to point to trends and future directions for research and practice. The literature review was conducted in the ISI Web of Knowledge databases. The analysis was conducted in NVivo9. Two independent coders applied an inductive analysis to all relevant papers, building a hierarchical model with categories and subcategories of themes emerging from the literature. A confirmatory analysis followed, with the same independent coders applying the model to the papers. The process was validated by a third expert researcher. Out of 187 titles and abstracts, 91 were analyzed. The outcomes were structured in six main categories: central nervous system, diagnosis, population, assessment, intervention, and theoretical models. Key findings included promising trends in executive function assessment and rehabilitation as well as potential implications for current health approaches and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemisa Rocha Dores
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP–IPP), Portugal
| | | | - Fernando Barbosa
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto (FPCEUP), Portugal
| | - Claúdia Martins
- Learning Disability Directorate, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
| | - Liliana de Sousa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
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39
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The role of cognitive event-related potentials in executive dysfunction. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2013; 29:680-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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Bado P, Engel A, de Oliveira‐Souza R, Bramati IE, Paiva FF, Basilio R, Sato JR, Tovar‐Moll F, Moll J. Functional dissociation of ventral frontal and dorsomedial default mode network components during resting state and emotional autobiographical recall. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:3302-13. [PMID: 25050426 PMCID: PMC4216410 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans spend a substantial share of their lives mind‐wandering. This spontaneous thinking activity usually comprises autobiographical recall, emotional, and self‐referential components. While neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that a specific brain “default mode network” (DMN) is consistently engaged by the “resting state” of the mind, the relative contribution of key cognitive components to DMN activity is still poorly understood. Here we used fMRI to investigate whether activity in neural components of the DMN can be differentially explained by active recall of relevant emotional autobiographical memories as compared with the resting state. Our study design combined emotional autobiographical memory, neutral memory and resting state conditions, separated by a serial subtraction control task. Shared patterns of activation in the DMN were observed in both emotional autobiographical and resting conditions, when compared with serial subtraction. Directly contrasting autobiographical and resting conditions demonstrated a striking dissociation within the DMN in that emotional autobiographical retrieval led to stronger activation of the dorsomedial core regions (medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex), whereas the resting state condition engaged a ventral frontal network (ventral striatum, subgenual and ventral anterior cingulate cortices) in addition to the IPL. Our results reveal an as yet unreported dissociation within the DMN. Whereas the dorsomedial component can be explained by emotional autobiographical memory, the ventral frontal one is predominantly associated with the resting state proper, possibly underlying fundamental motivational mechanisms engaged during spontaneous unconstrained ideation. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3302–3313, 2014. © 2013 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc..
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bado
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience UnitD'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB)Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Annerose Engel
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience UnitD'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Music Cognition and Action GroupMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira‐Souza
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience UnitD'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Ivanei E. Bramati
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience UnitD'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB)Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Fernando F. Paiva
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience UnitD'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Centro de Imagens e Espectroscopia In Vivo por Ressonância Magnética (CIERMag), Instituto de Física de São CarlosUniversidade de São PauloSão CarlosBrazil
| | - Rodrigo Basilio
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience UnitD'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - João R. Sato
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience UnitD'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and CognitionUniversidade Federal do ABCSanto AndréBrazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar‐Moll
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience UnitD'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB)Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Jorge Moll
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience UnitD'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
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Kimhy D, Crowley OV, McKinley PS, Burg MM, Lachman ME, Tun PA, Ryff CD, Seeman TE, Sloan RP. The association of cardiac vagal control and executive functioning--findings from the MIDUS study. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:628-35. [PMID: 23434176 PMCID: PMC3594003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac vagal control (CVC), an index of parasympathetic contribution to cardiac regulation, has been linked to enhanced executive functioning (EF). However, findings to date have been based on small or unique samples. Additionally, previous studies assessed the CVC-EF link only during rest or recovery period from a cognitive challenge, but not during both states. In the present study, data on 817 socioeconomically diverse participants were obtained from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study. As part of this study, participants completed cognitive tests, including EF, along with laboratory-based measures of CVC during rest and following recovery from a cognitive challenge. Regression analyses adjusting for respiratory rate revealed no effect of CVC at rest or during recovery on a global index of EF. However, exploratory post-hoc analyses of the components of the global EF index revealed a significant association between faster vagal recovery and better attention-switching and response inhibition abilities, as indexed by faster reaction time to the mixed SGST. This association remained significant after controlling for demographic, clinical (BMI, diseases and medications altering cardiac autonomic functioning, etc.), and health behavior covariates (Beta = .148, p = .010). Our findings suggest that future studies may need to investigate the links of CVC to specific EF abilities, rather than global measures of EF. Additionally, our results highlight the importance of assessing CVC during both rest and recovery from a cognitive challenge. The authors discuss the putative neurobiological underpinning of this link, as well as suggestions for future basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kimhy
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - OV Crowley
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - PS McKinley
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - MM Burg
- Division of General Medicine, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - ME Lachman
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - PA Tun
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - CD Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - TE Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - RP Sloan
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
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42
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Vestibular loss as a contributor to Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:360-7. [PMID: 23375669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex disorder whose etiology is still controversial. It is proposed that vestibular loss may contribute to the onset of Alzheimer's disease, which initially involves degeneration of cholinergic systems in the posterior parietal-temporal, medial-temporal, and posterior-cingulate regions. A major projection to this system emanates from the semicircular canals of the vestibular labyrinth, with vestibular damage leading to severe degeneration of the medial-temporal region. The vestibular loss hypothesis is further supported by the vestibular symptoms found in Alzheimer's patients as well as in various diseases that are major risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
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43
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Jakab A, Blanc R, Berényi EL. Mapping changes of in vivo connectivity patterns in the human mediodorsal thalamus: correlations with higher cognitive and executive functions. Brain Imaging Behav 2013; 6:472-83. [PMID: 22584775 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-012-9172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus is recognized as an association hub mediating interconnections with mainly the prefrontal cortex. Tracer studies in primates and in vivo diffusion tensor tractography findings in both humans and monkeys confirm its role in relaying networks that connect to the dorsolateral prefrontal, orbitofrontal, frontal medial and cingulate cortex. Our study was designed to use in vivo probabilistic tractography to describe the pathways emerging from or projecting to the mediodorsal nucleus; moreover, to use such information to automatically define subdivisions based on the divergence of remote structural connections. Diffusion tensor MR imaging data of 156 subjects were utilized to perform connectivity-based segmentation of the mediodorsal nucleus by employing a k-means clustering algorithm. Two domains were revealed (medial and lateral) that are separated from each other by a sagittally oriented plane. For each subject, general assessment of cognitive performance by means of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and measures of Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) test was utilized. Inter-subject variability in terms of connectivity-based cluster sizes was discovered and the relative sizes of the lateral mediodorsal domain correlated with the individuals' performance in the D-KEFS Sorting test (r = 0.232, p = 0.004). Our results show that the connectivity-based parcellation technique applied to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus delivers a single subject level descriptor of connectional topography; furthermore, we revealed a possible weak interaction between executive performance and the size of the thalamic area from which pathways converge to the lateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Jakab
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory and Imaging Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, 98. Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Caracuel A, Verdejo-García A, Fernández-Serrano MJ, Moreno-López L, Santago-Ramajo S, Salinas-Sánchez I, Pérez-García M. Preliminary validation of the Spanish version of the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) using Rasch analysis. Brain Inj 2012; 26:844-52. [PMID: 22583175 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2012.655365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To explore the construct validity of the Spanish version of the Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale (FrSBe) using Rasch modelling. METHODS Item responses of 245 Spanish subjects were analysed using Rasch analysis: self-rating of 65 participants with TBI or stroke (sample A), family-rating of the same 65 participants (sample B) and self-rating of 115 healthy individuals (sample C). RESULTS After removing or grouping several problematic items, the Apathy and the Executive Dysfunction sub-scales were found to be valid measures for samples A and B and the Disinhibition sub-scale was valid for samples B and C. Person Separation Index of reliability of sub-scales was greater than 0.83 for sample B and ∼0.72 for A and C. All items showed disordered threshold categories in samples A and B and five items were ordered in sample C. CONCLUSIONS With a few modifications, the sub-scales of the FrSBe-Spanish version are adequate measures for the assessment of the behavioural syndromes derived from frontal systems dysfunction in persons with brain injury. The family-rating form is preferable to the self-rating form. Only the Disinhibition scale is a valid measure for the behavioural assessment of the normal population. A reduction of response categories is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Caracuel
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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45
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and cardiac vagal control: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:167-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-012-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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46
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Giménez M, Pujol J, Ortiz H, Soriano-Mas C, López-Solà M, Farré M, Deus J, Merlo-Pich E, Martín-Santos R. Altered brain functional connectivity in relation to perception of scrutiny in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2012; 202:214-23. [PMID: 22809740 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the fear of being scrutinized by others in a social context is a key symptom in social anxiety disorder (SAD), the neural processes underlying the perception of scrutiny have not previously been studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We used fMRI to map brain activation during a perception-of-scrutiny task in 20 SAD patients and 20 controls. A multi-dimensional analytic approach was used. Scrutiny perception was mediated by activation of the medial frontal cortex, insula-operculum region and cerebellum, and the additional recruitment of visual areas and the thalamus in patients. Between-group comparison demonstrated significantly enhanced brain activation in patients in the primary visual cortex and cerebellum. Functional connectivity mapping demonstrated an abnormal connectivity between regions underlying general arousal and attention. SAD patients showed significantly greater task-induced functional connectivity in the thalamo-cortical and the fronto-striatal circuits. A statistically significant increase in task-induced functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and scrutiny-perception-related regions was observed in the SAD patients, suggesting the existence of enhanced behavior-inhibitory control. The presented data indicate that scrutiny perception in SAD enhances brain activity in arousal-attention systems, suggesting that fMRI may be a useful tool to explore such a behavioral dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Giménez
- Institut d'Alta Tecnologia-PRBB, CRC-Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Sidtis D, Kreiman J. In the beginning was the familiar voice: personally familiar voices in the evolutionary and contemporary biology of communication. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2012; 46:146-59. [PMID: 21710374 PMCID: PMC3224673 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-011-9177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The human voice is described in dialogic linguistics as an embodiment of self in a social context, contributing to expression, perception and mutual exchange of self, consciousness, inner life, and personhood. While these approaches are subjective and arise from phenomenological perspectives, scientific facts about personal vocal identity, and its role in biological development, support these views. It is our purpose to review studies of the biology of personal vocal identity-the familiar voice pattern-as providing an empirical foundation for the view that the human voice is an embodiment of self in the social context. Recent developments in the biology and evolution of communication are concordant with these notions, revealing that familiar voice recognition (also known as vocal identity recognition or individual vocal recognition) has contributed to survival in the earliest vocalizing species. Contemporary ethology documents the crucial role of familiar voices across animal species in signaling and perceiving internal states and personal identities. Neuropsychological studies of voice reveal multimodal cerebral associations arising across brain structures involved in memory, emotion, attention, and arousal in vocal perception and production, such that the voice represents the whole person. Although its roots are in evolutionary biology, human competence for processing layered social and personal meanings in the voice, as well as personal identity in a large repertory of familiar voice patterns, has achieved an immense sophistication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sidtis
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.
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Lane-Brown AT, Tate RL. Apathy After Traumatic Brain Injury: An Overview of the Current State of Play. BRAIN IMPAIR 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/brim.12.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractApathy is a decrease in behavioural, cognitive and emotional components of goal-directed behaviour. Clinically, it is characterised by diminished initiation, reduced concern, and decreased activity. Apathy is a common occurrence following traumatic brain injury (TBI), occurring in around 60% of people. Consequences are widespread, negatively impacting independence, social integration, rehabilitation outcome, vocational outcome, coping and caregiver burden. The current knowledge base on apathy following TBI is presented, with implications for clinical practice. This includes a review of clinical presentations, neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates associated with apathy, and differential diagnoses. Instruments to measure apathy are presented, highlighting those with demonstrated reliability and validity for the TBI population. Current evidence for pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of treatment is described, with a model for non-pharmacological interventions provided and discussion of challenges faced by clinicians when treating the patient with apathy. In the TBI arena, greater understanding of apathy and methods of treatment is pivotal given the frequency of occurrence and widespread negative consequences.
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Regional brain differences in cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume in individuals with Williams syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31913. [PMID: 22355403 PMCID: PMC3280212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by increased non-social anxiety, sensitivity to sounds and hypersociability. Previous studies have reported contradictory findings with regard to regional brain variation in WS, relying on only one type of morphological measure (usually volume) in each study. The present study aims to contribute to this body of literature and perhaps elucidate some of these discrepancies by examining concurrent measures of cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume between WS subjects and typically-developing (TD) controls. High resolution MRI scans were obtained on 31 WS subjects and 50 typically developing control subjects. We derived quantitative regional estimates of cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume using FreeSurfer software. We evaluated between-group ROI differences while controlling for total intracranial volume. In post-hoc exploratory analyses within the WS group, we tested for correlations between regional brain variation and Beck Anxiety Inventory scores. Consistent with our hypothesis, we detected complex patterns of between-group cortical variation, which included lower surface area in combination with greater thickness in the following cortical regions: post central gyrus, cuneus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex and lingual gyrus. Additional cortical regions showed between-group differences in one (but not both) morphological measures. Subcortical volume was lower in the basal ganglia and the hippocampus in WS versus TD controls. Exploratory correlations revealed that anxiety scores were negatively correlated with gray matter surface area in insula, OFC, rostral middle frontal, superior temporal and lingual gyrus. Our results were consistent with previous reports showing structural alterations in regions supporting the socio-affective and visuospatial impairments in WS. However, we also were able to effectively capture novel and complex patterns of cortical differences using both surface area and thickness. In addition, correlation results implicate specific brain regions in levels of anxiety in WS, consistent with previous reports investigating general anxiety disorders in the general population.
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Lyvers M, Onuoha R, Thorberg FA, Samios C. Alexithymia in relation to parental alcoholism, everyday frontal lobe functioning and alcohol consumption in a non-clinical sample. Addict Behav 2012; 37:205-10. [PMID: 22075204 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that 45-67% of those in treatment for alcohol use disorders suffer from alexithymia, a multifaceted personality trait characterized by difficulties identifying and describing emotions and an externally oriented cognitive style. The high reported prevalence rates of alexithymia among those with alcohol dependence led to speculation that alexithymia is a personality dimension that may predispose to risky or problematic alcohol use. METHODS This notion was examined in 314 adult volunteers (54% female) aged 18-45 years (M=27.6 years), all of whom reported at least occasional alcohol consumption, who completed online surveys assessing alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale, or TAS-20), parental alcoholism (Children of Alcoholics Screening Test, or CAST), everyday signs of frontal lobe dysfunction (Frontal Systems Behavior Scale, or FrSBe) and risky alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, or AUDIT). RESULTS TAS-20 scores were positively correlated with the index of parental alcoholism CAST, index of frontal lobe dysfunction FrSBe and measure of alcohol-related problems AUDIT. Chi-square test showed an association between TAS-20-defined alexithymia and being the offspring of an alcoholic parent as defined by CAST. Regression analysis showed that frontal lobe dysfunction (FrSBe) mediated the relationship between alexithymia (TAS-20 total score) and risky alcohol use (AUDIT). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that alexithymia is related to deficiencies in frontal lobe functioning that may reflect a heritable predisposition to alcohol problems.
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