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Prego-Meleiro P, Recalde-Esnoz I, Sordo L, Del Castillo H, García-Ruiz C, Montalvo G, López-Cuadrado T. Drug-facilitated sexual assault in youth nightlife contexts in Spain. Public Health 2024; 233:157-163. [PMID: 38901300 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to provide epidemiological information on drug-facilitated sexual assault in Spanish youth partying, with a focus on prevalence rates and associated sociodemographic factors. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Quota sampling was used to recruit 1601 young people aged 18-35 years in Spain from a digital panel. A validated questionnaire on drug-facilitated sexual assault was used to assess five types of lifetime victimisation experiences while partying. Chi-square and the exact Fisher tests were used to describe the prevalence of victimisation, drug use patterns, and perpetrator profiles. Generalised ordered logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with victimisation, analysed by gender. RESULTS Half of young women and one-quarter of young men had experienced drug-facilitated sexual assault in their lifetime. Female victimisation due to touching and kissing was notably high, whereas men comprised almost half of the victims of more invasive DFSA experiences involving masturbation, penetration, and oral sex. Opportunism prevailed as the assault tactic, consisting of taking advantage of the victims' incapacity derived from voluntary alcohol use. Among women, risk of victimisation was associated with a lower education level, foreign-born status, and being non-heterosexual. Male victimisation risk was highest among non-heterosexual men. CONCLUSIONS Drug-facilitated sexual violence in youth nightlife contexts is a serious public health issue in Spain, which requires urgent action. Most assaults involve taking advantage of victims who are incapacitated by the effects of voluntary alcohol consumption. This sexual violence primarily affects women with lower educational levels or those who are foreign-born and non-heterosexual men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prego-Meleiro
- Department of Public-Health and Maternal-Child, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Recalde-Esnoz
- Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación, C/ San Cirilio, s/n, 28804, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Sordo
- Department of Public-Health and Maternal-Child, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute, San Carlos University Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - H Del Castillo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación, C/ San Cirilio, s/n, 28804, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - C García-Ruiz
- Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Montalvo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - T López-Cuadrado
- National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Johansson F, Edlund K, Sundgot-Borgen J, Björklund C, Côté P, Onell C, Sundberg T, Skillgate E. Sexual harassment, sexual violence and subsequent depression and anxiety symptoms among Swedish university students: a cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02688-0. [PMID: 38926188 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the gender-specific impact of recent exposure to different forms of sexual harassment and sexual violence (SHV) on depression and anxiety symptoms three, six, and nine months later. METHODS We recruited 2229 women and 1274 men studying at Swedish universities and followed them with web-surveys every three months over one year. We estimated mean differences (MDs) of depression and anxiety symptoms between exposed and unexposed at each follow-up, adjusting for prior SHV, prior depression and anxiety symptoms and potential confounders. RESULTS For women, sexual harassment (wide subjective definition) was associated with higher symptom levels of depression (MD 1.0 [95% CI: 0.3; 1.7]) and anxiety (MD 0.8 [95% CI: 0.3; 1.4]) three months later. Unwanted sexual attention was associated with higher symptom levels of anxiety three (MD 0.5 [95% CI: 0.1; 0.8]) and six months later (MD 0.4 [95% CI: 0.0; 0.7]). Exposure to sex against ones will was associated with higher depression symptoms three (MD 1.7 [95% CI: 0.1;3.4]), and six months later (MD 3.1 [95% CI: 1.0; 5.2]). Trends indicated that associations with subsequent mental health differed between forms of SHV among women, and that most associations were more pronounced in temporal proximity to the exposures. For men, we refrain from interpreting the results since they showed high variability and were not robust to sensitivity analyses using multiple imputation to account for missing outcome data. CONCLUSIONS Among women, several forms of SHV were associated with higher subsequent depression and anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Johansson
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Box 5605, Stockholm, 114 86, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Klara Edlund
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Box 5605, Stockholm, 114 86, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christina Björklund
- Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Côté
- Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Clara Onell
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Box 5605, Stockholm, 114 86, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sundberg
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Box 5605, Stockholm, 114 86, Sweden
| | - Eva Skillgate
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Box 5605, Stockholm, 114 86, Sweden
- Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kiefer R, Peterson R, Orchowski LM. Correlates of College Women's Sexual Assault Resistance Self-Efficacy. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231222492. [PMID: 38146200 PMCID: PMC11332363 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231222492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that actively fighting back against an attacker is effective in decreasing the severity and completion of a sexual assault, yet little is known about the factors that contribute to women's confidence in fighting back. Accordingly, the present study examines correlates of college women's self-efficacy in resisting unwanted sexual advances (N = 650). Results suggest that fewer psychological barriers to resistance, greater sexual communication, increased use of dating self-protective behaviors, and greater sexual assertiveness were associated with increased sexual resistance self-efficacy. Findings underscore the importance of developing sexual assault prevention programs that increase women's confidence in fighting back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Kiefer
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Roselyn Peterson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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Aloisi S. Representative Survivorship: A Look Into the Race-Evasiveness of Title IX and Understanding the Barriers to Reporting for Women of Color. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:2986-3004. [PMID: 37661802 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231197565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
While there are many cultural norms that serve as barriers to Women of Color reporting sexual assault on college campuses, there are also several institutional and systemic barriers. This paper explores some of these barriers and argues for Title IX, a policy that addresses issues of sexual assault on college campuses, to encompass and protect more than a person's sex alone. In addition to the legal system, institutions of higher education have a long-standing history of discrimination against racial and ethnic minority groups, in particular with addressing sexual assault crimes. This paper argues that specific measures need to be outlined in Title IX that acknowledge and redress the effects of institutional harms on the BIPOC community. This paper also discusses how adopting a restorative justice and intersectional approach to policy reform will aid in building a supportive relationship between survivors and their educational institutions.
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Woerner J, Chiaramonte D, Clark DA, Tennen H, Sullivan TP. Intimate Partner Violence Survivors' Daily Experiences of Social Disconnection, Substance Use, and Sex with Secondary Partners. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:1327-1339. [PMID: 37243866 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) are disproportionately likely to engage in sexual risk behavior, including sex with a secondary partner (i.e., sex partners outside their primary relationship). Social disconnection has been identified as a social determinant of health that may enhance understanding of sex with a secondary partner. This study extends past research by using an intensive longitudinal design consisting of multiple daily assessments to examine event-level associations between women IPV survivors' social disconnection and sex with a secondary partner concurrently (i.e., during the same aggregated assessment) and temporally (i.e., social disconnection during one assessment predicting sex with a secondary partner in a subsequent assessment) over a 14-day period, in consideration of physical, psychological, and sexual IPV, and alcohol and drug use. Participants (N = 244) were recruited from New England through 2017. Results from multilevel logistic regression models indicate that women who experienced greater social disconnection on average were more likely to report sex with a secondary partner. However, after including IPV and substance use in the model, the strength of this relationship was attenuated. Sexual IPV emerged as a between-person predictor of sex with a secondary partner in temporally lagged models. Results provide insight into the relationships between daily social disconnection and sex with a secondary partner among IPV survivors, particularly regarding the effects of substance use and IPV both concurrently and temporally. Taken together, findings emphasize the importance of social connection for women's well-being and highlight the need for interventions that enhance interpersonal connectedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Woerner
- Departments of Sociology and Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Danielle Chiaramonte
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Angus Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard Tennen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tami P Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Goodman-Williams R, Dworkin E, Hetfield M. Why do rape victimization rates vary across studies? A meta-analysis examining moderating variables. AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 2023; 71:101839. [PMID: 39119473 PMCID: PMC11309367 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2023.101839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Research studies have identified multiple study- and sample-related factors that predict variation in the proportion of participants who report experiences of rape (non-consensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration obtained by force, threat of force, and/or victim incapacitation). The magnitude of variation introduced by these methodological variables is often unclear, which can complicate attempts to compare findings across research studies. With the goal of identifying and quantifying sources of variation, we conducted a meta-analysis that compared rates of rape experienced by women in the United States during adolescence or adulthood. 6391 research articles were evaluated for inclusion and 84 studies (89 independent samples) met inclusion criteria. Results of a random-effects meta-analysis found that an average of 17.0 % (95 % CI [15.7 %, 18.3 %]) of participants across samples reported experiences of rape in adolescence or adulthood. The mean participant age, source of the sample, perpetration tactics included in the measure, and interaction between sample source and perpetration tactics each predicted significant variation in the proportion of victims identified. Participant recruitment method, publication year, and the earliest age included in the reference period did not predict significant variation. These findings clarify the impact of methodological variables on observed victimization rates and provide context that can inform comparisons across sexual victimization studies.
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Orchowski LM, Bhuptani PH. Predictors of college women's disclosure of sexual assault prior to and during college. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 51:1653-1668. [PMID: 36226851 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Talking to others about experiences of sexual assault can facilitate recovery. The present study explored associations between assault characteristics, attitudes, coping strategies, social support, and the college women's disclosure of adolescent sexual victimization (N = 134), as well as sexual victimization over a 7-month interim during college (N = 67). A sample of first-year college women completed pencil and paper assessments of sexual victimization, assault characteristics, tendency to disclose, self-concealment, attributions of blame, likelihood to report sexual victimization, social support., and coping strategies. A series of bivariate and multivariate analyses examined predictors of sexual assault disclosure. Whereas acknowledgment of the sexual assault as victimization predicted disclosure of adolescent sexual assault, less acquaintance with the perpetrator and strong social attachments predicted disclosure of sexual assault occurring during women's first year of college. Data suggest that the factors that influence disclosure of sexual assault may vary across periods of adolescent and young adult development.
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Willis M, Marcantonio TL. Sexual consent norms in a cross-sectional national sample of the UK. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:84-90. [PMID: 34657961 PMCID: PMC10017077 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual assault is a pervasive problem in the UK, and young women are disproportionately affected. We sought to provide an initial account of sexual consent norms in the UK and whether they differ by gender and age. METHOD The present study was a secondary analysis of data collected by the Family Planning Association, which conducted an online survey (N = 2003) to assess experiences with, knowledge of, and attitudes toward consent. The sample represented all regions of the UK and spanned ages 14-55. RESULTS Definitions of sexual consent endorsed by women and older age groups more closely aligned with the tenets of affirmative consent compared with men and younger age groups. Women and older age groups were also more likely to perceive that various nonverbal cues may be used to interpret sexual consent or refusal and were more supportive of people being able to withdraw their sexual consent. CONCLUSION Maladaptive sexual consent norms seemed to be prevalent among men and young people in the UK, which may contribute to young women's elevated risk of experiencing sexual assault. Our findings support the UK's recent relationships and sex education curriculum that actively promotes healthy sexual consent norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachi Willis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Tiffany L Marcantonio
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.,Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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9
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Li X, Gu X, Ariyo T, Jiang Q. Understanding, Experience, and Response Strategies to Sexual Harassment Among Chinese College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:2337-2359. [PMID: 35546082 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sexual harassment is a serious problem, and with a growing population of college students in China, the phenomenon is becoming prevalent. Using the 2010 data from the Third Survey on Chinese Women's Social Status, we examined relationships between understanding of sexual harassment and experience/response among Chinese college students. The results show that college students understand physical sexual harassment better (88%; unwanted sexual requests: 92%) than verbal and visual sexual harassment (54% and 70%, respectively). Understanding is higher among females than males, with a margin between eight to 21%. At a prevalence of 30%, the experience of verbal sexual harassment is the highest compared to other forms of harassment. Males were more likely to experience verbal and visual sexual harassment, while females were more likely to experience physical sexual harassment. In any event of sexual harassment, expressing dissatisfaction and stopping it is the response strategy that most resonates with respondents. It varied between 62% and 70% across forms of sexual harassment. Reporting to teachers or school authorities resonates least, varying between 0.30% and 2.28%. Understanding sexual harassment was strongly associated with a reduced likelihood of harassment. The equivalent odds ratios varied between 0.41 and 0.33 (p < .001), or 59-67% reduced likelihood across the forms of sexual harassment. Understanding sexual harassment was also strongly associated with an increased likelihood of not reacting passively or staying silent. Odds ratio varied between 1.99 and 3.86 (p < .001), about a minimum of twofold increased likelihood. Parents should strive to involve in their children's sex and sexual rights education, particularly during adolescence, to help them inculcate values against sexual harassment. Also, colleges and universities can bolster their curriculum with elective courses on sex education and regularly organize symposiums on sexual harassment to create a better understanding and awareness among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- School of Management, Institute for Population and Social Policy Studies, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- School of Management, Institute for Population and Social Policy Studies, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tolulope Ariyo
- Institute for Population and Development Studies, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Quanbao Jiang
- Institute for Population and Development Studies, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
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Cannon LM, Munro-Kramer ML, Scheiman L, Bailey JM, Parrish D, Ernst SD. Patient satisfaction with Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner services and post-assault resource utilization at a university health center and emergency department. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:562-570. [PMID: 33830900 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1898407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Describe a model for incorporating campus-based Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) services. Describe differences in patient satisfaction and utilization of follow-up resources between patients seeking SANE services at a university health center (UHC) compared to an emergency department (ED). Participants: Patients seeking SANE services at the UHC or ED of a large Midwestern university from January 2016-April 2018. Fifty-eight participants completed a satisfaction survey, including 28 students. Twenty-eight participants completed a follow-up survey, including 15 students. Methods: A Qualtrics survey assessed: 1) satisfaction following the SANE exam and 2) use of follow-up services 4-6 weeks later. Descriptive analyses, exact logistic regressions, and OLS regressions were calculated. Results: There were no differences in satisfaction, services received, or follow-up services accessed between patients at the UHC and ED, including between students. Conclusions: Campus-based SANE services meet the expectations of survivors and do not differ significantly from services at the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Cannon
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Lisa Scheiman
- Michigan Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joanne M Bailey
- Michigan Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Diana Parrish
- University of Michigan University Health Service, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan D Ernst
- Michigan Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- University of Michigan University Health Service, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Female students as victims of sexual abuse at institutions of higher learning: insights from Kwazulu-natal, South Africa. SN SOCIAL SCIENCES 2023; 3:40. [PMID: 36817690 PMCID: PMC9919736 DOI: 10.1007/s43545-023-00611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The focus of the wider study on which this paper is based was to uncover the social context of the sexual victimisation phenomenon in three selected institutions of higher learning in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The objectives of the study were to examine the nature of sexual victimisation against female students in selected universities in Durban; to determine the factors that contribute to the sexual victimisation of female students; to investigate the effects of sexual victimisation on female students and to explore the reasons for female students' reluctance to report sexual victimisation. The sample comprised a total of 60 participants who had been purposively selected from three universities in the study area. The data were collected by means of interviews and were thematically analysed. The study found that incapacitated rape is more common on campuses than forcible rape, which is when perpetrators use threats and/or physical force. This could be attributed to the excessive use of alcohol and drugs by both victims and perpetrators. The study also confirmed that female students are reluctant to report sexual victimisation to the authorities. A key recommendation is that security measures need to be upgraded to ensure a safe environment for female students on campuses in the study area. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43545-023-00611-z.
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Karunaratne N, Harris JC. Women of Color Student Survivors' Perceptions of Campus Sexual Assault Prevention Programming. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:3801-3824. [PMID: 35019786 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211070310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a qualitative study of 44 Women of Color undergraduate student survivors' perceptions of campus sexual assault prevention programming using the framework of standpoint theory. Participants held perceptions concerning online training prior to college, the in-person presentations they attended during new student orientation, and the lack of information relayed through prevention programs about sexual assault perpetration. Findings highlight the need for continued research investigating the standpoints of Women of Color students to better inform implementation of prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica C Harris
- 8783Department of Education, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Willis M, Smith R. Sexual Consent Across Diverse Behaviors and Contexts: Gender Differences and Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP18908-NP18934. [PMID: 34625009 PMCID: PMC9554284 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211044101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sexual consent refers to people's internal willingness to engage in sexual activity with another person-as well as their external communication of that willingness. Internal and external sexual consent can vary by type of sexual behavior; however, previous research on sexual consent has primarily only assessed "typical" sexual behaviors such as genital touching, oral sex, and vaginal-penile sex without providing further context or acknowledging people's sexual diversity. Therefore, we provided an initial account of people's sexual consent-and lack thereof-for a broader array of sexual behaviors and contexts in which they occur. Using an online cross-sectional survey of participants in the United Kingdom and the United States (N = 658, 50.5% women), we examined event-level internal and external sexual consent for 20 sexual behaviors or contexts. Women reported significantly lower levels of sexual consent feelings than men for 12 of the 20 sexual behaviors and lower levels of active consent communication for 7 of them. Almost a third of participants (31.0%) had experienced at least one of the listed sexual behaviors against their will. Of those, participants on average reported nonconsensual experiences with 3.1 of the 20 types of sexual behavior listed, ranging from 1 to 11. More women reported at least one nonconsensual experience with one of the sexual behaviors assessed compared with men (47.9% versus 22.3%, respectively). We discussed several behavior-specific findings regarding sexual consent and the lack thereof. We also made recommendations for initiatives aimed at promoting healthy sexual consent practices: embrace sexual diversity, emphasize sexual agency, and encourage active consent communication.
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Dworkin ER, DeCou CR, Fitzpatrick S. Associations between sexual assault and suicidal thoughts and behavior: A meta-analysis. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2022; 14:1208-1211. [PMID: 32202845 PMCID: PMC7508844 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the present study was to conduct a quantitative review to determine the degree to which specific forms of suicidality (i.e., lifetime and past-year suicidal ideation and attempts) are associated with sexual assault (SA). It also examined whether the strength of the association between SA and suicidality was moderated by sample characteristics or the type of suicidality assessed. METHOD A subset of studies (25 samples and 36 effects, reflecting N = 88,376 participants) from a prior meta-analysis assessing associations between SA and psychopathology was examined. Included studies provided the prevalence of suicidality in subsamples that had and had not been exposed to SA and/or an odds ratio comparing the prevalence in these groups. Random effects metaregression models aggregated prevalence estimates and odds ratios for lifetime and past-year suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in individuals in SA and no-SA groups. Analyses also examined whether sample characteristics (i.e., percent women, college sample) or type of suicidality moderated the magnitude of odds ratios. RESULTS Subsamples exposed to SA reported a substantially higher prevalence of suicidality (27.25%) compared with unassaulted subsamples (9.37%). There were significantly higher rates of lifetime and past-year suicidal ideation, and lifetime suicide attempts in assaulted subsamples than in unassaulted subsamples. No tested moderators had significant associations with the strength of the relationship between SA and suicidality. CONCLUSION Findings underscore the robust relationship between SA and both suicidal ideation and attempts and suggest that identifying moderators and mediators that explain it is a key directive for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Dworkin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Christopher R DeCou
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine
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Moschella-Smith EA, Moynihan MM, Stapleton JG. Sexual and Dating Violence Bystander Intervention Programs within Institutions of Higher Education: Strategies for Research and Practice. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP15020-NP15036. [PMID: 36073620 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221106190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents strategies to promote researcher-practitioner collaborations in the development and evaluation of bystander intervention programs that address sexual and dating violence (SDV) at Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs). The benefits of practitioner partnerships with researchers are reviewed. We then review examples of researcher-practitioner collaborations to develop, implement, and evaluate bystander programs. Suggestions are also offered for researcher-practitioner collaborators to engage survivors of SDV and overlooked populations, such as racial, ethnic, gender, and sexual minorities, as ways to promote diversity. Lastly, we provide guidelines for researcher-practitioner collaborations to engage bystanders based on the lessons learned from these collaborations within and around the IHE community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary M Moynihan
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, 3067University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jane G Stapleton
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, 3067University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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16
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Moschella-Smith EA, Potter SJ, Mumford EA. Academic and Career Outcomes Following Sexual Assault in Early Adulthood: A Comparison of LGBQ+ and Heterosexual Women. Violence Against Women 2022; 29:1168-1182. [PMID: 35989673 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Young adults (aged 18-24) who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer (LGBQ+) report high rates of sexual assault (SA) victimization, yet much of the research on adverse outcomes resulting from SA has overlooked LGBQ+ victims. A probability-based sample of 901 adults was recruited to examine the negative academic and career outcomes attributed to SA during early adulthood among LGBQ+ cisgender women. LGBQ+ women were more likely to report negative impacts on academic and career goals (e.g., changed course of study) and transitions (e.g., switched jobs) following SA victimization than heterosexual women. Implications for research and LGBQ+ services are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharyn J Potter
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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17
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McGarrity LA, Shepardson RL, Carey KB, Carey MP. Sexual assault predicts unhealthy weight management among college women: A longitudinal, prospective study. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35882060 PMCID: PMC9877249 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To examine whether sexual assault prospectively predicts unhealthy weight management behaviors in college women. Method: Participants were female college students (N = 483) with monthly assessments across the first year, including the frequency and severity of sexual assault and unhealthy weight management behaviors. Results: Frequency of sexual assault prior to college predicted dieting, purging, and diet pill use, over the first year. Severity of those experiences predicted dieting and diet pill use. Frequency of sexual assault during the first semester predicted purging and diet pill use during the second semester. Severity predicted all three unhealthy weight management behaviors. Findings held consistently when controlling for socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), and pre-college mood, anxiety, and eating disorders, as well as unhealthy weight management behaviors during the first semester in longitudinal analyses. Reverse models were non-significant. Conclusions: This research documents the detrimental effects of sexual assault on unhealthy weight management behaviors in college women, and highlights the importance of prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A McGarrity
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Kate B Carey
- Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michael P Carey
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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18
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Blayney JA, Jenzer T, Jaffe AE, Carroll Q, Read JP. Friends-Based Protective Strategies and Unwanted Sexual Experiences: A Daily Diary Examination of First Year College Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2022; 46:162-175. [PMID: 36874947 PMCID: PMC9980431 DOI: 10.1177/03616843221085219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Risk for unwanted sexual experiences can emerge in social contexts-the same contexts that early college women navigate with their friends. Though friends naturally engage in prevention strategies, less is known about how capable guardianship influences risk. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, the present study examined guardianship at the person- and situation-level. First year college women (N = 132) completed eight weekends of daily surveys. We examined whether guardianship (e.g., more friends present, greater proportion of female friends, no intoxicated friends) would reduce unwanted sexual experience risk and if this relation was mediated by friends-based strategy use. An alternative model was also tested with the same predictors, but unwanted sexual experiences as the mediator and friends-based strategy use as the outcome. Over half (58%) of extended weekend nights with friends involved drinking or using drugs. Friends-based strategies were used on 29% of nights. Across models, being with one or more intoxicated friends was associated with friends-based strategy use and an unwanted sexual experience, but only at the situation-level. Parents, educators, and policy makers can encourage college women to draw on their social networks to enhance safety. Interventions could incorporate more universal strategies for responding to risk in social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Blayney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany Jenzer
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Quinn Carroll
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer P Read
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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19
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Sell NM, Testa M. Is bringing one's own alcohol to parties protective or risky? A prospective examination of sexual victimization among first-year college women. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:968-972. [PMID: 32693704 PMCID: PMC7856164 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1791883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study assessed whether college women who bring their own alcohol to parties (BYOB) are less vulnerable to sexual victimization (SV). Participants: Participants were 652 female freshmen (M age = 18.04 years) at a large, public university. Methods: Women were recruited by email to complete online surveys of their drinking-related behaviors and sexual experiences in September (T1) and November (T2) of their first college semester. Results: Approximately 47% of our sample reported BYOB. Women who reported BYOB more frequently at T1 were more likely to report SV at T2 when accounting for risk factors, including prior SV, heavy episodic drinking, and hookups. Specifically, BYOB predicted contact and rape, but not coercion. Conclusions: Findings suggested BYOB does not prevent college SV, but rather may increase risk. We encourage college health professionals and researchers to target BYOB to better understand this common behavior and help students recognize potential for associated harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole M. Sell
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions and Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Maria Testa
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions and Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
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20
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Woods WC, Kistler TA, Stuart GL, Cornelius TL. Bystander Intervention Behavior as Function of Victimization History, Opportunity, and Situational Context. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP8006-NP8031. [PMID: 33251909 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520975838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary research has demonstrated the utility of bystander interventions in reducing sexual assault, and initial research has begun extending this type of intervention to intimate partner violence more broadly. However, the extant research is limited by methodological issues that fail to examine opportunity for intervention relative to intervention behaviors as well as a failure to examine intervention rates across differing risk situations. Further, there are many unexplored factors that may impact bystander intervention behavior, notably previous experiences with intimate partner violence and sexual assault. Thus, the current study examined bystander opportunities and intervention across situations of varying risk to the bystander, as well as the relationship of opportunity/intervention relative to victimization history. Given the rates of sexual assault and IPV on college and university campuses, the research examined the number of times college students (N = 393) encountered a range of situations in which bystander intervention may be indicated, and their intervention behavior across varying risk levels to the bystander. Results demonstrated that individuals with a history of psychological victimization were more likely to intervene across all situation types, but sexual and physical victimization provided mixed support for hypotheses. No differences in witnessing or intervening were found as a function of gender. These results replicate previous findings, and further provide evidence for a more nuanced approach to examine bystander behavior intervention. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Moschella-Smith EA, Potter SJ, Moynihan MM. Correlates of Bystander Intentions and Behavior among Community College Students in Situations of Sexual Violence. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION (2022) 2022; 43:277-295. [PMID: 35088198 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-021-00663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is a public health problem on college campuses. Research suggests that bystanders can effectively prevent and respond in situations of SV. There is no research to date concerning correlates of bystander behavior (e.g., gender, perceptions of SV) on community college campuses. However, there are notable differences between students enrolled in two- and four-year colleges. We conducted two exploratory studies across seven community colleges in one northeastern state to examine correlates of bystander intentions and behavior. In Studies 1 and 2, the majority of respondents identified as women, heterosexual, and White. We administered online surveys that inquired about demographics, peer attitudes, knowledge of sexual consent, history of victimization, and intent to help (Study 1) or self-reported bystander behavior (Study 2). The first study (n = 1,067) demonstrated that gender (i.e., identifying as woman), less accepting peer attitudes toward SV, and greater knowledge of sexual consent and awareness of campus SV were significantly associated with bystander intentions. The second study (n = 1,506) indicated that age (i.e., younger than 25 years old), greater knowledge of sexual consent, and victimization history were associated with bystander behavior. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Moschella-Smith
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 9 Madbury Road, Suite #405, Durham NH, 03824, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
| | - Sharyn J Potter
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 9 Madbury Road, Suite #405, Durham NH, 03824, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mary M Moynihan
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 9 Madbury Road, Suite #405, Durham NH, 03824, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
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22
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The concurrence of sexual violence and physical fighting among adolescent suicide ideators and the risk of attempted suicide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5290. [PMID: 35351957 PMCID: PMC8964683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual violence and physical fighting are independent risk factors for suicidal behaviors among adolescents. However, whether the concurrence of these two risk factors increases the risk of suicidal behaviors among ideators, and by how much that risk increases are unknown. This study analyzed data from the 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. Students who reported having seriously considered attempting suicide in the past year were included (n = 1755). The associations between physical fighting/sexual violence status and the risk of suicide attempt/plan/attempt requiring medical intervention were estimated. The concurrence of physical fighting and sexual violence substantially increased the relative risk of attempted suicide (adjusted relative risk, adRR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.72, 2.29) and attempted suicide requiring medical intervention (adRR = 4.07, 95% CI 2.84, 5.85; subgroup analyses: among women, adRR = 3.33, 95% CI 2.14, 5.17; among men, adRR = 6.25, 95% CI 3.32, 12.28). Among students who had experienced concurrent physical fighting and sexual violence, more suicide-attempt-associated health-risk behaviors were reported by men (median = 14) than women (median = 12) (p = 0.0023). The concurrence of physical fighting and sexual violence among adolescent suicide ideators was shown to be significantly associated with an increased risk of attempted suicide. A wide variety of health-risk behaviors were shown to cluster with the concurrence of physical fighting and sexual violence. This was especially the case among men, consistent with their higher rate of attempted suicide requiring medical intervention.
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Salim SR, Eshelman LR, Bhuptani PH, Messman TL. Latent Profiles of Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Disclosure Among Undergraduate Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843211038924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The types of social reactions that victims receive when they disclose experiences of sexual assault are important for post-trauma recovery. Using a person-centered analytic approach, we identified latent profiles based upon the nature of two types of negative (turning against and unsupportive acknowledgment) and two types of positive (emotional support and informational/tangible aid) reactions received by 300 undergraduate women who disclosed sexual assault. Analyses identified four latent profiles characterized by (a) moderate emotional support/low negative reactions, (b) moderate emotional support/moderate negative reactions, (c) high positive/some unsupportive acknowledgment reactions, and (d) moderate positive/high negative reactions. Differences between the profiles in sexual assault acknowledgment, self- and perpetrator-blame, and some assault-related characteristics (victim injury but not victim or perpetrator intoxication) were identified. Group comparisons revealed that the two profiles characterized by greater negative reactions reported greater posttraumatic stress, whereas the profile characterized by moderate support/moderate negative reactions reported greater depression. No differences were identified for hazardous alcohol use. Findings highlight the importance of addressing negative reactions to sexual assault disclosure as potential barriers to recovery. Colleges may benefit from programming targeted at disclosure recipients as part of violence prevention efforts. A broader societal shift is also imperative to eliminate stigmatization of victims. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843211038924 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee R. Eshelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
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24
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Pedneault CI, Nunes KL, Hermann CA, White K. Evaluative Attitudes May Explain the Link Between Injunctive Norms and Sexual Aggression. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:1933-1959. [PMID: 32517562 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520926306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the extent to which evaluative attitudes toward sexual aggression (i.e., positive or negative evaluative judgments about sexually aggressive behavior) mediate the association between injunctive norms (i.e., extent to which peers approve or disapprove of sexually aggressive behavior) and self-reported sexual aggression against women. Participants were 200 male undergraduate students. Approximately one in four males reported engaging in at least one sexually aggressive act since the age of 16. Participants with a history of sexual aggression also reported the highest likelihood of engaging in sexually aggressive behavior in the future. We tested two separate mediation models to examine the extent to which evaluative attitudes account for the link between injunctive norms and sexual aggression: one model with self-reported history of sexual aggression as the outcome and the other with likelihood of engaging in sexually aggressive behavior as the outcome. Results showed that more positive evaluative attitudes toward sexual aggression accounted for the association between injunctive norms and self-reported history of sexual aggression. Similarly, evaluative attitudes accounted for the link between injunctive norms and self-reported likelihood of engaging in sexually aggressive behavior in the future. Overall, these findings are consistent with theoretical and empirical explanations of sexual offending and general criminal behavior; however, this is the first study to explore the relationship between injunctive norms and evaluative attitudes in the context of explaining sexually aggressive behavior. If more rigorous research establishes a causal relationship between injunctive norms, evaluative attitudes, and sexually aggressive behavior, this would suggest that targeting these factors in prevention programs may reduce sexual aggression by male undergraduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chantal A Hermann
- Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Memiah P, Cook C, Kingori C, Munala L, Howard K, Ayivor S, Bond T. Correlates of intimate partner violence among adolescents in East Africa: a multi-country analysis. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:142. [PMID: 34925677 PMCID: PMC8654874 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.142.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global concern not only among adults but also adolescents. It has been reported that 35% of adolescent women have ever experienced IPV - occuring more so in non-industrialized countries. This study sought to understand the correlates associated with experiencing IPV among adolescent women between the ages 15 and 24 in five East African countries: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Methods this was a secondary analysis of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data on adolescent women aged 15-24 years in five East African countries. IPV was measured as a composite variable of emotional, physical, and sexual violence. Other sociodemographic, income, maternal, sexual, knowledge, behavioral, and partner-related variables were included in the analysis. Results the prevalence of ever experiencing IPV was 45.1% (n=2380). A higher proportion of women who reported experiencing IPV had their first sexual encounter when they were less than 18 years of age (p<0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of experiencing IPV increased almost two times for women who were aged 18-24 years (aOR: 1.7; CI: 1.3-2.3), almost four times (aOR 3.8; CI: 1.7-8.3) for those who had two or more children, and two-fold for women who had ever terminated a pregnancy compared to those who had not (aOR 2.2; CI: 1.0-4.9). Additionally, there was a higher odds (aOR: 1.5 (1.0-2.3)) of experiencing IPV if the respondent believed their husband/spouse´s abuse was justified. Conclusion raising early awareness and educating both the young males and females appropriately to mitigate contributing factors to IPV could ensure stable, healthy relationships free of domestic violence in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Memiah
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Courtney Cook
- Biology Department, University of West Florida, Florida, United States of America
| | - Caroline Kingori
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University Grover Center, Athens OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Leso Munala
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Howard
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra Ayivor
- College of Education and Professional Studies, University of West Florida, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tristi Bond
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
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26
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Vitek KN, Yeater EA. The Association Between a History of Sexual Violence and Romantic Relationship Functioning: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:1221-1232. [PMID: 32242504 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020915615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of sexual violence are substantial and include both intra- and interpersonal problems. Notably, sexual violence has been associated with difficulties in interpersonal relationships including intimate relationships. While there have been prior reviews considering various interpersonal and dyadic consequences associated with sexual violence, there has not been a comprehensive review considering the various aspects of adult dyadic functioning including intimacy, relationship conflict, and satisfaction satisfaction among both child and adult victims of sexual violence. The databases PsycINFO and PubMed were searched for terms related to sexual victimization (e.g., sexual assault, sexual victimization, sexual abuse, rape, revictimization), terms related to relationships (e.g., romantic relationship, intimate relationship), and terms related to relationship functioning (e.g., satisfaction, relationship quality, conflict, communication, intimacy, sexual functioning). Eligible studies for this review were required to (1) be an original study, (2) be written in English, (3) identify a sample or subsample consisting of women reporting a history of sexual violence in either childhood or adulthood, and (4) measure at least one of the following relationship areas: intimacy, relationship conflict, or relationship satisfaction in heterosexual adult romantic relationships. A total of 20 articles met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Results demonstrated mixed findings on the association between sexual violence and relationship functioning, with some studies demonstrating an association between sexual violence and relationship functioning, and others failing to find such associations. These findings are discussed within the context of gaps in the extant literature and future research directions.
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Wong JYH, Choi EPH, Lo HHM, Wong W, Chio JHM, Choi AWM, Fong DYT. Intimate Partner Sexual Violence and Mental Health Indicators Among Chinese Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP10229-NP10254. [PMID: 31478438 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519872985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) among emerging adults, including heterosexuals and sexual minorities in the Chinese population, is poorly understood. Focusing on college students, the objectives of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of IPSV among Chinese emerging adults, examine the association between sexual orientation and IPSV, and evaluate the mental health and quality of life of survivors of IPSV. Data were collected from four university campuses in Hong Kong. A total of 1,015 participants were included in the data analysis. The prevalence of IPSV as identified by Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)-2 was 12.1%. There was no gender difference in the prevalence of IPSV. Multiple logistic regression found that being older; having experienced childhood sexual abuse and having a smoking habit; and belonging to a sexual minority were factors associated with IPSV. Multiple linear regression found that IPSV survivors were more likely to have higher levels of anxiety and depression, more severe psychosomatic symptoms, and poorer quality of life in three domains: psychological, social relationships, and environment when compared with those without IPSV experience. The documented factors underscored the importance of awareness that men and sexual minorities might incur IPSV, which should receive more attention in IPSV prevention programs. Also, interventions for IPSV survivors should be targeted at improving their mental health and quality of life and sex education should place more emphasis on sexual consent and sexual health in dating relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wendy Wong
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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28
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Bakken NW, Kruse LM. An Examination of Sexual Victimization, Self-Injurious Behaviors, and Suicidality Among Female College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP11006-NP11025. [PMID: 31587611 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519880163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have established a relationship between suicidal ideation and sexual victimization, particularly among women; yet, few have looked specifically at samples of college students or at the potentially mediating effects that several risk factors and coping mechanisms related to sexual victimization may have on suicidality. The current study sought to examine the relationship between reported sexual victimization and suicidality, and more specifically the mediating role that depression and nonsuicidal self-injury had on this relationship. Data were collected from a random sample of 732 female college students attending a Midwestern public university. Path analysis results indicate that while sexual victimization did not have a direct effect on suicidality, it did have an observable and significant mediating indirect effect on suicidality. The current study informs both our theoretical understanding of how victimization affects college women's lives and our capacity to develop and implement effective prevention and intervention programs for college students.
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Bhochhibhoya S, Maness SB, Cheney M, Larson D. Risk Factors for Sexual Violence Among College Students in Dating Relationships: An Ecological Approach. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:7722-7746. [PMID: 30900519 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519835875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
College students in dating relationships are vulnerable to sexual violence given that nine out of 10 acts of sexual violence are perpetrated by acquaintances, friends, or dating partners. Although past research has explored the risk factors for sexual violence, few studies have considered multileveled factors associated with sexual violence. This study uses the ecological model to investigate the risk factors for sexual violence among college students in dating relationships. Domains of individual, interpersonal, community, and societal levels were examined for their associations with sexual victimization. A prevalidated survey was conducted among 361 undergraduates in dating relationships from a public university in the south central United States. Chi-square tests and negative binomial regression analysis were conducted. Approximately 35% of the college students reported experiencing some form of sexual violence perpetrated by their dating partner including attempted and completed rapes. College women reported having experienced significantly higher rates of sexual violence in comparison with college men. On the contrary, this study documents the significant higher prevalence of sexual violence among heterosexual students than among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer college students for experiencing at least one type of sexual violence or unwanted sexual contacts in a dating relationship. Sexual victimization is associated with gender, sexual assertiveness, the frequency of hookups, peer deviance, parental involvement, and perceived discrimination. Participants' gender, frequent hookups, and lower sexual assertiveness are positively associated with risk of sexual victimization across all types of sexual violence. Multilevel prevention programs and strategies are needed on campuses to reduce sexual victimization among college students in dating relationships.
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30
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Ray CM, Tyler KA, Gordon Simons L. Risk Factors for Forced, Incapacitated, and Coercive Sexual Victimization Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Male and Female College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:2241-2261. [PMID: 29502503 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518758332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although college students are at high risk for sexual victimization, the majority of research has focused on heterosexual students and often does not differentiate by victimization type. Thus, little is known about prevalence rates and risk factors for sexual victimization among sexual minority college students and whether the interaction between gender and sexual orientation differs by victimization type. To address these gaps, we examine whether risk factors for three types of sexual victimization (i.e., forced, incapacitated, and coerced) differ by gender (n = 681 males; n = 732 females) and sexual orientation (n = 1,294 heterosexual; n = 119 sexual minority) and whether the intersection of gender and sexual orientation is correlated with these three types of sexual victimization among 1,413 college students. Prevalence rate results revealed significant differences between gender and sexual orientation: Sexual minority females had the highest rates of coerced sexual victimization (58%), and their mean was significantly different from the other three groups (i.e., heterosexual females, heterosexual males, and sexual minority males). For both forced and incapacitated sexual victimization, heterosexual males had significantly lower means than the other three groups. Logistic regression results revealed that child sexual abuse increased the odds of experiencing both forced and coerced sexual victimization for both heterosexual and sexual minority students, whereas increased rates of risky sexual behavior were associated with forced and incapacitated sexual victimization but only for heterosexuals. Finally, heavy drinking increased the odds of experiencing incapacitated sexual victimization for both heterosexuals and sexual minorities.
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Waterman EA, Lefkowitz ES. Does Alcohol Use in Large Group Contexts Mediate the Association Between Sex-Related Alcohol Expectancies and Rape? VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2020; 35:195-209. [PMID: 32273377 PMCID: PMC8630672 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-18-00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Women who hold positive beliefs about alcohol's role in sexual experiences may be more likely to drink alcohol in large group contexts such as bars and parties than other women. These contexts may confer risk for rape. In the current article, we examined the association between sex-related alcohol expectancies and rape during college, and whether drinking in large group contexts mediates this association. College women completed surveys for seven consecutive semesters. Contrary to previous cross-sectional research, women with more positive sex-related alcohol expectancies at the start of college and women who drank alcohol more frequently in large groups at the start of college were no more likely to experience rape during college. Longitudinal research is critical to identify risk factors that may be targeted for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Waterman
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
| | - Eva S Lefkowitz
- Human Development & Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Connecticut
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Bogolyubova O, Tikhonov R, Ivanov V, Panicheva P, Ledovaya Y. Violence Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress, and Subjective Well-Being in a Sample of Russian Adults: A Facebook-Based Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:1476-1491. [PMID: 29294670 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517698279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to violence has been shown to negatively affect mental health and well-being. The goal of this Facebook-based study was to describe the rates of exposure to violence in a sample of Russian adults and to assess the impact of these experiences on subjective well-being and victimization-related psychological distress. Three types of victimization were assessed: physical assault by a stranger, physical assault by someone known to victim, and nonconsensual sexual experiences. The 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) was used to assess subjective well-being, and Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD) was employed as an indicator of victimization-related psychological distress. Data were obtained from 6,724 Russian-speaking Facebook users. Significant levels of lifetime victimization were reported by the study participants. Lifetime physical assault by a stranger, physical assault by someone known to victim, and sexual assault were reported by 56.9%, 64.2%, and 54.1% of respondents, respectively. Respondents exposed to violence were more likely to report posttraumatic stress symptoms and lower levels of subjective well-being. Participants who were exposed to at least one type of violence were more likely to experience symptoms of traumatic stress (U = 1,794,250.50, p < .001, d = 0.35). Exposure to multiple forms of violence was associated with more severe traumatic stress symptoms (rs = .257, p < .001). Well-being scores were significantly lower among participants exposed to violence (t = 8.37, p < .001, d = 0.31). The study demonstrated that violence exposure is associated with reduced well-being among Russian adults. Our findings highlight the negative impact of violence exposure on subjective well-being and underscore the necessity to develop programs addressing violence exposure in Russian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bogolyubova
- Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
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Layh M, Rudolph K, Littleton H. Sexual Risk Behavior and Sexual Satisfaction among Rape Victims: Examination of Sexual Motives as a Mediator. J Trauma Dissociation 2020; 21:73-86. [PMID: 31610751 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2019.1675112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rape survivors engage in more risky sexual behavior and report more sexual dissatisfaction and dysfunction than those without a rape history. However, little research has examined possible mechanisms to explain the relation between rape and sexual health outcomes. Therefore, the current study examined sexual motives as one mechanism to explain why survivors engage in more risk behavior and report lower sexual satisfaction. We hypothesized that rape survivors would be more likely to report engaging in sex for a variety of potentially maladaptive motives, including to reduce their negative affect, improve their self-esteem, and obtain approval or avoid censure from their peers and sexual partners. Engaging in sex for these reasons was then hypothesized to mediate the relation between rape history and sexual risk behavior as well as sexual satisfaction. These hypotheses were tested among 1,534 sexually active college women. Results supported that all four sexual motives mediated the relation between rape history and risky sexual behavior and sexual satisfaction. In both cases, the size of the standardized indirect effect was larger for the models including the two affect regulation motives as mediators, as compared to the models including peer and partner approval motives as mediators. Thus, survivors who endorse affect regulation motives for sex are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior and more likely to report feeling dissatisfied with their sex lives. This suggests that sexual motives may be an important area to target for future sexual health research and intervention programs targeting survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlee Layh
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Heather Littleton
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Hubach RD, Story CR, Currin JM, Woods A, Jayne A, Jayne C. "What Should Sex Look Like?" Students' Desires for Expanding University Sexual Assault Prevention Programs to Include Comprehensive Sex Education. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:1967-1977. [PMID: 31018816 DOI: 10.1177/1049732319844502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rates of sexual assault and sexual violence among college-aged adults are much higher than the national rates of sexual assault and sexual violence. Therefore, reduction and prevention of sexual violence among university students is critical and is consistent with national public health priorities. Often times, messages to students focus only on sexual assault and omit larger notions of sexual health. Four focus groups with a total of 24 participants (nine men, 15 women) highlighted three main perceptions about the sexual assault programming offered at this large university: themes of resistance to traditional programming, a need for holistic sexual health programming, and a desire to have an environment, which normalizes conversations surrounding sex, sexuality, and sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph D Hubach
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chandra R Story
- Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Audrey Woods
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ashlee Jayne
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Howard RM, Potter SJ, Guedj CE, Moynihan MM. Sexual violence victimization among community college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2019; 67:674-687. [PMID: 30257142 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1500474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To assess the prevalence of sexual violence victimization among a community college student population. Participants: In March 2017, students (800) from seven community colleges in a northeastern state participated in an online campus climate survey using the ARC3 Survey Instrument. Methods: We analyze demographic differences between participants who were victimized and those who were not, and we examine the relationship between participant victimization and well-being. Results: Participants who identified as female, younger than 26, not heterosexual, or a race other than Caucasian were significantly more likely to report victimization. Participants who reported victimization were significantly more likely to score negatively on well-being scales than those who did not. Conclusions: Sexual violence prevalence rates among community college students are similar to reported prevalence rates among traditional 4-year undergraduate students. Results suggest a need for increased research on sexual violence among the understudied community college student population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Howard
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire , Durham , New Hampshire , USA
| | - Sharyn J Potter
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire , Durham , New Hampshire , USA
| | - Céline E Guedj
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire , Durham , New Hampshire , USA
| | - Mary M Moynihan
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire , Durham , New Hampshire , USA
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Sivertsen B, Nielsen MB, Madsen IEH, Knapstad M, Lønning KJ, Hysing M. Sexual harassment and assault among university students in Norway: a cross-sectional prevalence study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026993. [PMID: 31182445 PMCID: PMC6561608 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to provide estimates of both overall and specific forms of sexual harassment among male and female college and university students. DESIGN AND SETTING Data stem from a recent national student health survey from 2018 for higher education in Norway (the SHoT study (Students' Health and Wellbeing Study)). PARTICIPANTS 50 054 full-time students (69.1% women) aged 18-35 years participated, yielding a response rate of 31%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Sexual harassment was defined according to Norwegian legal regulations, and was assessed by self-report on seven items covering verbal, non-verbal and physical sexual harassment. We also collected data on the timeframe and frequency of the sexual harassment, in addition to the formal position of the perpetrator of the harassment. RESULTS Lifetime sexual harassment was reported by 24.2% (women 31.3%, men 8.0%), while 16.7% (women 21.6%, men 5.7%) reported having been sexually harassed within the past year. The most common forms of lifetime (ever having experienced) sexual harassments were 'sexual expressions, suggestions or comments about your body' and 'unwanted touching, hugging or kissing' (both 15.4%), while rape and rape attempt were reported by 3.4% and 2.1%, respectively. Exposure to all forms of past-year sexual harassments was significantly more common among women and the youngest age cohorts. Fellow students committed the past-year sexual harassment in 18%-29% of the instances, while a university staff member was reported to have committed the harassment in 0.6%-4.6% of cases. CONCLUSION Given the potential consequences suffered by those exposed to sexual harassment and assault, both the institutions and student welfare organisations should intensify their efforts to put the theme on the agenda and provide both legal and health services to victims of sexual harassment. The low response rate means that care should be taken in interpreting and generalising the findings to the whole student population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Birkeland Nielsen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ida E H Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marit Knapstad
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Jussie Lønning
- Vestre Viken HF, Drammen, Norway
- Student Welfare Organisation of Oslo and Akershus, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Woerner J, Sullivan TP. Social Disconnection as a Pathway to Sexual Risk Behavior Among Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2019; 34:508-521. [PMID: 31171731 PMCID: PMC7076725 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-18-00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization is a strong predictor of women's sexual risk behavior. Social disconnection may be central to understanding this association. In a sample of 204 IPV victims, we (a) evaluated the extent to which social disconnection underlies the association between IPV severity and sexual risk behavior, and (b) tested the idea that the association between social disconnection and sexual risk behavior is stronger among women without alternative means to social connection (i.e., lack close friendships). The indirect effect of physical and sexual IPV, respectively, on sexual risk behavior via social disconnection was significant. The number of close friends women had moderated the association between social disconnection and sexual risk behavior, such that having multiple close friendships buffered the effects of social disconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Woerner
- Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tami P Sullivan
- Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Kaufman MR, Tsang SW, Sabri B, Budhathoki C, Campbell J. Health and Academic Consequences of Sexual Victimization Experiences among Students in a University Setting. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2018; 10:56-68. [PMID: 31413786 PMCID: PMC6693667 DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2018.1552184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines the association between multiple interpersonal violence victimization types experienced in a university setting and the consequences for each type. Students at a mid-Atlantic university (n = 3977) completed a survey in 2015 assessing attitudes, experiences, consequences of (physical, behavioural, academic, mental), and university resources and reporting procedures for sexual assault, harassment, and intimate partner violence. Effect on mental health was the most cited consequence for all victimization types. Sexual harassment was reported by the largest number of students but with smaller percentages of students reporting consequences, while the opposite was true for sexual assault and multiple forms of abuse (smaller numbers experiencing; larger percentages reporting consequences). In the adjusted models, being in an abusive/controlling relationship and sexual harassment were significantly associated with physical health consequences (ps < .001). Sexual harassment was the only predictor of substance use (p < .001). Being an undergraduate and experiencing an abusive/controlling relationship, sexual harassment, or assault were associated with sexual risk behaviour (all ps < .05). These findings point to a need for holistic approaches to helping students heal from interpersonal victimization-approaches that include mental health services, attention to increased substance use and sexual risk, and monitoring academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Kaufman
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,
| | - Samantha W Tsang
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,
| | - Bushra Sabri
- Department of Community-Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD,
| | - Chakra Budhathoki
- Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD,
| | - Jacquelyn Campbell
- Department of Community-Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD,
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Decker MR, Wood SN, Ndinda E, Yenokyan G, Sinclair J, Maksud N, Ross B, Omondi B, Ndirangu M. Sexual violence among adolescent girls and young women in Malawi: a cluster-randomized controlled implementation trial of empowerment self-defense training. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1341. [PMID: 30514264 PMCID: PMC6278011 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, sexual violence is prevalent, particularly for adolescent women. This cluster-randomized controlled implementation trial examines empowerment self-defense (ESD) for sexual assault risk reduction among school-age women in Malawi. METHODS The unit of randomization and analysis was the school (n = 141). Intervention participants received a 12-h intervention over 6 weeks, with refreshers. Primary outcomes were past-year prevalence and incident rate of sexual violence. Secondary outcomes included confidence, self-defense knowledge, and, for those victimized, violence disclosure. Interaction effects on outcomes were evaluated with Poisson models with school-correlated robust variance estimates for risk ratios and incident rate ratios (baseline n = 6644, follow-up n = 4278). RESULTS Past-year sexual assault prevalence was reduced among intervention students (risk ratio [RR] 0.68, 95% CI 0.56, 0.82), but not control students (interaction effect p < 0.001). Significant increases in self-defense knowledge were observed solely among intervention students (RR 3.33, 95% CI 2.76, 4.02; interaction effect p < 0.001). Significant changes in sexual violence prevalence and knowledge were observed for both primary and secondary students. Favorable reductions were also observed in sexual violence incident rate among students overall (interaction effect p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This intervention reduced sexual violence victimization in both primary and secondary school settings. Results support the effectiveness of ESD to address sexual violence, and approach the elimination of violence against women and girls set forth with Sustainable Development Goal #5. Implementation within the education system can enable sustainability and reach. TRIAL REGISTRATION Pan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR201702002028911 . Registered 09 February 2017. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Decker
- Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health Director, Women's Health & Rights Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Center for Public Health & Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, E4142, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Shannon N Wood
- Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health Director, Women's Health & Rights Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Gayane Yenokyan
- Johns Hopkins Biostatistics Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Carey KB, Norris AL, Durney SE, Shepardson RL, Carey MP. Mental health consequences of sexual assault among first-year college women. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2018; 66:480-486. [PMID: 29405862 PMCID: PMC6311089 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1431915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One in five college women experience unwanted sexual contact while in college, with first-year women being at the greatest risk. Given these data, we investigate how first-semester sexual assault impacts college women's mental health. PARTICIPANTS 483 female first-year students enrolled in the study during the first month of college. METHODS All participants completed a health questionnaire when they arrived on campus and again at the end of their first semester. RESULTS Twelve percent of participants reported sexual assault during the first semester of college. After controlling for baseline mental health and precollege sexual assault history, sexual assault during the first semester predicted clinically significant levels of anxiety and depression at the end of that semester. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of sexual assault early in college has adverse mental health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate B. Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Alyssa L. Norris
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sarah E. Durney
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
- School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robyn L. Shepardson
- VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY
| | - Michael P. Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI
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Fedina L, Holmes JL, Backes BL. Campus Sexual Assault: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Research From 2000 to 2015. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2018; 19:76-93. [PMID: 26906086 DOI: 10.1177/1524838016631129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault is a pervasive problem on university and college campuses in the United States that has garnered growing national attention, particularly in the past year. This is the first study to systematically review and synthesize prevalence findings from studies on campus sexual assault (CSA) published since 2000 ( n = 34). The range of prevalence findings for specific forms of sexual victimization on college campuses (i.e., forcible rape, unwanted sexual contact, incapacitated rape, sexual coercion, and studies' broad definitions of CSA/rape) is provided, and methodological strengths and limitations in the empirical body of research on CSA are discussed. Prevalence findings, research design, methodology, sampling techniques, and measures, including the forms of sexual victimization measured, are presented and evaluated across studies. Findings suggest that unwanted sexual contact appears to be most prevalent on college campuses, including sexual coercion, followed by incapacitated rape, and completed or attempted forcible rape. Additionally, several studies measured broad constructs of sexual assault that typically include combined forms of college-based sexual victimization (i.e., forcible completed or attempted rape, unwanted sexual contact, and/or sexual coercion). Extensive variability exists within findings for each type of sexual victimization measured, including those that broadly measure sexual assault, which is largely explained by differences in sampling strategies and overall study designs as well as measures of sexual assault used in studies. Implications for findings and recommendations for future research on the prevalence of college-based sexual victimization are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fedina
- 1 National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, USA
- 2 School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Lynne Holmes
- 1 National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, USA
- 3 College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Linder C, Myers JS. Institutional Betrayal as a Motivator for Campus Sexual Assault Activism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19407882.2017.1385489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Linder
- College Student Affairs Administration, University of Georgia
| | - Jess S. Myers
- Women’s Center, University of Maryland Baltimore County
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Hill DC, Stein LAR, Rossi JS, Magill M, Clarke JG. Intimate violence as it relates to risky sexual behavior among at-risk females. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2017; 10:619-627. [PMID: 28981312 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescents are on the rise. The majority of adolescents who contract STIs do so through risky sexual behavior. Previous literature has identified multiple correlates of risky sexual behaviors among adolescents, including physical and sexual victimization, mental health concerns, and substance use. Few studies, however, have examined these relationships together in a comprehensive model. The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether relationship violence was related to risky sexual behavior, and whether mental health symptoms and substance use mediated this relationship. METHOD A cross-sectional design was used, and adolescent females (N = 179), recruited from social service agencies, were 18.9 years old on average and were 37.2% White, 19.3% Black, 37.9% multiracial, and 5.6% other. RESULTS Regression results revealed that females who were physically assaulted and sexually victimized by their intimate partners did engage in more sex without condoms. Mediational analyses indicated that PTSD symptoms significantly influenced the relationship between (1) physical assault and risky sexual behavior and (2) sexual victimization and risky sexual behavior. CONCLUSION Contrary to expectations, PTSD may act to reduce risk perhaps by reducing interest in sex. It is important to address victimization, PTSD, and sexual risk in young women. More work is needed to understand these complex relationships using longitudinal designs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L A R Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
| | | | - Molly Magill
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Jennifer G Clarke
- Brown University Center for Primary Care and Prevention at Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island
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Dworkin ER, Menon SV, Bystrynski J, Allen NE. Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 56:65-81. [PMID: 28689071 PMCID: PMC5576571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault (SA) is a common and deleterious form of trauma. Over 40years of research on its impact has suggested that SA has particularly severe effects on a variety of forms of psychopathology, and has highlighted unique aspects of SA as a form of trauma that contribute to these outcomes. The goal of this meta-analytic review was to synthesize the empirical literature from 1970 to 2014 (reflecting 497 effect sizes) to understand the degree to which (a) SA confers general risk for psychological dysfunction rather than specific risk for posttraumatic stress, and (b) differences in studies and samples account for variation in observed effects. Results indicate that people who have been sexually assaulted report significantly worse psychopathology than unassaulted comparisons (average Hedges' g=0.61). SA was associated with increased risk for all forms of psychopathology assessed, and relatively stronger associations were observed for posttraumatic stress and suicidality. Effects endured across differences in sample demographics. The use of broader SA operationalizations (e.g., including incapacitated, coerced, or nonpenetrative SA) was not associated with differences in effects, although including attempted SA in operationalizations resulted in lower effects. Larger effects were observed in samples with more assaults involving stranger perpetrators, weapons, or physical injury. In the context of the broader literature, our findings provide evidence that experiencing SA is major risk factor for multiple forms of psychological dysfunction across populations and assault types.
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Wyatt GE, Davhana-Maselesele M, Zhang M, Wong LH, Nicholson F, Sarkissian AD, Makhado L, Myers HF. A longitudinal study of the aftermath of rape among rural South African women. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA-THEORY RESEARCH PRACTICE AND POLICY 2017; 9:309-316. [PMID: 28459272 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexual assaults against women are a global health crisis, with alarmingly high rates in South Africa. However, we know very little about the circumstances and the aftermath of these experiences. Further, there is limited information about how factors specific to the rape (e.g., fighting back) versus those that are specific to the individual-and potentially modifiable-influence mental health outcomes. This study examined how situational characteristics of rape as well as individual and situational factors confer risk for symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and dysfunctional sexual behavior at 12-month follow-up. METHOD Two hundred nine (N = 209) South African women were recruited from rural rape clinics in the Limpopo Province (LP) and North West Province (NWP) of South Africa. Interviews were conducted at baseline (within 6 months of the rape incident) and at 6 and 12 months by trained staff at the clinics in English or the women's native languages. Women were interviewed after services were provided in a private room. RESULTS One hundred thirty-two (n = 132) women were lost to follow-up at 12 months, resulting in 77 women with interview data for all time points. Undermining by the survivor's social support system and an increased belief in myths about rape were associated with increased dysfunctional sexual practices and symptoms of depression. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the need for interventions that address the most pervasive effects of rape over time. These behaviors can increase risks for revictimization and reduce psychological well-being in the aftermath of rape. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Wyatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
| | | | - Muyu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
| | - Lauren H Wong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco
| | | | - Alissa Der Sarkissian
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
| | | | - Hector F Myers
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society and Psychology, Vanderbilt University
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Wolff JM, Rospenda KM, Colaneri AS. Sexual Harassment, Psychological Distress, and Problematic Drinking Behavior Among College Students: An Examination of Reciprocal Causal Relations. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:362-373. [PMID: 26983588 PMCID: PMC5045312 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sexual harassment on college campuses is a frequent occurrence and serious public health concern. Victims of sexual harassment are at risk for many possible negative health consequences. In addition, certain psychological distress symptoms and/or alcohol use may put individuals at increased risk of being victims of sexual harassment. Data from more than 2,000 college students in the Midwestern United States were used to examine reciprocal causal effects of the relations between (a) experiencing sexual harassment and alcohol use and (b) experiencing sexual harassment and psychological distress symptoms, specifically depression and anger/hostility. Analyses were conducted separately for sexual harassment which occurs at school and which occurs in college students' workplaces, and also separately for men and women. Results of cross-lagged panel models showed that there were reciprocal causal effects between sexual harassment and alcohol problems, depression, and anger. Discussion focuses on the overall patterns of results as well as the nuances within these findings.
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Cha S, Ihongbe TO, Masho SW. Racial and Gender Differences in Dating Violence Victimization and Disordered Eating Among U.S. High Schools. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016; 25:791-800. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2015.5324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cha
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Timothy O. Ihongbe
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Saba W. Masho
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Institute for Women's Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Hahm HC, Augsberger A, Feranil M, Jang J, Tagerman M. The Associations Between Forced Sex and Severe Mental Health, Substance Use, and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Asian American Women. Violence Against Women 2016; 23:671-691. [PMID: 27230614 DOI: 10.1177/1077801216647797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between forced sex history and mental health, sexual health, and substance use among Asian American women ( n = 720); 14.3% of our sample ( n = 103) reported forced sex experiences. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that participants with forced sex histories were 2-8 times more likely to have higher rates of mental health problems, HIV risk behavior, and substance use. Qualitative analysis was used to supplement the quantitative results and give depth to our findings. Our results suggest that interventions for Asian American women who experienced forced sex should integrate mental health, substance use, and sexual health treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Feranil
- 2 Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jisun Jang
- 3 Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Abstract
College women who experience sexual violence (SV) and disordered eating (DE) are at risk for comorbid mental health symptomology (depression, somatization) and risky health behaviors (dating status, alcohol use). The purpose of this study is to explore associations of coexisting sexual violence history and disordered eating with mental health and health behaviors in college women. This cross sectional descriptive study is a secondary analysis of survey data from college students from five universities (n = 2747). College women with both SV and DE were more likely to experience increased depressive and somatic symptoms and participate in risky health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bulgin
- a Duke University, School of Nursing , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Angela Frederick Amar
- b Emory University, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing , Atlanta , Georgia , USA
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