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Attia MM, Yehia N, Mohamed Soliman M, Shukry M, El-Saadony MT, Salem HM. Evaluation of the antiparasitic activity of the chitosan-silver nanocomposites in the treatment of experimentally infested pigeons with Pseudolynchia canariensis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1644-1652. [PMID: 35280576 PMCID: PMC8913377 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of chitosan-silver nanocomposites in the treatment of experimentally infested pigeons with Pseudolynchia canariensis (P. canariensis) with evaluation of different immunological parameters before and after treatment. Therefore, fourteen birds were divided into 2 groups; group1(infested group including 12 birds) which subdivided into 6 sub-groups experimentally infested pigeons 2 pigeons each, and five group of them were treated with chitosan-silver nanocomposites and sub-group number 6 was treated with deltamethrin while, group 2 including two pigeons were kept as control negative ones. P. canariensis flies distributed under the wing and /or under the tail in infested group and these pigeons showed significantly lower RBCs and higher WBCs than that in non-infested pigeons. The cell mediated immune response against experimentally infested pigeons with P. canariensis was studied. P. canariensis infestation in pigeons have a negative impact on pigeon’s blood parameters, increase TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines levels. This study cleared out the role of P. canariensis in the induction of a case of oxidative stress indicated by high level of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) with low antioxidant capacity in shape of reduced zinc concentration in the sera of experimentally infested pigeon. Chitosan-silver nanocomposite has a promising effect in the elimination of P. canariensis infestation in pigeons.
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Liu Y, Guo J, Yang F, Deng Y, Peng Y, Meng Y, Liu W, Cheng B, Fu J, Zhang J, Liao X, Lu H. Effects of chlorobromoisocyanuric acid on embryonic development and immunotoxicity of zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:468-477. [PMID: 34842326 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although chlorobromoisocyanuric acid has been widely used in agriculture, its deleterious toxicity on aquatic organisms remains rare. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to chlorobromoisocyanuric acid (0, 30, 40, and 50 mg/L) from 10 to 96 h post-fertilization (hpf). We found a significant reduction in immune cell numbers (neutrophils and macrophages) and the area of thymus at 96 hpf. The expression of immune-related genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines genes were upregulated. Besides, chlorobromoisocyanuric acid triggered neutrophils cell apoptosis. The mRNA and protein levels of pro-apoptotic p53 pathway and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio further indicated the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, the oxidative stress was observed that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde significantly increased. Subsequently, the antioxidant agent astaxanthin significantly attenuated the level of oxidative stress and the dysregulation of inflammatory response. In summary, our results showed that chlorobromoisocyanuric acid induced developmental defects and immunotoxicity of zebrafish, partly owing to oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- College of life sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of life sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, China
| | - Fengjie Yang
- College of life sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, China
| | - Yunyun Deng
- College of life sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, China
| | - Yuyang Peng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, China
| | - Yunlong Meng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, China
| | - Wenjin Liu
- College of life sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, China
| | - Jianping Fu
- College of life sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, China
| | - June Zhang
- College of life sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory for Drug Screening and Discovery, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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3
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Lee DH. Can Environmental Pollutants Be a Factor Linking Obesity and COVID-19? J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e305. [PMID: 34751012 PMCID: PMC8575764 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
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4
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Scott NB, Pocock NS. The Health Impacts of Hazardous Chemical Exposures among Child Labourers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5496. [PMID: 34065553 PMCID: PMC8160821 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Of 218 million working children worldwide, many are suspected to be exposed to hazardous chemicals. This review aims to synthesize reported evidence over the last two decades on chemical exposure and adverse health consequences in children labourers in low- and middle-income Countries (LMIC). Included studies investigated health outcomes related to chemical exposures among child labourers aged 5-18 in LMIC. Twenty-three papers were selected for review, focusing on pesticides (n = 5), solvents (n = 3), metals (n = 13) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (n = 2). Adverse health effects identified among child labourers included abnormal biomarkers, for example elevated blood and urine chemical concentrations, neurobehavioural deficits and neurological symptoms, mental health issues, oxidative stress and DNA damage, poor growth, asthma, and hypothyroidism. Workplace exposure to chemicals has pernicious health effects on child labourers. Large research gaps exist, in particular for long-term health impacts through chronic conditions and diseases with long latencies. A sizeable disease burden in later life is likely to be directly attributable to chemicals exposures. We urge national and international agencies concerned with child labour and occupational health, to prioritize research and interventions aiming to reduce noxious chemical exposures in workplaces where children are likely to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola S. Pocock
- Lumos Foundation, London EC3R 8NB, UK;
- Gender Violence & Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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5
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Sigouin A, Bélisle M, Garant D, Pelletier F. Agricultural pesticides and ectoparasites: potential combined effects on the physiology of a declining aerial insectivore. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab025. [PMID: 33959290 PMCID: PMC8084023 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticides usage has been increasing globally. These compounds have been developed to disrupt pest species physiology, but because their specificity is limited, they can also have adverse effects on non-target organisms. Recent studies have shown that the damaging toxicological effects of pesticides can be amplified in stressful environments. However, few studies have documented these effects in natural settings where organisms are simultaneously exposed to pesticides and to other environmental stressors such as parasites. In this study, we assessed both pesticide and ectoparasite effects on the physiology of a free-ranging bird. We measured physiological markers including haematocrit, bacteria-killing ability (BKA) and leucocyte counts, as well as exposure to haematophagous Protocalliphora larvae, in tree swallow nestlings (Tachycineta bicolor), a declining aerial insectivore, in southern Québec, Canada, for over 3 years. We found that combined exposure to pesticides and Protocalliphora larvae was negatively related to haematocrit, suggesting possible synergistic effects. However, we found no such relationships with BKA and leucocyte counts, highlighting the complexity of physiological responses to multiple stressors in natural settings. Populations of several aerial insectivores are declining, and although sublethal pesticide effects on physiology are suspected, our results suggest that exposure to other factors, such as parasitism, should also be considered to fully assess these effects, especially because pesticides are increasingly present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Sigouin
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Marc Bélisle
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
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Gonçalves ÍFS, Souza TM, Vieira LR, Marchi FC, Nascimento AP, Farias DF. Toxicity testing of pesticides in zebrafish-a systematic review on chemicals and associated toxicological endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10185-10204. [PMID: 32062774 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) has arisen as a promising biological platform for toxicity testing of pesticides such as herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. Therefore, it is relevant to assess the use of zebrafish in models of exposure to investigate the diversity of pesticide-associated toxicity endpoints which have been reported. Thus, this review aimed to assess the recent literature on the use of zebrafish in pesticide toxicity studies to capture data on the types of pesticide used, classes of pesticides, and zebrafish life stages associated with toxicity endpoints and phenotypic observations. A total of 352 articles published between September 2012 and May 2019 were curated. The results show an increased trend in the use of zebrafish for testing the toxicity of pesticides, with a great diversity of pesticides (203) and chemical classes (58) with different applications (41) being used. Furthermore, experimental outcomes could be clustered in 13 toxicity endpoints, mainly developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity. Organophosphorus, pyrethroid, azole, and triazine were the most studied classes of pesticides and associated with various toxicity endpoints. Studies frequently opted for early life stages (embryos and larvae). Although there is an evident lack of standardization of nomenclatures and phenotypic alterations, the information gathered here highlights associations between (classes of) pesticides and endpoints, which can be used to relate mechanisms of action specific to certain classes of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íris Flávia Sousa Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, CEP, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Campus Pici, CEP, Fortaleza, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
| | - Leonardo Rogério Vieira
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Campus Pici, CEP, Fortaleza, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Filipi Calbaizer Marchi
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, CEP, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Adailton Pascoal Nascimento
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, CEP, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Davi Felipe Farias
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, CEP, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil.
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Campus Pici, CEP, Fortaleza, 60440-900, Brazil.
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7
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Rumschlag SL, Halstead NT, Hoverman JT, Raffel TR, Carrick HJ, Hudson PJ, Rohr JR. Effects of pesticides on exposure and susceptibility to parasites can be generalised to pesticide class and type in aquatic communities. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:962-972. [PMID: 30895712 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide pollution can alter parasite transmission, but scientists are unaware if effects of pesticides on parasite exposure and host susceptibility (i.e. infection risk given exposure) can be generalised within a community context. Using replicated temperate pond communities, we evaluate effects of 12 pesticides, nested in four pesticide classes (chloroacetanilides, triazines, carbamates organophosphates) and two pesticide types (herbicides, insecticides) applied at standardised environmental concentrations on larval amphibian exposure and susceptibility to trematode parasites. Most of the variation in exposure and susceptibility occurred at the level of pesticide class and type, not individual compounds. The organophosphate class of insecticides increased snail abundance (first intermediate host) and thus trematode exposure by increasing mortality of snail predators (top-down mechanism). While a similar pattern in snail abundance and trematode exposure was observed with triazine herbicides, this effect was driven by increases in snail resources (periphytic algae, bottom-up mechanism). Additionally, herbicides indirectly increased host susceptibility and trematode infections by (1) increasing time spent in susceptible early developmental stages and (2) suppressing tadpole immunity. Understanding generalisable effects associated with contaminant class and type on transmission is critical in reducing complexities in predicting disease dynamics in at-risk host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Rumschlag
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, and Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Thomas R Raffel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Hunter J Carrick
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, and Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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8
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Makki MS, Abdel-Rahman RM, Alharbi AS. Synthetic Strategies, Chemical Reactivities and Biological Activities of 3-Thioxo-1,2,4-Triazin-5-Ones and Their Derivatives. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666180807124325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a very interest in the synthesis of functionalized 3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5-
ones and their derivatives as vital probes has been increased, due to the important, applications of the
medicinal, pharmacological, and biological field as a drug, semi drug, and bioactive systems. The present
work review outlines extensive recent advances literature survey on the synthesis of sulfurbearing
1,2,4-triazin-5-one derivatives has been reconsidered. Also, the behavior of these family towards
electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents in different media and conditions reported. The biological
evaluation of the most synthesized systems included anticancer, anti-HIV, antimicrobial as well as
their enzymatic effects (cellobiase produced by fungi) have been reported. The reactivity of these systems
depends on the polarity of solvent, temperature, molarity as well as a type of tautomeric present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S.T. Makki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, P.O. Box 42805 Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda M. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, P.O. Box 42805 Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S. Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, P.O. Box 42805 Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia
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Schmidt RJ, Kogan V, Shelton JF, Delwiche L, Hansen RL, Ozonoff S, Ma CC, McCanlies EC, Bennett DH, Hertz-Picciotto I, Tancredi DJ, Volk HE. Combined Prenatal Pesticide Exposure and Folic Acid Intake in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorder. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:097007. [PMID: 28934093 PMCID: PMC5915192 DOI: 10.1289/ehp604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal folic acid (FA) protects against developmental toxicity from certain environmental chemicals. OBJECTIVE We examined combined exposures to maternal FA and pesticides in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS Participants were California children born from 2000-2007 who were enrolled in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) case-control study at age 2-5 y, were clinically confirmed to have ASD (n=296) or typical development (n=220), and had information on maternal supplemental FA and pesticide exposures. Maternal supplemental FA and household pesticide product use were retrospectively collected in telephone interviews from 2003-2011. High vs. low daily FA intake was dichotomized at 800μg (median). Mothers' addresses were linked to a statewide database of commercial applications to estimate agricultural pesticide exposure. RESULTS High FA intake (≥800μg) during the first pregnancy month and no known pesticide exposure was the reference group for all analyses. Compared with this group, ASD was increased in association with <800μg FA and any indoor pesticide exposure {adjusted odds ratio [OR]=2.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 4.7]} compared with low FA [OR=1.2 (95% CI: 0.7, 2.2)] or indoor pesticides [OR=1.7 (95% CI: 1.1, 2.8)] alone. ORs for the combination of low FA and regular pregnancy exposure (≥6 mo) to pet pesticides or to outdoor sprays and foggers were 3.9 (95% CI: 1.4, 11.5) and 4.1 (95% CI: 1.7, 10.1), respectively. ORs for low maternal FA and agricultural pesticide exposure 3 mo before or after conception were 2.2 (95% CI: 0.7, 6.5) for chlorpyrifos, 2.3 (95% CI: 0.98, 5.3) for organophosphates, 2.1 (95% CI: 0.9, 4.8) for pyrethroids, and 1.5 (95% CI: 0.5, 4.8) for carbamates. Except for carbamates, these ORs were approximately two times greater than those for either exposure alone or for the expected ORs for combined exposures under multiplicative or additive models. CONCLUSIONS In this study population, associations between pesticide exposures and ASD were attenuated among those with high versus low FA intake during the first month of pregnancy. Confirmatory and mechanistic studies are needed. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP604.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Davis, California, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis , Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Vladimir Kogan
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Janie F Shelton
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Davis, California, USA
| | - Lora Delwiche
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Davis, California, USA
| | - Robin L Hansen
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis , Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis , Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Claudia C Ma
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Erin C McCanlies
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Davis, California, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Davis, California, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis , Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heather E Volk
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Sawyna JM, Spivia WR, Radecki K, Fraser DA, Lowe CG. Association between chronic organochlorine exposure and immunotoxicity in the round stingray (Urobatis halleri). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:42-50. [PMID: 28153417 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic organochlorine (OC) exposure has been shown to cause immune impairment in numerous vertebrate species. To determine if elasmobranchs exhibited compromised immunity due to high OC contamination along the coastal mainland of southern California, innate immune function was compared in round stingrays (Urobatis halleri) collected from the mainland and Santa Catalina Island. Proliferation and phagocytosis of peripheral blood, splenic, and epigonal leukocytes were assessed. Percent phagocytosis and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were evaluated by quantifying % leukocytes positive for, and relative amounts of ingested fluorescent E. coli BioParticles. Total cell proliferation differed between sites, with mainland rays having a higher cell concentration in whole blood. ∑PCB load explained significantly higher % phagocytosis in blood of mainland rays, while ∑PCB and ∑pesticide loads described increased splenic % phagocytosis and MFI in the mainland population. Data provides evidence of strong OC-correlated immunostimulation; however, other site-specific environmental variables may be contributing to the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Sawyna
- California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
| | - Weston R Spivia
- California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Kelly Radecki
- California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Deborah A Fraser
- California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Christopher G Lowe
- California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
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11
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Pesticide exposure and liver cancer: a review. Cancer Causes Control 2017; 28:177-190. [PMID: 28194594 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-017-0854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the epidemiologic literature examining pesticide exposure and liver cancer incidence. METHODS A search of the MEDLINE and Embase databases was conducted in October 2015. Eligibility criteria included examining hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or primary liver cancer, pesticides as an exposure of interest, and individual-level incidence. The review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS Forty-eight papers were assessed for eligibility and 15 studies were included in the review. The majority of studies were conducted in China and Egypt (n = 8), used a case-control design (n = 14), and examined HCC (n = 14). Most studies showed no association between self-reported and/or occupational exposure to pesticides and liver cancer risk. Six studies demonstrated statistically significant positive associations, including three biomarker-based studies (two using pre-diagnostic sera) that reported higher serum levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were associated with increased HCC risk. Studies indirectly measuring pesticide exposure using self-reported exposure, occupation, job-exposure matrices, or geographic residence demonstrated inconsistent results. These studies were limited by exposure assessment methods, lack of confounder information, minimal case confirmation, selection bias, and/or over-adjustment. CONCLUSIONS There is mixed evidence suggesting a possible association between specific pesticides and HCC risk, with the strongest evidence observed in biomarker-based studies. In particular, organochlorine pesticides, including DDT, may increase HCC risk. Future research should focus on improved pesticide exposure assessment methods, potentially incorporating multiple approaches including biomonitoring while considering the chemicals of interest, historical exposure to address latency periods, and examining specific chemicals and exposure pathways.
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12
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Rohr JR, Salice CJ, Nisbet RM. The pros and cons of ecological risk assessment based on data from different levels of biological organization. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:756-84. [PMID: 27340745 PMCID: PMC5141515 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1190685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is the process used to evaluate the safety of manufactured chemicals to the environment. Here we review the pros and cons of ERA across levels of biological organization, including suborganismal (e.g., biomarkers), individual, population, community, ecosystem and landscapes levels. Our review revealed that level of biological organization is often related negatively with ease at assessing cause-effect relationships, ease of high-throughput screening of large numbers of chemicals (it is especially easier for suborganismal endpoints), and uncertainty of the ERA because low levels of biological organization tend to have a large distance between their measurement (what is quantified) and assessment endpoints (what is to be protected). In contrast, level of biological organization is often related positively with sensitivity to important negative and positive feedbacks and context dependencies within biological systems, and ease at capturing recovery from adverse contaminant effects. Some endpoints did not show obvious trends across levels of biological organization, such as the use of vertebrate animals in chemical testing and ease at screening large numbers of species, and other factors lacked sufficient data across levels of biological organization, such as repeatability, variability, cost per study and cost per species of effects assessment, the latter of which might be a more defensible way to compare costs of ERAs than cost per study. To compensate for weaknesses of ERA at any particular level of biological organization, we also review mathematical modeling approaches commonly used to extrapolate effects across levels of organization. Finally, we provide recommendations for next generation ERA, submitting that if there is an ideal level of biological organization to conduct ERA, it will only emerge if ERA is approached simultaneously from the bottom of biological organization up as well as from the top down, all while employing mathematical modeling approaches where possible to enhance ERA. Because top-down ERA is unconventional, we also offer some suggestions for how it might be implemented efficaciously. We hope this review helps researchers in the field of ERA fill key information gaps and helps risk assessors identify the best levels of biological organization to conduct ERAs with differing goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roger M. Nisbet
- University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620
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Chattopadhyay S, Chatterjee R, Law S. Noncanonical Wnt5a-Ca(2+) -NFAT signaling axis in pesticide induced bone marrow aplasia mouse model: A study to explore the novel mechanism of pesticide toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1163-1175. [PMID: 25846497 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
According to case-control studies, long-term pesticide exposure can cause bone marrow aplasia like hematopoietic degenerative disease leading to impaired hematopoiesis and increased risk of aplastic anemia in human subjects. However, the exact mechanism of pesticide mediated hematotoxicity still remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway, a crucial regulator of adult hematopoiesis, in pesticide induced bone marrow aplasia mouse model. Aplasia mouse model was developed following inhalation and dermal exposure of 5% aqueous mixture of common agriculturally used pesticides for 6 h/day for 5 days a week up to 90 days. After that, blood hemogram, marrow smear, cellularity, scanning electron microscopy, extramedullary hematopoiesis and flowcytometric expression analysis of noncanonical Wnt signaling components, such as Wnt 5a, fzd5, NFAT, IFN-γ, intracellular Ca(2+) level were evaluated in the bone marrow hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment of the control and pesticide induced aplasia groups of animals. Results showed that pesticide exposed mice were anemic with peripheral blood pancytopenia, hypocellular degenerative marrow, and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen. Upon pesticide exposure, Wnt 5a expression was severely downregulated with a decline in intracellular Ca(2+) level. Moreover, downstream of Wnt5a, we observed sharp downregulation of NFATc2 transcription factor expression, the major target of pesticide toxicity and its target molecule IFN-γ. Taken together, our result suggests that deregulation of Wnt5a-Ca(2+) -NFAT signaling axis in the hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment plays a crucial role behind the pathogenesis of pesticide mediated bone marrow aplasia by limiting primitive hematopoietic stem cells' ability to maintain hematopoietic homeostasis and reconstitution mechanism in vivo during xenobiotic stress leading to ineffective hematopoiesis and evolution of bone marrow aplasia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1163-1175, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukalpa Chattopadhyay
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritam Chatterjee
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujata Law
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
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Gangemi S, Gofita E, Costa C, Teodoro M, Briguglio G, Nikitovic D, Tzanakakis G, Tsatsakis AM, Wilks MF, Spandidos DA, Fenga C. Occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides and cytokine pathways in chronic diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1012-20. [PMID: 27600395 PMCID: PMC5029960 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides can exert numerous effects on human health as a consequence of both environmental and occupational exposures. The available knowledge base suggests that exposure to pesticides may result in detrimental reproductive changes, neurological dysfunction and several chronic disorders, which are defined by slow evolution and long-term duration. Moreover, an ever increasing amount of data have identified an association between exposure to pesticides and the harmful effects on the immune system. The real impact of alterations in humoral cytokine levels on human health, in particular in the case of chronic diseases, is still unclear. To date, studies have suggested that although exposure to pesticides can affect the immune system functionally, the development of immune disorders depends on the dose and duration of exposure to pesticides. However, many of the respective studies exhibit limitations, such as a lack of information on exposure levels, differences in the pesticide administration procedures, difficulty in characterizing a prognostic significance to the weak modifications often observed and the interpretation of obtained results. The main challenge is not just to understand the role of individual pesticides and their combinations, but also to determine the manner and the duration of exposure, as the toxic effects on the immune system cannot be separated from these considerations. There is a clear need for more well-designed and standardized epidemiological and experimental studies to recognize the exact association between exposure levels and toxic effects and to identify useful biomarkers of exposure. This review focuses on and critically discusses the immunotoxicity of pesticides and the impact of cytokine levels on health, focusing on the development of several chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gangemi
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Eliza Gofita
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Chiara Costa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Teodoro
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giusi Briguglio
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - George Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Martin F Wilks
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Basel, CH‑4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section, 'Policlinico G. Martino' Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98125 Messina, Italy
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Dhouib I, Jallouli M, Annabi A, Marzouki S, Gharbi N, Elfazaa S, Lasram MM. From immunotoxicity to carcinogenicity: the effects of carbamate pesticides on the immune system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9448-9458. [PMID: 26988364 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune system can be the target of many chemicals, with potentially severe adverse effects on the host's health. In the literature, carbamate (CM) pesticides have been implicated in the increasing prevalence of diseases associated with alterations of the immune response, such as hypersensitivity reactions, some autoimmune diseases and cancers. CMs may initiate, facilitate, or exacerbate pathological immune processes, resulting in immunotoxicity by induction of mutations in genes coding for immunoregulatory factors and modifying immune tolerance. In the present study, direct immunotoxicity, endocrine disruption and inhibition of esterases activities have been introduced as the main mechanisms of CMs-induced immune dysregulation. Moreover, the evidence on the relationship between CM pesticide exposure, dysregulation of the immune system and predisposition to different types of cancers, allergies, autoimmune and infectious diseases is criticized. In addition, in this review, we will discuss the relationship between immunotoxicity and cancer, and the advances made toward understanding the basis of cancer immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Dhouib
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
- Ecole Supérieure Privée des Ingénieurs et des Etudes Technologiques, Université Arabe des Sciences, Tunis, Tunisie.
| | - Manel Jallouli
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Alya Annabi
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Soumaya Marzouki
- Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Najoua Gharbi
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Saloua Elfazaa
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Montassar Lasram
- Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
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DeWitt JC, Germolec DR, Luebke RW, Johnson VJ. Associating Changes in the Immune System with Clinical Diseases for Interpretation in Risk Assessment. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2016; 67:18.1.1-18.1.22. [PMID: 26828330 PMCID: PMC4780336 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1801s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This overview is an update of the unit originally published in 2004. While the basic tenets of immunotoxicity have not changed in the past 10 years, several publications have explored the application of immunotoxicological data to the risk assessment process. Therefore, the goal of this unit is still to highlight relationships between xenobiotic-induced immunosuppression and risk of clinical diseases progression. In immunotoxicology, this may require development of models to equate moderate changes in markers of immune functions to potential changes in incidence or severity of infectious diseases. For most xenobiotics, exposure levels and disease incidence data are rarely available, and safe exposure levels must be estimated based on observations from experimental models or human biomarker studies. Thus, it is important to establish a scientifically sound framework that allows accurate and quantitative interpretation of experimental or biomarker data in the risk assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Robert W Luebke
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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18
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Moreau P, Burgeot T, Renault T. In vivo effects of metaldehyde on Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas: comparing hemocyte parameters in two oyster families. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8003-8009. [PMID: 24938813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants via run-off into the ocean represent a potential threat to marine organisms, especially bivalves such as oysters living in coastal environments. These organisms filter large volumes of seawater and may accumulate contaminants within their tissues. Pesticide contamination in water could have a direct or indirect toxic action on tissues or cells and could induce alteration of immune system. Bivalve immunity is mainly supported by hemocytes and participates directly by phagocytosis to eliminate pathogens. Some studies have shown that pesticides can reduce immune defences and/or modify genomes in vertebrates and invertebrates. Metaldehyde is used to kill slugs, snails and other terrestrial gastropods. Although metaldehyde has been detected in surface waters, its effects on marine bivalves including the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, have never been studied. Given the mode of action of this molecule and its targets (molluscs), it could be potentially more toxic to oysters than other pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, etc.). Effects of metaldehyde on oyster hemocyte parameters were thus monitored through in vivo experiments based on a short-term exposure. In this work, metaldehyde at 0.1 μg/L, which corresponds to an average concentration detected in the environment, modulated hemocyte activities of Pacific oysters after an in vivo short-term contact. Individuals belonging to two families showed different behaviours for some hemocyte activities after contamination by metaldehyde. These results suggested that effects of pollutants on oysters may differ from an individual to another in relation to genetic diversity. Finally, it appears essential to take an interest in the effects of metaldehyde on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates including those that have a significant economic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Moreau
- Unité Santé Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Ronce les Bains, 17390, La Tremblade, France
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Modulation of immune response by organophosphorus pesticides: fishes as a potential model in immunotoxicology. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:213836. [PMID: 25973431 PMCID: PMC4417994 DOI: 10.1155/2015/213836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response is modulated by different substances that are present in the environment. Nevertheless, some of these may cause an immunotoxic effect. In this paper, the effect of organophosphorus pesticides (frequent substances spilled in aquatic ecosystems) on the immune system of fishes and in immunotoxicology is reviewed. Furthermore, some cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be involved in immunoregulation mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticides are discussed.
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20
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Effects of avermectin on immune function and oxidative stress in the pigeon spleen. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 210:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
SUMMARYHost-parasite interactions are an integral part of ecosystems that influence both ecological and evolutionary processes. Humans are currently altering environments the world over, often with drastic consequences for host-parasite interactions and the prevalence of parasites. The mechanisms behind the changes are, however, poorly known. Here, we explain how host-parasite interactions depend on two crucial steps – encounter rate and host-parasite compatibility – and how human activities are altering them and thereby host-parasite interactions. By drawing on examples from the literature, we show that changes in the two steps depend on the influence of human activities on a range of factors, such as the density and diversity of hosts and parasites, the search strategy of the parasite, and the avoidance strategy of the host. Thus, to unravel the mechanisms behind human-induced changes in host-parasite interactions, we have to consider the characteristics of all three parts of the interaction: the host, the parasite and the environment. More attention should now be directed to unfold these mechanisms, focusing on effects of environmental change on the factors that determine encounter rate and compatibility. We end with identifying several areas in urgent need of more investigations.
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22
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Badgujar PC, Jain SK, Singh A, Punia JS, Gupta RP, Chandratre GA. Immunotoxic effects of imidacloprid following 28 days of oral exposure in BALB/c mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:408-18. [PMID: 23467117 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide has been in use worldwide for several years in agriculture and veterinary medicine. It is possible that residue of this compound may be recycled in the food chain and thus information regarding effects from potential exposure to it is warranted. The objective of the present study was to evaluate immunotoxic effects of imidacloprid in female BALB/c mice. Imidacloprid was administered orally daily at 10, 5, or 2.5mg/kg over 28 days. Specific parameters of humoral and cellular immune response including hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer to sheep red blood cells (SRBC; T-dependent antigen), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to SRBC, and T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were evaluated. The results showed that imidacloprid at high dose, specifically suppressed cell-mediated immune response as was evident from decreased DTH response and decreased stimulation index of T-lymphocytes to PHA. At this dose, there were also prominent histopathological alterations in spleen and liver. Histopathological analysis of footpad sections of mice revealed dose-related suppression of DTH response. Imidacloprid at low dose of 2.5mg/kg/day did not produce any significant alterations in cellular and humoral immune response and it seemed to be an appropriate dose for assessment of 'no observable adverse effects level' for immunotoxicity in BALB/c mice. The results also indicated that imidacloprid has immunosuppressive effects at doses >5mg/kg, which could potentially be attributed to direct cytotoxic effects of IMD against T cells (particularly TH cells) and that long-term exposure could be detrimental to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarabdh C Badgujar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India.
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Effects of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus and Four Insecticides on Pacific Treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla). J HERPETOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1670/11-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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James R, Xu J. Mechanisms by which pesticides affect insect immunity. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 109:175-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mecdad AA, Ahmed MH, ElHalwagy ME, Afify MM. A study on oxidative stress biomarkers and immunomodulatory effects of pesticides in pesticide-sprayers. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Muturi EJ, Alto BW. Larval environmental temperature and insecticide exposure alter Aedes aegypti competence for arboviruses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1157-63. [PMID: 21453010 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a key factor influencing mosquito growth and development and is also known to affect insecticide efficacy. We evaluated the effects of larval rearing temperature and exposure to insecticides on adult mosquito fitness and competence for arboviral infection using Sindbis virus (SINV). We exposed newly hatched larvae of Aedes aegypti to an environmentally realistic level of insecticide malathion at 20°C and 30°C and allowed the resulting adults to feed on SINV-infected blood meal. Exposure to malathion significantly reduced survival to adulthood. Statistically significant interactions between temperature and malathion were observed for body size, estimated population growth, and SINV infection and dissemination. Malathion-exposed Ae. aegypti cohorts had significantly higher population growth at 20°C than at 30°C. Body size decreased with higher temperature and malathion-exposed females were larger than unexposed females at 20°C but not at 30°C. Viral infection and dissemination increased with larval rearing temperature and were higher in malathion-exposed than unexposed females at 30°C but not at 20°C. These results show that environmental factors, including those factors used in controlling mosquitoes, experienced by immature stages have latent effects that continue to adulthood and alter vector competence to arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus J Muturi
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA.
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Band PR, Abanto Z, Bert J, Lang B, Fang R, Gallagher RP, Le ND. Prostate cancer risk and exposure to pesticides in British Columbia farmers. Prostate 2011; 71:168-83. [PMID: 20799287 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several epidemiologic studies have reported an increased risk of prostate cancer among farmers. Our aim was to assess the risk of developing prostate cancer in relation to exposure to specific active compounds in pesticides. METHOD A case-control approach was used with 1,516 prostate cancer patients and 4,994 age-matched internal controls consisting of all other cancer sites excluding lung cancer and cancers of unknown primary site. Lifetime occupational history was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire and used in conjunction with a job exposure matrix to estimate the participants' lifetime cumulative exposure to approximately 180 active compounds in pesticides. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess prostate cancer risk, adjusting for potential confounding variables and effect modifiers. These include age, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, smoking, education, and proxy respondent. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The significant association between prostate cancer risk and exposure to DDT (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.04-2.70 for high exposure), simazine (OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.08-3.33 for high exposure), and lindane (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.15-3.55 for high exposure) is in keeping with those previously reported in the literature. We also observed a significant excess risk for several active ingredients that have not been previously reported in the literature such as dichlone, dinoseb amine, malathion, endosulfan, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and carbaryl. Some findings in our study were not consistent with those reported in the literature, including captan, dicamba, and diazinon. It is possible that these findings showed a real association and the inconsistencies reflected differences of characteristics between study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre R Band
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Franco R, Li S, Rodriguez-Rocha H, Burns M, Panayiotidis MI. Molecular mechanisms of pesticide-induced neurotoxicity: Relevance to Parkinson's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:289-300. [PMID: 20542017 PMCID: PMC2942983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agricultural and other settings, resulting in continued human exposure. Pesticide toxicity has been clearly demonstrated to alter a variety of neurological functions. Particularly, there is strong evidence suggesting that pesticide exposure predisposes to neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological data have suggested a relationship between pesticide exposure and brain neurodegeneration. However, an increasing debate has aroused regarding this issue. Paraquat is a highly toxic quaternary nitrogen herbicide which has been largely studied as a model for Parkinson's disease providing valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the toxic effects of pesticides and their role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we review the molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic action of pesticides, with emphasis on the mechanisms associated with the induction of neuronal cell death by paraquat as a model for Parkinsonian neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68583, United States.
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Blazer VS, Iwanowicz LR, Starliper CE, Iwanowicz DD, Barbash P, Hedrick JD, Reeser SJ, Mullican JE, Zaugg SD, Burkhardt MR, Kelble J. Mortality of centrarchid fishes in the Potomac drainage: survey results and overview of potential contributing factors. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2010; 22:190-218. [PMID: 21192549 DOI: 10.1577/h10-002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Skin lesions and spring mortality events of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and selected other species were first noted in the South Branch of the Potomac River in 2002. Since that year morbidity and mortality have also been observed in the Shenandoah and Monocacy rivers. Despite much research, no single pathogen, parasite, or chemical cause for the lesions and mortality has been identified. Numerous parasites, most commonly trematode metacercariae and myxozoans; the bacterial pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, and Flavobacterium columnare; and largemouth bass virus have all been observed. None have been consistently isolated or observed at all sites, however, nor has any consistent microscopic pathology of the lesions been observed. A variety of histological changes associated with exposure to environmental contaminants or stressors, including intersex (testicular oocytes), high numbers of macrophage aggregates, oxidative damage, gill lesions, and epidermal papillomas, were observed. The findings indicate that selected sensitive species may be stressed by multiple factors and constantly close to the threshold between a sustainable (healthy) and nonsustainable (unhealthy) condition. Fish health is often used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health, and these findings raise concerns about environmental degradation within the Potomac River drainage. Unfortunately, while much information has been gained from the studies conducted to date, due to the multiple state jurisdictions involved, competing interests, and other issues, there has been no coordinated approach to identifying and mitigating the stressors. This synthesis emphasizes the need for multiyear, interdisciplinary, integrative research to identify the underlying stressors and possible management actions to enhance ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, USA.
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Shelley LK, Balfry SK, Ross PS, Kennedy CJ. Immunotoxicological effects of a sub-chronic exposure to selected current-use pesticides in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 92:95-103. [PMID: 19237205 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many current-use pesticides (CUPs) are found at increasing concentrations in aquatic environments, yet relatively little is known about their effects on the immune system of fish. We examined the in vivo effects of three pesticides (chlorothalonil, cypermethrin and pentachlorophenol) on the immune system of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by assessing a suite of innate immune function tests, as well as a host resistance test using Listonella anguillarum. Increased activity of phagocytic leukocytes, as evidenced using flow cytometry, was observed following 28-day exposures to pentachlorophenol (1 microg/L and 2 microg/L), but not for cypermethrin or chlorothalonil, although a trend of increasing activity was noted for chlorothalonil. No recovery was observed during a 14-day post-exposure chlorothalonil experiment, as evidenced by continued elevation of respiratory burst and percent phagocytic cells at the lowest exposure concentrations (100 ng/L and 200 ng/L), suggesting a prolonged CUP-induced impact on the immune system. No effects of any pesticide on body weights, direct lethality, serum lysozyme or relative leukocyte differential were observed, suggesting that modulation of the cellular responses of the innate immune system represents a sensitive sub-lethal endpoint for these three pesticides. However, a lack of detectable effects of these CUPs on host resistance to L. anguillarum in our study may reflect a dose-response range that did not elicit an effect on those immune responses responsible for control and clearance of this particular pathogen. Additional research may provide more insight into the immunomodulatory effects of these and other CUPs, and the implications for host resistance against a variety of bacterial, viral and macroparasitic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley K Shelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Blair A, Purdue MP, Weisenburger DD, Baris D. Chemical exposures and risk of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2007; 139:753-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Duramad P, Tager IB, Holland NT. Cytokines and other immunological biomarkers in children's environmental health studies. Toxicol Lett 2007; 172:48-59. [PMID: 17624696 PMCID: PMC2047341 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures (e.g. pesticides, air pollution, and environmental tobacco smoke) during prenatal and early postnatal development have been linked to a growing number of childhood diseases including allergic disorders and leukemia. Because the immune response plays a critical role in each of these diseases, it is important to study the effects of toxicants on the developing immune system. Children's unique susceptibility to environmental toxicants has become an important focus of the field of immunotoxicology and the use of immune biomarkers in molecular epidemiology of children's environmental health is a rapidly expanding field of research. In this review, we discuss how markers of immune status and immunotoxicity are being applied to pediatric studies, with a specific focus on the various methods used to analyze T-helper-1/2 (Th1/Th2) cytokine profiles. Furthermore, we review recent data on the effects of children's environmental exposures to volatile organic compounds, metals, and pesticides on Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles and the associations of Th1/Th2 profiles with adverse health outcomes such as pediatric respiratory diseases, allergies, cancer and diabetes. Although cytokine profiles are increasingly used in children's studies, there is still a need to acquire distribution data for different ages and ethnic groups of healthy children. These data will contribute to the validation and standardization of cytokine biomarkers for future studies. Application of immunological markers in epidemiological studies will improve the understanding of mechanisms that underlie associations between environmental exposures and immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurene Duramad
- Children's Environmental Health Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720-7360
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston CA 02115
| | - Ira B. Tager
- Children's Environmental Health Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720-7360
| | - Nina T. Holland
- Children's Environmental Health Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720-7360
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Lee WJ, Purdue MP, Stewart P, Schenk M, De Roos AJ, Cerhan JR, Severson RK, Cozen W, Hartge P, Blair A. Asthma history, occupational exposure to pesticides and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:3174-6. [PMID: 16395708 PMCID: PMC1578637 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that, although asthma did not increase the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), the risk from pesticide exposures was higher among asthmatics than that among nonasthmatics. To further evaluate this finding, we analyzed data from a population-based case-control study of NHL conducted in Iowa, Detroit, Los Angeles and Seattle. Cases (n = 668) diagnosed with NHL from 1998 to 2000 and controls (n = 543) randomly selected from the same geographical areas as that of the cases were included in this analysis. Odds ratios (OR) for the risk of NHL from potential occupational exposure to pesticides tended to be higher among asthmatics (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 0.3-9.1) when compared with that among nonasthmatics (OR = 0.9; 95% CI 0.6-1.5). The risks of NHL associated with pesticide exposure were also higher among asthmatics who had history of hospitalization (OR = 2.1; 95% CI 0.2-29.0) or daily medication for asthma (OR = infinite) than those among asthmatics who did not have such histories. Our results support the previous finding that the risk of NHL from pesticide exposure may be greater among asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jin Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Stewart
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Maryjean Schenk
- Department of Family Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anneclaire J. De Roos
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James R. Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard K. Severson
- Department of Family Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Hartge
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- *Correspondence to: 6120 Executive Blvd. EPS 8118, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. Fax: +1-301-402-1819. E-mail:
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Liu P, Song X, Yuan W, Wen W, Wu X, Li J, Chen X. Effects of cypermethrin and methyl parathion mixtures on hormone levels and immune functions in Wistar rats. Arch Toxicol 2006; 80:449-57. [PMID: 16496128 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To study interaction and dose-related effects of mixed cypermethrin and methyl parathion on endocrine and immune functions, 120 Wistar rats were divided randomly into six groups of ten male and ten female rats, respectively, at the age of 2 months. All groups were force-fed every 2 days for 30 days with cypermethrin 0.0, 8.0, 0.0, 8.0, 1.8, 0.4 mg/kg bw and methyl parathion 0.0, 0.0, 0.23, 0.23, 0.0518, 0.0115 mg/kg bw. Controls received vehicle solvent only. Body weight gain and organ weights were measured. Serum or blood were used to test luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol (E(2)), testosterone, thyroid hormones (T(3), T(4), TSH), IgG, IgA, rate of neutrophil phagocytosis and of lymphocyte transformation. The effects on relative weights of ovaries and adrenals, IgA and rate of lymphocyte transformation were antagonistic interaction; the effect on estradiol was synergistic in female, whereas addictive in male rats; and the other indices indicated addictive interaction. Organ weights were similar in exposed and control animals except for adrenal (heavier in exposed rats, P<0.01). Serum levels of FSH and estradiol were higher in exposed groups than in controls (P<0.01). IgG levels were lower in exposed rats than in controls (P<0.01), and IgA levels were higher in exposed females than in controls (P<0.01). Lymphocyte transformation rates were lower (P<0.01) and neutrophil phagocytosis rates were higher (P<0.01) in exposed rats than in controls. Our results showed that exposure to low-dose mixtures of cypermethrin and methyl parathion may affect hormone levels (especially estradiol) and immune function in rats, and the NOAELs of combined compounds were located at 1/600 LD(50).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University for Science and Technology, 13 Hongkong Road, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Luster MI, Germolec DR, Parks CG, Blaciforti L, Kashon M, Luebke R. Associating changes in the immune system with clinical diseases for interpretation in risk assessment. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2004; Chapter 18:Unit18.1. [PMID: 23045101 PMCID: PMC7162383 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1801s20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This overview unit discusses the relationship between immunosuppression, a potential consequence of immunotoxicity, and disease progression. It also discusses other factors, such as stress and age, that affect disease susceptibility. These factors play an important role in risk assessment for exposures to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Luster
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Abstract
The effects of peroxisome proliferators on the immune system of male C57B1/6 mice have been investigated. Significant atrophy of the thymus and spleen was observed in animals treated with potent peroxisome proliferators (e.g. perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), Wy-14643 and nafenopin), whereas the effects of a moderate peroxisome proliferator (i.e. acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)) were relatively weak. The time course of thymic and splenic atrophy caused by PFOA was found to resemble the time course of the increase in liver weight and of peroxisome proliferation. Analysis of the numbers and phenotypes of thymocytes and splenocytes from PFOA-treated mice revealed the following: (i) the numbers of thymocytes and splenocytes were decreased > 90% and about 50%, respectively, by PFOA treatment; (ii) although all populations of thymocytes were decreased, the immature CD4+CD8+ population was decreased most dramatically; (iii) the numbers of both T and B cells in the spleen were decreased by PFOA treatment. Analysis of the cell cycle of thymocytes indicated that the thymic atrophy caused by PFOA in mice results, at least in part, from inhibition of thymocyte proliferation. Interestingly, in vitro exposure to PFOA for up to 24 h did not produce analogous effects in either thymocytes or splenocytes. Thus, the thymic and splenic atrophy caused by PFOA appears to involve an indirect pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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