1
|
Murray AJ, Durrheim K. Studying intersectionality using ideological dilemmas: The case of paid domestic labour. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 63:1743-1756. [PMID: 38634768 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Intersectionality has gained a great deal of academic purchase within the social sciences but there is still a need for further conceptual and methodological innovation and clarity. As such, this study uses paid domestic labour as a case study to apply Billig et al.'s (Ideological dilemmas: A social psychology of everyday thinking, 1988) notion of ideological dilemmas to explore the common sense that paid domestic workers draw on to position themselves as women and workers. The analysis highlights how participants use (often contradictory) themes of common sense when speaking about their place in the household through dilemmas of servitude, belonging, and intimacy. Speakers draw on gendered ideology, not as a fixed set of ideas, but rather as a mobile discursive resource that can be deployed in situ, allowing them to justify, subvert, and evaluate social positions of domestic womanhood. The study provides both a conceptual window and a robust method for studying nonessentialist intersectionality through ideological dilemmas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jo Murray
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim F, Williams LA, Johnston EL, Fan Y. Bias intervention messaging in student evaluations of teaching: The role of gendered perceptions of bias. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37140. [PMID: 39296176 PMCID: PMC11409104 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many studies have documented discrepancies in student evaluation of teaching ratings between male and female instructors and between ethnic majority and minority instructors. Given the importance of such ratings to academic careers and the likelihood of potential intergroup bias, it is crucial that institutions consider approaches to mitigate such biases. Several recent studies have found that simple bias mitigation messaging can be effective in reducing gender and other biases. In the present research, students enrolled in several large Faculty of Science undergraduate courses at an Australian university were recruited on a volunteer basis via the course learning management system. Half of the participants were randomly assigned an intervention message highlighting potential biases relating to gender and language background. Data from 185 respondents were analysed using Bayesian ordinal regression models assessing the impact of message exposure on evaluation scores. Reading a bias intervention message caused students to significantly adjust their scores, with the nature of that change dependent on student and instructor characteristics. Among male students, the bias intervention message significantly increased scores for all except male instructors with English speaking backgrounds, for whom there was no significant impact of the message. In contrast, among female students, the bias intervention message significantly decreased scores for male instructors with English speaking backgrounds only. The sample showed an overall decrease in scores in the intervention group relative to the control group. This is the first study to detect a negative impact of bias intervention messaging on SET scores. Our results suggest students may not acknowledge their own potential bias towards instructors with whom they share similar demographic backgrounds. In conclusion, bias intervention messaging may be a simple method of mitigating bias, but it may lead to consequences in which one or more groups receive lower ratings as a result of the correction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Kim
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Emma L Johnston
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Yanan Fan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Data61, CSIRO, NSW, 2015, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen TNM, Saunders R, Dermody G, Whitehead L. The influence of culture on the health beliefs and health behaviours of older Vietnam-born Australians living with chronic disease. J Adv Nurs 2024; 80:3781-3796. [PMID: 38922977 DOI: 10.1111/jan.16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM To explore the health beliefs and health behaviours of older Vietnam-born people living with chronic disease in Western Australia. DESIGN This study was designed as a focused ethnography guided by the interpretative research paradigm and Leininger's Theory of Culture Care. METHODS Data were collected through participant observation and interviews undertaken at participants' homes in Western Australia over 7 months in 2019. Data were analysed using Wolcott's approach for transferring qualitative data, comprising three phases: description, thematic analysis and interpretation. RESULTS This study included 12 participants. The health perspectives and practices of older Vietnam-born Australians significantly reflected the traditional Vietnamese values. These included the stigma towards chronic disease as an inevitable consequence of ageing; self-blame thoughts about chronic disease causations and maintained traditional dietary practices. However, some aspects of their health behaviours such as beliefs and practices in traditional medicine, Western medicine and physical exercise reflected a blended approach combining both Vietnamese-oriented and Westernized-orientated practices. Individual factors were also identified as contributing to chronic disease self-care among participants. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes culture played a significant role in shaping the way that older Vietnam-born Australians believed and behaved while living with chronic conditions. However, it also indicates that culture is not a stationary concept, it evolves gradually and is socially constructed. IMPLICATIONS A better understanding of the health beliefs and practices of older Vietnam-born Australians is expected to contribute to the delivery of culturally safe and effective support for this population. The achievement of culturally safe care requires a systemic approach and collaboration of strategies across sectors. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION This study encompassed the contribution of 12 older Vietnam-born Australians who offered the researcher the privilege to enter their world and the staff of social care organization who opened the gate for the researcher to approach participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rosemary Saunders
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gordana Dermody
- School of Health Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Whitehead
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Long EE, Johnson MF, Carpenter LA. Autistic Characteristics, Cognitive Impairment, and Sex as Predictors of Anxiety and Depression among Autistic Youth. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06406-2. [PMID: 39093544 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Although it is well established that autistic youth are at high risk for anxiety and depression, factors associated with heightened risk within this population are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether autistic characteristics and cognitive impairment interact to predict anxiety and depression symptoms, and whether the impacts of autistic characteristics and cognitive impairment on anxiety and depression differ for male and female children. Participants comprised 7989 youth (M = 11.23 years) enrolled in SPARK, a national cohort of autistic individuals. Autistic characteristics were assessed via the Social Communication Questionnaire. Anxiety and depression were assessed via the Child Behavior Checklist. Linear regressions were conducted to examine associations between autistic characteristics, cognitive impairment, and symptoms and to test for interactions. The effect of parent-reported autistic characteristics on anxiety was stronger for males than for females, while the effect of cognitive impairment on anxiety was stronger for females than for males. A different pattern was observed for depression. The effect of autistic characteristics on depression was the same for males and females, while cognitive impairment was not associated with depression per parent report. Findings indicate that both male and female children with high levels of autistic characteristics are susceptible to experiencing anxiety and depression, and that autistic female children with intact cognitive abilities are uniquely vulnerable to experiencing anxiety based on parent report. Results have implications for the prevention of internalizing problems in autistic youth, and highlight future directions for longitudinal work examining mechanisms of comorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Long
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Psychology and Developmental Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8915 W. Connell Ct, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Mary F Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Administration Research Team, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura A Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carvalho Silva R, Vezzoli M, Menesello V, Meattini M, Sartori R, Minelli A. Everything changes but nothing changes: gender stereotypes in the Italian population. Arch Womens Ment Health 2024; 27:537-545. [PMID: 38319355 PMCID: PMC11230945 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gender stereotypes refer to consensual or cultural shared beliefs about the attributes of men and women, influencing society behaviors, interpersonal relationships, education, and workplace. The literature has shown the existence of gender stereotypes on career choices, internalization of roles, and school and social experiences and demonstrates the impact of demographic factors on stereotypes. However, all the studies conducted in Italy available in scientific literature analyzed small sample sizes within specific schools of university settings, with a limited age range. METHODS To assess the current state of gender stereotypes in Italy, we conducted an online survey from October 2022 to January 2023 on the general population residing in Italy. The questionnaire comprised sociodemographic factors and questions about gender stereotypes, investigating six fields: games, jobs, personality traits, home and family activities, sports, and moral judgments. RESULTS The study involved 1854 participants, mostly women (70.1%) with an undergraduate or postgraduate degree (57.5%). The statistical and descriptive analyses revealed that gender stereotypes influenced respondents' beliefs, with statistically significant effects observed in most questions when stratifying by age, gender, and degree. Principal component analysis was performed to assess latent variables in different fields, revealing significant main stereotypes in each category. No statistically significant differences between men and women were found for the fields home and family activities, games, and moral judgments, confirming that stereotypes affect both men and women in the same way. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the persistence of gender stereotypes in any fields investigated, although our cohort is predominantly composed of high educational level women living in the North of Italy. This demonstrates that the long-standing gender stereotypes are prevalent, pernicious, and, unfortunately, internalized at times even by successful women pushbacking and sabotaging them unconsciously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Carvalho Silva
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marika Vezzoli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Menesello
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Meattini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sartori
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Son EJ, Yaraskavitch RCM, Nguyen BP, Murray SH, van Anders SM. How Feminist Heterosexual Men Navigate Their Sexual Desire While Following Feminist Principles. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2987-3007. [PMID: 38956001 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Feminist considerations have influenced how women and men view sex, affecting not only women's perspectives but also men's feelings about sexual desire with regard to gender equity. This might be especially the case among men who self-identify as feminist. However, how men should manage their sexual desire or communicate about it within relationships with women is not always clear in this evolving social climate. Thus, the current study aimed to explore the successes and/or struggles feminist heterosexual men experience while navigating their desires alongside feminist considerations. To explore this, we recruited feminist-identified heterosexual men in long-term relationships. We asked participants (N = 30) a series of questions regarding their sexual desire, considering the context of their long-term relationships and evolving gender norms, during a one-on-one interview via Zoom. Using thematic analysis, we identified 11 themes from the interview data. We found that, though the feminist men in this study were all aware of negative societal perceptions of heterosexual men's sexual desire, most men in this study did not feel conflicts between their feminist principles and their own sexual desires. This is because they reported already following feminist principles; those who felt ambivalent navigated this by communicating with their partners. Findings demonstrate the usefulness and positive impact men report feminism having on them, their sexuality, and their long-term relationships, by allowing them to better engage with their sexuality and partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Son
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Humphrey Hall, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Regan C M Yaraskavitch
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Humphrey Hall, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | | | - Sari M van Anders
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Humphrey Hall, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Department of Gender Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peng Y, Xia M, Chi X. Age-varying associations of parent-adolescent relationship and school connectedness with adolescent self-compassion: Differences by gender. J Adolesc 2024. [PMID: 39015021 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parent-adolescent relationships and school connectedness are critical promotive factors for adolescent self-compassion. However, little is known about how the magnitude of the associations between these protective factors and self-compassion changes across continuous age groups and whether gender differences exist in the age-varying associations. This study aims to investigate (1) the age-varying associations of parent-adolescent relationships and school connectedness with self-compassion using time-varying effect modeling and (2) how their age-varying associations may differ by gender. METHODS A total of 14,776 adolescents aged 10-18 (mean age = 13.53 ± 2.08, 52.3% males) from Shenzhen, China participated in this study. All adolescents completed the online questionnaires in the school computer rooms. RESULTS The results showed that both parent-adolescent relationships and school connectedness were positively associated with adolescent self-compassion, and the magnitudes fluctuated with age. Specifically, the association between parent-adolescent relationships and self-compassion peaked for adolescents in early adolescence, with the key timing for girls (age group of 10 years old) being slightly earlier than boys (age group of 11 years old). The association between school connectedness and self-compassion was stronger for boys in the early years of adolescence (in the age group of 12.7 years), while stronger for girls during middle adolescence (in the age group of 14.0 years). Overall, girls were more sensitive to connections with parents and schools than boys during most age groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated differential key timing for boys and girls regarding family- and school-based intervention to cultivate self-compassion and highlighted the importance of maintaining strong connections with families and schools for cultivating adolescent self-compassion, particularly for girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Peng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- The Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengya Xia
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Xinli Chi
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- The Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stuhler O. The gender agency gap in fiction writing (1850 to 2010). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319514121. [PMID: 38976724 PMCID: PMC11260095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319514121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Works of fiction play a crucial role in the production of cultural stereotypes. Concerning gender, a widely held presumption is that many such works ascribe agency to men and passivity to women. However, large-scale diachronic analyses of this notion have been lacking. This paper provides an assessment of agency attributions in 87,531 fiction works written between 1850 and 2010. It introduces a syntax-based approach for extracting networks of character interactions. Agency is then formalized as a dyadic property: Does a character primarily serve as an agent acting upon the other character or as recipient acted upon by the other character? Findings indicate that female characters are more likely to be passive in cross-gender relationships than their male counterparts. This difference, the gender agency gap, has declined since the 19th century but persists into the 21st. Male authors are especially likely to attribute less agency to female characters. Moreover, certain kinds of actions, especially physical and villainous ones, have more pronounced gender disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Stuhler
- Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne50678, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Boivin N, Täuber S, Mahmoudi M. Overcoming gender bias in STEM. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:483-485. [PMID: 38862366 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite prevalent diversity and inclusion programs in STEM, gender biases and stereotypes persist across educational and professional settings. Recognizing this enduring bias is crucial for achieving transformative change on gender equity and can help orient policy toward more effective strategies to address ongoing disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Boivin
- Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany; School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Griffith Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Susanne Täuber
- Department of Sociology and Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Signorella ML, Liben LS. Perceptions of Skills Needed for STEM Jobs: Links to Academic Self-Concepts, Job Interests, Job Gender Stereotypes, and Spatial Ability in Young Adults. J Intell 2024; 12:63. [PMID: 39057183 PMCID: PMC11278375 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence12070063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gender gaps in spatial skills-a domain relevant to STEM jobs-have been hypothesized to contribute to women's underrepresentation in STEM fields. To study emerging adults' beliefs about skill sets and jobs, we asked college students (N = 300) about the relevance of spatial, mathematical, science and verbal skills for each of 82 jobs. Analyses of responses revealed four job clusters-quantitative, basic & applied science, spatial, and verbal. Students' ratings of individual jobs and job clusters were similar to judgments of professional job analysts (O*NET). Both groups connected STEM jobs to science, math, and spatial skills. To investigate whether students' interests in STEM and other jobs are related to their own self-concepts, beliefs about jobs, and spatial performance, we asked students in another sample (N = 292) to rate their self-concepts in various academic domains, rate personal interest in each of the 82 jobs, judge cultural gender stereotypes of those jobs, and complete a spatial task. Consistent with prior research, jobs judged to draw on math, science, or spatial skills were rated as more strongly culturally stereotyped for men than women; jobs judged to draw on verbal skills were more strongly culturally stereotyped for women than men. Structural equation modeling showed that for both women and men, spatial task scores directly (and indirectly through spatial self-concept) related to greater interest in the job cluster closest to the one O*NET labeled "STEM". Findings suggest that pre-college interventions that improve spatial skills might be effective for increasing spatial self-concepts and the pursuit of STEM careers among students from traditionally under-represented groups, including women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Signorella
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, Brandywine Campus, 25 Yearsley Mill Road, Media, PA 19063, USA
| | - Lynn S. Liben
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu W, Ding C, Li Z, Chen H. Relationships between Grey Matter Volume in the Bilateral Superior Frontal Gyrus and Reactive Aggression Varied by Level of Traditional Masculinity. Brain Sci 2024; 14:605. [PMID: 38928605 PMCID: PMC11201878 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although previous behavioral studies have associated reactive aggression (RA) and proactive aggression (PA) with traditional masculinity, further investigation is needed into the traditional masculinity-linked neuroanatomical characteristics of RA and PA. This study analyzed the traditional masculinity-by-aggression interaction in 705 participants (350 men) by measuring grey matter volume (GMV). We have expanded on previous studies and found that traditional masculinity was not associated with RA and PA when not controlled for traditional femininity. However, the association appeared when controlling for it. Furthermore, we found significant traditional masculinity-by-RA interactions on the GMV in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus, a region known to be involved in cognitive control. When traditional masculinity scores were 1 standard deviation above the mean, there was a positive correlation between RA and the GMV in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus. Conversely, when traditional masculinity scores were 1 standard deviation below the mean, there was a negative correlation between RA and the GMV in the region. However, no traditional masculinity-linked neuroanatomical characteristics of PA were found. The results indicated that individuals with high/low traditional masculinity perceived RA as a different outcome (gain or loss) of self-control. The results supported an opportunity to develop prevention or intervention strategies for RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (W.L.); (Z.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cody Ding
- Department of Education Sciences & Professional Programs, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121-4400, USA;
| | - Ziang Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (W.L.); (Z.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (W.L.); (Z.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dallimore CJ, Smith K, Hutchison J, Slessor G, Martin D. Many Mickles Make a Muckle: Evidence That Gender Stereotypes Reemerge Spontaneously Via Cultural Evolution. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241254695. [PMID: 38829014 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241254695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
We explore whether societal gender stereotypes re-emerge as social information is repeatedly passed from person to person. We examined whether peoples' memories of personality attributes associated with female and male social targets became increasingly consistent with societal gender stereotypes as information was passed down social transmission chains. After passing through the memories of just four generations of participants, our initially gender-balanced micro-societies became rife with traditional gender stereotypes. While we found some evidence of the re-emergence of gender stereotypes in Experiment 1, we found the effects were stronger when targets appeared in a feminine-stereotyped occupational context (Experiment 2), and a masculine-stereotyped occupational context (Experiment 3); conversely, the re-emergence of gender stereotypes was attenuated when targets appeared in a single gender context (Experiment 4). The current findings demonstrate that gender schematic memory bias, if widely shared, might cause gender stereotypes to be maintained through cultural evolution.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gaunt L, Guy A, Wolke D, Lee KS. Sibling and peer bullying victimization in adolescence: Masculinity, femininity, and the moderating role of sex and popularity. J Adolesc 2024; 96:760-770. [PMID: 38288861 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated whether gender-typed traits (masculinity and femininity) contemporaneously predicted self-reported peer victimization, peer-reported peer victimization, and sibling victimization. We also tested the moderating role of sex and popularity. METHODS A sample of 2782 British pupils aged 11-16 from Central England, UK was screened for bullying involvement and popularity using self-report and peer nominations, and a subsample of 704 (52.7% girls) completed a measure of gender-typed traits (masculinity and femininity). RESULTS Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that low levels of masculine traits were associated with greater risk of self-reported peer victimization, there were no associations with peer-reported peer victimization, and low levels of feminine traits were associated with greater risk of self-reported sibling victimization. The effects were not moderated by sex, while popularity decreased the risk of self- and peer-reported peer victimization. CONCLUSIONS Bullying prevention interventions could benefit from including the positive facets of feminine and masculine traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Gaunt
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Alexa Guy
- School of Psychology, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kirsty S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stefani S, Prati G. Gender ideology and fertility: evidence for a curvilinear hypothesis. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 164:280-292. [PMID: 35521763 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2068994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on the relationship between fertility and gender ideology revealed inconsistent results. In the present study, we argue that inconsistencies may be due to the fact that such a relationship may be nonlinear. We hypothesize a U-shaped relationship between two dimensions of gender ideology (i.e., primacy of breadwinner role and acceptance of male privilege) and fertility rates. We conducted a cross-national analysis of 60 countries using data from the World Values Survey as well as the World Population Prospects 2019. Controlling for gross domestic product, we found support for a U-shaped relationship between gender ideology and fertility. Higher levels of fertility rates were found at lower and especially higher levels of traditional gender ideology, while a medium level of gender ideology was associated with the lowest fertility rate. This curvilinear relationship is in agreement with the phase of the gender revolution in which the country is located.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Stefani
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Cesena (FC), Italy
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Gabriele Prati
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Cesena (FC), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu W, Zhao J, Ding C, Chen H. The neurofunctional basis of human aggression varies by levels of femininity. Soc Neurosci 2024; 19:137-149. [PMID: 39039838 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2024.2382768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Aggression can be categorized into reactive aggression (RA) and proactive aggression (PA) based on their underlying motivations. However, previous research has rarely identified the relationship between femininity and RA/PA, and there is a lack of understanding regarding the femininity-related neurofunctional basis of these aggressive behaviors. Thus, this study first examined the relationships between femininity and aggression, then explored the aggression-by-femininity interactions on the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations using resting-state fMRI among 705 university participants (mean age = 19.14 ± 0.99). The behavioral data indicated that femininity was more negatively associated with RA and PA when masculinity was controlled for. Additionally, the neural data revealed that femininity-specific relationships of RA in the left middle occipital gyrus (i.e. individuals with low femininity had positive relationships between RA and the left middle occipital gyrus, whereas those with high femininity had negative relationships) as well as of PA in the left middle frontal gyrus (i.e. individuals with high femininity showed significant negative relationships, whereas those with low femininity did not exhibit significant relationships). These findings reflect that individuals with varying levels of femininity exhibit distinct neural bases when expressing different subtypes of aggression, which are associated with societal expectations of gender.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cody Ding
- Department of Education Sciences & Professional Programs, University of Missouri-St. Louis,St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Plückelmann C, Gustafsson Sendén M, Bernhard-Oettel C, Leineweber C, Sczesny S. Women's and men's experiences with participative decision-making at workplace and organizational levels. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1240117. [PMID: 38362525 PMCID: PMC10867161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1240117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The concept of participative decision-making (PDM) has been well established as a positive organizational factor, and has recently gained attention as a measure of gender inclusivity in the workplace. However, findings regarding gender differences in the experiences of PDM are inconclusive. This study hypothesized that women perceive themselves as less influential than men at the organizational level rather than at the workplace level. Furthermore, the study explored whether these assumed gender differences depend on the gender typicality of occupational positions and professions. We expected gender differences to be more pronounced for male-typed positions and professions (e.g., leadership, engineer) compared to non-male-typed occupational positions and professions (e.g., non-leadership, nurse). Methods Data on experiences with participative decision-making at the workplace and organizational levels were drawn from a large representative Swedish survey (N = 10,500; 60% women). Results Results showed that women experienced being less influential than men at the organizational level, whereas the experiences of women and men did not differ at the workplace level. The gender difference at the organizational level was not related to the gender typicality of position and profession. Discussion The findings highlight the importance of the inclusion of both women and men in strategic, large-scale decisions for achieving gender equality at work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Sczesny
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bahji A, Boonmak P, Koller M, Milani C, Sutherland C, Horgan S, Chen SP, Patten S, Stuart H. Associations between Gender Expression, Protective Coping Strategies, Alcohol Saliency, and High-Risk Alcohol Use in Post-Secondary Students at Two Canadian Universities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:107. [PMID: 38248569 PMCID: PMC10815432 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study, conducted in October 2017 at two Canadian universities, aimed to explore the relationships between gender expression, protective coping strategies, alcohol saliency, and high-risk alcohol use. METHODS Validated scales were employed to assess these variables using survey data. Multivariate analyses were conducted to investigate the associations between these factors and high-risk drinking. RESULTS This study revealed significant associations between high-risk drinking and androgynous gender roles (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.19-2.10) as well as among self-reported males (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.77-2.75). Additionally, protective behavioural strategies were inversely related to high-risk drinking (OR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94-0.96), while higher alcohol saliency exhibited a positive correlation with high-risk drinking (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.11-1.14). CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of considering gender, alcohol saliency beliefs, and protective behavioural strategies in the development and refinement of interventions aimed at reducing high-risk alcohol use on Canadian campuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anees Bahji
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul Boonmak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michelle Koller
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christina Milani
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Cate Sutherland
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Salinda Horgan
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Shu-Ping Chen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Scott Patten
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Heather Stuart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
McAndrew FT, Sbai Z. Perceptions of the Personalities of Namesaked Children as a Function of Their Sex and Birth Order. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231214166. [PMID: 37937845 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231214166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
One-hundred-seventeen participants rated hypothetical individuals on the "Big Five" personality traits, narcissism, intelligence, and creativity. Hypothetical individuals differed according to namesake status (named after a parent/relative or not), sex, and birth order. Namesaking interacted with both sex and birth order on ratings of many personality traits, but sex and birth order were stronger predictors of personality stereotypes than was namesaking. The results indicate that namesaking children may have implications for the expectations that others will have about their personalities, but the nature of these expectations will rely heavily upon the child's gender and birth order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeina Sbai
- Department of Psychology, Knox College, Galesburg, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Clabaugh A, Fields L, Duque JF, Brown E. Are you advocating for me? Social penalties toward teachers that (dis)confirm gender stereotypes during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 163:773-788. [PMID: 35068372 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.2020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of gender stereotype violations within the context of teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as whether social penalties for violating gender stereotypes in this domain are moderated by trait levels of gender system justification. Participants (N = 254) rated four hypothetical teaching scenarios where target sex (male or female teacher) and reason for refusal to return to in-person teaching (advocating for one's self vs. advocating for others) were manipulated. Results showed that as predicted, participants with high levels of gender system justification rated self-advocating female teachers least favorably. Unexpectedly, participants with low levels of gender system justification rated self-advocating male teachers least favorably. Implications for gender stereotype violation are discussed as well as implications for those teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
20
|
Matud MP, Ibáñez I, Hernández-Lorenzo DE, Bethencourt JM. Gender, life events, and mental well-being in emerging adulthood. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:1432-1443. [PMID: 37029493 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231164012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life involving many life transitions that may generate stress and compromise health and mental well-being. AIMS To know the most frequent life events of women and men in emerging adulthood, analyzing also the relevance that such stressors have on their psychological well-being and life satisfaction. A second aim is to determine the relevance of age, educational level, most frequent life events, coping styles, and perceived social support as risk and protective factors for well-being. METHOD The sample consisted of 2,000 individuals from the general Spanish population (55% women), aged between 18 and 29, who were assessed using five questionnaires and scales measuring life events, coping styles, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social support. RESULTS The findings showed that 90% of the sample had experienced one or more life events during the previous year and that a higher number of life events experienced over the past year was associated with lower mental well-being. Multiple regression analyses made clear that, although some events experienced in the previous year (namely, family conflicts and change in the relationship with parents) were associated with lower women's and men's well-being, the most important determinants of well-being in either gender were coping styles; however, some predictors of women's well-being proved different from those of men. In the case of women, family and intimate partner conflicts predicted lower life satisfaction and psychological well-being was lower in the case of family conflicts. As for men, work or academic life events predicted lower life satisfaction. CONCLUSION These research findings are relevant for the design of programs and strategies to improve mental well-being in emerging adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Matud
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ibáñez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel Bethencourt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Moreno-Bella E, García-Sánchez E. Mapping gender stereotypes: a network analysis approach. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1193866. [PMID: 37533725 PMCID: PMC10393260 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stereotypes have traditionally been considered as "mental pictures" of a particular social group. The current research aims to draw the structure of gender stereotypes and metastereotype schemes as complex systems of stereotypical features. Therefore, we analyze gender stereotypes as networks of interconnected characteristics. Method Through an online survey (N = 750), participants listed the common female and male features to build the structure of the gender stereotypes. Participants also listed the common features of how members of one gender think they are viewed by people of the other gender to build the structure of gender metastereotypes. Results Our results suggest that female stereotypes are characterized by a single community of features consistently associated such as intelligent, strong, and hardworkers. Female metastereotype, however, combines the previous community with another characterized by weak and sensitive. On the contrary, the male stereotype projected by women is characterized by a community of features associated such as intelligent, strong, and hardworker, but male in-group stereotypes and metastereotypes projected by men are a combination of this community with another one characterized by features associated such as strong, chauvinist, and aggressive. Discussion A network approach to studying stereotypes provided insights into the meaning of certain traits when considered in combination with different traits. (e.g., strong-intelligent vs. strong-aggressive). Thus, focusing on central nodes can be critical to understanding and changing the structure of gender stereotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Moreno-Bella
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, National University of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mancuso R, Rossi-Lamastra C, Franzoni C. Topic choice, gendered language, and the under-funding of female scholars in mission-oriented research. RESEARCH POLICY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2023.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
23
|
Pachankis JE, Jackson SD. A Developmental Model of the Sexual Minority Closet: Structural Sensitization, Psychological Adaptations, and Post-closet Growth. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:1869-1895. [PMID: 35978203 PMCID: PMC9935753 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Across the lifespan, most sexual minority individuals experience the closet-a typically prolonged period in which no significant others know their sexual identity. This paper positions the closet as distinct from stigma concealment given its typical duration in years and absolute removal from sources of support for an often-central identity typically during a developmentally sensitive period. The Developmental Model of the Closet proposed here delineates the vicarious learning that takes place before sexual orientation awareness to shape one's eventual experience of the closet; the stressors that take place after one has become aware of their sexual orientation but has not yet disclosed it, which often takes place during adolescence; and potential lifespan-persistent mental health effects of the closet, as moderated by the structural, interpersonal, cultural, and temporal context of disclosure. The paper outlines the ways in which the model both draws upon and is distinct from earlier models of sexual minority identity formation and proposes several testable hypotheses and future research directions, including tests of multilevel interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Pachankis
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Suite 316, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Skyler D Jackson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wells J, Knoll MA, Lyons-Ruth K, Obsuth I. History of abuse and adolescent hostile-helpless attachment: The mediating role of mother-adolescent punitive interactions. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 140:106190. [PMID: 37060688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hostile-Helpless (HH) state of mind is a form of disorganised attachment that is strongly associated with prior experiences of abuse. However, how abuse experiences contribute toward HH states of mind in late adolescence is unknown. Punitive control in adolescent-mother dyads has been implicated in the development of HH states of mind and adolescent sex/gender may influence how punitive interactions contribute to HH mind states. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore how adolescent sex/gender and punitive control within adolescent-mother dyads are related to the links between HH states of mind and childhood abuse. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A sample of 109 low-moderate income late adolescents (aged 18-23 years, 65 females, 44 males) and their mothers were assessed in a conflict-resolution paradigm. METHODS Recordings of the interactions were coded using the Goal-Corrected Partnership in Adolescence Coding System for different aspects of attachment-based interactions including punitive control. Late-adolescent HH states of mind features were coded from Adult Attachment Interviews (AAI) and experiences of abuse were coded from adolescent self-reports and the AAI. RESULTS Moderated mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect pathway from abuse to HH states of mind through punitive control in late adolescent females (B = 0.06, SEBoot = 0.04, 95 % CIBoot 0.01, 0.15), but not males (B = -0.02, SEBoot = 0.02, 95 % CIBoot - 0.07, 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that there are sex/gender-specific pathways to developing HH states of mind. Hostile behavior within mother-daughter dyads therefore may play an important role in linking abuse experiences and contradictory attachment representations in late adolescent females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Wells
- Section of Clinical & Health Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quad, Edinburgh EH89AG, Scotland, UK.
| | - Monja Angelika Knoll
- Section of Clinical & Health Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quad, Edinburgh EH89AG, Scotland, UK.
| | - Karlen Lyons-Ruth
- Harvard Medical School, CHA Family Studies Lab, 1493 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Section of Clinical & Health Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quad, Edinburgh EH89AG, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sandhu NK, Peixoto M, Figliolo M, Gupta L. Gender Equity in Academic Medicine. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e154. [PMID: 37218353 PMCID: PMC10202618 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nimrat Kaur Sandhu
- Department of Public Health, the University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Mike Figliolo
- Independent Researcher, Victoria, London, United Kingdom
| | - Latika Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospital NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hideg I, Hancock S, Shen W. Women With Mandarin Accent in the Canadian English-Speaking Hiring Context: Can Evaluations of Warmth Undermine Gender Equity? PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843231165475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Although many workers speak with a non-native English accent, our understanding of this phenomenon is limited because prior work predominantly focused on men. This overlooks whether the biases women experience due to their accent manifests differently. To address this omission, we use an intersectional lens to examine how non-native accents associated with more gender-traditional countries may affect women's hiring outcomes. We argue that the bias women with these accents face is subtle due to an association of non-native (vs. native) accents with perceptions of women's warmth (whereas there are no such effects for men) and consequently higher perceptions of hireability. Yet we posit that the indirect effect on hireability occurs within feminine, but not masculine, industries, which ultimately undermines equity by pushing women with these non-native accents into lower pay and prestige occupations. We found support for our hypotheses in three vignette-based experiments conducted in Canada using a Mandarin accent. Managers and decision-makers need to be aware of the insidious bias women with these non-native accents experience because it may not be immediately apparent that an association of accent with higher ratings of warmth may undermine women at work. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ's website at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843231165475
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Hideg
- Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Hancock
- DAN Department of Management & Organizational Studies, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Winny Shen
- Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ren D, Stavrova O. Does a pandemic context attenuate people's negative perception and meta-perception of solitude? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 58:134-142. [PMID: 36307968 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Solitude-the state of being alone without social interactions-is a common experience in everyday life. Despite that spending time alone can be enjoyable and functional, solitude is often stigmatised: People who engage in solitary activities are perceived negatively (negative perceptions of solitude) and anticipate a negative judgement from others (negative meta-perceptions of solitude). Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a backdrop, we examined whether a pandemic context, in which solitary behaviours were easily attributable to external reasons, would reduce people's negative perceptions and meta-perceptions of solitude. Across three preregistered experiments (total N = 767) conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that the presence (vs. absence) of a pandemic context attenuated both the negative meta-perceptions and the negative perceptions of solitude. Yet, people believed that the pandemic context produced a stronger shift away from the stigmatisation of solitude than it actually did. These findings revealed the limits of contextual cues in mitigating the negative perceptions of being alone-even when these cues were explicit and readily available. The current research sheds light on the potential challenges of destigmatising solitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Ren
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Stavrova
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Traboco LS, Zamora-Abrahan G, Reyes SM, Ovseiko PV, Sandhu NK, Gupta L. Gender parity perspectives in Asia Pacific: a descriptive analysis of Philippine rheumatology conferences. Rheumatol Int 2023; 43:1135-1141. [PMID: 36912939 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Gender parity at conferences can facilitate progress in academia towards the attainment of gender equality as emphasized in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The Philippines is a low to middle-income country in the Asia Pacific with relatively egalitarian gender norms experiencing significant growth in rheumatology. We examined the Philippines as a case study to analyze the impact of divergent gender norms on gender equity in rheumatology conference participation. We used publicly available data from PRA conference materials from 2009 to 2021. Gender was identified from information provided by organizers, online science directory networks, and a name-to-gender inference platform, the Gender application program interface (API). International speakers were identified separately. The results were then compared to other rheumatology conferences around the world. The PRA had 47% female faculty. Women were more likely to be the first authors in abstracts at the PRA (68%). There were more females among new inductees in PRA with the male: female ratio (M:F) of 1:3. The gender gap among new members declined from 5:1 to 2.7:1 from 2010 to 2015. However, low female representation was observed among international faculty (16%). Gender parity at the PRA was found to be considerably better when compared to other rheumatology conferences in the USA, Mexico, India, and Europe. However, a wide gender gap persisted among international speakers. Cultural and social constructs may potentially contribute to gender equity in academic conferences. Further research is recommended to assess the impact of gender norms on gender parity in academia in other Asia-Pacific countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Traboco
- St Luke's Medical Center-Bonifacio Global City, Taguig, Philippines.
| | | | | | - Pavel V Ovseiko
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Latika Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tellhed U, Björklund F, Kallio Strand K. Tech-Savvy Men and Caring Women: Middle School Students’ Gender Stereotypes Predict Interest in Tech-Education. SEX ROLES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-023-01353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe labor market is strongly gender segregated with few women working in the tech sector (e.g., IT) and few men working in the care sector (e.g., nursing). We tested the hypothesis that middle school students strongly associate technology with men and caregiving with women in a Swedish context (i.e., a country that scores high in gender equality indices), and that these gender stereotypes for tech relate to girls’ lower interest in tech-focused education. We measured technology/caregiving gender stereotypes with implicit (the Implicit Association Test) and explicit (self-report) measures in a sample of middle school students (n = 873). The results supported the main hypotheses, and corroborate Eccles’s expectancy value theory, indicating that the endorsement of implicit gender stereotypes may serve as barriers to pursuing masculine-typed career paths for women. Further, a sample of middle school teachers (n = 86) showed stronger implicit gender stereotypes than the students. Unexpectedly, middle school girls with a foreign background showed no implicit gender stereotypes, which we discuss in relation to the gender-equality paradox. These findings suggest that to fulfill the recruitment needs of an increasingly digitalized world, the tech-industry and other stakeholders should put effort into counteracting the stereotype that technology is for men.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang P, Coplan RJ, Zhang Y, Ding X, Zhu Z. Assessment and implications of aloneliness in Chinese children and early adolescents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
31
|
Mumbardó-Adam C, Andrés-Gárriz C, Sánchez-Pedroche A, Balboni G. Differences in Self and Proxy Assessments of Self-Determination in Young People with Intellectual Disability: The Role of Personal and Contextual Variables. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:156. [PMID: 36829385 PMCID: PMC9952539 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing self-determination in students with intellectual disabilities (IDs) is a primary step in facilitating progress monitoring. Researchers have developed both self and proxy assessments to favor a more in-depth evaluation of self-determination expression. However, to date, limited research has explored the congruence between both assessments. METHODS To address this need, the present study analyzes the differences between 219 adolescents with ID; 63% being males with an age range from 13 to 21 years (M = 16.8; SD = 1.72); and their teachers in their assessment of self-determination and explores which factors (students' age, sex, level of ID and opportunities at school) might explain those differences. The participants were recruited intentionally. Students with IDs completed two questionnaires: the AIR Self-Determination Scale and the Spanish version of the Self-Determination Inventory, which was also completed by their teachers. RESULTS Significant differences were found in the self-determination assessment, with teachers rating it lower. Further, students' sex and the opportunities they were provided at school to engage in self-determined actions were found to explain the differences in self-determination assessment. CONCLUSIONS Research and practice initiatives to assess self-determination in young people with IDs must consider that informants' points of view might be influenced by students' sex and by contextual opportunities to engage in self-determined actions. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mumbardó-Adam
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Andrés-Gárriz
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences, University Ramon Llull, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Pedroche
- Department of Applied Pedagogy and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Balearic Islands, 07800 Ibiza, Spain
| | - Giulia Balboni
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
The Use of Flexible Work Arrangements: Examining Experiences of Perceived Backlash Through the Lens of Diversity. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/10596011221150025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
As more businesses have newly adopted or expanded flexible work arrangements (FWA) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the current study aimed to investigate whether flexibility backlash (e.g., workers’ negative perceptions of promotion opportunities and work-to-life conflict) occurs in response to the use of FWA. Moreover, we tested if perceptions of flexibility backlash vary across subgroups of employees (i.e., as a function of gender, family responsibilities, and race), as well as their intersection. Using a lagged dataset of N = 414 currently employed U.S. workers collected at three-time points during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that FWA use was not significantly associated with the subsequent perception of career opportunities, and no group differences were found in this relationship. Similarly, no main effect of FWA use on work-to-life conflict was found. However, among workers with more family care responsibilities, greater FWA usage was associated with more work-to-life conflict. Further, intersectionality analyses revealed men with greater family responsibilities and men who are racial minorities perceived more work-to-life conflict as they used more FWA than their counterparts. We discuss these findings through the lens of diversity in light of the ongoing need to reduce the backlash associated with the use of FWA.
Collapse
|
33
|
Leon CM, Aizpurua E. Do Youth Dream of Gender Stereotypes? The Relationship among Gender Stereotyping, Support for Feminism, and Acceptance of Gender-Based Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2439. [PMID: 36767805 PMCID: PMC9915215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although gender roles have continued to evolve, stereotypical perceptions about men and women persist. From a traditional perspective, men are viewed as aggressive, competitive, and dominant, whereas women are expected to be pretty, affectionate, and passive. The relevance of gender stereotypes lies in the way such expectations reinforce gender inequality and discrimination. Gender stereotyping is also linked to an increased acceptance of gender-based violence, as such conceptions are based on the premise that women are subordinate to men. The current study uses data from the Barometer on Youth and Gender, conducted by the Centro Reina Sofía in 2021 (N = 1201), to analyze the potential associations among gender stereotyping, support for feminism, and acceptance of gender-based violence among young people in Spain (15-29 years old). The results show that young people ascribe, to some extent, stereotypical characteristics to women and men and point to the existence of gender-based occupational stereotypes. Our results shed light on the role that gender stereotyping plays in support for feminism and the acceptance of gender-based violence. They also provide valuable information about the magnitude of gender-stereotypical perceptions among young men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Leon
- School of Law, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tremmel M, Wahl I. Gender stereotypes in leadership: Analyzing the content and evaluation of stereotypes about typical, male, and female leaders. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1034258. [PMID: 36777214 PMCID: PMC9912935 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1034258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous research often examined gender stereotypes in leadership with ratings on predetermined gendered characteristics concerning leaders' agency and communality (i.e., explicit measures). The aim of the present study was to broaden the understanding of gender stereotypes in leadership by taking more subtle approaches, that focus on what men and women actually ascribe to typical, male, and female leaders and how they implicitly evaluate them. Methods An online survey collected (a) free associations which reflect social representations (e.g., dominant, empathic), (b) evaluations of the given associations as negative, neutral, or positive, and (c) ratings on Peabody's semantic differential combining non-gendered adjective pairs to an evaluative component of a typical leader, a male leader, and a female leader. Results Using the approach of social representations by analyzing 2,842 free associations from 194 participants shows the predominant gender stereotypes. Ratings of the free associations revealed that women evaluate characteristics associated with female leaders more negatively than those associated with typical leaders and male leaders. By contrast, using the evaluative component of non-gendered adjective pairs shows that typical and female leaders were often rated more positively than male leaders and that women were more likely to devalue male leaders. Discussion Directly asking about leaders (i.e., associations) might retrieve participants' gender stereotypes, whereas when using non-direct questions (i.e., evaluation component of adjective pairs) gender stereotypes might be less prominent. Thus, when evaluating leaders, practitioners and researchers should consider whether these evaluations were obtained explicitly or implicitly to assess potential influences of gender stereotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tremmel
- Business Administration and Psychology, FernFH Distance-Learning University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Ingrid Wahl
- Business Administration and Psychology, FernFH Distance-Learning University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria,Department of Communication, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Ingrid Wahl, ✉
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Predictors of college students’ reasoning and responses to gender-based social exclusion. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
36
|
Penalized for Challenging Traditional Gender Roles: Why Heterosexual Relationships in Which Women Wear the Pants May Be More Precarious. SEX ROLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThere is growing evidence that heterosexual relationships in which traditional gender roles are reversed because women have attained higher societal status than their male partner are more precarious. We argue that this is the case because both partners in role-reversed relationships are evaluated more negatively than partners in more egalitarian or traditional gender role relationships. In two experimental studies conducted in the United States (N = 223) and the Netherlands (N = 269), we found that when encountering role-reversed relationships, participants perceive the woman as the more dominant and agentic one and the man as the weaker one in the relationship. They also perceive women in role-reversed relationships as less likeable, have less respect for men in role-reversed relationships, and expect that such relationships are less satisfying. In addition, in a third partner study (N = 94 heterosexual couples), we found that both male and female partners in role-reversed relationships considered the man to be the weaker one and the woman to be the more dominant one. Moreover, perceiving the man as the weaker one predicted lower relationship satisfaction in role-reversed couples. Overall, this research indicates that gender stereotypes about heterosexual relationships should be considered in efforts to achieve gender equity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hu Q, Pan X, Luo J, Yu Y. The effect of service robot occupational gender stereotypes on customers' willingness to use them. Front Psychol 2022; 13:985501. [PMID: 36405141 PMCID: PMC9666901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Customers have obvious occupational gender stereotypes for service employees. In recent years, intelligent service robots have been widely used in the hospitality industry and have also been given gender characteristics to attract customers to use them. However, whether and when the usage of gendered service robots is effective remains to be explored. This research focuses on customers' occupational gender stereotypes and the gender of service robots, examining the influences of their consistency on customers' willingness to use service robots through three scenario studies. The findings suggest that: (1) The consistency between occupational gender stereotypes and service robot gender positively affects customers' willingness to use service robots. (2) Performance expectancy and trust are two psychological mechanisms underlying the above effect. (3) In the context of service failures, the consistency backfires and brings negative effects on willingness to use. This research extends the literature on customers' acceptance of anthropomorphized robots from the perspective of gender stereotypes and identifies the mechanisms behind the stereotype consistency effect. For practical implications, hotels should design and deploy gendered robots consistent with corresponding occupational gender stereotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- School of Tourism Management, Chaohu University, Hefei, China,School of Business Administration, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City, Philippines
| | - Xingguang Pan
- School of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Business School, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiduo Yu
- School of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China,Graduate School, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yiduo Yu
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Delgado-Alvarez C, Sanchez-Prada A. Stereotypes About Battered Women and Victim's Self-Defense: Legal Implications. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21019-NP21044. [PMID: 34851219 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211055154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent research on the practices of justice operators with women victims of intimate partner violence has evidenced the existence of gender stereotypes and gender-blind practices in the Spanish legal system (Albertín et al., 2020; García Jiménez et al., 2019, 2020), as well as the graves consequences that such practices imply for these women. In this context, the present study explored the existence of a battered woman stereotype and its variation when the victim defends herself from the abuser. An opportunity sample of 505 undergraduates of Law, Psychology and other studies from two Spanish universities assessed some personality characteristics of a woman after watching a 1-minute-long silent video. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three observation conditions ("control", "victim" or "self-defense victim"), which differed in the previous information given about the target woman. The Principal Components Analysis reduced the information from the questionnaire to three dimensions: "brittleness" (α = .91), "positive" (α = .786), and "hostile" (α = .809). The MANOVA confirmed the battered woman stereotype and its modification when the victim reacts against the abuser in self-defense: in this case the attribution of brittleness decreases and the attribution of hostility increases. The type of academic training showed significant effects on the stereotype, this being more negative among Law students than among Psychology ones. Law students perceive the target woman in the "victim" condition more hostile and manipulator. As for the "self-defense" condition, Law students attribute less brittleness to the victim, and perceive her more manipulator and dangerous. The effect of the observer's gender on the stereotype is consistent with the previous literature. Implications for professional training and judicial practices are discussed.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lietz M, Mazei J, Mertes M, Hüffmeier J. Are Strategies for Women in Compensation Negotiations More Appealing When It Is Explained How They Are Meant to Impact Negotiation Outcomes? PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843221128484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Women perceive specific strategies developed to support their performance in compensation negotiations as ineffective and are unlikely to use them—suggesting an implementation gap. We examined whether providing theoretical rationales—explaining how specific strategies are meant to work—attenuates this gap. Furthermore, we explored a novel cause of it: women's expectations regarding the perpetuation of gender roles upon using a strategy. In two studies ( N = 1,254), we observed that regardless of the provision of the rationales, women expected all examined specific strategies to be less economically effective and most of them to perpetuate gender roles more than regular assertiveness. Moreover, especially women's expectations regarding economic outcomes decreased their intentions to use most specific strategies. Women also expected most specific strategies to lead to less favorable social evaluations than yielding, which again led to their lower intentions to use them. Altogether, negotiation trainers and educators should consider that explaining how specific strategies are meant to work is not enough to close the implementation gap and to reduce gender inequality in negotiations. To attenuate the implementation gap, they may need to enable women to more fully experience how using specific strategies can improve their negotiation performance. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843221128484 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Mazei
- TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Haines EL, Schachtman R, Glick P, Earvolino J. Trash talk about the other gender: Content of, reactions to, and willingness to confront stereotypical comments about men and women. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221125182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the content of and reactions to stereotypical comments about men and women. In Study 1, daily comments participants recalled hearing people make about “what men/women are like” were generally negative and targeted the other gender. Men rejected negative comments about both genders, whereas women rejected negative comments about women more than comments about men. In Study 2, college participants could confront an online interaction partner who made an other-gender sexist comment. Women confronted a comment targeting women and had more negative reactions to sexism directed at a woman than at a man; men had equivalent, negative reactions to sexism that did not depend on target gender. Study 3 extended and replicated Study 2 by including both other-gender and same gender sexism. Results showed that (a) women were more attuned to men’s sexism toward women compared to all other types and (b) men responded negatively to sexism about either gender, but were more likely to confront sexism directed at women than sexism directed at men. We suggest that women’s tendency to confront sexism when it targets women but not men may reinforce stereotypes that undermine gender equality.
Collapse
|
41
|
Li J, Faisal E, Al Hariri A. Numbers for Boys and Words for Girls? Academic Gender Stereotypes among Chinese Parents. SEX ROLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
42
|
Hanek KJ, Garcia SM. Barriers for women in the workplace: A social psychological perspective. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin J. Hanek
- Department of Management and Marketing School of Business Administration University of Dayton Dayton Ohio USA
| | - Stephen M. Garcia
- Department of Management and Organizations Graduate School of Management University of California Davis California USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vial AC, Cowgill CM. Heavier Lies Her Crown: Gendered Patterns of Leader Emotional Labor and Their Downstream Effects. Front Psychol 2022; 13:849566. [PMID: 36106035 PMCID: PMC9465331 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.849566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Women use power in more prosocial ways than men and they also engage in more emotional labor (i.e., self-regulate their emotions to respond and attend to the needs and emotions of other people in a way that advances organizational goals). However, these two constructs have not been previously connected. We propose that gendered emotional labor practices and pressures result in gender differences in the prosocial use of power. We integrate the literature on emotional labor with research on the psychology of power to articulate three routes through which this happens. First, women may be more adept than men at the intrapersonal and interpersonal processes entailed in emotional labor practices—a skill that they can apply at all hierarchical levels. Second, given women’s stronger internal motivation to perform emotional labor, they construe power in a more interdependent manner than men, which promotes a more prosocial use of power. As a result, female powerholders tend to behave in more prosocial ways. Third, when they have power, women encounter stronger external motivation to engage in emotional labor, which effectively constrains powerful women’s behaviors in a way that fosters a more prosocial use of power. We discuss how, by promoting prosocial behavior among powerholders, emotional labor can be beneficial for subordinates and organizations (e.g., increase employee well-being and organizational trust), while simultaneously creating costs for individual powerholders, which may reduce women’s likelihood of actually attaining and retaining power by (a) making high-power roles less appealing, (b) guiding women toward less prestigious and (c) more precarious leadership roles, (d) draining powerful women’s time and resources without equitable rewards, and (e) making it difficult for women to legitimize their power in the eyes of subordinates (especially men). Thus, emotional labor practices can help explain the underrepresentation of women in top leadership positions.
Collapse
|
44
|
Paoletti J, Derrick JL, Fagundes CP, Leonard KE. The Effects of Strain-Based Work-Parenting Conflict on Dual Income Couples' Energy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9125. [PMID: 35897489 PMCID: PMC9368075 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Gender differences between men's and women's parenting roles are well-documented as the "second shift". We examined the main effects and interaction of work distress and parenting distress with energy (i.e., vigor) in a sample of 310 dual-income, different-sex couples with kids married for approximately nine years. (2) Methods: We used actor-partner interdependence modeling (APIM) to examine how spouses' distress was associated with their energy. (3) Results: For both wives and husbands, there were negative associations between the actor's parenting distress and their energy level and between the actor's work distress and their energy level. However, only wives experienced a significant interaction of work and parenting distress such that high levels of both forms of distress were associated with low levels of energy, indicating that only wives experience this form of work-family conflict. (4) Conclusions: When women experience more strain at home than men, they may need more time to recover from their work and family duties. If they cannot do so, they will have less energy to carry out their responsibilities and may be at a higher risk of future adverse health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jensine Paoletti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
| | - Jaye L. Derrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
| | - Christopher P. Fagundes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Leonard
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cyrus-Lai W, Tierney W, du Plessis C, Nguyen M, Schaerer M, Giulia Clemente E, Uhlmann EL. Avoiding Bias in the Search for Implicit Bias. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2106762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - My Nguyen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Michael Schaerer
- Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Teresa-Morales C, Rodríguez-Pérez M, Araujo-Hernández M, Feria-Ramírez C. Current Stereotypes Associated with Nursing and Nursing Professionals: An Integrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7640. [PMID: 35805296 PMCID: PMC9265497 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nursing and nursing professionals are associated with social stereotypes, which may hinder the profession's development and future prospects as a scientific discipline. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the stereotypes associated with the nursing profession-students and professionals. Therefore, we carried out an integrative review. The search was conducted using PubMed, WOS, and CINAHL databases, and its search strategy was based on a combination of standardised keywords and natural vocabulary, with a temporal limit between 2016 and 2021. The data extraction and analysis was based on the conceptual framework developed by Whittemore and Knafl. Twenty-seven studies were included in the review, and their results were classified and coded. Two categories emerged, namely, stereotypes relating to the professionals' gender and stereotypes relating to the profession itself. We concluded that the nursing profession is viewed as female with low skills, social status, salary, academic level and entry requirements, and with little autonomy. Male nurses' professional competencies and masculinity are questioned, while the work carried out by female nurses is viewed as unprofessional. To reduce these stereotypes and bias we must present the nursing profession as a scientific discipline, developed by both men and women. Specific channels for this awareness-raising work include interventions from universities and the media, and participation in health policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarita Rodríguez-Pérez
- Nursing Department Teaching and Research, University of Huelva, 21004 Huelva, Spain; (C.T.-M.); (M.A.-H.); (C.F.-R.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee SS, Chao MM, He H. When family interrupted work: The implications of gendered role perception in the face of COVID-19. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 79:JOSI12504. [PMID: 35942492 PMCID: PMC9348081 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many individuals are confronted with the work-from-home challenge, which often results in work-family interference. Although prior to COVID-19, the influence of traditional gender role expectations was shown to be reduced over time, it is unclear whether and how such traditional worldview might influence judgments towards men and women when family interrupted work under the threat of COVID-19. This study presented and tested competing predictions derived from the gender role theory. An experimental study with 971 adults showed that during (vs. before) COVID-19 pandemic, men were evaluated more negatively when they experienced family interruption to work compared with women. The negative evaluation further led to more punitive reactions and less support at work. The results suggested that gender role expectations reinforced the traditional status quo by punishing status-quo-breakers under the threat of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Susie Lee
- Department of ManagementSchool of Business and Management, The Hong Kong University of Science & TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong Kong
| | - Melody M. Chao
- Department of ManagementSchool of Business and Management, The Hong Kong University of Science & TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong Kong
| | - Hongwei He
- Management Science and Marketing Division, Alliance Manchester Business SchoolThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Moreno-Bella E, Willis GB, Quiroga-Garza A, Moya M. Economic inequality shapes the agency–communion content of gender stereotypes. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221095338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Economic inequality is a main issue in current societies, and it affects people’s psychological processes. In this research, we propose that perceived economic inequality might affect how people perceive men and women. In two experiments carried out in Spain ( N = 170) and Mexico ( N = 215), we tested whether high (vs. low) economic inequality leads to changes in the perceived agency and communion of both men and women. Our findings suggest that when economic inequality is high (vs. low), the communal content in social perceptions of both men and women decreases. Specifically, under high (vs. low) inequality, the difference in agency and communion ascribed to a man becomes greater (i.e., men are perceived as even more agentic than communal), whereas this difference becomes smaller for women (i.e., women are still perceived as more communal than agentic, but this difference is smaller). We discuss these findings’ implications regarding the psychosocial effects of economic inequality.
Collapse
|
49
|
Morello SL, Rogus-Pulia N, Branchaw JL, Brauer M, Schwakopf JM, Carnes M. The Influence of Messaging on Perceptions of Careers in Veterinary Medicine: Do Gender Stereotypes Matter? JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 49:382-392. [PMID: 34102091 PMCID: PMC8651859 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The veterinary medical workforce is increasingly female; occupational feminization often transfers stereotypes associated with the predominant gender onto the profession. It is unknown whether within veterinary medicine a feminized public image is a possible contributor to the reduction in male applicants to training programs. The influence of stereotypically gendered messaging on how male and female undergraduate students perceive veterinary medicine was investigated in 482 undergraduate students enrolled in five introductory or second-level biology courses. Two short videos introducing the field of veterinary medicine were developed with imagery and language selected to emphasize either stereotypic feminine (communal) or masculine (agentic) aspects of the field. Participant groups were randomly assigned one of the two videos (feminine/communal or masculine/agentic) or no video (no exposure). An outcome survey elicited impressions of the field of veterinary medicine and gathered demographic data. There was a significant linear trend of condition on perception of the profession as feminine or masculine and on perception of the activities of a veterinarian as feminine/communal or masculine/agentic. Female participants were significantly more likely to agree that someone of their gender would be valued in the profession. Male participants reported significantly higher self-efficacy scores for performing the tasks of a veterinarian when they viewed the feminine stereotype video. These results demonstrate that gendered perceptions of the field can be manipulated. Intentional gendered messaging should be further explored as one strategy to broaden the talent pool in the workforce by attracting men back to the field.
Collapse
|
50
|
Martinez-Marin MD, Martínez C. Exploring subjective well-being trough gender and emotional intelligence. A mediational model ( Explorando el bienestar subjetivo a través del género y la inteligencia emocional. Un modelo mediacional). STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2022.2056801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|