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Graaf-Rau A, Schmies K, Breithaupt A, Ciminski K, Zimmer G, Summerfield A, Sehl-Ewert J, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Helmer C, Bielenberg W, Grosse Beilage E, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Harder T. Reassortment incompetent live attenuated and replicon influenza vaccines provide improved protection against influenza in piglets. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:127. [PMID: 39003272 PMCID: PMC11246437 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) cause an economically important respiratory disease in modern pig production. Continuous virus transmission and antigenic drift are difficult to control in enzootically infected pig herds. Here, antibody-positive piglets from a herd enzootically infected with swIAV H1N2 (clade 1 A.3.3.2) were immunized using a homologous prime-boost vaccination strategy with novel live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) based on a reassortment-incompetent bat influenza-swIAV chimera or a vesicular stomatitis virus-based replicon vaccine. Challenge infection of vaccinated piglets by exposure to H1N2 swIAV-infected unvaccinated seeder pigs showed that both LAIV and replicon vaccine markedly reduced virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively, compared to piglets immunized with commercial heterologous or autologous adjuvanted whole-inactivated virus vaccines. Our novel vaccines may aid in interrupting continuous IAV transmission chains in large enzootically infected pig herds, improve the health status of the animals, and reduce the risk of zoonotic swIAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf-Rau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Schmies
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Carina Helmer
- SAN Group Biotech Germany GmbH, Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
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Vargas-Bermudez DS, Diaz A, Polo G, Mogollon JD, Jaime J. Infection and Coinfection of Porcine-Selected Viruses (PPV1 to PPV8, PCV2 to PCV4, and PRRSV) in Gilts and Their Associations with Reproductive Performance. Vet Sci 2024; 11:185. [PMID: 38787157 PMCID: PMC11125912 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Seven novel porcine parvoviruses (nPPVs) (PPV2 through PPV8) have been described, although their pathogenicity and possible effects on porcine reproductive failure (PRF) are undefined. In this study, these nPPVs were assessed in gilts from Colombia; their coinfections with PPV1, PCV2, PCV3, PCV4, and PRRSV and an association between the nPPVs and the reproductive performance parameters (RPPs) in sows were determined. For this, 234 serum samples were collected from healthy gilts from 40 herds in five Colombian regions, and the viruses were detected via real-time PCR. The results confirmed the circulation of PPV2 through PPV7 in Colombia, with PPV3 (40%), PPV5 (20%), and PPV6 (17%) being the most frequent. Additionally, no PCV4 or PPV8 was detected. PPV2 to PPV7 were detected in concurrence with each other and with the primary PRF viruses, and these coinfections varied from double to sextuple coinfections. Additionally, the association between nPPVs and PRF primary viruses was statistically significant for the presence of PPV6 in PCV3-positive (p < 0.01) and PPV5 in PPRSV-positive (p < 0.05) gilts; conversely, there was a significant presence of PPV3 in both PCV2-negative (p < 0.01) and PRRSV-negative (p < 0.05) gilts. Regarding the RPPs, the crude association between virus detection (positive or negative) and a high or low RPP was only statistically significant for PCV3 and the farrowing rate (FR), indicating that the crude odds of a low FR were 94% lower in herds with PCV3-positive gilts. This finding means that the detection of PCV3 in gilts (PCV3-positive by PCR) is associated with a higher FR in the farm or that these farms (with positive gilts) have lower odds (OR 0.06, p-value 0.0043) of a low FR. Additionally, a low FR tended to be associated with the detection of PPV4 and PPV5 (p-value < 0.20). This study is important for establishing the possible participation of nPPVs in PRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Vargas-Bermudez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria—CI3V.Cra. 30 # 45-03, Bogotá 11001, Colombia; (D.S.V.-B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Andres Diaz
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA;
| | - Gina Polo
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia;
| | - Jose Dario Mogollon
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria—CI3V.Cra. 30 # 45-03, Bogotá 11001, Colombia; (D.S.V.-B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria—CI3V.Cra. 30 # 45-03, Bogotá 11001, Colombia; (D.S.V.-B.); (J.D.M.)
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Bromm JJ, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, Goodband RD, DeRouchey JM, Hastad CW, Post ZB, Flohr JR, Schmitt RA, Zarate Ledesma JF, Gebhardt JT. Effects of increasing omega-3 fatty acids on growth performance, immune response, and mortality in nursery pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae002. [PMID: 38375403 PMCID: PMC10876070 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Three experiments evaluated omega-3 fatty acids, provided by O3 trial feed, on nursery pig growth performance, mortality, and response to an LPS immune challenge or natural Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) outbreak. In experiment 1, 350 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 5.8 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the five dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% O3 trial feed) with 14 replications per treatment. On day 25, two pigs per pen were injected intramuscularly with 20 μg Escherichia coli LPS per kg BW and one pig per pen was injected with saline as a control. Body temperature was taken from all three pigs prior to and 2, 4, 6, and 12 h post-LPS challenge. Serum IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations were determined in LPS-challenged pigs 24 h prior and 4 h post-LPS challenge. There was no interaction between treatment and time for change in body temperature (P > 0.10). Overall, increasing the O3 trial feed did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG, ADFI, G:F, IL-1β, or TNF-α. In experiment 2, 1,056 pigs (PIC TR4 × [Fast LW × PIC L02] initially 7.3 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments containing increasing omega-3 fatty acids (0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3% O3 trial feed) with 12 replications per treatment. Oral fluids tested negative on days 7 and 14, but then positive for North American PRRSV virus via PCR on days 21, 28, 35, and 42. Overall, increasing O3 trial feed increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and G:F and decreased (linear, P = 0.027) total removals and mortality. In experiment 3, 91,140 pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 5.1 kg), originating from PRRSV-positive sow farms, were used across eight nursery sites. Each site contained five barns with two rooms per barn and ~1,100 pigs per room. Rooms of pigs were blocked by nursery site and allocated within sow source to one of the two dietary treatments (control or 3% O3 trial feed) with 40 replications per treatment. Oral fluids from 61 of the 80 rooms tested positive for North American PRRSV virus 1 wk postweaning and 78 of the 80 rooms tested positive 3 wk after weaning. Overall, O3 trial feed did not affect ADG, ADFI, or G:F but increased (P < 0.001) total removals and mortalities. In summary, increasing omega-3 fatty acids, sourced by O3 trial feed, did not improve growth performance or immune response in healthy pigs given an LPS challenge. However, it appears that if omega-3 fatty acids are fed prior to a natural PRRSV break (as in experiment 2), growth performance may be improved, and mortality reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna J Bromm
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Goto Y, Fukunari K, Tada S, Ichimura S, Chiba Y, Suzuki T. A multiplex real-time RT-PCR system to simultaneously diagnose 16 pathogens associated with swine respiratory disease. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad263. [PMID: 37951290 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Swine respiratory disease (SRD) is a major disease complex in pigs that causes severe economic losses. SRD is associated with several intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as host health status, viruses, bacteria, and environmental factors. Particularly, it is known that many pathogens are associated with SRD to date, but most of the test to detect those pathogens can be normally investigated only one pathogen while taking time and labor. Therefore, it is desirable to develop rapidly and efficiently detectable methods those pathogens to minimize the damage caused by SRD. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a multiplex real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) system to diagnose simultaneously 16 pathogens, including nine viruses and seven bacteria associated with SRD, on the basis of single qPCR and RT-qPCR assays reported in previous studies. Multiplex RT-qPCR system we designed had the same ability to single RT-qPCR without significant differences in detection sensitivity for all target pathogens at minimum to maximum genomic levels. Moreover, the primers and probes used in this system had highly specificity because the sets had not been detected pathogens other than the target and its taxonomically related pathogens. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that this system would be useful to detect a causative pathogen in the diagnosis using oral fluid from healthy pigs and lung tissue from pigs with respiratory disorders collected in the field. CONCLUSIONS The rapid detection of infected animals from the herd using our system will contribute to infection control and prompt treatment in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Goto
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fukunari
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Shigekatsu Tada
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Satoki Ichimura
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Yuzumi Chiba
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Division of Zoonosis Research, Sapporo Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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Ruan S, Ren W, Yu B, Yu X, Wu H, Li W, Jiang Y, He Q. Development and Implementation of a Quadruple RT-qPCR Method for the Identification of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strains. Viruses 2023; 15:1946. [PMID: 37766352 PMCID: PMC10536281 DOI: 10.3390/v15091946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), leading to abortion in sows and respiratory distress in breeding pigs. In China, PRRSV1 and PRRSV2 are the two circulating genotypes in swine herds, with distinct virulence. PRRSV2 further consists of classical (C-PRRSV2), highly pathogenic (HP-PRRSV2), and NADC30-Like (N-PRRSV2) subtypes. The diversity of PRRSV poses challenges for control and eradication, necessitating reliable detection assays for differentiating PRRSV genotypes. METHODS A new TaqMan-based RT-qPCR assay with four sets of primers and probes targeting conserved regions of the ORF7 and NSP2 genes of PRRSV was developed, optimized, and evaluated by us. Reaction conditions such as annealing temperature, primer concentration, and probe concentration were optimized for the assay. Specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, stability, limit of detection (LOD), concordance with the reference method were evaluated for the assay. RESULTS The assay could detect and type PRRSV1, C-PRRSV2, HP-PRRSV2, and N-PRRSV2 simultaneously with 97.33% specificity, 96.00% sensitivity, 12 copies/μL LOD, 97.00% concordance with reference assays. We applied the assay to 321 clinical samples from swine farms in China. The assay successfully detected and typed 230 PRRSV-positive samples, with 24.78% (57/230) of them further confirmed by ORF5 gene sequencing. The prevalence of PRRSV subtypes among the positive samples was as follows: C-PRRSV2 (15.22%), HP-PRRSV2 (23.48%), and N-PRRSV2 (61.30%). Two samples showed coinfection with different PRRSV subtypes. CONCLUSION The quadruple RT-qPCR assay is a powerful tool for detecting and typing the currently circulating PRRSV strains in Chinese swine populations. It can assist in the surveillance of PRRSV prevalence and the implementation of prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.R.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenhui Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.R.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.R.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.R.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.R.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wentao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.R.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunbo Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.R.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qigai He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.R.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Development of a Multiplex Crystal Digital RT-PCR for Differential Detection of Classical, Highly Pathogenic, and NADC30-like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040594. [PMID: 36830384 PMCID: PMC9951750 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type 1 (European genotype) and PRRSV type 2 (North American genotype) are prevalent all over the world. Nowadays, the North American genotype PRRSV (NA-PRRSV) has been widely circulating in China and has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry. In recent years, classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV), highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV), and NADC30-like PRRSV (NL-PRRSV) have been the most common circulating strains in China. In order to accurately differentiate the circulating strains of NA-PRRSV, three pairs of specific primers and corresponding probes were designed for the Nsp2 region of C-PRRSV, HP-PRRSV, and NL-PRRSV. After optimizing the annealing temperature, primer concentration, and probe concentration, a multiplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and a multiplex Crystal digital RT-PCR (cdRT-PCR) for the differential detection of C-PRRSV, HP-PRRSV, and NL-PRRSV were developed. The results showed that the two assays illustrated high sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.20 × 100 copies/μL for the multiplex qRT-PCR and 3.20 × 10-1 copies/μL for the multiplex cdRT-PCR. Both assays specifically detected the targeted viruses, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses, and indicated excellent repeatability, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of less than 1.26% for the multiplex qRT-PCR and 2.68% for the multiplex cdRT-PCR. Then, a total of 320 clinical samples were used to evaluate the application of these assays, and the positive rates of C-PRRSV, HP-PRRSV, and NL-PRRSV by the multiplex qRT-PCR were 1.88%, 21.56%, and 9.69%, respectively, while the positive rates by the multiplex cdRT-PCR were 2.19%, 25.31%, and 11.56%, respectively. The high sensitivity, strong specificity, excellent repeatability, and reliability of these assays indicate that they could provide useful tools for the simultaneous and differential detection of the circulating strains of C-PRRSV, HP-PRRSV, and NL-PRRSV in the field.
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Shin GE, Park JY, Lee KK, Ko MK, Ku BK, Park CK, Jeoung HY. Genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and evaluation of three one-step real-time RT-PCR assays in Korea. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:327. [PMID: 36042510 PMCID: PMC9429472 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused huge economic losses in the global swine industry. Frequent genetic variations in this virus cause difficulties in controlling and accurately diagnosing PRRSV. Methods In this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 circulating in Korea from January 2018 to September 2021 and evaluated three one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Results A total of 129 lung samples were collected, consisting of 47 samples for PRRSV-1, 62 samples for PRRSV-2, and 20 PRRSV-negative samples. Nucleotide sequence analysis of open reading frames (ORFs) 5, ORF6, and ORF7 genes from PRRSV samples showed that PRRSV-1 belonged to subgroup A (43/47, 91.49%) and subgroup C (4/47, 8.51%), whereas PRRSV-2 was classified as lineage 1 (25/62, 40.32%), Korean lineage (Kor) C (13/62, 20.97%), Kor B (10/62, 16.13%), lineage 5 (9/62, 14.52%), and Kor A (5/62, 8.06%). Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the neutralizing epitope and T cell epitope of PRRSV-1, and the decoy epitope region and hypervariable regions of PRRSV-2 had evolved under positive selection pressure. In particular, the key amino acid substitutions were found at positions 102 and 104 of glycoprotein 5 (GP5) in some PRRSV-2, and at positions 10 and 70 of membrane protein (M) in most PRRSV-2. In addition, one-step real-time RT-PCR assays, comprising two commercial tests and one test recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), were evaluated. Conclusion The results revealed that two of the real-time RT-PCR assays had high sensitivities and specificities, whereas the real-time RT-PCR assay of the OIE had low sensitivity due to mismatches between nucleotides of Korean PRRSVs and forward primers. In this study, we genetically characterized recent PRRSV occurrences and evaluated three one-step real-time RT-PCR assays used in Korea. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03407-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go-Eun Shin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungbuk National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungbuk National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea.
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Oba P, Dione MM, Erume J, Wieland B, Mutisya C, Ochieng L, Cook EAJ, Mwiine FN. Molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) identified from slaughtered pigs in northern Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:176. [PMID: 35562693 PMCID: PMC9102683 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A cross sectional study was conducted to detect and characterize species of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) identified from slaughtered pigs in Lira district, northern Uganda. The study was conducted from March to September 2019 in three selected slaughter slabs. Pigs brought for slaughter were randomly sampled. At necropsy, lungs were extracted from the thoracic cavity and examined for pneumonic lesions. Seventy-three (73) pigs with gross lung lesions were sampled, from which one hundred and one (101) tissue samples were taken. A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to characterize PRRSv species. Results A total of 20 samples tested positive for PRRSv. The respective prevalence of PRRSv type 1 and type 2 were 24.65% (n = 18) and 2.73% (n = 2) respectively. Of the pigs sampled (n = 73), only two pigs, 2.73% (n = 2) tested positive to both species. The likelihood of PRRSv detection decreased with pig age, but increased with gross pneumonic pathology. Conclusions This study demonstrated dual circulation of both species in northern Uganda. The association between PRRSv and lung pathology suggests that it may be an important cause of lung disease in pigs in Uganda and hence loss of production. This calls for further investigations on potential economic impacts of PRRSv on pig productivity. These findings contribute to discussions about the need of surveillance and possible vaccination strategies against PRRSv in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oba
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda. .,National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Abi ZARDI), P. O. Box 219, Arua, Uganda.
| | - Michel M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o AfricaRice, Rue 18 Cité Mamelles, BP 24265 Ouakam, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Joseph Erume
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Mutisya
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Linnet Ochieng
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Frank N Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Dastjerdi A, Strong R, La Rocca SA, Wessels M, Wessels J, Whitaker K, Strugnell B, Williamson S. Investigation into an outbreak of Border disease virus in pigs in England. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1698-1706. [PMID: 35353447 PMCID: PMC9544453 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Border disease (BD) was first reported in 1959 in lambs from the border region of England and Wales. The causative virus (BD virus; BDV) has since been identified in several other ruminant species and pigs. The virus is prevalent in sheep flocks of UK, Europe and USA and has potential to inflict substantial economic losses. Natural BDV infection of pigs was first reported in the UK in 1992 from pigs with haemorrhagic lesions and more recently from healthy pigs in Spain and Japan. Here, a persistent problem of poor growth and anaemia in a small proportion of growing pigs on a mixed pig and sheep holding was investigated and tissues were tested in a pan viral microarray. The microarray detected BDV RNA in several tissues which was further confirmed by sequencing, specific BDV PCR and immunohistochemistry. Phylogenetically, the virus clustered with other BDVs in the sub‐genotype 1b. This investigation highlights likely interspecies transmission of pestiviruses and their impact on pestivirus detection and eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Dastjerdi
- Virology department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - S Anna La Rocca
- Virology department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Mark Wessels
- APHA-Preston, Animal Health Centre, Barton Hall, Garstang Road, Barton, Preston, . PR3 5HE, UK
| | - Julie Wessels
- APHA-Bury St. Edmunds, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, IP33 2RX, UK
| | - Kate Whitaker
- APHA-Preston, Animal Health Centre, Barton Hall, Garstang Road, Barton, Preston, . PR3 5HE, UK
| | - Ben Strugnell
- APHA-Thirsk, West House, Station Road, Thirsk, YO7 1PZ, UK
| | - Susanna Williamson
- APHA-Bury St. Edmunds, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, IP33 2RX, UK
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10
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Akter F, Roychoudhury P, Dutta TK, Subudhi PK, Kumar S, Gali JM, Behera P, Singh YD. Isolation and molecular characterization of GP5 glycoprotein gene of Betaarterivirus suid 2 from Mizoram, India. Virusdisease 2021; 32:748-756. [PMID: 34458505 PMCID: PMC8378527 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious swine disease causing great economic impact worldwide. The emergence of highly pathogenic strains in Asian countries is associated with large scale mortality in all age groups of pigs besides the classical presentation of severe respiratory distress, pneumonia, and a series of reproductive disorders in sows, like late-term abortion, premature farrowing, and an increased number of stillborn piglets. The present study was designed with the aim of isolation and characterization of the Betaarterivirus suid 2 from outbreaks in Mizoram in primary porcine alveolar macrophage and subsequently characterized the GP5 gene sequence of the isolate in terms of phylogenetic analysis and deduce amino acid sequence comparison. Virus propagation was performed in the porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) primary cell culture and confirmed by immunoperoxidase test, FAT, and nested RT-PCR. The full-length GP5 gene (603nt) was amplified from the isolate and subsequently cloned and sequenced (MN928985). Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison of the present isolate was found to have similarity 98.7-98.8% with Myanmar HP-PRRS strains, 98-98.5% with Vietnam strains, 98.2-98.3% with China strains, indicating a close lineage with highly pathogenic PRRS strains. In deduced amino acid sequence analysis, one mutation was found in the primary neutralizing epitope (PNE) at position 39L → I39 and one more mutation was also found in the decoy epitope (DCE) at position 30 N → D30. The amino acid at this position is an N-linked glycosylation site, and mutation of the N-linked glycosylation is an immune escaped strategy adopted by this virus causing a persistent infection in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Akter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Parimal Roychoudhury
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Tapan Kumar Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Prasant Kumar Subudhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Jagan Mohanarao Gali
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Parthasarathi Behera
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Yengkhom Damodar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, CAU, Aizawl, Mizoram India
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11
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Guzmán M, Meléndez R, Jiménez C, Piche M, Jiménez E, León B, Cordero JM, Ramirez-Carvajal L, Uribe A, Van Nes A, Stegeman A, Romero JJ. Analysis of ORF5 sequences of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) circulating within swine farms in Costa Rica. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:217. [PMID: 34118903 PMCID: PMC8196928 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is among the diseases that cause the highest economic impact in modern pig production. PRRS was first detected in Costa Rica in 1996 and has since then severely affected the local swine industry. Studies of the molecular characterization of circulating strains, correlation with clinical records, and associations with pathogens associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) have not been done in Costa Rica. Results Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 proved that PRRSV-2 was the only species detected in all locations analyzed. These sequences were grouped into three clusters. When comparing samples from San Jose, Alejuela, and Puntarenas to historical isolates of the previously described lineages (1 to 9), it has been shown that these were closely related to each other and belonged to Lineage 5, along with the samples from Heredia. Intriguingly, samples from Cartago clustered in a separate clade, phylogenetically related to Lineage 1. Epitope analysis conducted on the GP5 sequence of field isolates from Costa Rica revealed seven peptides with at least 80% amino acid sequence identity with previously described and experimentally validated immunogenic regions. Previously described epitopes A, B, and C, were detected in the Santa Barbara-Heredia isolate. Conclusions Our data suggest that the virus has three distinct origins or introductions to the country. Future studies will elucidate how recently introduced vaccines will shape the evolutionary change of circulating field strains. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02925-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Guzmán
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics (DDV), Veterinary Services National Laboratories (LANASEVE), Animal Health National Service (SENASA), Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture (MAG), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ronald Meléndez
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Consultoría Regional de Investigación en Producción Animal Sostenible (CRIPAS), School of Veterinary Medicine (EMV), Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine (EMV), Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Marta Piche
- Department of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine (EMV), Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Bernal León
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics (DDV), Veterinary Services National Laboratories (LANASEVE), Animal Health National Service (SENASA), Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture (MAG), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Juan M Cordero
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics (DDV), Veterinary Services National Laboratories (LANASEVE), Animal Health National Service (SENASA), Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture (MAG), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Lisbeth Ramirez-Carvajal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics (DDV), Veterinary Services National Laboratories (LANASEVE), Animal Health National Service (SENASA), Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture (MAG), Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Arie Van Nes
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan José Romero
- Consultoría Regional de Investigación en Producción Animal Sostenible (CRIPAS), School of Veterinary Medicine (EMV), Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica
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12
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Welner S, Ruggli N, Liniger M, Summerfield A, Larsen LE, Jungersen G. Reduced Virus Load in Lungs of Pigs Challenged with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus after Vaccination with Virus Replicon Particles Encoding Conserved PRRSV Cytotoxic T-Cell Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030208. [PMID: 33801369 PMCID: PMC8000205 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes severe respiratory distress and reproductive failure in swine. Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines provide the highest degree of protection and are most often the preferred choice. While somewhat protective, the use of MLVs is accompanied by multiple safety issues, why safer alternatives are urgently needed. Here, we describe the generation of virus replicon particles (VRPs) based on a classical swine fever virus genome incapable of producing infectious progeny and designed to express conserved PRRSV-2 cytotoxic T-cell epitopes. Eighteen pigs matched with the epitopes by their swine leucocyte antigen-profiles were vaccinated (N = 11, test group) or sham-vaccinated (N = 7, control group) with the VRPs and subsequently challenged with PRRSV-2. The responses to vaccination and challenge were monitored using serological, immunological, and virological analyses. Challenge virus load in serum did not differ significantly between the groups, whereas the virus load in the caudal part of the lung was significantly lower in the test group compared to the control group. The number of peptide-induced interferon-γ secreting cells after challenge was higher and more frequent in the test group than in the control group. Together, our results provide indications of a shapeable PRRSV-specific cell-mediated immune response that may inspire future development of effective PRRSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Welner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 88, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (N.R.); (M.L.); (A.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (N.R.); (M.L.); (A.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (N.R.); (M.L.); (A.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 88, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
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13
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David K, Vergara H, Eger S, Klassen A, Schwödiauer P, Reiner G, Donat K. [Association between management factors and herd status regarding Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus infection - An analysis in the course of a voluntary PRRSV control program in Saxony and Thuringia]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:30-39. [PMID: 33588476 DOI: 10.1055/a-1308-6445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Saxony and Thuringia, federal states of Germany with a low density of commercial pig farms, a voluntary program aims at controlling porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. This targets the eradication of the infection on a herd level which has previously been achieved in a subset of herds. The presented study aimed at identifying management factors related with a positive or a negative PRRSV antibody (AB status) or PRRSV genome status (PCR status) on a herd level. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were collected in 82 farms in a region implementing a voluntary PRRSV control program. The test findings for the years 2011 to 2018 were compiled for each year and associated with the interrogated parameters. A generalized linear mixed model was used to identify factors associated with the AB and PCR status. RESULTS The variables "separation of contaminated and non-contaminated areas on the loading ramp" (p = 0.012), "separation of gilts and sows" (p = 0.017) and "recording of visitors in a book" (p = 0.046) were negatively associated with the PCR status. In contrast, "separation of gilts and finishers" (p = 0.044) as well as the existence of "separated alleyways" (p = 0.042) were positively related to the PCR status. "Vaccination against PRRSV" was positively associated with the AB status and the PCR status (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively). In numerous variables, a low variability was observed. CONCLUSION Certain biosecurity measures to control the movement of animals (separation of contaminated and not contaminated areas on the loading ramp) or people (recording of visitors) contribute to a successful reduction of PRRSV infections and a negative herd status. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A combination of different measures may reduce PRRSV spread within pig herds. Breaking the infection cycle in gilts, either by separation of gilts from older sows or immunization, may be considered as a key aspect, presumably additionally supported by keeping gilts together with fattening pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina David
- Thüringer Tierseuchenkasse AdöR, Tiergesundheitsdienst.,Sächsische Tierseuchenkasse AdöR, Tiergesundheitsdienst
| | - Helga Vergara
- Sächsische Tierseuchenkasse AdöR, Tiergesundheitsdienst
| | - Sabine Eger
- Thüringer Tierseuchenkasse AdöR, Tiergesundheitsdienst
| | - Anne Klassen
- Thüringer Tierseuchenkasse AdöR, Tiergesundheitsdienst
| | | | - Gerald Reiner
- Klinik für Schweine (Innere Medizin und Chirurgie), Justus-Liebig-Universität
| | - Karsten Donat
- Thüringer Tierseuchenkasse AdöR, Tiergesundheitsdienst.,Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-Universität
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14
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Gava D, Caron L, Schaefer R, Silva VS, Weiblen R, Flores EF, de Lima M, Takeda GZ, Ciacci-Zanella JR. A retrospective study of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in Brazilian pigs from 2008 to 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:903-907. [PMID: 33590723 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease characterized by reproductive impairment or failure in breeding animals, and a respiratory disease in pigs of any age. Brazil is the fourth largest pork producer and exporter globally, and PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection has never been reported in the country. This study aimed to investigate the status of porcine biological samples from commercial swine herds, quarantined imported boars, wild boars and feral pigs to update PRRS information in Brazil. A total of 14,382 samples were collected from 2008 to 2020, including sera (n = 12,841), plasma (n = 1,000) and oral fluids (n = 541), comprehending 137 herds and free-living pigs in eight Brazilian states. One out of 1,000 (0.1%) plasma and 15 out of 12,841 (0.11%) serum samples tested positive for PRRSV antibodies through ELISA. Upon ELISA retesting, only the plasma sample, from one 8-day-old piglet remained positive. All sixteen previously PRRSV antibody-positive samples were tested through RT-PCR and found to be negative. The presence of false-positive or singleton reactors are quite expected. Thus, the use of different/alternative diagnostic tests is indicated for an efficient PRRSV detection. Taken together, our findings demonstrated no conclusive evidence of PRRSV infection in the tested pigs, highlighting the importance to reinforce the surveillance program to prevent the introduction and eventual dissemination of PRRSV in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rudi Weiblen
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Lima
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Zaha Takeda
- Chefe da Divisão de Sanidade dos Suídeos/CAT/CGSA/DSA/DAS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Brasîlia, Brazil
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15
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Fukunaga W, Hayakawa-Sugaya Y, Koike F, Van Diep N, Kojima I, Yoshida Y, Suda Y, Masatani T, Ozawa M. Newly-designed primer pairs for the detection of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus genes. J Virol Methods 2021; 291:114071. [PMID: 33561487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an infectious disease, caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), that critically affects the swine industry. While the detection of PRRSV genes plays a key role in PRRS control, the PRRSV genome is known to undergo frequent mutation. Nevertheless, primer pairs widely used for the detection of PRRSV genes were designed between 1995 and 2010. The reliability of these primer pairs for the detection of currently circulating PRRSVs is therefore questionable. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of the previously reported primer pairs to detect PRRSV genes that have been recently isolated or detected in Japan. In addition, based on nucleotide sequences from the recent Japanese PRRSVs, we designed four new primer pairs for the detection of PRRSV genes. The sensitivity and specificity of the new primer pairs were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR using RNA extracted from PRRSV isolates, swine serum, and oral fluid specimens collected from PRRS-affected pigs, and swine sera collected from a PRRSV-free pig farm in Japan. One of novel primer pairs used in our study exhibited greater sensitivity than the previously reported primer pairs, and is thus more reliable for the detection of PRRSV genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Fukunaga
- Department of Pathogenetic and Preventive Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Fumiko Koike
- Swine Management Consultation K.K., Atsugi, Japan
| | - Nguyen Van Diep
- Department of Pathogenetic and Preventive Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Isshu Kojima
- Department of Pathogenetic and Preventive Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Yasuo Suda
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Department of Pathogenetic and Preventive Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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16
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Fitzgerald RM, Collins PJ, McMenamey MJ, Leonard FC, McGlynn H, O'Shea H. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: phylogenetic analysis of circulating strains in the Republic of Ireland from 2016 to 2017. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2057-2063. [PMID: 32594320 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains currently circulating in the Republic of Ireland (ROI), the ORF5 gene from 17 field strains originating from four vaccinating commercial herds was sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. High genetic variability was observed between farms at the nucleotide (86.3-95.2%) and amino acid (85.5-96%) levels. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that all field strains belonged to the European species (type 1) and clustered into three separate groups within the subtype 1 subgroup. This variation may pose challenges for diagnosis and prophylactic control of PRRSV through vaccination in the ROI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Fitzgerald
- Bio-Explore, Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Patrick J Collins
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Michael J McMenamey
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Republic of Ireland
| | - Hugh McGlynn
- Bio-Explore, Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Republic of Ireland
| | - Helen O'Shea
- Bio-Explore, Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Republic of Ireland
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17
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Iseki H, Kawashima K, Takagi M, Shibahara T, Mase M. Studies on heterologous protection between Japanese type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:935-942. [PMID: 32448816 PMCID: PMC7399305 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cross-protective immunity between type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in
growing pigs. Japanese type 1 PRRSV, first isolated from a pig with respiratory disorders in a farm in 2009, exhibits unique genetic characteristics. The pathogenicity of a
Japanese standard strain of type 2 PRRSV, EDRD1, in pigs immunized by the type 1 PRRSV isolate, Jpn EU 4-37 was determined by evaluating clinical signs, viremia, antibody response,
and pathological lesions. Similarly, we evaluated the pathogenicity of Jpn EU 4-37 in pigs immunized by EDRD1 and compared the cross-protective immunity between these isolates. The
EDRD1 challenge after Jpn EU 4-37 inoculation reduced viral clearance and shedding in pigs, compared to those treated with the EDRD1 single infection. On the other hand, the
pathogenicity of Jpn EU 4-37 after EDRD1 infection did not differ significantly compared to non-immunized pigs treated with Jpn EU 4-37. Therefore, exposure to Jpn EU 4-37 could
not induce enough immunity to reduce the viremia against subsequent infection by type 2 PRRSV. However, the immunity induced by Jpn EU 4-37 infection may play a role in reducing
viremia caused by type 2 PRRSV. Moreover, the immunity induced by the EDRD1 and other genetically related viruses, which are broadly distributed in Japan, may not contribute to
cross-protection against Jpn EU 4-37 as an emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iseki
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawashima
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Michihiro Takagi
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masaji Mase
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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18
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Zhou Y, Chen L, Zhang L, Shao C, Sun J, Jiang S, Song Q, Zhou B, Yang Y, Dong W, Yang Y, Wei F, Fang W, Wang X, Song H. Simultaneous identification of 6 pathogens causing porcine reproductive failure by using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2467-2474. [PMID: 32304349 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We developed a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay for the simultaneous detection of 6 clinically relevant viral pathogens causing porcine reproductive failure, that is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine parvovirus (PPV). The limits of detection for the assay varied among the 6 target organisms from 1 to 8 copies per MLPA assay. The MLPA assay was evaluated with 346 heparinized porcine umbilical cord blood specimens, and the results of the assay were compared to those of real-time PCR. The MLPA assay showed specificities and sensitivities of 99.2% and 100%, respectively, for PRRSV; 100% and 100%, respectively, for CSFV, PCV2, PRV and PPV. No sample was found to be positive for JEV by either the MLPA assay or the real-time PCR. In conclusion, the MLPA assay has comparable clinical sensitivity to that of real-time PCR assay and provides a useful tool for fast screening porcine reproductive failure-associated viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quanjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Stadler J, Ade J, Ritzmann M, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE. Detection of a novel haemoplasma species in fattening pigs with skin alterations, fever and anaemia. Vet Rec 2020; 187:66. [PMID: 32332105 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a fattening farm in Southern Germany, skin alterations (urticaria, haemorrhagic diathesis) and high fever were observed in 30% of the pigs 2 weeks after arrival. Feed intake was severely compromised in affected pigs. METHODS After detailed clinical observation, blood samples from affected pigs were collected for haematological, PCR and serological investigations. In addition, pathological investigations were performed on one pig. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Analysis of blood parameters revealed a normocytic, normochromic anaemia. A novel porcine haemoplasma species was detected in blood samples of affected pigs and spleen sample of the necropsied pig by PCR. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rDNA showed 99% identity to a novel porcine haemoplasma ('Candidatus (Ca.) M. haemosuis') species which has recently been described in China. Interestingly, this is the first report of 'Ca. M. haemosuis' in pigs with clinical signs resembling those of Mycoplasma (M) suis and the first description of this novel haemoplasma species outside Asia. On-farm affected pigs were treated with oxytetracycline and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical signs improved after implementation of treatment and optimisation of management procedures. This case might indicate that other porcine haemoplasma species than M suis can induce fever and skin alterations and may have an economic impact on affected farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Julia Ade
- Institute of Animal Science, Institute of Environmental and Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Medicine, University of Hohenheim Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Stuttgart, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, Institute of Environmental and Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Medicine, University of Hohenheim Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Stuttgart, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Ludwig E Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, Institute of Environmental and Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Medicine, University of Hohenheim Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Stuttgart, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
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20
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The Performance of Seven Molecular Methods for the Detection of PRRSV. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome is a viral disease of swine characterized by reproductive failure of breeding animals and respiratory disorders in all categories. The first PRRS case in Serbia was recorded in 2001 after illegal import of boar semen. PRRS is economically the most important disease due to significant direct and indirect losses. Today, for routine diagnosis of PRRS in infected herds serological methods (ELISA) and molecular methods are used. Although modern diagnostic techniques are very robust, exceptional diversity of the viral strains is often the obstacle for an accurate diagnosis. To estimate the performance of seven different methods for PRRSV genome detection, twenty samples were used. However, none of the methods was able to detect all PRRSV strains. The best sensitivity was obtained by combining two methods. Until today, there is no absolutely accurate test which enables the detection of all circulating strains.
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21
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Pasternak JA, MacPhee DJ, Harding JCS. Maternal and fetal thyroid dysfunction following porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus2 infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:47. [PMID: 32228691 PMCID: PMC7106657 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory virus-2 (PRRSV2) we evaluated circulating thyroid hormone and associated gene expression in a late gestation challenge model. Pregnant gilts were inoculated at gestation day 85 and fetal samples collected at either 12 or 21 days post-infection (dpi). A subset of fetuses was selected for analysis based on viability and viral load categorized as either uninfected-viable (UNIF), high viral load viable (HV-VIA) or high viral load meconium stained (HV-MEC) and were compared with gestational age matched controls (CON). In dams, circulating levels of total T3 and T4 decreased in the acute period following infection and rebounded by 21 dpi. A similar effect was observed in fetuses, but was largely restricted to HV-VIA and HV-MEC, with minimal decrease noted in UNIF relative to CON at 21 dpi. Gene expression in fetal heart at 12 dpi showed significant decompensatory transcription of thyroid hormone transporters (SLC16A2) and deiodinases (DIO2, DIO3), which was not observed in brain. Correspondingly, genes associated with cell cycle progression (CDK1,2,4) were downregulated in only the heart of highly infected fetuses, while expression of their inhibitor (CDKN1A) was upregulated in both tissues. Finally, expression of genes associated with cardiac stress including CAMKD and AGT were upregulated in the hearts of highly infected fetuses, and a shift in expression of MYH6 to MYH7 was observed in HV-MEC fetuses specifically. Collectively, the results suggest PRRSV2 infection causes a hypothyroid state that disproportionally impacts the fetal heart over the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alex Pasternak
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada. .,Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 270 S. Russell St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Daniel J MacPhee
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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22
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Sunaga F, Tsuchiaka S, Kishimoto M, Aoki H, Kakinoki M, Kure K, Okumura H, Okumura M, Okumura A, Nagai M, Omatsu T, Mizutani T. Development of a one-run real-time PCR detection system for pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:217-223. [PMID: 31866601 PMCID: PMC7041981 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Porcine respiratory disease complex is complicated by infections with
multiple pathogens, and multiple infections increase the difficulty in identifying the
causal pathogen. In this present study, we developed a detection system of microbes from
porcine respiratory by using TaqMan real-time PCR (referred to as Dempo-PCR) to screen a
broad range of pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases in a single run. We
selected 17 porcine respiratory pathogens (Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae, Boldetella bronchiseptica,
Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida,
Pasteurella multocida toxin, Streptococcus suis,
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis,
Mycoplasma hyosynovie, porcine circovirus 2, pseudorabies virus,
porcine cytomegalovirus, swine influenza A virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory
virus US strain, EU strain, porcine respiratory coronavirus and porcine hemagglutinating
encephalomyelitis virus) as detection targets and designed novel specific primer-probe
sets for seven of them. In sensitivity test by using standard curves from synthesized DNA,
all primer-probe sets showed high sensitivity. However, porcine reproductive and
respiratory virus is known to have a high frequency of genetic mutations, and the primer
and probe sequences will need to be checked at a considerable frequency when performing
Dempo-PCR from field samples. A total of 30 lung samples from swine showing respiratory
symptoms on six farms were tested by the Dempo-PCR to validate the assay’s clinical
performance. As the results, 12 pathogens (5 virus and 7 bacteria) were detected and
porcine reproductive and respiratory virus US strain, Mycoplasma
hyorhinis, Haemophilus parasuis, and porcine cytomegalovirus
were detected at high frequency. These results suggest that Dempo-PCR assay can be applied
as a screening system with wide detection targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiko Sunaga
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mai Kishimoto
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mari Kakinoki
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Kure
- Value Farm Consulting Co., Ltd., 1704-3 Nishi Oi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-1260, Japan
| | - Hanako Okumura
- Value Farm Consulting Co., Ltd., 1704-3 Nishi Oi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-1260, Japan
| | - Maho Okumura
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.,Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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23
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Goecke NB, Hjulsager CK, Krog JS, Skovgaard K, Larsen LE. Development of a high-throughput real-time PCR system for detection of enzootic pathogens in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 32:51-64. [PMID: 31752620 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719890863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory and intestinal diseases in pigs can have significant negative influence on productivity and animal welfare. A wide range of real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays are used in our laboratory (National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark) for pathogen detection, and PCR analyses are performed on traditional rtPCR platforms in which a limited number of samples can be analyzed per day given limitations in equipment and personnel. To mitigate these restrictions, rtPCR assays have been optimized for the high-throughput rtPCR BioMark platform (Fluidigm). Using this platform, we developed a high-throughput detection system that can be used for simultaneous examination of 48 samples with detection specificity for 18 selected respiratory and enteric viral and bacterial pathogens of high importance to Danish pig production. The rtPCR assays were validated and optimized to run under the same reaction conditions using a BioMark 48.48 dynamic array (DA) integrated fluidic circuit chip, and the sensitivity and specificity were assessed by testing known positive samples. Performance of the 48.48DA was similar to traditional rtPCR analysis, and the specificity of the 48.48DA was high. Application of the high-throughput platform has resulted in a significant reduction in cost and working hours and has provided production herds with a new innovative service with the potential to facilitate the optimal choice of disease control strategies such as vaccination and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Goecke
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Jesper S Krog
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (Goecke, Hjulsager, Krog, Skovgaard, Larsen)
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24
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Alex Pasternak J, MacPhee DJ, Harding JCS. Fetal cytokine response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 infection. Cytokine 2019; 126:154883. [PMID: 31629108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To understand the fetal immune response to porcine reproductive and respiratory virus-2 (PRRSV) and to evaluate the association with fetal viability, pregnant gilts were challenged on gestation day 85 and euthanized 21 days post infection. Based on preservation status and viral load in serum and thymus, fetuses were classified as either uninfected-viable (UNIF), high viral load viable (HV-VIA), or high viral load meconium stained (HV-MEC) and were compared with age matched control (CON) fetuses derived from mock infected gilts. Gene expression of IFNB, IFNG, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10 and IL10, were all found to be significantly upregulated in the thymus and spleen of both high viral load groups. UNIF fetuses remained largely unaffected, with only small upregulations in IFNA and IL10 in the thymus, and IFNA, CCL5 and CXCL10 in the spleen. Regarding fetal viability, expression of CCL5 was significantly elevated in the thymus and spleen of HV-MEC compared to HV-VIA fetuses. The concentrations of IFNα, IFNγ, TNFα and CCL2 were elevated in the sera of all infected fetuses, whereas IFNβ was below the detection limit in all fetal sera. Additional gene expression analysis in the thymus showed significant downregulation of CDK1, CDK2 and CDK4, and upregulation of the inhibitor CDKN1A, suggesting altered regulation of cell cycle progression. Collectively, these results show near complete compartmentalization of the fetal immune response to infected fetuses and suggest this immune response is not a major contributor to fetal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alex Pasternak
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Dr., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Daniel J MacPhee
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Dr., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Dr., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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25
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Fluorescence resonance energy transfer combined with asymmetric PCR for broad and sensitive detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2. J Virol Methods 2019; 272:113710. [PMID: 31351984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With its ever-increasing viral genetic diversity, accurate diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is indispensable for PRRSV control. Here, a sensitive graphene oxide (GO)-based FRET method was developed to detect PRRSV-2 based on the ability of GO to quench fluorophore by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Using primers and a fluorophore-labeled ssDNA probe targeting a conserved region between the PRRSV M gene and 3'UTR, asymmetric PCR specifically amplified viral ssDNA that could anneal with probe to generate dsDNA only in the presence of virus. Upon exonuclease III treatment to release the probe fluorophore, which degrades dsDNA with blunt ends or recessed 3´-termini, the ssDNA annealed with other probe to generate enhanced fluorescence. This GO-based FRET assay specifically detected both classical and highly pathogenic PRRSV, with analytical sensitivity approaching 10 copies/μL, similar to that of real-time PCR but greater than that of conventional reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Consistent with real-time RT-PCR detection, the assay developed here exhibited high diagnostic sensitivity for virus detection of sera from experimentally and naturally infected pigs. Thus, this novel GO-based FRET assay combined with asymmetric PCR detection is sensitive and specific and will be valuable for future PRRSV diagnosis.
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26
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Chen N, Ye M, Xiao Y, Li S, Huang Y, Li X, Tian K, Zhu J. Development of universal and quadruplex real-time RT-PCR assays for simultaneous detection and differentiation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2271-2278. [PMID: 31233656 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV1) and 2 (PRRSV2) (including 3 major subtypes: classical (CA-PRRSV2), highly pathogenic (HP-PRRSV2) and NADC30-like (NL-PRRSV2)) are currently coexisting in Chinese swine herds but with distinct virulence. Reliable detection and differentiation assays are crucial to monitor the prevalence of PRRSV and to adopt effective control strategies. However, current diagnostic methods cannot simultaneously differentiate the four major groups of PRRSV in China. In this study, universal and quadruplex real-time RT-PCR assays using TaqMan-MGB probes were developed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Chinese PRRSV isolates. The newly developed real-time RT-PCR assays exhibited good specificity, sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility. In addition, the newly developed real-time RT-PCR assays were further validated by comparing with a universal PRRSV conventional RT-PCR assay on the detection of 664 clinical samples collected from 2016 to 2019 in China. Based on the clinical performance, the agreements between the universal and quadruplex real-time RT-PCR assays and the conventional RT-PCR assay were 99.55% and 99.40%, respectively. Totally 90 samples were detected as PRRSV-positive, including 2 samples that were determined to be co-infected with NL-PRRSV2 and HP-PRRSV2 isolates by the quadruplex real-time RT-PCR assay. ORF5 sequencing confirmed the real-time RT-PCR results that 2, 6, 27 and 57 of the 92 sequences were PRRSV1, CA-PRRSV2, NL-PRRSV2 and HP-PRRSV2, respectively. This study provides promising alternative tools for simultaneous detection and differentiation of PRRSV circulating in Chinese swine herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengxue Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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27
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Vilalta C, Baker J, Sanhueza J, Murray D, Sponheim A, Alvarez J, Sylvia F, Polson D, Torremorell M, Corzo C, Morrison RB. Effect of litter aggregation and pooling on detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus in piglet processing fluids. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:625-628. [PMID: 31122156 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719852999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A sampling technique has been validated to monitor porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV-2) using the serosanguinous exudate known as processing fluids (PFs) that accumulate from tissues obtained during tail docking and castration. PFs are an aggregate sample of large numbers of piglets and litters. However, little is known about the effect of litter aggregation on the ability of PCR to correctly classify an aggregated PF sample as positive. We evaluated both the effect of litter aggregation and of PF pooling on PCR detection. We estimated that aggregation of at least 50 litters was possible when a pig with a Ct value of ~22 was present in the sample, and aggregation of up to 40 litters was possible when there was a sample with a Ct value of ~33. Pooling did not affect PCR detection when initial Ct values of 20 and 25 were assessed. However, in litters with initial Ct values of ≥30, the amount of pooling should be reduced. Our results provide producers and practitioners with a general framework to interpret more accurately the results of their PRRSV-2 surveillance programs using PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Vilalta
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Jake Baker
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Juan Sanhueza
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Deb Murray
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Amanda Sponheim
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Fred Sylvia
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Dale Polson
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Montse Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Cesar Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
| | - Robert B Morrison
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN (Vilalta, Sanhueza, Sponheim, Torremorell, Corzo, Morrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Baker).,New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN (Murray).,Boehringer Ingelheim, Duluth, GA (Sponheim, Sylvia, Polson).,VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, and Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Alvarez)
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28
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Park JY, Kim SH, Lee KK, Kim YH, Moon BY, So B, Park CK. Differential detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus genotypes by a fluorescence melting curve analysis using peptide nucleic acid probe-mediated one-step real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2019; 267:29-34. [PMID: 30817949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), artificially synthesized DNA analogues, hybridize strongly with DNA and are useful for fluorescence melting curve analyses (FMCA) based on the thermal denaturation of the probe-target duplex. In this study, we developed a PNA-based one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for the differential and qualitative detection of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus genotypes PRRSV1 and PRRSV2. The specificity of the assay was analyzed in silico using previously reported primers and probes and was subsequently verified using Korean PRRSV panels and clinical samples. Seven clinical samples showing low curves with high Ct values were confirmed as negative by FMCA. The sensitivities of one-step real-time PCR for PRRSV1 and PRRSV2 were 15 and 11 copies, respectively, and the results were in 100% agreement with those of conventional RT-PCR combined with nested PCR using clinical samples. Therefore, the assay is highly specific for the detection of current PRRSV1 and PRRSV2 without non-specific amplification by FMCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yeon Moon
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - ByungJae So
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Hartline CB, Conner RL, James SH, Potter J, Gray E, Estrada J, Tector M, Tector AJ, Prichard MN. Xenotransplantation panel for the detection of infectious agents in pigs. Xenotransplantation 2019; 25:e12427. [PMID: 30264882 PMCID: PMC6166664 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent advances in xenotransplantation have produced organs from pigs that are well tolerated in primate models because of genetic changes engineered to delete major antigens from donor animals. To ensure the safety of human transplant recipients, it will be essential to understand both the spectrum of infectious agents in donor pigs and their potential to be transmitted to immunocompromised transplant recipients. Equally important will be the development of new highly sensitive diagnostic methods for use in the detection of these agents in donor animals and for the monitoring of transplant recipients. Methods Herein, we report the development of a panel of 30 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for infectious agents with the potential to be transmitted to the human host. The reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity of each assay were evaluated and were found to exhibit analytic sensitivity that was similar to that of quantitative assays used to perform viral load testing of human viruses in clinical laboratories. Results This analytical approach was used to detect nucleic acids of infectious agents present in specimens from 9 sows and 22 piglets derived by caesarean section. The most commonly detected targets in adult animals were Mycoplasma species and two distinct herpesviruses, porcine lymphotrophic herpesvirus 2 and 3. A total of 14 piglets were derived from three sows infected with either or both herpesviruses, yet none tested positive for the viruses indicating that vertical transmission of these viruses is inefficient. Conclusions The data presented demonstrate that procedures in place are highly sensitive and can specifically detect nucleic acids from target organisms in the panel, thus ensuring the safety of organs for transplantation as well as the monitoring of patients potentially receiving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroll B Hartline
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ra'Shun L Conner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Scott H James
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edward Gray
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jose Estrada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mathew Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - A Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
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30
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Vilalta C, Sanhueza J, Alvarez J, Murray D, Torremorell M, Corzo C, Morrison R. Use of processing fluids and serum samples to characterize porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus dynamics in 3 day-old pigs. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:149-156. [PMID: 30293648 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Collection of serum samples of pigs at weaning to monitor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has become a common practice to determine PRRSV herd infection status. Diagnostic sensitivity of this practice is low in herds undergoing PRRSV elimination once prevalence of infection is near zero. Thus, the goal of this study was to characterize the dynamics of PRRSV infection in 3 day-old pigs overtime using serum and serosanguineous fluids obtained as part of castration and tail docking practices (processing fluids (PF)). Secondary goal was to estimate sensitivity and specificity of PF in the 3 day old population. A 6000 breed-to-wean sow herd was monitored every three weeks for 23 weeks after a PRRSV outbreak by collecting both PF and individual serum samples from all pigs in the selected litters. Out of the 77 litters tested, 23 (29.8%) were identified as positive using the PF and the serum samples, with a Cohen's kappa statistic of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.59-1) between the results obtained in each sample type. The sensitivity and specificity of the PF relative to the results in serum was 87% (95% CI: 66%-97%) and 94% (95% CI: 85%-99%) respectively. The percentage of PRRSV positive litters decreased over time and litters from gilts were more likely to test positive than those from older sows. Overall, the study demonstrates that PF can be a convenient and reliable specimen to monitor PRRSV infection in breeding herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Vilalta
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave., St Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | - Juan Sanhueza
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave., St Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Avda Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avda Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Deb Murray
- New Fashion Pork, Jackson, MN, United States
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave., St Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Cesar Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave., St Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Robert Morrison
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave., St Paul, MN 55108, United States
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31
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Stadler J, Naderer L, Beffort L, Ritzmann M, Emrich D, Hermanns W, Fiebig K, Saalmüller A, Gerner W, Glatthaar-Saalmüller B, Ladinig A. Safety and immune responses after intradermal application of Porcilis PRRS in either the neck or the perianal region. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203560. [PMID: 30192831 PMCID: PMC6128605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess safety and immune responses in gilts after intradermal application of Porcilis® PRRS in two different application sites under field conditions. Forty-four gilts were allocated to one of three groups: Gilts of group 1 (n = 10) served as non-vaccinated controls, gilts of group 2 (n = 17) were vaccinated intradermally in the neck and gilts of group 3 (n = 17) received an intradermal vaccination in the perianal region. Clinical observations, local injection site reactions and histopathologic examination of the injection site were used for safety assessments. Frequency and degree of clinical signs were not significantly different between all three groups. Minor local reactions for both vaccination groups were observed; however, at 6, 7, 8, 9 and 15 days post-vaccination (dpv), the mean injection site reaction score was significantly lower in pigs vaccinated in the perianal region. In histopathologic examination, an extended inflammatory dimension was observed more frequently in pigs vaccinated in the neck. Blood samples were analyzed to quantify the post-vaccination humoral (ELISA and virus neutralization test) and cellular (IFN-γ ELISPOT) immune responses. PRRSV-specific antibodies were present in the serum of all vaccinated animals from 14 dpv onwards, whereas all control pigs remained negative throughout the study. Neutralizing antibody titers were significantly higher in pigs vaccinated in the perianal region at 28 dpv. At 14, 21 and 28 dpv, PRRSV-specific IFN-γ secreting cells were significantly increased in both vaccination groups compared to non-vaccinated gilts. Analysis of mean numbers of PRRSV-specific IFN-γ secreting cells did not result in statistically significant differences between both vaccination groups. The results of this study indicate that the perianal region is a safe alternative application site for intradermal vaccination of gilts with Porcilis PRRS. Furthermore, the intradermal application of Porcilis PRRS induced humoral and cellular immune responses independent of the administration site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Lena Naderer
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Lisa Beffort
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Emrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Walter Hermanns
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
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32
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Novakovic P, Detmer SE, Suleman M, Malgarin CM, MacPhee DJ, Harding JCS. Histologic Changes Associated With Placental Separation in Gilts Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:521-530. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818765067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is a vital organ providing the developing fetus with nutrient and gas exchange, thermoregulation, and waste elimination necessary for fetal development, as well as producing hormones to maintain pregnancy. It is hypothesized that fetal pig death in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome may be attributed to pathology of the maternal-fetal interface leading to premature placental separation. This study was designed to evaluate the chronologic progression of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)–induced lesions at the maternal-fetal interface, with particular focus on placental separation in experimentally challenged third-trimester gilts. Fifteen gilts were inoculated with a virulent strain of PRRSV-2 on gestation day 86 ± 0.4. On multiple days postinoculation, 3 gilts along with 1 sham-inoculated control per time point were euthanized, and uterine and fetal placental tissues corresponding to each fetus were collected for histopathologic evaluation. The presence of any fetal lesion was 23 times more likely in compromised (meconium-stained and decomposed) compared with viable fetuses ( P < .001). In PRRSV-infected gilts, endometritis was more severe than placentitis, and the severity of endometrial inflammation and vasculitis increased progressively from 2 to 14 days postinoculation. Neither placental vasculitis nor a chronologic progression in the severity of placental detachment was observed. Severe placental detachment was more frequently present in PRRSV-infected compared with noninfected samples and was most significantly associated with placental inflammation, compared with other uterine lesions, viral load, or termination day. The results of this study suggest that placental separation by itself is not sufficient to significantly compromise fetal viability in reproductive porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Novakovic
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Susan E. Detmer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carol M. Malgarin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Daniel J. MacPhee
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John C. S. Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Moran K, Boyd RD, Zier-Rush C, Wilcock P, Bajjalieh N, van Heugten E. Effects of high inclusion of soybean meal and a phytase superdose on growth performance of weaned pigs housed under the rigors of commercial conditions. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:5455-5465. [PMID: 29293769 PMCID: PMC6292292 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine whether soybean meal (SBM) use in nursery pig diets can be increased by superdosing with phytase. In Exp. 1, 2,550 pigs (BW of 5.54 ± 0.09 kg) were used to evaluate the optimal level of phytase in low- or high-SBM diets. Two SBM levels (low and high) and 4 phytase doses (0, 1,250, 2,500, and 3,750 phytase units [FTU]/kg) were combined to create 8 dietary treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. Pigs were fed a 3-phase feeding program, with each period being 10, 10, and 22 d, respectively. Inclusion of low and high SBM was 15.0 and 25.0%, respectively, for Phase 1; 19.0 and 29.0%, respectively, for Phase 2; and 32.5% for the common Phase 3 diet. Pigs fed diets with high SBM had improved G:F for Phase 1 and 2 and overall ( < 0.01) compared with low-SBM diets. Phytase quadratically improved G:F during Phase 3 and overall ( < 0.05), with the optimum phytase dose being 2,500 FTU/kg. High-SBM diets tended ( = 0.09) to decrease stool firmness (determined daily from d 1 to 10) only on d 2. In Exp. 2, 2,112 pigs (BW of 5.99 ± 0.10 kg) were used to evaluate the impact of high levels of SBM and phytase on performance, stool firmness, mortality, and morbidity in weaned pigs originating from a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus-positive sow farm. Pigs were fed a 3-phase feeding program as in Exp. 1. Three levels of SBM (low, medium, or high) and 2 phytase levels (600 or 2,600 FTU) were combined to create 6 dietary treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Inclusion of SBM was 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0% for Phase 1 and 20.0, 27.5, and 35.0% for Phase 2 for low, medium, and high SBM, respectively, and 29.0% for the common Phase 3 diet. Inclusion of SBM did not affect growth performance. The percentage of pigs removed for medical treatment linearly declined with increasing SBM levels ( = 0.04). High-SBM diets tended ( < 0.10) to decrease stool firmness during d 4 and 5 and high phytase tended ( < 0.10) to improve stool firmness on d 2 and 4. Analyzed PRRS titers in saliva samples collected on d 20 and 42 confirmed the PRRS status of the pigs; however, viral load was not impacted by dietary treatments ( ≥ 0.11). Results indicate that SBM levels in early nursery diets can be increased without decreasing growth performance and may be favorable in pigs originating from PRRS-positive sow farms by reducing costs of medical treatments. Supplementation of phytase at superdose levels can improve growth performance independently from the level of SBM in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Moran
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - R. D. Boyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
- The Hanor Company, Inc., Franklin, KY 42134
| | | | - P. Wilcock
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, UK
| | | | - E. van Heugten
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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34
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Zhou Z, Wu J, Zhang S, Hou B, Han T, Wang J, Xu Q, Wang D, Liu Y, Xin S, Zhai X. Analysis of Genetic Variation of Two NADC30-like Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in China. Open Virol J 2017; 11:90-97. [PMID: 28839509 PMCID: PMC5543627 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: NADC30-like strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus first appeared in Chinese swine herds in 2012. Objective and Method: To explore the possible genetic diversity of these strains, we sequenced and analyzed the complete genomes of two NADC30-like strains. These isolates shared 95.4% homology with NADC30. Result: The two strains displayed a discontinuous deletion of 131 amino acids in NSP2, mutations of amino acids in GP3 and GP5, and a 3-nucleotide deletion in the 3′ untranslated region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two isolates formed a new branch and clustered in a subgroup with NADC30 isolates from North America. Conclusion: We conclude that the above two NADC30-like strains may have been introduced from North America to China, where they acquired new genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhou
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Bo Hou
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Tao Han
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Qi Xu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Yinyi Liu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Shengpeng Xin
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Xinyan Zhai
- China Animal Disease Control Center, OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, No. 20 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
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35
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Yang K, Tian Y, Zhou D, Duan Z, Guo R, Liu Z, Yuan F, Liu W. A Multiplex RT-PCR Assay to Detect and Discriminate Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses in Clinical Specimens. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080205. [PMID: 28763016 PMCID: PMC5580462 DOI: 10.3390/v9080205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) have led to large economic losses in China. The attenuated vaccine (HP-PRRSV JXA1-R) was used to control HP-PRRSV. However, in recent years, co-infection with classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV), HP-PRRSV, and/or HP-PRRSV JXA1-R has been increasing in China, resulting in a significant impact on PRRSV diagnostics and management. To facilitate rapid discrimination of HP-PRRSV JXA1-R from HP-PRRSV and C-PRRSV, a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the visual detection of HP-PRRSV JXA1-R, HP-PRRSV, and C-PRRSV was established and evaluated with reference PRRSV strains and clinical samples. Primer specificities were evaluated with RNA/DNA extracted from 10 viral strains, and our results revealed that the primers had a high specificity for PRRSV. The assay sensitivity was 24 copies/μL for PRRSVs. A total of 516 serum samples were identified, of which 12.21% (63/516) were HP-PRRSV-positive, 2.33% (12/516) were HP-PRRSV JXA1-R-positive, and 1.16% (6/516) were C-PRRSV-positive, respectively, which was completely consistent with the sequencing method. The high specificity, sensitivity, and reliability of the multiplex RT-PCR assay described in this study indicate that it is useful for the rapid and differential diagnosis of HP-PRRSV JXA1-R, HP-PRRSV, and C-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Danna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Zhengying Duan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
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Iseki H, Kawashima K, Tung N, Inui K, Ikezawa M, Shibahara T, Yamakawa M. Efficacy of Type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine against the 2010 isolate of Vietnamese highly pathogenic PRRSV challenge in pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:765-773. [PMID: 28239040 PMCID: PMC5402200 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of a commercial attenuated live type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory
syndrome (PRRS) vaccine was tested under experimental infection with a highly virulent
Vietnamese virus isolated from a diseased pig affected with highly pathogenic PRRS
(HP-PRRS) using specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. Twenty-five 4-week-old SPF pigs were
divided into three groups as follows: pigs vaccinated with a single dose of the vaccine
(Group 1, n=10), unvaccinated pigs (Group 2, n=10) and unvaccinated and non-infectious
control pigs (Group 3, n=5). Four weeks later, Groups 1 and 2 were challenged with a 1
ml inoculum containing 1 × 105.5 50% tissue culture
infectious dose (TCID50)/ml of a Vietnamese HP-PRRS virus
isolated in 2010 via the intranasal route. Animals were monitored during the subsequent
two-week period post-challenge and necropsied for virological and pathological assays.
Results showed a significant reduction in viral replication and shedding in vaccinated
pigs compared to unvaccinated pigs. The non-vaccinated pigs showed severe pyrogenic and
respiratory illness with marked systematic lesions including interstitial pneumonia and
thymic atrophy. In contrast, vaccinated pigs recovered quickly from fever with only mild
pathological manifestations. Therefore, although viral shedding was still noted,
immunization with the live PRRS vaccine did indeed reduce viral replication and disease
severity, suggesting its utility in minimizing outbreaks of HP-PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iseki
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856 Japan
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Wang JC, Yuan WZ, Han QA, Wang JF, Liu LB. Reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the rapid detection of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:55-60. [PMID: 28122203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pigs, and has tremendous negative economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. PRRSV is classified into the two distinct genotypes: type 1 and type 2, and most of the described PRRSV isolates in China are type 2. Rapid and sensitive detection of PRRSV is of great importance for the disease control and regional eradication programs. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has emerged as a novel isothermal amplification technology for the molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases. In this study, a fluorescence reverse transcription RPA (RT-RPA) assay was developed to detect the type 2 PRRSV using primers and exo probe specific for the viral nucleocapsid gene. The reaction was performed at 40°C within 20min. The RT-RPA assay could detect both the classical (C-PRRSV) and highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV), but there was no cross-reaction to other pathogens. Using the in vitro transcribed PRRSV RNA as template, the analytical sensitivity of RT-RPA was 690 copies. The assay performance was evaluated by testing 60 field samples and compared to real-time RT-PCR. The detection rate of RT-RPA was 86.6% (52/60), while the detection rate of real-time RT-PCR was 83.3% (50/60). This simple, rapid and reliable method could be potentially applied for rapid detection of PRRSV in point-of-care and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chang Wang
- Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center of Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 318 Heping West Rd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Wan-Zhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, No. 38 Lingyusi Street, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China.
| | - Qing-An Han
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, 219 Alishan Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050050, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wang
- Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center of Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 318 Heping West Rd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Li-Bing Liu
- Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center of Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 318 Heping West Rd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
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38
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Reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the visual detection of European and North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:10-13. [PMID: 27542532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for visual detection of European (EU) and North American (NA) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs) were established and evaluated with reference PRRSV strains and clinical samples. The assay was performed in two reaction tubes containing each set of primers specific for EU or NA-PRRSV at 58°C for 40min, and the results could be visually detected by the naked eye, using hydroxynaphthol blue dye. The detection limit of the assay was 1 or 0.1 TCID50/0.1mL for EU or NA PRRSV, respectively, which was comparable to that of the previously described real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The detection rate of the assay on 130 field samples was 72.3%, relatively higher than that of qRT-PCR (70.8%), and there was high overall percentage agreement between the two assays. The high specificity, sensitivity, and reliability of the RT-LAMP assay described in this study renders it useful for the rapid and differential diagnosis of EU and NA PRRSVs, even in under-equipped laboratories.
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39
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A triplex real-time PCR for differential detection of classical, variant and Bartha-K61 vaccine strains of pseudorabies virus. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2425-30. [PMID: 27316441 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also known as Aujeszky's disease, is an economically important infectious disease of pigs and other animals caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Since late 2011, increasing numbers of PR outbreaks have been reported on many Bartha-K61-vaccinated pig farms in China, and emerging PRV variants that differ from classical PRV strains genetically and antigenically have been confirmed to be responsible for the outbreaks. Accordingly, there is a need to differentiate diverse PRV strains co-circulating in the field. Here, we developed and evaluated a triplex real-time PCR for differential detection of wild-type PRV (classical and variant strains) and gE/gI gene-deleted vaccine strains based on three differently labeled TaqMan probes. The detection limits of the assay were 0.5 TCID50 for classical strains, 0.2 TCID50 for variant strains and 0.05 TCID50 for vaccine strains. The sensitivity was also determined to be 50, 50 and 5 copies for the TJ, SC and Bartha-K61 strain, respectively. The assay did not show cross-reactivity with several common porcine viruses. Reproducibility tests showed that the inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were less than 3 %. When testing a total of 234 clinical swine samples, the agreement between the triplex real-time PCR and virus isolation was 100 % (234/234) for classical strains, 99.5 % (233/234) for variant strains, and 100 % (234/234) for the Bartha-K61 vaccine strain. The results demonstrate that this method is sensitive and specific and will be useful for rapid detection and differentiation of diverse PRV strains.
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40
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Ko SS, Seo SW, Sunwoo SY, Yoo SJ, Kim MH, Lyoo YS. Efficacy of commercial genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine against field isolate of genotype 2 PRRSV. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:43-9. [PMID: 27032502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although several recent studies have found that type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live virus (MLV) vaccine showed appreciable levels of cross-protection against type 2 PRRSV infection, the possibility of cross-protection between two genotype of PRRSV is still controversial. To determine potential protective efficacy against hetero-genotype field strain of PRRSV and to improve understandings of the mechanisms underlying performance improvement after infection in vaccinated animals, piglets were vaccinated with type 1 PRRSV MLV vaccine and challenged with type 2 field strain of PRRSV. As a result, vaccinated animals gained on average 8.45 kg in comparison to 4.77 kg measured in non-vaccinated animals during a 3-week period after viral challenge, which shows using a certain PRRSV vaccine could be clinically effective against heterologous genotypic virus challenge. In vaccinated animals, viremia was reduced and cleared rapidly, whilst viral load was much higher and reduced more slowly, indicating rebound viremia in non-vaccinated animals. The titers of neutralizing antibody against the type 2 PRRSV did not exceed the protective level in any animal from both vaccinated and control groups. Instead, antibody avidity of vaccinated animals was much higher than in the control group clearly. Furthermore, a strong negative correlation between antibody avidity and viremia was noted in 80% of vaccinated animals. Through those results from tests evaluating degree of antibody maturation and its relevance with clearing viremia, it could be suggested that non-neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination prior to challenge might play a key role in protection against PRRSV infection, especially in early time course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-sik Ko
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea
| | - Sang-won Seo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea
| | - Sun-young Sunwoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea
| | - Sung J Yoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea
| | - Myung-hyee Kim
- Hipra Korea, Inc., Jeongjail-ro 177, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neung-dong Street 120, Gwangjin-ku, Seuol, South Korea.
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41
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Eck M, Durán MG, Ricklin ME, Locher S, Sarraseca J, Rodríguez MJ, McCullough KC, Summerfield A, Zimmer G, Ruggli N. Virus replicon particles expressing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus proteins elicit immune priming but do not confer protection from viremia in pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:33. [PMID: 26895704 PMCID: PMC4761149 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of one of the most devastating and economically significant viral disease of pigs worldwide. The vaccines currently available on the market elicit only limited protection. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replicon particles (VRP) have been used successfully to induce protection against influenza A virus (IAV) in chickens and bluetongue virus in sheep. In this study, VSV VRP expressing the PRRSV envelope proteins GP5, M, GP4, GP3, GP2 and the nucleocapsid protein N, individually or in combination, were generated and evaluated as a potential vector vaccine against PRRSV infection. High level expression of the recombinant PRRSV proteins was demonstrated in cell culture. However, none of the PRRSV antigens expressed from VRP, with the exception of the N protein, did induce any detectable antibody response in pigs before challenge infection with PRRSV. After challenge however, the antibody responses against GP5, GP4 and GP3 appeared in average 2 weeks earlier than in pigs vaccinated with the empty control VRP. No reduction of viremia was observed in the vaccinated group compared with the control group. When pigs were co-vaccinated with VRP expressing IAV antigens and VRP expressing PRRSV glycoproteins, only antibody responses to the IAV antigens were detectable. These data show that the VSV replicon vector can induce immune responses to heterologous proteins in pigs, but that the PRRSV envelope proteins expressed from VSV VRP are poorly immunogenic. Nevertheless, they prime the immune system for significantly earlier B-cell responses following PRRSV challenge infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Eck
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. .,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Margarita García Durán
- Inmunología y Genética aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Calle de Los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Samira Locher
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Javier Sarraseca
- Inmunología y Genética aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Calle de Los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María José Rodríguez
- Inmunología y Genética aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Calle de Los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kenneth C McCullough
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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42
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Alvarez J, Valdes-Donoso P, Tousignant S, Alkhamis M, Morrison R, Perez A. Novel analytic tools for the study of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) in endemic settings: lessons learned in the U.S. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:3. [PMID: 28405429 PMCID: PMC5382381 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in the late 1980's, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) has posed a significant challenge to the pig industry worldwide. Since then, a number of epidemiological tools have been created to support control and eventual elimination of the disease at the farm and regional levels. Still, many aspects of the disease dynamics are yet-to-be elucidated, such as what are the economically optimal control strategies at the farm and regional level, what is the role that the voluntary regional control programs may play, how to optimize the use of molecular tools for surveillance and monitoring in infected settings, what is the full impact of the disease in a farm, or what is the relative contribution of alternative transmission routes on the occurrence of PRRSv outbreaks. Here, we summarize a number of projects demonstrating the use of novel analytical tools in the assessment of PRRSv epidemiology in the United States. Results presented demonstrate how quantitative analysis of routinely collected data may help in understanding regional epidemiology of PRRSv and to quantify its full impact, and how the integration of phylodynamic methods as a standard tool for molecular surveillance of PRRSv might help to inform control and prevention strategies in high-risk epidemiological situations. Ultimately, these tools will help to support PRRSv control at farm and regional levels in endemically infected settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Pablo Valdes-Donoso
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
- Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Steven Tousignant
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Mohammad Alkhamis
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
- Environmental and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Robert Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN USA
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43
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Complete genomic characterization and genetic diversity of four European genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates from China in 2011. Virus Genes 2015; 51:375-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Rochon K, Baker RB, Almond GW, Gimeno IM, Pérez de León AA, Watson DW. Persistence and Retention of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1117-1123. [PMID: 26336236 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the acquisition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus by the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) through a bloodmeal, and virus persistence in the digestive organs of the fly using virus isolation and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Stable flies were fed blood containing live virus, modified live vaccine virus, chemically inactivated virus, or no virus. Stable flies acquired PRRSV from the bloodmeal and the amount of virus in the flies declined with time, indicating virus did not replicate in fly digestive tissues. Virus RNA was recovered from the flies fed live virus up to 24 h postfeeding using virus isolation techniques and 96 h using qRT-PCR. We further examined the fate of PRRSV in the hemolymph of the flies following intrathoracic injection to bypass the midgut barrier. PRRSV was detected in intrathoracically inoculated adult stable flies for 10 d using qRT-PCR. In contrast to what we observed in the digestive tract, detectable virus quantities in the intrathoracically inoculated stable flies followed an exponential decay curve. The amount of virus decreased fourfold in the first 3 d and remained stable thereafter, up to 10 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rochon
- University of Manitoba, 214 Entomology Bldg., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2.
| | - R B Baker
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 3020, Ames, IA 50010
| | - G W Almond
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - I M Gimeno
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - A A Pérez de León
- Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028-1984
| | - D W Watson
- North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1111 Grinnells Laboratory, Campus Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27695-7626
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45
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Palzer A, Eddicks M, Zoels S, Stark J, Reese S, Strutzberg-Minder K, Fiebig K, Ritzmann M. Field evaluation of the efficacy, compatibility and serologic profiling of a combined vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and Haemophilus parasuis in nursery pigs. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gou H, Deng J, Pei J, Wang J, Liu W, Zhao M, Chen J. Rapid and sensitive detection of type II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip. J Virol Methods 2014; 209:86-94. [PMID: 25241142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was combined with a vertical flow (VF) nucleic acid detection strip to develop a universal assay for the detection of type II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The loop primers were labeled separately with biotin and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in this assay. Using optimized parameters, the whole reaction could be completed in <50 min in a completely enclosed environment. The detection limit of this assay was found to be 1 pg RNA, 30 tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) virus, or 230 copies of recombinant plasmid DNA, which is relatively higher than that of RT-LAMP analyzed by agarose gel, RT-LAMP visualized by calcein, and the conventional RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No false-positive results were obtained in the specificity assay. The efficiency of the RT-LAMP method was tested by analyzing 43 clinical samples, and the results were compared with those obtained by RT-PCR analysis, with the respective positive rates of 32.56% and 27.91%. This result confirmed that the method described is a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for universal type II PRRSV detection. Also, this method can be used for the rapid detection of type II PRRSV during the early phase of an outbreak, especially for rapid veterinary diagnosis on the spot and in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieru Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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47
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Chai W, Wang Z, Janczyk P, Twardziok S, Blohm U, Osterrieder N, Burwinkel M. Elevated dietary zinc oxide levels do not have a substantial effect on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSV) vaccination and infection. Virol J 2014; 11:140. [PMID: 25103309 PMCID: PMC4254400 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important infectious agents for the swine industry worldwide. Zinc (Zn) salts, which are widely used as a dietary supplement in swine nutrition, have shown antiviral effects in vitro as well as in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of dietary zinc oxide supplementation on vaccination and challenge infection with PRRSV. Findings The clinical course of PRRS and the success of vaccination with an experimental inactivated vaccine were compared between animals receiving a conventional diet (50 ppm Zn, control group) and diets supplemented with Zn oxide (ZnO) at final Zn concentrations of 150 or 2,500 ppm. Pigs receiving higher dietary Zn levels showed a tendency towards higher neutralizing antibody levels after infection, while dietary Zn levels did not substantially influence the number of antiviral IFN-gamma secreting cells (IFN-gamma-SC) or percentages of blood immune cell subsets after infection. Finally, feeding higher dietary Zn levels reduced neither clinical symptoms nor viral loads. Conclusions Our results suggest that higher levels of dietary ZnO do not have the potential to stimulate or modulate systemic immune responses after vaccination and heterologous PRRSV infection to an extent that could improve the clinical and virological outcome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-11-140) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Burwinkel
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str, 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Iseki H, Takagi M, Kuroda Y, Katsuda K, Mikami O, Tsunemitsu H, Yamakawa M. Application of a SYBR®Green one step real-time RT-PCR assay to detect type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1411-3. [PMID: 25047905 PMCID: PMC4221178 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence in Japan of
field isolates of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)
suggests problems with control. We therefore developed a one-step real-time reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) with improved sensitivity that detects
as little as 1 × 10−2 TCID50/ml of viral RNA. We
tested serum samples collected in January and September 2008, October 2009 and January
2011 from a farm with an outbreak and found infected pigs between January and September
2008, but not in January 2011. Further, between 2008 and 2011, we did not detect infection
in pigs at 8 nearby farms or in 2,052 serum samples collected from pigs from 74 farms in
12 prefectures. This assay should help prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iseki
- Viral Disease and Epidemiological Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Simultaneous detection and differentiation of highly virulent and classical Chinese-type isolation of PRRSV by real-time RT-PCR. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:809656. [PMID: 25114934 PMCID: PMC4119655 DOI: 10.1155/2014/809656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a leading disease in pig industry worldwide and can result in serious economic losses each year. The PRRS epidemic situation in China has been very complicated since the unprecedented large-scale highly pathogenic PRRS (HP-PRRS) outbreaks in 2006. And now the HP-PRRS virus (HP-PRRSV) and classical North American type PRRSV strains have coexisted in China. Rapid differential detection of the two strains of PRRSV is very important for effective PRRS control. The real-time RT-PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of HP-PRRSV and PRRSV by using both SYBR Green and TaqMan probes was developed and validated. Both assays can be used for rapid detection and strain-specific identification of HP-PRRSV and PRRSV. However, the TaqMan probe method had the highest detection rate whereas the conventional RT-PCR was the lowest. The real-time RT-PCR developed based on SYBR Green and TaqMan probe could be used for simultaneous detection and differentiation of HP-PRRSV and PRRSV in China, which will benefit much the PRRS control and research.
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Errington J, Jones RM, Sawyer J. Use of tissue swabbing as an alternative to tissue dissection and lysis prior to nucleic acid extraction and real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Bovine viral diarrhea virus and Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:418-422. [PMID: 24788238 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714532925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of swabbing to sample tissue samples, prior to nucleic acid extraction and performance of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, was investigated for the detection of the viral pathogens Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The tissue swabbing method involved swabbing recently cut tissues, eluting the swabbed material, and extracting nucleic acid from the eluate prior to PCR amplification. Parallel testing of this method with traditional nucleic acid extraction from tissues, where small pieces of tissue are dissected and digested (typically overnight) in lysis buffer prior to nucleic acid extraction, was carried out for 50 samples for each virus. The results demonstrated that equivalent PCR results were obtained with both methods. It was also shown on a smaller number of samples that equivalent PCR results were also obtained when the lysis step of the swabbing method was reduced to only 2 hr. The ability to remove the overnight step typically associated with processing tissue samples for PCR analysis offers the potential for same-day testing of tissue. Although the current study is preliminary in nature and further validation will be required before adoption for routine use, the results show that tissue swabbing is a promising approach. It offers a convenient, simpler, and less time-consuming alternative to tissue dissection and lysis and has potential advantages for routine laboratory operation and outbreak testing, including easier pooling and sampling of large areas of tissue and carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Errington
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Penrith) Merrythought, Penrith, Cumbria, UK (Errington)Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Jones, Sawyer)
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Penrith) Merrythought, Penrith, Cumbria, UK (Errington)Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Jones, Sawyer)
| | - Jason Sawyer
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Penrith) Merrythought, Penrith, Cumbria, UK (Errington)Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK (Jones, Sawyer)
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