1
|
Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response and Integrated Stress Response as Promising Therapeutic Targets for Mitochondrial Diseases. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010020. [PMID: 36611815 PMCID: PMC9818186 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and application of high-throughput omics technologies have enabled a more in-depth understanding of mitochondrial biosynthesis metabolism and the pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases. In accordance with this, a host of new treatments for mitochondrial disease are emerging. As an essential pathway in maintaining mitochondrial proteostasis, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is not only of considerable significance for mitochondrial substance metabolism but also plays a fundamental role in the development of mitochondrial diseases. Furthermore, in mammals, the integrated stress response (ISR) and UPRmt are strongly coupled, functioning together to maintain mitochondrial function. Therefore, ISR and UPRmt show great application prospects in the treatment of mitochondrial diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms of ISR and UPRmt and focus on them as potential targets for mitochondrial disease therapy.
Collapse
|
2
|
Assessment of Dietary Patterns and Supplement Use in Mitochondrial Disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:461-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
3
|
Yıldırım H, Yıldız M, Bayrak N, Mataracı-Kara E, Özbek-Çelik B, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Radwan MO, TuYuN AF. Natural-product-inspired design and synthesis of thiolated coenzyme Q analogs as promising agents against Gram-positive bacterial strains: insights into structure–activity relationship, activity profile, mode of action, and molecular docking. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20507-20518. [PMID: 35919160 PMCID: PMC9284347 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02136f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to develop effective and potentially active antibacterial and/or antifungal agents, we designed, synthesized, and characterized thiolated CoQ analogs (CoQ1–8) with an extensive antimicrobial study. The antimicrobial profile of these analogs was determined using four Gram-negative bacteria, three Gram-positive bacteria, and three fungi. Because of the fact that the thiolated CoQ analogs were quite effective on all tested Gram-positive bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 29213) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC® 29212), the first two thiolated CoQ analogs emerged as potentially the most desirable ones in this series. Importantly, after the evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity, we presented an initial structure–activity relationship for these CoQ analogs. In addition, the most promising thiolated CoQ analogs (CoQ1 and CoQ2) having the lowest MIC values on all tested Gram-positive bacterial strains, were further evaluated for their inhibition capacities of biofilm formation after evaluating their in vitro potential antimicrobial activity against each of 20 clinically obtained resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria. CoQ1 and CoQ2 exhibited potential molecular interactions with S. aureus DNA gyrase in addition to excellent pharmacokinetics and lead-likeness profiles. Our findings offer important implications for a potential antimicrobial drug candidate, in particular for the treatment of infections caused by clinically resistant MRSA isolates. In an attempt to develop effective and potentially active antibacterial and/or antifungal agents, we designed, synthesized, and characterized thiolated CoQ analogs (CoQ1–8) with an extensive antimicrobial study.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Yıldırım
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Yıldız
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Bayrak
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Mataracı-Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy Faculty, Istanbul University, Beyazit, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berna Özbek-Çelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy Faculty, Istanbul University, Beyazit, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5–1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862–0973, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd, 1–7–30 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862–0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5–1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862–0973, Japan
| | - Mohamed O. Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5–1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862–0973, Japan
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Amaç Fatih TuYuN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ng WSV, Trigano M, Freeman T, Varrichio C, Kandaswamy DK, Newland B, Brancale A, Rozanowska M, Votruba M. New avenues for therapy in mitochondrial optic neuropathies. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:26330040211029037. [PMID: 37181108 PMCID: PMC10032437 DOI: 10.1177/26330040211029037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial optic neuropathies are a group of optic nerve atrophies exemplified by the two commonest conditions in this group, autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Their clinical features comprise reduced visual acuity, colour vision deficits, centro-caecal scotomas and optic disc pallor with thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer. The primary aetiology is genetic, with underlying nuclear or mitochondrial gene mutations. The primary pathology is owing to retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and degeneration. There is currently only one approved treatment and no curative therapy is available. In this review we summarise the genetic and clinical features of ADOA and LHON and then examine what new avenues there may be for therapeutic intervention. The therapeutic strategies to manage LHON and ADOA can be split into four categories: prevention, compensation, replacement and repair. Prevention is technically an option by modifying risk factors such as smoking cessation, or by utilising pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, although this is unlikely to be applied in mitochondrial optic neuropathies due to the non-life threatening and variable nature of these conditions. Compensation involves pharmacological interventions that ameliorate the mitochondrial dysfunction at a cellular and tissue level. Replacement and repair are exciting new emerging areas. Clinical trials, both published and underway, in this area are likely to reveal future potential benefits, since new therapies are desperately needed. Plain language summary Optic nerve damage leading to loss of vision can be caused by a variety of insults. One group of conditions leading to optic nerve damage is caused by defects in genes that are essential for cells to make energy in small organelles called mitochondria. These conditions are known as mitochondrial optic neuropathies and two predominant examples are called autosomal dominant optic atrophy and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Both conditions are caused by problems with the energy powerhouse of cells: mitochondria. The cells that are most vulnerable to this mitochondrial malfunction are called retinal ganglion cells, otherwise collectively known as the optic nerve, and they take the electrical impulse from the retina in the eye to the brain. The malfunction leads to death of some of the optic nerve cells, the degree of vision loss being linked to the number of those cells which are impacted in this way. Patients will lose visual acuity and colour vision and develop a central blind spot in their field of vision. There is currently no cure and very few treatment options. New treatments are desperately needed for patients affected by these devastating diseases. New treatments can potentially arise in four ways: prevention, compensation, replacement and repair of the defects. Here we explore how present and possible future treatments might provide hope for those suffering from these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Trigano
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of
Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Freeman
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of
Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Carmine Varrichio
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dinesh Kumar Kandaswamy
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of
Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ben Newland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Malgorzata Rozanowska
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of
Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences,
Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; Cardiff Eye
Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koňaříková E, Marković A, Korandová Z, Houštěk J, Mráček T. Current progress in the therapeutic options for mitochondrial disorders. Physiol Res 2020; 69:967-994. [PMID: 33129249 PMCID: PMC8549882 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders manifest enormous genetic and clinical heterogeneity - they can appear at any age, present with various phenotypes affecting any organ, and display any mode of inheritance. What mitochondrial diseases do have in common, is impairment of respiratory chain activity, which is responsible for more than 90% of energy production within cells. While diagnostics of mitochondrial disorders has been accelerated by introducing Next-Generation Sequencing techniques in recent years, the treatment options are still very limited. For many patients only a supportive or symptomatic therapy is available at the moment. However, decades of basic and preclinical research have uncovered potential target points and numerous compounds or interventions are now subjects of clinical trials. In this review, we focus on current and emerging therapeutic approaches towards the treatment of mitochondrial disorders. We focus on small compounds, metabolic interference, such as endurance training or ketogenic diet and also on genomic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Koňaříková
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology Czech Acad. Sci., Prague, Czech Republic. ,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Role of mitochondria, oxidative stress and the response to antioxidants in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A possible approach to SARS-CoV-2 'long-haulers'? Chronic Dis Transl Med 2020; 7:14-26. [PMID: 33251031 PMCID: PMC7680046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic patients have developed chronic symptoms lasting weeks or months which are very similar to those described for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. This study reviews the current literature and understanding of the role that mitochondria, oxidative stress and antioxidants may play in the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic fatigue. It describes what is known about the dysfunctional pathways which can develop in mitochondria and their relationship to chronic fatigue. It also reviews what is known about oxidative stress and how this can be related to the pathophysiology of fatigue, as well as examining the potential for specific therapy directed at mitochondria for the treatment of chronic fatigue in the form of antioxidants. This study identifies areas which require urgent, further research in order to fully elucidate the clinical and therapeutic potential of these approaches.
Collapse
|
7
|
Varricchio C, Beirne K, Aeschlimann P, Heard C, Rozanowska M, Votruba M, Brancale A. Discovery of Novel 2-Aniline-1,4-naphthoquinones as Potential New Drug Treatment for Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). J Med Chem 2020; 63:13638-13655. [PMID: 33180495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a rare genetic mitochondrial disease and the primary cause of chronic visual impairment for at least 1 in 10 000 individuals in the U.K. Treatment options remain limited, with only a few drug candidates and therapeutic approaches, either approved or in development. Recently, idebenone has been investigated as drug therapy in the treatment of LHON, although evidence for the efficacy of idebenone is limited in the literature. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and mitochondrial complex III were identified as the major enzymes involved in idebenone activity. Based on this mode of action, computer-aided techniques and structure-activity relationship (SAR) optimization studies led to the discovery of a series naphthoquinone-related small molecules, with comparable adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) rescue activity to idebenone. Among these, three compounds showed activity in the nanomolar range and one, 2-((4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)-3-(methylthio)naphthalene-1,3-dione (1), demonstrated significantly higher potency ex vivo, and significantly lower cytotoxicity, than idebenone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Varricchio
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K.,School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K
| | - Kathy Beirne
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K
| | - Pascale Aeschlimann
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K.,School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K
| | - Charles Heard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K
| | - Malgorzata Rozanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K.,Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF24 4LU, Wales, U.K
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wainwright L, Hargreaves IP, Georgian AR, Turner C, Dalton RN, Abbott NJ, Heales SJR, Preston JE. CoQ 10 Deficient Endothelial Cell Culture Model for the Investigation of CoQ 10 Blood-Brain Barrier Transport. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103236. [PMID: 33050406 PMCID: PMC7601674 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency is unique among mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders in that it is potentially treatable if high-dose CoQ10 supplements are given in the early stages of the disease. While supplements improve peripheral abnormalities, neurological symptoms are only partially or temporarily ameliorated. The reasons for this refractory response to CoQ10 supplementation are unclear, however, a contributory factor may be the poor transfer of CoQ10 across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The aim of this study was to investigate mechanisms of CoQ10 transport across the BBB, using normal and pathophysiological (CoQ10 deficient) cell culture models. The study identifies lipoprotein-associated CoQ10 transcytosis in both directions across the in vitro BBB. Uptake via SR-B1 (Scavenger Receptor) and RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts), is matched by efflux via LDLR (Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor) transporters, resulting in no "net" transport across the BBB. In the CoQ10 deficient model, BBB tight junctions were disrupted and CoQ10 "net" transport to the brain side increased. The addition of anti-oxidants did not improve CoQ10 uptake to the brain side. This study is the first to generate in vitro BBB endothelial cell models of CoQ10 deficiency, and the first to identify lipoprotein-associated uptake and efflux mechanisms regulating CoQ10 distribution across the BBB. The results imply that the uptake of exogenous CoQ10 into the brain might be improved by the administration of LDLR inhibitors, or by interventions to stimulate luminal activity of SR-B1 transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wainwright
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UA, UK
| | - Ana R. Georgian
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (A.R.G.); (N.J.A.)
| | - Charles Turner
- Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (C.T.); (R.N.D.)
| | - R. Neil Dalton
- Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (C.T.); (R.N.D.)
| | - N. Joan Abbott
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (A.R.G.); (N.J.A.)
| | - Simon J. R. Heales
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Jane E. Preston
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (A.R.G.); (N.J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-848-4881
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamada Y, Hibino M, Sasaki D, Abe J, Harashima H. Power of mitochondrial drug delivery systems to produce innovative nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:187-209. [PMID: 32987095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria carry out various essential functions including ATP production, the regulation of apoptosis and possess their own genome (mtDNA). Delivering target molecules to this organelle, it would make it possible to control the functions of cells and living organisms and would allow us to develop a better understanding of life. Given the fact that mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a variety of human disorders, delivering therapeutic molecules to mitochondria for the treatment of these diseases is an important issue. To date, several mitochondrial drug delivery system (DDS) developments have been reported, but a generalized DDS leading to therapy that exclusively targets mitochondria has not been established. This review focuses on mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies including antioxidant therapy, cancer therapy, mitochondrial gene therapy and cell transplantation therapy based on mitochondrial DDS. A particular focus is on nanocarriers for mitochondrial delivery with the goal of achieving mitochondria-targeting therapy. We hope that this review will stimulate the accelerated development of mitochondrial DDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory for Biological Drug Development Based on DDS Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Mitsue Hibino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory for Biological Drug Development Based on DDS Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang L, Zhang Z, Khan A, Zheng H, Yuan C, Jiang H. Advances in drug therapy for mitochondrial diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:17. [PMID: 32055608 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders driven by oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which due to pathogenic mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA). Recent progress in molecular genetics and biochemical methodologies has provided a better understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases, and this has expanded the clinical spectrum of this conditions. But the treatment of mitochondrial diseases is largely symptomatic and thus does not significantly change the course of the disease. Few clinical trials have led to the design of drugs aiming at enhancing mitochondrial function or reversing the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction which are now used in the clinical treatment of mitochondrial diseases. Several other drugs are currently being evaluated for clinical management of patients with mitochondrial diseases. In this review, the current status of treatments for mitochondrial diseases is described systematically, and newer potential treatment strategies for mitochondrial diseases are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lufei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Aisha Khan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haishan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guha S, Konkwo C, Lavorato M, Mathew ND, Peng M, Ostrovsky J, Kwon YJ, Polyak E, Lightfoot R, Seiler C, Xiao R, Bennett M, Zhang Z, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Falk MJ. Pre-clinical evaluation of cysteamine bitartrate as a therapeutic agent for mitochondrial respiratory chain disease. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1837-1852. [PMID: 30668749 PMCID: PMC6522065 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine bitartrate is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy for nephropathic cystinosis also postulated to enhance glutathione biosynthesis. We hypothesized this antioxidant effect may reduce oxidative stress in primary mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) disease, improving cellular viability and organismal health. Here, we systematically evaluated the therapeutic potential of cysteamine bitartrate in RC disease models spanning three evolutionarily distinct species. These pre-clinical studies demonstrated the narrow therapeutic window of cysteamine bitartrate, with toxicity at millimolar levels directly correlating with marked induction of hydrogen peroxide production. Micromolar range cysteamine bitartrate treatment in Caenorhabditis elegans gas-1(fc21) RC complex I (NDUFS2-/-) disease invertebrate worms significantly improved mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative stress, with corresponding modest improvement in fecundity but not lifespan. At 10 to 100 μm concentrations, cysteamine bitartrate improved multiple RC complex disease FBXL4 human fibroblast survival, and protected both complex I (rotenone) and complex IV (azide) Danio rerio vertebrate zebrafish disease models from brain death. Mechanistic profiling of cysteamine bitartrate effects showed it increases aspartate levels and flux, without increasing total glutathione levels. Transcriptional normalization of broadly dysregulated intermediary metabolic, glutathione, cell defense, DNA, and immune pathways was greater in RC disease human cells than in C. elegans, with similar rescue in both models of downregulated ribosomal and proteasomal pathway expression. Overall, these data suggest cysteamine bitartrate may hold therapeutic potential in RC disease, although not through obvious modulation of total glutathione levels. Careful consideration is required to determine safe and effective cysteamine bitartrate concentrations to further evaluate in clinical trials of human subjects with primary mitochondrial RC disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Guha
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chigoziri Konkwo
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manuela Lavorato
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neal D Mathew
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Min Peng
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julian Ostrovsky
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Young-Joon Kwon
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erzsebet Polyak
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Lightfoot
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Seiler
- Aquatics Core Facility, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Statistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee JH, Kim MJ, Park SH, Chae JH, Shin K. Case study of an inborn error manifested in the elderly: A woman with adult-onset mitochondrial disease mimicking systemic vasculitis. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 22:1152-1156. [PMID: 30968563 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders presenting mainly during infancy due to pathological dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. We report a case of mitochondrial disease in an elderly woman complaining of generalized myalgia. A 69-year-old woman was admitted due to fatigue, general weakness, and a drowsy mental status. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multifocal lesions of increased T2 signal intensity, and laboratory findings were consistent with Fanconi syndrome. During her hospital course, she developed seizures, stress-induced cardiomyopathy, and respiratory failure. A muscle biopsy demonstrated ragged-red fibers in the muscle tissues seen in mitochondrial myopathy. We confirmed an 8 kb deletion in her mitochondrial DNA. Following treatment with l-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, and supportive measures, brain lesions on MRI scans disappeared, and the general symptoms gradually improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kichul Shin
- Division of Rheumatology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barca E, Emmanuele V, DiMauro S, Toscano A, Quinzii CM. Anti-Oxidant Drugs: Novelties and Clinical Implications in Cerebellar Ataxias. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:21-32. [PMID: 29119930 PMCID: PMC6341493 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171109125643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 01/01/1970] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary cerebellar ataxias are a group of disorders characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations, progressive clinical course, and diverse genetic causes. No disease modifying treatments are yet available for many of these disorders. Oxidative stress has been recurrently identified in different progressive cerebellar diseases, and it represents a widely investigated target for treatment. OBJECTIVE To review the main aspects and new perspectives of antioxidant therapy in cerebellar ataxias ranging from bench to bedside. METHOD This article is a summary of the state-of-the-art on the use of antioxidant molecules in cerebellar ataxia treatments. It also briefly summarizes aspects of oxidative stress production and general characteristics of antioxidant compounds. RESULTS Antioxidants represent a vast category of compounds; old drugs have been extensively studied and modified in order to achieve better biological effects. Despite the vast body of literature present on the use of antioxidants in cerebellar ataxias, for the majority of these disorders conclusive results on the efficacy are still missing. CONCLUSION Antioxidant therapy in cerebellar ataxias is a promising field of investigations. To achieve the success in identifying the correct treatment more work needs to be done. In particular, a combined effort is needed by basic scientists in developing more efficient molecules, and by clinical researchers together with patients communities, to run clinical trials in order to identify conclusive treatments strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Barca
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, United States.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, 98125, Italy
| | - Valentina Emmanuele
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, United States.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, 98125, Italy
| | - Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Antonio Toscano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, 98125, Italy
| | - Catarina M Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Paepe B. Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis: An Acquired Mitochondrial Disease with Extras. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9010015. [PMID: 30621041 PMCID: PMC6359202 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sporadic form of inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common late-onset myopathy. Its complex pathogenesis includes degenerative, inflammatory and mitochondrial aspects. However, which of those mechanisms are cause and which effect, as well as their interrelations, remain partly obscured to this day. In this review the nature of the mitochondrial dysregulation in IBM muscle is explored and comparison is made with other muscle disorders. Mitochondrial alterations in IBM are evidenced by histological and serum biomarkers. Muscular mitochondrial dynamics is disturbed, with deregulated organelle fusion leading to subsequent morphological alterations and muscle displays abnormal mitophagy. The tissue increases mitochondrial content in an attempt to compensate dysfunction, yet mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations and mild mtDNA depletion are also present. Oxidative phosphorylation defects have repeatedly been shown, most notably a reduction in complex IV activities and levels of mitokines and regulatory RNAs are perturbed. Based on the cumulating evidence of mitochondrial abnormality as a disease contributor, it is therefore warranted to regard IBM as a mitochondrial disease, offering a feasible therapeutic target to be developed for this yet untreatable condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boel De Paepe
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kiyuna LA, Albuquerque RPE, Chen CH, Mochly-Rosen D, Ferreira JCB. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in heart failure: Challenges and opportunities. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:155-168. [PMID: 30227272 PMCID: PMC6309415 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by impaired bioenergetics, oxidative stress and aldehydic load is a hallmark of heart failure. Recently, different research groups have provided evidence that selective activation of mitochondrial detoxifying systems that counteract excessive accumulation of ROS, RNS and reactive aldehydes is sufficient to stop cardiac degeneration upon chronic stress, such as heart failure. Therefore, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches targeting mitochondria detoxification may play a critical role in the prevention or treatment of heart failure. In this review we discuss the most recent findings on the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and aldehydic load in heart failure, highlighting the most recent preclinical and clinical studies using mitochondria-targeted molecules and exercise training as effective tools against heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Akemi Kiyuna
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mendelsohn BA, Bennett NK, Darch MA, Yu K, Nguyen MK, Pucciarelli D, Nelson M, Horlbeck MA, Gilbert LA, Hyun W, Kampmann M, Nakamura JL, Nakamura K. A high-throughput screen of real-time ATP levels in individual cells reveals mechanisms of energy failure. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004624. [PMID: 30148842 PMCID: PMC6110572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient or dysregulated energy metabolism may underlie diverse inherited and degenerative diseases, cancer, and even aging itself. ATP is the central energy carrier in cells, but critical pathways for regulating ATP levels are not systematically understood. We combined a pooled clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference (CRISPRi) library enriched for mitochondrial genes, a fluorescent biosensor, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) in a high-throughput genetic screen to assay ATP concentrations in live human cells. We identified genes not known to be involved in energy metabolism. Most mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are essential in maintaining ATP levels under respiratory conditions, and impaired respiration predicts poor growth. We also identified genes for which coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation rescued ATP deficits caused by knockdown. These included CoQ10 biosynthetic genes associated with human disease and a subset of genes not linked to CoQ10 biosynthesis, indicating that increasing CoQ10 can preserve ATP in specific genetic contexts. This screening paradigm reveals mechanisms of metabolic control and genetic defects responsive to energy-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Mendelsohn
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Neal K. Bennett
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maxwell A. Darch
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katharine Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mai K. Nguyen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniela Pucciarelli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maxine Nelson
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Max A. Horlbeck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Luke A. Gilbert
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - William Hyun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jean L. Nakamura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Falchetti A, Cosso R. The interaction between vitamin C and bone health: a narrative review. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2018.1482211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Falchetti
- Hercolani Center, Bologna, Italy
- EndOsmet, Villa Donatello Private Hospital, Firenze, Italy
- Villa Alba Clinic, Villa Maria Group, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Cosso
- Hercolani Center, Bologna, Italy
- EndOsmet, Villa Donatello Private Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cardoso SM, Correia SC, Carvalho C, Moreira PI. Mitochondria in Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes-Associated Neurodegeneration: License to Heal! Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 240:281-308. [PMID: 28251365 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a difficult puzzle to solve, in part because the etiology of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder remains murky. However, diabetes has been pinpointed as a major risk factor for the sporadic forms of AD. Several overlapping neurodegenerative mechanisms have been identified between AD and diabetes, including mitochondrial malfunction. This is not surprising taking into account that neurons are cells with a complex morphology, long lifespan, and high energetic requirements which make them particularly reliant on a properly organized and dynamic mitochondrial network to sustain neuronal function and integrity. In this sense, this chapter provides an overview on the role of mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics to the neurodegenerative events that occur in AD and diabetes, and how these organelles may represent a mechanistic link between these two pathologies. From a therapeutic perspective, it will be discussed how mitochondria can be targeted in order to efficaciously counteract neurodegeneration associated with AD and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Sónia C Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal. .,Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Allali S, Dorboz I, Samaan S, Slama A, Rambaud C, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Sarret C. Mutation in the AGK gene in two siblings with unusual Sengers syndrome. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:2149-2154. [PMID: 28868593 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sengers syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by lack of acylglycerol kinase due to mutations in the AGK gene. It is characterized by congenital cataract, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myopathy and lactic acidosis. Two clinical forms have been described: a severe neonatal form, and a more benign form displaying exercise intolerance. We describe two siblings with congenital cataract, cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, intellectual disability and lactic acidosis. Whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous c.1035dup mutation in the two siblings, supporting a diagnosis of Sengers syndrome. Our patients presented an intermediate form with intellectual deficiency, an unusual feature in Sengers syndrome. This permitted a prenatal diagnosis for a following pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Allali
- Service des Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital Estaing, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Imen Dorboz
- Inserm U1141 Paris Diderot Sorbonne Université-Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Simon Samaan
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abdelhamid Slama
- pôle BPP-SP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Charlène Rambaud
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Estaing, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- Inserm U1141 Paris Diderot Sorbonne Université-Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sarret
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Estaing, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
El-Hattab AW, Zarante AM, Almannai M, Scaglia F. Therapies for mitochondrial diseases and current clinical trials. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122:1-9. [PMID: 28943110 PMCID: PMC5773113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that result from dysfunction of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation due to molecular defects in genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Despite the advances in molecular and biochemical methodologies leading to better understanding of the etiology and mechanism of these diseases, there are still no satisfactory therapies available for mitochondrial disorders. Treatment for mitochondrial diseases remains largely symptomatic and does not significantly alter the course of the disease. Based on limited number of clinical trials, several agents aiming at enhancing mitochondrial function or treating the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction have been used. Several agents are currently being evaluated for mitochondrial diseases. Therapeutic strategies for mitochondrial diseases include the use of agents enhancing electron transfer chain function (coenzyme Q10, idebenone, riboflavin, dichloroacetate, and thiamine), agents acting as energy buffer (creatine), antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, lipoic acid, cysteine donors, and EPI-743), amino acids restoring nitric oxide production (arginine and citrulline), cardiolipin protector (elamipretide), agents enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis (bezafibrate, epicatechin, and RTA 408), nucleotide bypass therapy, liver transplantation, and gene therapy. Although, there is a lack of curative therapies for mitochondrial disorders at the current time, the increased number of clinical research evaluating agents that target different aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction is promising and is expected to generate more therapeutic options for these diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman W El-Hattab
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohammed Almannai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yew WW, Chan DP, Leung CC, Zhang Y, Wang R, Ng P, Lee SM. Can toxicities induced by antituberculosis drugs be better managed in diabetic patients? Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/1/1700409. [PMID: 28729475 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00409-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Wai Yew
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Denise P Chan
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Chiu Leung
- Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Phoebe Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Simon M Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Enns GM, Cowan TM. Glutathione as a Redox Biomarker in Mitochondrial Disease-Implications for Therapy. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6050050. [PMID: 28467362 PMCID: PMC5447941 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Technical advances in the ability to measure mitochondrial dysfunction are providing new insights into mitochondrial disease pathogenesis, along with new tools to objectively evaluate the clinical status of mitochondrial disease patients. Glutathione (l-ϒ-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine) is the most abundant intracellular thiol, and the intracellular redox state, as reflected by levels of oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) glutathione, as well as the GSH/GSSG ratio, is considered to be an important indication of cellular health. The ability to quantify mitochondrial dysfunction in an affected patient will not only help with routine care, but also improve rational clinical trial design aimed at developing new therapies. Indeed, because multiple disorders have been associated with either primary or secondary deficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and redox imbalance, developing mitochondrial therapies that have the potential to improve the intracellular glutathione status has been a focus of several clinical trials over the past few years. This review will also discuss potential therapies to increase intracellular glutathione with a focus on EPI-743 (α-tocotrienol quinone), a compound that appears to have the ability to modulate the activity of oxidoreductases, in particular NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Enns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, H-315, Stanford, CA 94005-5208, USA.
| | - Tina M Cowan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, H-315, Stanford, CA 94005-5208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang HF, Wang J, Wang YL, Fan JJ, Mo GL, Gong FY, Chai ZM, Zhang J, Meng HX, Li CX, Guo JH, Pu CQ. A novel thymidine phosphorylase mutation in a Chinese MNGIE patient. Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:259-267. [PMID: 27709505 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with mitochondrial alterations. MNGIE is characterized by severe gastrointestinal dysmotility, cachexia, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, peripheral neuropathy, and leukoencephalopathy. The condition is caused by mutation of the TYMP gene. We studied the clinical and biochemical characteristics of a family with MNGIE. The proband was a 48-year-old male presenting with diarrhea and progressive weight loss. He also had ptosis and exhibited eyeball fixation. His blood and cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels were elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed diffuse leukoencephalopathy. Ragged red fibers and cytochrome c oxidase-deficient fibers were apparent on muscle biopsy. His vision and ptosis deteriorated significantly during follow-up. Our clinical diagnosis of MNGIE was confirmed by TYMP gene analysis. We discovered a homozygous TYMP c.1193-1216 dup-GGGCGCTGCCGCTGGCGCTGGTGC mutation (a duplication). Some of the family members were heterozygous for the mutation but had no clinical features. We predicted the function of this mutation using PredictProtein and found that the secondary structure had changed in the region of the helix and strand, the transmembrane region, and the protein-protein binding sites. The family described herein exhibited biochemically, genetically, and functionally confirmed MNGIE syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jian Fan
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Lin Mo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Guangzhou Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510330, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yin Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ming Chai
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Xing Meng
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hong Guo
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Medical Univeristy of First Hospital, No. 85, Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, ShanXi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan-Qiang Pu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The Effects of Ascorbate, N-Acetylcysteine, and Resveratrol on Fibroblasts from Patients with Mitochondrial Disorders. J Clin Med 2016; 6:jcm6010001. [PMID: 28025489 PMCID: PMC5294954 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are assumed to be implicated in the pathogenesis of inborn mitochondrial diseases affecting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). In the current study, we characterized the effects of three small molecules with antioxidant properties (N-acetylcysteine, ascorbate, and resveratrol) on ROS production and several OXPHOS parameters (growth in glucose free medium, ATP production, mitochondrial content and membrane potential (MMP)), in primary fibroblasts derived from seven patients with different molecularly defined and undefined mitochondrial diseases. N-acetylcysteine appeared to be the most beneficial compound, reducing ROS while increasing growth and ATP production in some patients' cells. Ascorbate showed a variable positive or negative effect on ROS, ATP production, and mitochondrial content, while incubation with resveratrol disclosed either no effect or detrimental effect on ATP production and MMP in some cells. The individual responses highlight the importance of investigating multiple parameters in addition to ROS to obtain a more balanced view of the overall effect on OXPHOS when evaluating antioxidant treatment options for mitochondrial diseases.
Collapse
|
26
|
Brown DA, Perry JB, Allen ME, Sabbah HN, Stauffer BL, Shaikh SR, Cleland JGF, Colucci WS, Butler J, Voors AA, Anker SD, Pitt B, Pieske B, Filippatos G, Greene SJ, Gheorghiade M. Expert consensus document: Mitochondrial function as a therapeutic target in heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016; 14:238-250. [PMID: 28004807 PMCID: PMC5350035 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a pressing worldwide public-health problem with millions of patients having worsening heart failure. Despite all the available therapies, the condition carries a very poor prognosis. Existing therapies provide symptomatic and clinical benefit, but do not fully address molecular abnormalities that occur in cardiomyocytes. This shortcoming is particularly important given that most patients with heart failure have viable dysfunctional myocardium, in which an improvement or normalization of function might be possible. Although the pathophysiology of heart failure is complex, mitochondrial dysfunction seems to be an important target for therapy to improve cardiac function directly. Mitochondrial abnormalities include impaired mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, increased formation of reactive oxygen species, shifted metabolic substrate utilization, aberrant mitochondrial dynamics, and altered ion homeostasis. In this Consensus Statement, insights into the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure are presented, along with an overview of emerging treatments with the potential to improve the function of the failing heart by targeting mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 1035 Integrated Life Sciences Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Justin B Perry
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 1035 Integrated Life Sciences Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Mitchell E Allen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 1035 Integrated Life Sciences Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Hani N Sabbah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Brian L Stauffer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 East 19th Avenue, B139, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA
| | - John G F Cleland
- National Heart &Lung Institute, National Institute of Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton &Harefield Hospitals, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Wilson S Colucci
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 88 East Newton Street, C-8, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- Division of Cardiology, Health Sciences Center, T-16 Room 080, SUNY at Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, Netherlands
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen (UMG), Robert-Koch-Straße, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bertram Pitt
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow Klinikum, and German Heart Center Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- National and Kopodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Heart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology, Athens University Hospital Attikon, Rimini 1, Athens 12462, Greece
| | - Stephen J Greene
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road Suite 7400, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Mihai Gheorghiade
- Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 201 East Huron, Galter 3-150, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of genetic disorders that are characterized by defects in oxidative phosphorylation and caused by mutations in genes in the nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that encode structural mitochondrial proteins or proteins involved in mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial diseases are the most common group of inherited metabolic disorders and are among the most common forms of inherited neurological disorders. One of the challenges of mitochondrial diseases is the marked clinical variation seen in patients, which can delay diagnosis. However, advances in next-generation sequencing techniques have substantially improved diagnosis, particularly in children. Establishing a genetic diagnosis allows patients with mitochondrial diseases to have reproductive options, but this is more challenging for women with pathogenetic mtDNA mutations that are strictly maternally inherited. Recent advances in in vitro fertilization techniques, including mitochondrial donation, will offer a better reproductive choice for these women in the future. The treatment of patients with mitochondrial diseases remains a challenge, but guidelines are available to manage the complications of disease. Moreover, an increasing number of therapeutic options are being considered, and with the development of large cohorts of patients and biomarkers, several clinical trials are in progress.
Collapse
|
28
|
Karaa A, Kriger J, Grier J, Holbert A, Thompson JLP, Parikh S, Hirano M. Mitochondrial disease patients' perception of dietary supplements' use. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:100-8. [PMID: 27444792 PMCID: PMC5031526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Surveys of mitochondrial disease physicians conducted through the Mitochondrial Medicine Society have shown that virtually all providers recommend a variety of dietary supplements as treatments to their patients in an effort to enhance energy production and reduce oxidative stress. In this survey, we asked patients and their parents about their experiences taking these dietary supplements for mitochondrial disease. The survey was disseminated through the North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium (NAMDC) and the Rare Disease Clinical Research Network (RDCRN) registries and gathered 162 responses. The study ascertained each patient's mitochondrial disease diagnosis, dietary supplements used, adjunct therapy, and effects of the supplements on symptoms and health. Regardless of the specific underlying mitochondrial disease, the majority of the survey respondents stated they are or have been on dietary supplements. Most patients take more than four supplements primarily coenzyme Q10, l-carnitine, and riboflavin. The majority of patients taking supplements reported health benefits from the supplements. The onset of perceived benefits was between 2weeks to 3months of initiating intake. Supplements seem to be safe, with only 28% of patients experiencing mild side-effects and only 5.6% discontinuing their intake due to intolerance. Only 9% of patients had insurance coverage for their supplements and when paying out of pocket, 95% of them spend up to $500/month. Despite the use of concomitant therapies (prescribed medications, physical therapy, diet changes and other), 45.5% of patients think that dietary supplements are the only intervention improving their symptoms. Some limitations of this study include the retrospective collection of data probably associated with substantial recall bias, lack of longitudinal follow up to document pre- and post-supplement clinical status and second hand reports by parents for children which may reflect parents' subjective interpretation of symptoms severity and supplements effect rather than real patients' experience. More extensive prospective studies will help further elucidate this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amel Karaa
- The Genetics Unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Joshua Kriger
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Johnston Grier
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Amy Holbert
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
| | - John L P Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Sumit Parikh
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Niyazov DM, Kahler SG, Frye RE. Primary Mitochondrial Disease and Secondary Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Importance of Distinction for Diagnosis and Treatment. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:122-37. [PMID: 27587988 DOI: 10.1159/000446586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disease refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting in defective cellular energy production due to abnormal oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos). Primary mitochondrial disease (PMD) is diagnosed clinically and ideally, but not always, confirmed by a known or indisputably pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA) mutation. The PMD genes either encode oxphos proteins directly or they affect oxphos function by impacting production of the complex machinery needed to run the oxphos process. However, many disorders have the 'mitochondrial' phenotype without an identifiable mtDNA or nDNA mutation or they have a variant of unknown clinical significance. Secondary mitochondrial dysfunction (SMD) can be caused by genes encoding neither function nor production of the oxphos proteins and accompanies many hereditary non-mitochondrial diseases. SMD may also be due to nongenetic causes such as environmental factors. In our practice, we see many patients with clinical signs of mitochondrial dysfunction based on phenotype, biomarkers, imaging, muscle biopsy, or negative/equivocal mtDNA or nDNA test results. In these cases, it is often tempting to assign a patient's phenotype to 'mitochondrial disease', but SMD is often challenging to distinguish from PMD. Fortunately, rapid advances in molecular testing, made possible by next generation sequencing, have been effective at least in some cases in establishing accurate diagnoses to distinguish between PMD and SMD. This is important, since their treatments and prognoses can be quite different. However, even in the absence of the ability to distinguish between PMD and SMD, treating SMD with standard treatments for PMD can be effective. We review the latest findings regarding mitochondrial disease/dysfunction and give representative examples in which differentiation between PMD and SMD has been crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy M Niyazov
- Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, La, USA
| | - Stephan G Kahler
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark., USA
| | - Richard E Frye
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark., USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Suzuki T, Yamaguchi H, Kikusato M, Matsuhashi T, Matsuo A, Sato T, Oba Y, Watanabe S, Minaki D, Saigusa D, Shimbo H, Mori N, Mishima E, Shima H, Akiyama Y, Takeuchi Y, Yuri A, Kikuchi K, Toyohara T, Suzuki C, Kohzuki M, Anzai JI, Mano N, Kure S, Yanagisawa T, Tomioka Y, Toyomizu M, Ito S, Osaka H, Hayashi KI, Abe T. Mitochonic Acid 5 (MA-5), a Derivative of the Plant Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Improves Survival of Fibroblasts from Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2016; 236:225-32. [PMID: 26118651 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.236.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles implicated in a variety of processes related to energy and free radical generation, the regulation of apoptosis, and various signaling pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction increases cellular oxidative stress and depletes ATP in a variety of inherited mitochondrial diseases and also in many other metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by the dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, caused by mutations in the genes encoded by either nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA. We have hypothesized that chemicals that increase the cellular ATP levels may ameliorate the mitochondrial dysfunction seen in mitochondrial diseases. To search for the potential drugs for mitochondrial diseases, we screened an in-house chemical library of indole-3-acetic-acid analogs by measuring the cellular ATP levels in Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. We have thus identified mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5), 4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid, as a potential drug for enhancing ATP production. MA-5 is a newly synthesized derivative of the plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid. Importantly, MA-5 improved the survival of fibroblasts established from patients with mitochondrial diseases under the stress-induced condition, including Leigh syndrome, MELAS (myopathy encephalopathy lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, and Kearns-Sayre syndrome. The improved survival was associated with the increased cellular ATP levels. Moreover, MA-5 increased the survival of mitochondrial disease fibroblasts even under the inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation or the electron transport chain. These data suggest that MA-5 could be a therapeutic drug for mitochondrial diseases that exerts its effect in a manner different from anti-oxidant therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bénit P, Schiff M, Cwerman-Thibault H, Corral-Debrinski M, Rustin P. Drug development for mitochondrial disease: recent progress, current challenges, and future prospects. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2016.1117972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|