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Yu T, Liao C, Stanisavljevic N, Li L, Peng X, Gao X, Yue D, Wang X. Four-decades evolutionary development of municipal solid waste management in China: Implications for sustainable waste management and circular economy. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2024:734242X231221083. [PMID: 38233374 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231221083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study collected data on waste generation and management in China between 1979 and 2020 from government statistics and literature and reviewed the development of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in China. The extended stochastic impact by regression on population, affluence and technology (STIRPAT) model was employed to identify the driving forces of MSW generation, and the cointegration analysis showed that economy (0.35, t = -3.47), industrial structure (3.34, t = -20.77) and urbanization (-1.5, t = 5.678) were the significant socioeconomic driving forces in the long run. By employing the framework of evolutionary economics, this study then investigated the internal rules of long-term interaction between socioeconomic factors and MSW management. The results indicate that, in the long run, MSW management development can be viewed as an evolutionary process that includes a continuous adaptation to external socioeconomic factors and the co-evolution of internal institutions and technologies. Adaptation and diversity of institutions and technologies play an important role in achieving sustainable waste management and circular economy (CE). This study offers a novel evolutionary perspective for explaining dynamic changes of MSW management in China, as well as recommendations for emerging economies to achieve sustainable waste management and CE goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Yu
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenglin Liao
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nemanja Stanisavljevic
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongbei Yue
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Liu ZH, Li JQ, Zhang XL, Li HD, Su DP, Liang JW. MSWIFA and cement cooperate in the disposal of soft soil - experimental study on silty sand and silty clay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8150-8163. [PMID: 38177644 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) can be reused as a positive additive to strengthen soft soil. In this study, MSWIFA was initially used as a supplementary solidification material in combination with ordinary Portland cement to prepare fly ash cement-stabilized soil (FACS) with silty sand and silty clay, respectively. The ratio of MWSIFA to total mass was 5%, 10%, and 15%, and the cement content was set as 10% and 15%. The mechanical properties of FACS were evaluated by unconfined compressive strength test. The heavy metal-leaching test was conducted to estimate the environmental risk of FACS. The scanning electron microscope was used to test the micro-structure of FACS. The X-ray diffraction was performed to analyze material composition of FACS. The result indicates that the collaborative solidification of soft soil with MSWIFA and cement is feasible. Regarding the silty clay, the FA had positive effects on the silty clay in the service age (between 50 and 100% with 15% MSWIFA), as the MSWIFA reformulated the initial silty clay structure, resulting in interconnection and pore fill between particles. It can be founded that C-S-H and ettringite are the main products of MSWIFA and cement hydration, which are formed by the hydration of C3S and C2S. Regarding the silty sand, the MSWIFA decreased the peak strength (between 35 and 48% with 15% MSWIFA) but increased the ductility of the stabilized cement. Under the same mix proportions, the leaching toxicities of Zn and Pb in FACS of silty clay were obviously lower than were those of silty sand. Generally, the leaching concentrations of tested metals under all the mix proportions were well below the limit value set by GB 18598-2019 for hazardous waste landfill. Thus, the reuse of MSWIFA in cement-stabilized soil would be one of the effective methods in soft soil treatment and solid waste reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Hui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Hao-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dong-Po Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jia-Wei Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Saha S, Sau D, Hazra T. Economic viability analysis of recycling waste plastic as aggregates in green sustainable concrete. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 169:289-300. [PMID: 37487342 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste management is one of the major global challenges at present. Recycling single used plastic waste as partial replacement of natural aggregates in concrete may reduce problems regarding mismanagement of plastic waste and unsustainable utilisation of natural resources as aggregates. This concept has been explored in many studies and positive results are obtained, but it has not been materialized at a large scale due to the uncertainty regarding economic viability. The present study therefore focuses on the economic aspects of using Polyethylene based fine aggregates and Polyethylene Terephthalate based coarse aggregates as partial replacement (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) of natural fine and coarse aggregates separately and simultaneously, with special emphasis given on environmental and social cost. A material flow diagram using STAN is first developed to calculate plastic waste generation. An industrial survey has been conducted to estimate production cost of plastic aggregates, while social cost as WTP is determined through CVM method. The result shows that the total cost of concrete decreases with increase of replacement percentage and cost reduction varies between 0.65% and 7.58% compare to conventional concrete depending on the percentage and type of replacement without compromising strength. So, alongside being hugely beneficial to environment and society in terms of reduction of leachate and greenhouse gas generation, micro-plastic pollution, requirement of landfill area, mosquito borne diseases, erosion, sedimentation, land loss etc.; the concept of recycling plastic waste as partial replacement of natural aggregates in concrete has been proved to be economically viable and beneficial too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Saha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Debasis Sau
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Tumpa Hazra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Jiang T, Sun Y, Jin Q. The environmental, economic, and social influences of government subsidies on express delivery packaging supply chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29681-29698. [PMID: 36417066 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of e-commerce and the prosperity of express delivery has brought great convenience to people's life. However, the environmental and social problems caused by express delivery packaging (EDP) have not been well understood yet. It has become an important issue to coordinate the economic, environmental, and social development goals of the government for the sustainable development of the EDP. This paper adopted the system dynamics (SD) method to simulate three subsystems in the express delivery packaging supply chain (EDPSC), i.e., the manufacturer subsystem, the consumer subsystem, and the recycler subsystem. Particularly, the impact of government subsidies on the EDPSC from three dimensions of economy, environment, and society was discussed in this paper. The results showed that (1) CO2 emissions in the end-of-life stage of EDPSC account for about 83.9-91.8%, and incineration as the main carbon emission source of end-of-life reduce by 10-19% compared with no government subsidy. (2) The profit of recyclers is most affected by government subsidies, and incineration power generation is one of the main economic sources for recyclers. As the recycling rate of EDP increased from 2 to 32%, the income from incineration power generation decreased from about 25-40% to 15-25% of the total income. (3) The implementation of government subsidies is beneficial to improve social welfare, which has the biggest impact on consumers' surplus. (4) The comprehensive scenario subsidy is better than the single scenario subsidy, but it will bring a serious cost burden to the government. In the single scenario, the target of government subsidy depends on the level of government subsidy, which is subsidized to consumers at low and medium levels and recyclers at high levels. Therefore, our results can be used to help governments make decisions and also serve as a methodological reference for supply chains in other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Yahong Sun
- School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Kour R, Singh S, Sharma HB, Naik TSSK, Shehata N, N P, Ali W, Kapoor D, Dhanjal DS, Singh J, Khan AH, Khan NA, Yousefi M, Ramamurthy PC. Persistence and remote sensing of agri-food wastes in the environment: Current state and perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137822. [PMID: 36649897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Food demand is expected to increase globally by 60-110% from 2005 to 2050 due to diet shifts and population growth. This growth in food demand leads to the generation of enormous agri-food wastes (AFWs), which could be classified into pre-consumption and post-consumption. The AFW represents economic losses for all stakeholders along food supply chains, including consumers. It is reported that the direct financial, social, and environmental costs of food waste are 1, 0.9, and 0.7 trillion USD/year, respectively. Diverse conventional AFW management approaches are employed at the different life cycle levels (entre supply chain). The review indicates that inadequate transportation, erroneous packaging, improper storage, losses during processing, contamination, issues with handling, and expiry dates are the main reason for the generation of AFWs in the supply chain. Further, various variables such as cultural, societal, personal, and behavioral factors contribute to the AFW generation. The selection of a specific valorization technology is based on multiple physicochemical and biological parameters. Furthermore, other factors like heterogeneity of the AFWs, preferable energy carriers, by-products management, cost, end-usage applications, and environmental legislative and disposal processes also play a crucial role in adopting suitable technology. Valorization of AFW could significantly impact both economy and the environment. AFWs have been widely investigated for the development of engineered added-value biomaterials and renewable energy production. Considering this, this study has been carried out to highlight the significance of AFW cost, aggregation, quantification, and membrane-based strategies for its management. The study also explored the satellite remote sensing data for Spatio-temporal monitoring, mapping, optimization, and management of AFW management. Along with this, the study also explained the most recent strategies for AFW valorization and outlined the detailed policy recommendation along with opportunities and challenges. The review suggested that AFW should be managed using a triple-bottom-line strategy (economic, social, and environmental sustainability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Retinder Kour
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR) Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR) Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Hari Bhakta Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim, 737136, India
| | - T S Sunil Kumar Naik
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 56001, India
| | - Nabila Shehata
- Environmental Science and Industrial Development Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Pavithra N
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR) Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Wahid Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, College of Applied Industrial Technology (CAIT), Jazan University, Jazan, 45971, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
| | - Afzal Husain Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jazan University, PO Box. 706, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Mewat Engineering College, Nuh, Haryana-122107, India
| | - Mahmood Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR) Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.
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Luo J, Yang R, Ma F, Jiang W, Han C. Recycling utilization of Chinese medicine herbal residues resources: systematic evaluation on industrializable treatment modes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32153-32167. [PMID: 36719578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an indispensable part of the world health and medical system and plays an important role in treatment, prevention, and health care. These TCM produce a large amount of Chinese medicine herbal residues (CHMRs) during the application process, most of which are the residues after the decoction or extraction of botanical medicines. These CMHRs contain a large number of unused components, which can be used in medical, breeding, planting, materials, and other industries. Considering the practical application requirements, this paper mainly introduces the low-cost treatment methods of CHMRs, including the extraction of active ingredients, cultivation of edible fungi, and manufacture of feed. These methods not only have low upfront investment, but also have some income in the future. Furthermore, other methods are briefly introduced. In conclusion, this paper can provide a reference for people who need to deal with CMHRs and contribute to the sustainable development of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, People's Republic of China.
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Cook E, Velis CA, Cottom JW. Scaling up resource recovery of plastics in the emergent circular economy to prevent plastic pollution: Assessment of risks to health and safety in the Global South. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1680-1707. [PMID: 35875954 PMCID: PMC9606178 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the coming decades, a large additional mass of plastic waste will become available for recycling, as efforts increase to reduce plastic pollution and facilitate a circular economy. New infrastructure will need to be developed, yet the processes and systems chosen should not result in adverse effects on human health and the environment. Here, we present a rapid review and critical semi-quantitative assessment of the potential risks posed by eight approaches to recovering value during the resource recovery phase from post-consumer plastic packaging waste collected and separated with the purported intention of recycling. The focus is on the Global South, where there are more chances that high risk processes could be run below standards of safe operation. Results indicate that under non-idealised operational conditions, mechanical reprocessing is the least impactful on the environment and therefore most appropriate for implementation in developing countries. Processes known as 'chemical recycling' are hard to assess due to lack of real-world process data. Given their lack of maturity and potential for risk to human health and the environment (handling of potentially hazardous substances under pressure and heat), it is unlikely they will make a useful addition to the circular economy in the Global South in the near future. Inevitably, increasing circular economy activity will require expansion towards targeting flexible, multi-material and multilayer products, for which mechanical recycling has well-established limitations. Our comparative risk overview indicates major barriers to changing resource recovery mode from the already dominant mechanical recycling mode towards other nascent or energetic recovery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Costas A Velis
- Costas A Velis, Room 304, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Khan MS, Mubeen I, Caimeng Y, Zhu G, Khalid A, Yan M. Waste to energy incineration technology: Recent development under climate change scenarios. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1708-1729. [PMID: 35719093 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the huge generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), proper management and disposal of MSW is a worldwide challenge for sustainable development of cities and high quality of citizens life. Although different disposal ways are available, incineration is a leading harmless approach to effectively recover energy among the applied technologies. The purpose of the present review paper is to detail the discussion of evolution of waste to energy incineration and specifically to highlight the currently used and advanced incineration technologies, including combined incineration with other energy, for instance, hydrogen production, coal and solar energy. In addition, the environmental performance is discussed, including the zero waste emission, leachate and fly ash treatment, climate change contribution and public behaviour. Finally, challenges, opportunities and business model are addressed. Trends and perspectives on policies and techno-economic aspects are also discussed in this review. Different simulation tools, which can be used for the thermodynamic assessment of incineration plants, are debated; life-cycle inventory emissions and most critical environmental impacts of such plants are evaluated by life-cycle analysis. This review shows that waste incineration with energy yield is advantageous to handle waste problems and it affects climate change positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid Khan
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Mubeen
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Caimeng
- Zhejiang Zheneng Xingyuan Energy Saving Technology Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaojun Zhu
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Azeem Khalid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mi Yan
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Wang H, Wang J, Zhou M, Wang W, Liu C, Wang Y. A versatile control strategy based on organic carbon flow analysis for effective treatment of incineration leachate using an anammox-based process. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 215:118261. [PMID: 35294909 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anammox-based process provides an alternative for the sustainable treatment of incineration leachate that has high-load ammonium and high residual heat, but the high concentrations of organics in such leachates brought challenges for the process control. For the first time, a two-stage partial nitrification (PN)-anammox process coupled with a pre-enhanced anaerobic digestion (AD) was established to achieve efficient nitrogen removal from incineration leachate. Satisfactory nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were achieved-with the average values of 90% and 78%, respectively-despite fluctuating influent properties [1100-2000 mg-total nitrogen (TN)/L and 3800-15800 mg-COD/L]. A versatile control strategy was developed to create an optimum autotrophic environment for nitrifier and anammox bacteria: i) enhanced AD set before the PN-anammox process captured nearly 50% of the influent COD; ii) in the PN unit, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were well adapted to COD concentrations of 1420-2400 mg/L, and dissolved oxygen (0.2-0.4 mg/L) controlling combined with a high free nitrous acid concentration (>0.08 mg/L) ensured a nitrite accumulation rate of >95%; and iii) in the anammox unit, a suitable influent NO2--N/NH4+-N ratio (the average value of 1.27) was achieved by mixing AD effluent with PN effluent (1:1.78, v/v), contributing to a high TN removal of 78 ± 2.4%. Nevertheless, 980-1560 mg/L of COD remained in the influent of the anammox unit; biorefractory humic acids in this (245.6 ± 3 mg/L) might be the main component that caused the observed 66 ± 2% decrease in anammox activity. The proliferation of denitrifying bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria induced by the organic compounds may have led to the observed decline in the abundance of the anammox bacterium Candidatus Kuenenia. The proposed strategy guaranteed the robust operation of the PN-anammox process and provides a promising approach for the sustainable treatment of incineration leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P R China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P R China
| | - Mingda Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P R China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P R China
| | - Chao Liu
- Shanghai Youlin Zhuyuan Sewage Investment and Development Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P R China.
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Performance Analysis of a Waste-to-Energy System Integrated with the Steam–Water Cycle and Urea Hydrolysis Process of a Coal-Fired Power Unit. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An innovative hybrid energy system consisting of a waste-to-energy unit and a coal-fired power unit is designed to enhance the energy recovery of waste and decrease the investment costs of waste-to-energy unit. In this integrated design, partial cold reheat steam of the coal-fired unit is heated by the waste-to-energy boiler’s superheater. The heat required for partial preheated air of waste-to-energy unit and its feedwater are supplied by the feedwater of CFPU. In addition, an additional evaporator is deployed in the waste-to-energy boiler, of which the outlet stream is utilized to provide the heat source for the urea hydrolysis unit of coal-fired power plant. The stand-alone and proposed designs are analyzed and compared through thermodynamic and economic methods. Results indicate that the net total energy efficiency increases from 41.84% to 42.12%, and the net total exergy efficiency rises from 41.19% to 41.46% after system integration. Moreover, the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of waste-to-energy system are enhanced by 10.48% and 9.92%, respectively. The dynamic payback period of new waste-to-energy system is cut down from 11.39 years to 5.48 years, and an additional net present value of $14.42 million is got than before.
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Nanda S, Berruti F. A technical review of bioenergy and resource recovery from municipal solid waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123970. [PMID: 33265011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Population growth, rapid urbanization, industrialization and economic development have led to the magnified municipal solid waste generation at an alarming rate on a global scale. Municipal solid waste seems to be an economically viable and attractive resource to produce green fuels through different waste-to-energy conversion routes. This paper reviews the different waste-to-energy technologies as well as thermochemical and biological conversion technologies for the valorization of municipal solid waste and diversion for recycling. The key waste-to-energy technologies discussed in this review include conventional thermal incineration and the modern hydrothermal incineration. The thermochemical treatments (e.g. pyrolysis, liquefaction and gasification) and biological treatments (e.g. anaerobic digestion and composting) are also elaborated for the transformation of solid wastes to biofuel products. The current status of municipal solid waste management for effective disposal and diversion along with the opportunities and challenges has been comprehensively reviewed. The merits and technical challenges of the waste-to-energy technologies are systematically discussed to promote the diversion of solid wastes from landfill disposal to biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonil Nanda
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Franco Berruti
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Law KL, Starr N, Siegler TR, Jambeck JR, Mallos NJ, Leonard GH. The United States' contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eabd0288. [PMID: 33127684 PMCID: PMC7608798 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste affects environmental quality and ecosystem health. In 2010, an estimated 5 to 13 million metric tons (Mt) of plastic waste entered the ocean from both developing countries with insufficient solid waste infrastructure and high-income countries with very high waste generation. We demonstrate that, in 2016, the United States generated the largest amount of plastic waste of any country in the world (42.0 Mt). Between 0.14 and 0.41 Mt of this waste was illegally dumped in the United States, and 0.15 to 0.99 Mt was inadequately managed in countries that imported materials collected in the United States for recycling. Accounting for these contributions, the amount of plastic waste generated in the United States estimated to enter the coastal environment in 2016 was up to five times larger than that estimated for 2010, rendering the United States' contribution among the highest in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jenna R Jambeck
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Lau WWY, Shiran Y, Bailey RM, Cook E, Stuchtey MR, Koskella J, Velis CA, Godfrey L, Boucher J, Murphy MB, Thompson RC, Jankowska E, Castillo Castillo A, Pilditch TD, Dixon B, Koerselman L, Kosior E, Favoino E, Gutberlet J, Baulch S, Atreya ME, Fischer D, He KK, Petit MM, Sumaila UR, Neil E, Bernhofen MV, Lawrence K, Palardy JE. Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution. Science 2020; 369:1455-1461. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a pervasive and growing problem. To estimate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce plastic pollution, we modeled stocks and flows of municipal solid waste and four sources of microplastics through the global plastic system for five scenarios between 2016 and 2040. Implementing all feasible interventions reduced plastic pollution by 40% from 2016 rates and 78% relative to “business as usual” in 2040. Even with immediate and concerted action, 710 million metric tons of plastic waste cumulatively entered aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. To avoid a massive build-up of plastic in the environment, coordinated global action is urgently needed to reduce plastic consumption; increase rates of reuse, waste collection, and recycling; expand safe disposal systems; and accelerate innovation in the plastic value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie W. Y. Lau
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | | | - Richard M. Bailey
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Ed Cook
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin R. Stuchtey
- SYSTEMIQ, 69 Carter Lane, London EC4V 5EQ, UK
- Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Costas A. Velis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Linda Godfrey
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Julien Boucher
- EA—Shaping Environmental Action, Chemin des Vignes d’Argent 7, CH 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland–HES-SO, HEIG-VD, Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard C. Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | | | - Arturo Castillo Castillo
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AX, UK
| | - Toby D. Pilditch
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Ben Dixon
- SYSTEMIQ, 69 Carter Lane, London EC4V 5EQ, UK
| | | | | | - Enzo Favoino
- Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza, Viale Cavriga 3 20900 Monza (MB), Italy
| | - Jutta Gutberlet
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Sarah Baulch
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin K. He
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | | | - U. Rashid Sumaila
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries and School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Emily Neil
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | | | - Keith Lawrence
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - James E. Palardy
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA
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14
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Assessment of Green Methanol Production Potential and Related Economic and Environmental Benefits: The Case of China. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13123113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adopting a new paradigm for social development implies a transition to a circular economy. The above requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the utilization of wastes, and the use of renewable energy sources. The most promising way is the use of methanol for industrial and transport applications. China is experiencing a boom in methanol production and its use in almost every sector of the economy. The purpose of this study was to reveal economic benefits, carbon dioxide emissions and the potential production of green methanol. Fuel price history, energy costs and fuel economy were used for economic assessment. Life cycle analysis to evaluate carbon dioxide emissions was applied. It was revealed that only the use of green methanol as a fuel results in decreases in well-to-wheel CO2 emissions compared to fossil fuels. The potential methanol production by using recycled waste and wind power was determined. Its annual production can range from 6.83 to 32.43 million tones. On this basis, a gradual transition to a circular and methanol economy is possible. Policymakers are recommended to support green methanol production in China. It can result in boosting the application of vehicles fueled by methanol and can control CO2 emissions.
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Abstract
Composting is the controlled conversion of degradable organic products and wastes into stable products with the aid of microorganisms. Composting is a long-used technology, though it has some shortcomings that have reduced its extensive usage and efficiency. The shortcomings include pathogen detection, low nutrient status, long duration of composting, long mineralization duration, and odor production. These challenges have publicized the use of chemical fertilizers produced through the Haber–Bosch process as an alternative to compost over time. Chemical fertilizers make nutrients readily available to plants, but their disadvantages outweigh their advantages. For example, chemical fertilizers contribute to greenhouse effects, environmental pollution, death of soil organisms and marine inhabitants, ozone layer depletion, and human diseases. These have resulted in farmers reverting to the application of composts as a means of restoring soil fertility. Composting is a fundamental process in agriculture and helps in the recycling of farm wastes. The long duration of composting is a challenge; this is due to the presence of materials that take a longer time to compost, especially during co-composting. This review discusses the proper management of wastes through composting, different composting methods, the factors affecting composting, long-duration composting, the mechanism behind it, the present trends in composting and prospects. The extraction of mono-fertilizers from compost, development of strips to test for the availability of heavy metals and pathogens as well as an odor-trapping technique can go a long way in enhancing composting techniques. The addition of activators to raw materials can help to improve the nutritional quality of compost. This review further recommends that degradable organic material in which composts slowly should be assessed for their ability to mineralize slowly, which could make them advantageous to perennial or biennial crops. Viricides, fungicides, anti-nematodes, and anti-bacterial of plant or organic sources could as well be added to improve compost quality. The enhancement of composting duration will also be useful.
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16
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Khan MB, Cui X, Jilani G, Tang L, Lu M, Cao X, Sahito ZA, Hamid Y, Hussain B, Yang X, He Z. New insight into the impact of biochar during vermi-stabilization of divergent biowastes: Literature synthesis and research pursuits. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124679. [PMID: 31524617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar amendment for compost stabilization of divergent biowastes is gaining considerable attention due to environmental, agronomic and economic benefits. Research to date exhibits its favorable physico-chemical characteristics, viz. greater porosity, surface area, amount of functional groups, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), which allow interface with main nutrient cycles, favor microbial activities during composting, and improve the reproduction of earthworms during vermicomposting. Biochar amendment during composting and vermicomposting of biowastes boosts physico-chemical properties of compost mixture, microbial activities and organic matter degradation; and reduces nitrogen loss and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). It also improves the quality of final compost by increasing concentration of plant available nutrients, enhancing maturity, decreasing composting duration and reducing the toxicity of compost. Due to these characteristics, biochar could be considered a beneficial additive for the stabilization of different biowastes during composting and vermicomposting processes. Hence, good quality vermicompost, efficient recycling and management of biowastes could be achieved by addition of biochar through composting and vermicomposting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Khan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ghulam Jilani
- Institute of Soil Science, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Lin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuerui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zulfiqar Ali Sahito
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yasir Hamid
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bilal Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenli He
- Soil and Water Science Department, Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
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17
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HCl Removal Using Calcined Ca–Mg–Al Layered Double Hydroxide in the Presence of CO2 at Medium–High Temperature. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This present work aimed to investigate the influence of CO2 on HCl removal using calcined Ca–Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (CaMgAl-LDHs) at medium–high temperature (400–800 °C) in a fixed-bed reactor. It was revealed that a moderate CO2 concentration (~6%) in the flue gas of the municipal solid-waste incinerators could reduce the HCl capacity of the CaMgAl-layered double oxides (CaMgAl-LDOs). The highest capacity for HCl removal was observed over the CaMgAl-LDOs at 600 °C. However, sintering was also detected when the reaction temperature was below the calcination temperature (600 °C). Moreover, the decreasing HCl adsorption capacity of CaMgAl-LDOs was attributed to the existence of CO2 in the flue gas, which could efficiently inhibit the decomposition of carbonates as well as the conversion into metal chloride during the HCl removal process.
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18
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Xu T, Wang L, Zeng Y, Zhao X, Wang L, Zhan X, Li T, Yang L. Characterization of typical heavy metals in pyrolysis MSWI fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3502-3511. [PMID: 29871557 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1480663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment methods are used extensively in the process of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. However, the characterization of heavy metals during this process should be understood more clearly in order to control secondary pollution. In this paper, the content, speciation and leaching toxicity of mercury (Hg), plumbum (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in fly ash treated under different temperatures and time were firstly analysed as pre-tests. Later, pilot-scale pyrolysis equipment was used to explore the concentration and speciation changes in the heavy metals of fly ash. Finally, the phase constitution and microstructure changes in fly ash were compared before and after pyrolysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The results showed that (a) The appropriate processing temperature was between 400°C and 450°C, and the processing time should be 1 h. (b) The stability of heavy metals in fly ash increased after pyrolysis. (c) XRD and SEM results indicated that phase constitution changed a little, but the microstructure varied to a porous structure similar to that of a coral reef after pyrolysis. These results suggest that pyrolysis could be an effective method in controlling heavy metal pollution in fly ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengtun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
- Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Li'ao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
- Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunmin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
- Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
- SPIC Yuanda Environmental protection Engineering Co., Ltd , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Zhan
- Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- Chongqing Municipal Solid Waste Resource Utilization & Treatment Collaborative Innovation Center , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
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19
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Zhan MX, Ji LJ, Ma YF, Chen WR, Lu SY. The impact of hydrochloric acid on the catalytic destruction behavior of 1,2-dichlorbenzene and PCDD/Fs in the presence of VWTi catalysts. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:249-257. [PMID: 32559910 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic oxidation is regarded an effective technique to control the emissions of chlorinated benzenes (CBzs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from waste incinerators. Among the numerous factors affecting the degradation efficiency of CBzs and PCDD/Fs, limited attention has been paid to the impact of hydrochloric acid (HCl) present in the flue gas. This study investigates how HCl affects the catalytic degradation of 1,2-dichlorbenzene (1,2-DCBz) at different reaction times and temperature regimes. The results showed that the removal efficiency of 1,2-DCBz, which was achieved by the V2O5/WO3-TiO2 (VWTi) catalyst, decreased the largest by 10% in the presence of HCl. Furthermore, it was found that the increasing concentration of water vapor hindered the degradation efficiency of 1,2-DCBz. No relationship between the process temperature and the destruction efficiency of PCDD/Fs was observed in the presence of HCl. Potential increasing of the removal efficiency of 1,2-DCBz was confirmed by adding different amount of activated carbon (AC) in the presence of HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Long-Jie Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd, Beijing 100015, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wang-Ruochen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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20
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Mmereki D. Current status of waste management in Botswana: A mini-review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2018; 36:555-576. [PMID: 29865991 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x18772097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective waste management practices are not all about legislative solutions, but a combination of the environmental, social, technical, technically skilled human resources, financial and technological resources, resource recycling, environmental pollution awareness programmes and public participation. As a result of insufficient resources, municipal solid waste (MSW) in transition and developing countries like Botswana remains a challenge, and it is often not yet given highest priority. In Botswana, the environment, public health and other socio-economic aspects are threatened by waste management practices due to inadequate implementation and enforcement mechanisms of waste management policy. This mini-review paper describes the panorama of waste management practices in Botswana and provides information to competent authorities responsible for waste management and to researchers to develop and implement an effective waste management system. Waste management practices in Botswana are affected by: lack of effective implementation of national waste policy, fragmented tasks and overlapping mandates among relevant institutions; lack of clear guidelines on the responsibilities of the generators and public authorities and on the associated economic incentives; and lack of consistent and comprehensive solid waste management policies; lack of intent by decision-makers to prepare national waste management plans and systems, and design and implement an integrated sustainable municipal solid waste management system. Due to these challenges, there are concerns over the growing trend of the illegal dumping of waste, creating mini dumping sites all over the country, and such actions jeopardize the efforts of lobbying investors and tourism business. Recommendations for concerted efforts are made to support decision makers to re-organize a sustainable waste management system, and this paper provides a reference to other emerging economies in the region and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mmereki
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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21
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Ding XT, Wang JH. Effects of the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on municipal solid waste management generation in Lhasa. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2018; 36:300-306. [PMID: 29378499 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x17751845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, is located on the Tibetan Plateau. Accelerated economic development and flourishing tourism resulting from the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) have increased solid waste generation and contamination in recent years. Using data from Lhasa Statistical Yearbooks and previous studies, this study estimates the future population of permanent residents and tourists using the least squares method to extrapolate the population from 2015-2025, and evaluates the effects of the QTR on municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in Lhasa and estimates future MSW generation. There were approximately 1.35 million tourists in 2008 when the QTR had been operating for 2 years and MSW generation was approximately 470 tons per day. The amount of MSW generated increased dramatically with time after opening the QTR. This study estimates that MSW generation will reach 962 tons per day in 2025. Due to the existence of the QTR, increasing numbers of people are traveling to Lhasa, and tourism has driven the development of the local economy. During the studies, the proportion of MSW produced by tourists increased from 2.99% to 20.06%, and it is estimated that it will increase to 33.49% in 2025. If the current trend continues, Lhasa will face significant challenges from garbage disposal. This study analyzes the current situation of urban garbage treatment in Lhasa, and it suggests several options for improvement to MSW generation, transportation equipment, disposal, and resource recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Tong Ding
- Microbiology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Ji-Hua Wang
- Microbiology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
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22
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Zhan MX, Fu JY, Ji LJ, Deviatkin I, Lu SY. Comparative analyses of catalytic degradation of PCDD/Fs in the laboratory vs. industrial conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:895-902. [PMID: 29145134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the efficiencies and mechanisms of the catalytic degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) first, in simulated laboratory conditions and then, in a commercial municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant. Five commercially available V2O5-WO3/TiO2 (VWTi) catalysts were tested. The degradation efficiency of PCDD/Fs in the simulated flue gas ranged 22.8-91.7% and was generally higher than that in the MSWI flue gas of 8.0-85.4%. The degradation efficiency of PCDD/Fs in the real flue gas of the MSWI plant was largely hindered by the complex composition of the flue gas, which could not be completely reproduced in the simulated laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the degradation of the higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs was easier compared to the lower chlorinated ones in the presence of the VWTi catalysts, which was primarily driven by the tendency of the higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs to be adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst and further destructed due to their lower vapor pressure. In addition, powdered catalysts should be preferred over the honeycomb shaped ones as they exposed higher PCDD/Fs degradation efficiencies under equal reaction conditions. The chemical composition and a range of the relevant to the study properties of the catalysts, such as surface area, crystallinity, oxidation ability, and surface acidity, were analyzed. The study ultimately supports the identification of the preferred characteristics of the VWTi catalysts for the most efficient degradation of toxic PCDD/Fs and elucidates the corresponding deactivation reasons of the catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian-Ying Fu
- China United Engineering Corporation, Hangzhou, 310052, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Long-Jie Ji
- Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Ivan Deviatkin
- Department of Sustainability Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851, Finland
| | - Sheng-Yong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Alfaia RGDSM, Costa AM, Campos JC. Municipal solid waste in Brazil: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2017; 35:1195-1209. [PMID: 29090660 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x17735375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of municipal solid waste (MSW) represents one of the greatest challenges currently faced by waste managers all around the world. In Brazil, the situation with regard to solid waste management is still deficient in many aspects. In 2015, only 58.7% of the MSW collected in Brazilian cities received appropriate final disposal. It was only as late as 2010 that Brazil established the National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) based on the legislation and programmes established in the 1970s in more developed countries. However, the situation with regard to MSW management has changed little since the implementation of the NPSW. Recent data show that, in Brazil, disposal in sanitary landfills is practically the only management approach to MSW. Contrary to expectations, despite the economic recession in 2015 the total annual amount of MSW generated nationwide increased by 1.7%, while in the same period the Brazilian population grew by 0.8% and economic activity decreased by 3.8%. The article describes the panorama with regard to MSW in Brazil from generation to final disposal and discusses the issues related to the delay in implementing the NPSW. The collection of recyclable material, the recycling process, the application of reverse logistics and the determination of the gravimetric composition of MSW in Brazil are also addressed in this article. Finally, a brief comparison is made between MSW management in Brazil and in other countries, the barriers to developing effective waste disposal systems are discussed and some recommendations for future MSW management development in Brazil are given.
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24
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He X, Mitrano DM, Nowack B, Bahk YK, Figi R, Schreiner C, Bürki M, Wang J. Agglomeration potential of TiO 2 in synthetic leachates made from the fly ash of different incinerated wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:616-623. [PMID: 28159397 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Material flow studies have shown that a large fraction of the engineered nanoparticles used in products end up in municipal waste. In many countries, this municipal waste is incinerated before landfilling. However, the behavior of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the leachates of incinerated wastes has not been investigated so far. In this study, TiO2 ENPs were spiked into synthetic landfill leachates made from different types of fly ash from three waste incineration plants. The synthetic leachates were prepared by standard protocols and two types of modified procedures with much higher dilution ratios that resulted in reduced ionic strength. The pH of the synthetic leachates was adjusted in a wide range (i.e. pH 3 to 11) to understand the effects of pH on agglomeration. The experimental results indicated that agglomeration of TiO2 in the synthetic landfill leachate simultaneously depend on ionic strength, ionic composition and pH. However, when the ionic strength was high, the effects of the other two factors were masked. The zeta potential of the particles was directly related to the size of the TiO2 agglomerates formed. The samples with an absolute zeta potential value < 10 mV were less stable, with the size of TiO2 agglomerates in excess of 1500 nm. It can be deduced from this study that TiO2 ENPs deposited in the landfill may be favored to form agglomerates and ultimately settle from the water percolating through the landfill and thus remain in the landfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 6, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Denise M Mitrano
- Technology and Society Laboratory, EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Technology and Society Laboratory, EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Yeon Kyoung Bahk
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 6, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Renato Figi
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Schreiner
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Bürki
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 6, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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25
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Gao X, Ji B, Yan D, Huang Q, Zhu X. A full-scale study on thermal degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash and its secondary air pollution control in China. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2017; 35:437-443. [PMID: 27909210 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x16677078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is beneficial to its risk control. Fly ash was treated in a full-scale thermal degradation system (capacity 1 t d-1) to remove polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Apart from the confirmation of the polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran decomposition efficiency, we focused on two major issues that are the major obstacles for commercialising this decomposition technology in China, desorption and regeneration of dioxins and control of secondary air pollution. The toxic equivalent quantity values of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans decreased to <6 ng kg-1 and the detoxification rate was ⩾97% after treatment for 1 h at 400 °C under oxygen-deficient conditions. About 8.49% of the polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) of the original fly ash were desorbed or regenerated. The extreme high polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran levels and dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congener profiles in the dust of the flue gas showed that desorption was the main reason, rather than de novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the exhaust pipe. Degradation furnace flue gas was introduced to the municipal solid waste incinerator economiser, and then co-processed in the air pollution control system. The degradation furnace released relatively large amounts of cadmium, lead and polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans compared with the municipal solid waste incinerator, but the amounts emitted to the atmosphere did not exceed the Chinese national emission limits. Thermal degradation can therefore be used as a polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxin and dibenzofuran abatement method for municipal solid waste incinerator source in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbao Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjing Ji
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
- 2 School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dahai Yan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Liu K, Huang T, Huang X, Yu L, Muhammad F, Jiao B, Li D. The application of homemade Neosinocalamus affinis AC in electrokinetic removal technology on heavy metal removal from the MSWI fly ash. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39312. [PMID: 28000710 PMCID: PMC5175160 DOI: 10.1038/srep39312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This present paper was focused on the manufacture of activated carbon (AC) and its application in the electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology on removal of the heavy metals (HMs) from the municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. AC was produced from Neosinocalamus affinis (NF) by chemical activation with H3PO4 in N2 atmosphere, the effects of activation temperatures, soaking time and impregnation ratios on the adsorption capacity of AC on HMs were examined through equilibrium adsorption experiments. The AC produced under the condition of 450 °C of activation temperature, 10 h of soaking time and 1.5 of impregnation ration was applied in the EKR experiment. The addition of AC in the S3-region of the electrolyzer could effectively improve the removal efficiencies of HMs. The technical parameters of voltage gradient, processing time and proportion were further optimized in the coupled experiments, the maximum removal of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb was 84.93%, 69.61%, 79.57%, and 78.55% respectively obtained under the optimal operating conditions of 2 V/cm of voltage gradient, 8 d of processing time and 20% of proportion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for coal mine disaster dynamics and control, Chongqing University, 400044, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for coal mine disaster dynamics and control, Chongqing University, 400044, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for coal mine disaster dynamics and control, Chongqing University, 400044, China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for coal mine disaster dynamics and control, Chongqing University, 400044, China.,City College of Science and Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Faheem Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory for coal mine disaster dynamics and control, Chongqing University, 400044, China
| | - Binquan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for coal mine disaster dynamics and control, Chongqing University, 400044, China.,City College of Science and Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for coal mine disaster dynamics and control, Chongqing University, 400044, China
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