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Mumena WA, Alsharif BA, Bakhsh AM, Mahallawi WH. Exploring professional identity and its predictors in health profession students and healthcare practitioners in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299356. [PMID: 38820518 PMCID: PMC11142680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The government of Saudi Arabia is making significant efforts to improve the quality of health education and healthcare services. Professional identity has been linked to the quality of healthcare services provided by practitioners, however, data concerning the professional identity of health profession students (HPS) and healthcare practitioners (HCP) are still lacking in Saudi Arabia. The current study aimed to assess the level of professional identity in HPS and HCP in Saudi Arabia and to investigate its predictors. Cross-sectional data were collected from 185 HPS and 219 HCP in Saudi Arabia using river sampling technique. Data related to the sample characteristics were collected; an adapted version of the Macleod Clark Professional Identity Scale was utilized to collect data about the level of professional identity. Total score of professional identity was later calculated for each participant. Median professional identity scores for HPS and HCP were 38.0 (34.0-41.0) and 41.0 (37.0-43.0), respectively, out of 45. Significantly higher median professional identity score was found among HCP as compared to HPS (p <0.001). Data obtained from the multiple linear regression analysis, using the backward elimination method technique indicated that only working status (HPS vs. HCP) significantly predicted the professional identity score in all models performed. In conclusion, high levels of professional identity were reported among HCP and HPS in Saudi Arabia. Changes related to professional identity should be monitored in public and private educational and healthcare organizations to enhance the quality of healthcare services provided in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A. Mumena
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar A. Alsharif
- Department of Education, College of Arabic Language and Humanities Studies, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M. Bakhsh
- Urology Department, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed H. Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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Alshamlani YA, Alanazi NH, Alhamidi SA, Alanazi RA, Alenezi A, Adalin NM, Alyousef SM, Tumala RB. Predictors of Leadership Competencies Among Nurse Executives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Healthc Leadersh 2024; 16:105-119. [PMID: 38476218 PMCID: PMC10927370 DOI: 10.2147/jhl.s444890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Awareness and development of nurse executives' leadership competencies has been considered a key strategy for the success of healthcare organizations. However, only a few studies about nurse executives' leadership competencies are available in the literature, and no study has been conducted about the topic within Saudi Arabian context. The aim of this study was to assess the leadership competencies of nurse executives and the predictors of these competencies. Methods This quantitative study used a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational design. The study recruited a total convenience sample of 136 nurse executives who voluntarily consented to participate. The respondents self-rated the online survey, "Leadership Competency Assessment Tool: Self-Assessment." Data collection was conducted between September 2022 and November 2022. Test of correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted. Results The overall mean score of nurse executives' leadership competencies was 3.38 out of 5.0, which was below the level of having excellent leadership competencies. Four dimensions had mean scores below the level of having excellent leadership competencies, namely, communication and relationship building (3.48), knowledge of the healthcare environment (3.29), leadership (3.45), and business skills (3.15), while nurse executives had excellent leadership competencies only in the professionalism dimension (3.51). Age (p=0.04), highest educational attainment (p=0.01), current role (p<0.01) and length of experience (p=0.02) as nurse executive, monthly salary (p=0.03), nationality (p=0.04), and having seminars/trainings in leadership and management (p=0.01) were considered predictors of the leadership competencies of nurse executives. Conclusion Nurse executives reported a low level of leadership competencies, thus implying necessary actions for improvement. There were personal factors that influenced the level of nurse executives' leadership competencies. To achieve quality outcomes and maintain a high level of nursing care in hospital organizations, these findings must be considered in planning strategies related to the improvement of the leadership competencies of nurse executives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef A Alshamlani
- Nursing Department, King Saud University Medical City, Diriyah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif H Alanazi
- College of Nursing, King Saud University, Diriyah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Alhamidi
- College of Nursing, King Saud University, Diriyah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Raeed A Alanazi
- College of Nursing, King Saud University, Diriyah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Atallah Alenezi
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Norisk M Adalin
- Nursing Department, King Saud University Medical City, Diriyah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Seham M Alyousef
- College of Nursing, King Saud University, Diriyah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Regie B Tumala
- College of Nursing, King Saud University, Diriyah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Ibrahim AM. Nurses' ethical responsibilities: Whistleblowing and advocacy in patient safety. Nurs Ethics 2024:9697330241235306. [PMID: 38415609 DOI: 10.1177/09697330241235306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the dynamic landscape of healthcare, nurses play a crucial role as ethical stewards, responsible for whistleblowing, nurse advocacy, and patient safety. Their duties involve ensuring patient well-being through ethical practices and advocacy initiatives. AIM This study investigates the ethical responsibilities of nurses regarding whistleblowing and advocacy in reporting concerns about patient safety. RESEARCH DESIGN A cross-sectional study utilized cluster and simple random sampling to gather a representative sample of actively practicing registered nurses. Data collection involved a demographic form, Nurse Whistleblowing Intentions Scale, Nursing Advocacy Scale, and Clinical Decision-Making Scale. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT The study utilizing a robust sample size determination formula for reliable findings included 96 diverse nurses, predominantly females. Engaged actively in direct patient care across various outpatients clinics. The recruitment process specifically sought individuals with expertise in safety protocols and reporting, contributing to a nuanced understanding of the study's focus. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the university and the hospitals involved. Written consent was obtained from the participants. A thorough ethical review was conducted to guarantee participant protection and adherence to ethical principles. RESULTS Surveyed nurses demonstrated positive whistleblowing (Overall Mean Score: 3.58), high advocacy (Overall Mean Score: 12.2), and nuanced ethical decision-making for patient safety (Overall Mean Score: 15.78). Demographic factors, such as nationality and ethical training, significantly impacted whistleblowing intentions, while age, gender, and ethical training correlated with nursing advocacy behavior. Associations with experience and qualification emerged in ethical decision-making. CONCLUSION The gained insights foster targeted interventions, improving ethical practices, advocacy, and informed decision-making in nursing. This study explores the intricate link between demographics and ethical considerations among surveyed nurses, acting as a catalyst for ongoing initiatives to strengthen the ethical foundation in healthcare sector.
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AlSofiani ME, AlHalees DZ, Aljebreen JA, Abu Dahesh JA, Bamogaddam GS, AlBraithen GM, Jammah A. Factors Influencing the Choice of Glucose-Lowering Medications Among Physicians Treating Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Cureus 2024; 16:e53844. [PMID: 38465107 PMCID: PMC10924471 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The factors considered by physicians when prescribing a glucose-lowering agent to patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in real-world settings are not necessarily consistent with those recommended by clinical practice guidelines. Here, we identify the major factors that drive physicians' selection of glucose-lowering agents in the real world and how these factors may differ by physician's specialty. Methods A web-based survey was conducted among 135 physicians who manage patients with T2D in Saudi Arabia. Physicians were categorized according to their specialty into "specialists" (endocrinologists and/or diabetologists) and "generalists" (internists, family physicians, and primary care physicians). Physicians were asked about the type of glucose-lowering medication that they would typically prescribe in certain clinical scenarios and what factors drive such a selection. Results Sulfonylurea remains the most frequently prescribed second-line agent, as an add-on to metformin, according to 50% of the physicians surveyed. Most physicians (89%) reported prescribing glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) to less than half of their patients with T2D and ischemic heart disease; over two-thirds reported prescribing sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) to less than half of their patients with T2D and heart failure. When prescribing GLP-1RAs, the cost was a "major consideration" by 75% and 65% of the specialists and generalists, respectively. Likewise, when prescribing SGLT-2i, the cost was a major consideration by 57% and 71% of the specialists and generalists, respectively. Several other factors differed between the generalists and specialists when prescribing thiazolidinedione (TZD), sulfonylurea, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, GLP-1RAs, and SLGT-2i, but not insulin. Conclusion Our findings highlight several challenges faced by physicians in the real world that may prevent them from adopting the latest evidence-based guidelines when managing patients with T2D. Health policies to increase accessibility to novel glucose-lowering agents, particularly for patients with T2D and cardiovascular/renal diseases, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danah Z AlHalees
- Internal Medicine/Adult Diabetes and Endocrinology, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Joud A Aljebreen
- Internal Medicine/Adult Diabetes and Endocrinology, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Joud A Abu Dahesh
- Internal Medicine/Adult Diabetes and Endocrinology, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ghada S Bamogaddam
- Internal Medicine/Adult Diabetes and Endocrinology, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ghaida M AlBraithen
- Internal Medicine/Adult Diabetes and Endocrinology, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Anwar Jammah
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
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Alnuhait M, Alqurashi NF, Abdullatif GZ, Maash MS, Fagieha R, Alshareef H, Bahamdain FO, Alghamdi W, Alhifany AA. Exploring Entrepreneurship in Pharmacy: Attitudes and Perceptions Among Saudi Pharmacists and Students. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 13:1-8. [PMID: 38264491 PMCID: PMC10802168 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s441142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Entrepreneurship has recently become a focus in community development, innovation, and economic growth, including within pharmaceutical organizations. However, it remains a relatively new aspect of pharmacy education. For the effective incorporation of entrepreneurship in this field, a robust educational foundation is critical, one that emphasizes risk-taking, strategic planning, competitive spirit, and a sense of social responsibility. This study aims to evaluate Saudi pharmacists' attitudes towards entrepreneurship in their practice. Methods A cross-sectional survey design to assess the attitudes of pharmacists and pharmacy students in Saudi Arabia towards entrepreneurship. The study sample consisted of 302 individuals, selected through convenience sampling, all of whom were either licensed pharmacists or pharmacy students in Saudi Arabia. The survey was conducted electronically and disseminated online throughout the duration of January 2023, spanning a one-month period. The research sought to provide a deeper understanding of how entrepreneurship is perceived within the pharmacy field. Results The study involved 302 pharmacists in Saudi Arabia, with the majority being pharmacy students and Doctor of Pharmacy holders. Over 60% of the participants worked for the government sector. Results showed a strong interest in entrepreneurship, with nearly 80% expressing interest and believing in the entrepreneurial potential of pharmacists. However, there was a knowledge gap, as only 52% were familiar with entrepreneurship concepts, and most had not taken entrepreneurship courses. More than half of the participants reported insufficient institutional support for entrepreneurship. Remarkably, only 1% had started a pharmaceutical business. Conclusion In conclusion, this study emphasizes the interest in entrepreneurship among pharmacists, highlighting the need for raising familiarity and formal education in the field. Factors such as working in the government sector were associated with higher willingness to become entrepreneurs, while the lack of awareness and institutional support hindered the entrepreneurial mindset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alnuhait
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Falah Alqurashi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Manar Sami Maash
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refal Fagieha
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen Alshareef
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Foud O Bahamdain
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad Alghamdi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alhifany
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Hanawi MK, Al Rahahleh N. Mitigating role of financial inclusion on the perceived difficulties, concerns, and borrowing for medical expenses in Saudi Arabia. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2024; 22:2. [PMID: 38195603 PMCID: PMC10775537 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Access to convenient quality healthcare at all times is considered a basic human right; however, many countries are still striving to achieve this goal for their populations. The persistent rise in healthcare expenditure remains a significant obstacle in achieving universal health coverage on a global scale. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of financial inclusion in addressing the financial hardship related to health and medical expense concerns in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Probit models were applied to analyse nationally representative data from the Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) database. The results showed that financial inclusion had a significant impact on reducing the hardship associated with obtaining money for emergency expenses within 30 days as indicated by a significant coefficient of -0.262. Additionally, Financial inclusion substantially increases the likelihood of borrowing money for health or medical purposes in the past 12 months, with a coefficient of 0.585. Moreover, correlations were identified between low income levels and decreased likelihood of borrowing for health/medical purposes, increased difficulty in obtaining money for emergency expenses, and heightened concern regarding the ability to afford medical costs in the event of serious illness or accidents. These findings highlight the need for policy makers and health providers to prioritize financial inclusion and support programs for low-income individuals to achieve equity in health treatment for all in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi
- Department of Health Services and Hospitals Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naseem Al Rahahleh
- Finance Department, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Almutairi M, McKenna G, Alsumaih I, Alhazzaa R, O’Neill C. Factors influencing the likelihood of dental service checkup: results from a survey in Saudi Arabia. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1208929. [PMID: 38161345 PMCID: PMC10755011 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1208929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The funding and delivery of healthcare including dental care in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA, or Saudi Arabia) is undergoing a process of reform. To inform this process, it is important that policymakers are aware of the relationships between service use, specific types of use, and the factors that influence this. Currently, there is a paucity of research in this area in KSA that examines dental service use for checkups at a national level and none that examines differences in this use across regions or that examines explicitly the role of income. Aims This study uses the most recent version of the Saudi Health Interview Survey (SHIS) to examine the relationships between the use of dental services for a checkup and socio-demographic characteristics of respondents. Particular focus is given to the differences between regions in service use and the role of socio-demographics within regions. Methods Data were taken from SHIS 2013. Descriptive statistics (means and standard errors) were used to characterize the sample. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between checkups in the past 12 months and a range of covariates including income and region. The analysis was repeated for sub-samples based on specific regions. No attempt was made to impute missing values. Results A sample of 7603 respondents provided complete data for analysis. Fifty-one per cent of the respondents were male, 29% were educated at least to degree level, 25% reported that they floss at least once per day, 69% reported that they brushed their teeth at least once per day, and 11% reported that they had visited the dentist for a checkup in the preceding 12 months. Logistic regression analyses revealed income, region, and oral hygiene habits to be among the significant determinants of the likelihood of dental checkup in the preceding 12 months. In logistic regression analyses at the regional level, different relationships were evident between checkups and socio-demographic characteristics across regions. Conclusion Region and income are significant determinants of dental service use for checkups. Differences exist between regions in the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the likelihood of getting checkups. Policy changes should reflect the potential differences they might have across regions for which the role of socio-demographic characteristics varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Almutairi
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Public Health Department, School of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gerry McKenna
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Alsumaih
- Department of Medical Support Services, King Fahad Hofuf Hospital, Ministry of Health, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Alhazzaa
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Health Informatics Department, School of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ciaran O’Neill
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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AlWatban L, Alamer E. Are physicians creating a barrier to pre-conception care access? A qualitative study exploring patients' experiences and perspectives around pre-conception care. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:651. [PMID: 38062409 PMCID: PMC10702085 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pre-conception period is an unmissable opportunity to introduce preventive measures before pregnancy to improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Despite the global pre-conception initiatives and the 2030 Saudi national vision to promote maternal, fetal health and safety, various barriers still exist. This study focuses on exploring pre-conception care extensively from the patients' perspectives and their experience in accessing this type of care in the primary care setting. METHODS A qualitative study using interpretive thematic analysis was used to explore patients' perspectives, and experiences in accessing pre-conception care in the city of Riyadh from January 2019 to January 2020. A semi-structured interview guide and field notes were used to collect data. A step wise interpretive and iterative process was used for data analysis and thematic extraction. Theme saturation was achieved by the eleventh interview. RESULTS The participants' perspectives were influenced by their cultural beliefs, understanding of pre-conception, and their prevised barriers to approaching physicians. Three main themes emerged: A) Acceptance of pre-conception care; was heavily influenced by how they understood and defined per-conception care. B) Pre-conception health seeking behavior; demonstrated a clear disconnect between the patient and the physician. C) Expectation from health services; to raise awareness about pre-conception care and push physicians to initiate the conversation with their patients. CONCLUSIONS An appreciable gap in the patient-physician relationship was revealed as a source of inconsistency in accessing pre-conception care. Physicians are encouraged to take the first step in demonstrating to their patients both the importance of pre-conception care and their intent to offer respectful, empathetic, and culturally appropriate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemmese AlWatban
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- University Family Medicine Center, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtihal Alamer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.
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Alharbi MF. Patients' experience of service quality in government and private hospitals in the Qassim Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Med Life 2023; 16:1622-1627. [PMID: 38406780 PMCID: PMC10893560 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients' experience of the quality of healthcare services has gained momentum during the last few decades. This study aimed to assess and compare the experience of patients on the service quality in government and private hospitals in the Qassim region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted using a Service Quality (SERVQUAL) questionnaire translated into the Arabic language to collect the responses from 381 patients who were hospitalized at government and private hospitals in the Qassim region from April 1, 2022, to March 31, 2023. The patients' overall satisfaction with the service quality showed that there were significant differences among government and private hospitals. Although the study revealed positive experiences for patients on all dimensions of service quality in both types of hospitals, private hospitals scored a higher value than government hospitals in all the dimensions of service quality. Patients' feedback on service quality can assist hospital management in identifying key quality issues encountered by the patients during their treatment and rectifying those problems to improve overall healthcare quality and thus patients' satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faleh Alharbi
- Department of Health Administration, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Al Rahhaleh N, Al-Khyal TA, Daghran Alahmari A, Al-Hanawi MK. The financial performance of private hospitals in Saudi Arabia: An investigation into the role of internal control and financial accountability. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285813. [PMID: 37216381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between internal control, financial accountability, and financial performance in the private healthcare sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) through a questionnaire survey of 78 private hospitals. Drawing on agency theory, the study utilized structural equation modelling with partial least-squares technique to test multiple hypotheses. Results indicate a significant positive relationship between internal control and financial performance, with financial accountability acting as a mediator. Additionally, financial accountability was found to have a direct positive effect on financial performance. These findings provide new evidence for improving financial performance in private hospitals in the KSA through the implementation of internal control and financial accountability measures. Further research could examine additional factors that may impact financial performance in the healthcare sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Al Rahhaleh
- Faculty of Economics and Administration, Finance Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tawfeek A Al-Khyal
- Faculty of Economics and Administration, Accounting Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi
- Faculty of Economics and Administration, Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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AlHussain AH, Alshahir AA, Alhejji A, Bin Dukhi MM, AlGhamdi A, Alfurayh MA, Almagushi NA, Bin Shabib A, Bin Akrish AM. A Decade's Perspective on the Orthopedic Workforce in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e37426. [PMID: 37182036 PMCID: PMC10173370 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The orthopedic surgery workforce constitutes a vital role in the healthcare system, with data being scarce. Therefore, through this study, we share an overview of the orthopedic workforce distribution, demographic trends, and changes over the past decade in Saudi Arabia. Methods All practicing orthopedic surgeons in Saudi Arabia from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2021, were included in the study. Data regarding orthopedic surgeons' demographics and numbers were obtained from the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCFHS), whereas the data related to the geographical distribution of orthopedic surgeons was obtained from the Ministry of Health Statistical Yearbook of 2020. Results The ratio of orthopedic surgeons per 100,000 people was 5.42 in 2010, which grew subsequently to 12.29 in 2021. The number of Saudi orthopedic surgeons has been noticeably rising through the years, while a slowly growing pattern can be seen among non-Saudi orthopedic surgeons. In addition, the highest ratios of orthopedic surgeons per 100,000 were in Makkah (1.72), Riyadh (1.26), and the Eastern Region (1.06). Conclusion In this study, we demonstrate the progress of the orthopedic workforce in Saudi Arabia over a period of 12 years. The number of orthopedic surgeons per 100,000 people showed a significant rise due to several factors, one of which is road traffic accidents. Also, although the number of female orthopedic surgeons has been rising lately, they are still much fewer than males in this field. In addition, Saudi Arabia has been developing a new healthcare system via the privatization of some of the governmental hospitals, which will lead to changes in the future workforce and its accommodations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H AlHussain
- Orthopaedic Surgery, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- Medical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Alwaleed A Alshahir
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- Medical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Abdullah Alhejji
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- Medical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Musaad M Bin Dukhi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- Medical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Amjad AlGhamdi
- College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, SAU
- Medical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Mohammed A Alfurayh
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- Medical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Nouf A Almagushi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- Medical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | - Abdulaziz M Bin Akrish
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
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Almubark SA, Almubark RA, Althumiri NA, Alhamdan AAH, AlNujaidi HY, Alzayer R, Alkhamaali Z, BinDhim NF. Exploring the Sociodemographic and Behavioral Status of People Living with Hypercholesterolemia in Saudi Arabia: A Nation-Wide Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:889-898. [PMID: 37205001 PMCID: PMC10187649 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s401989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypercholesterolemia (HC) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death worldwide. Many factors can contribute to HC, including advanced age, chronic diseases (such as diabetes and nephrotic syndrome), and the use of certain medications. Aim Our goal was to compare the sociodemographic, behavioral, and other comorbid conditions of adult participants living with HC in Saudi Arabia to the general population. Methods This is a secondary data analysis from the Sharik Health Indicators Surveillance System (SHISS). SHISS consists of cross-sectional phone interviews conducted in all administrative regions of Saudi Arabia on a quarterly basis. Participant recruitment was limited to Arabic-speaking Saudi residents who were ≥18 years old. Results Out of 20,492 potential participants contacted in 2021, 14,007 completed the interview. Of the total participants, 50.1% were male. The mean age of participants was 36.7 years, with 1673 (11.94%) having HC. A regression model showed that participants with HC had a higher likelihood of being older, living in Tabouk, Riyadh, or Asir regions, being overweight or obese, having diabetes, hypertension, genetic or heart diseases, or having a higher risk of depression. Gender, all types of smoking, physical activity, and education level were eliminated from the model. Discussion In this study, participants with HC were identified with some co-existing conditions that may affect the progression of the disease and the participants' quality of life. This information could assist care providers in identifying patients who are at higher risk, improve screening efficiency, and improve disease progression and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarh A Almubark
- Health Services Management Department, Faculty of Public Health, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Sarh A Almubark, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Awali Street, Makkah, 21955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tel +966544945596, Email
| | - Rasha A Almubark
- Scientific Department, Sharik Association for Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora A Althumiri
- Scientific Department, Sharik Association for Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel A H Alhamdan
- Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Y AlNujaidi
- College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alzayer
- Pharmacy Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaied Alkhamaali
- Medical Devices Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser F BinDhim
- Scientific Department, Sharik Association for Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Decision Support for Research and Studies, IDM, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Al-Jedai AH, Lomas J, Almudaiheem HY, Al-Ruthia YSH, Alghamdi S, Awad N, Alghamdi A, Alowairdhi MA, Alabdulkarim H, Almadi M, Bunyan RF, Ochalek J. Informing a cost-effectiveness threshold for Saudi Arabia. J Med Econ 2023; 26:128-138. [PMID: 36576804 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2022.2157141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 aims to reform health care across the Kingdom, with health technology assessment being adopted as one tool promising to improve the efficiency with which resources are used. An understanding of the opportunity costs of reimbursement decisions is key to fulfilling this promise and can be used to inform a cost-effectiveness threshold. This paper is the first to provide a range of estimates of this using existing evidence extrapolated to the context of Saudi Arabia. METHODS AND MATERIALS We use four approaches to estimate the marginal cost per unit of health produced by the healthcare system; drawing from existing evidence provided by a cross-country analysis, two alternative estimates from the UK context, and based on extrapolating a UK estimate using evidence on the income elasticity of the value of health. Consequences of estimation error are explored. RESULTS Based on the four approaches, we find a range of SAR 42,046 per QALY gained (48% of GDP per capita) to SAR 215,120 per QALY gained (246% of GDP per capita). Calculated potential central estimates from the average of estimated health gains based on each source gives a range of SAR 50,000-75,000. The results are in line with estimates from the emerging literature from across the world. CONCLUSION A cost-effectiveness threshold reflecting health opportunity costs can aid decision-making. Applying a cost-effectiveness threshold based on the range SAR 50,000 to 75,000 per QALY gained would ensure that resource allocation decisions in healthcare can in be informed in a way that accounts for health opportunity costs. LIMITATIONS A limitation is that it is not based on a within-country study for Saudi Arabia, which represents a promising line of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamdan Al-Jedai
- Therapeutic Affairs, Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James Lomas
- Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Awad
- IQVIA Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahlam Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hana Alabdulkarim
- Drug Policy and Economic Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Almadi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem F Bunyan
- Center for Improving Value in Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Ash Sharqiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jessica Ochalek
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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14
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Katoue MG, Cerda AA, García LY, Jakovljevic M. Healthcare system development in the Middle East and North Africa region: Challenges, endeavors and prospective opportunities. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1045739. [PMID: 36620278 PMCID: PMC9815436 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1045739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have been investing in the development of their health systems through implementing reforms to improve health care delivery for their nations. However, these countries are still facing challenges in providing equitable, high quality healthcare services. There is limited published literature supporting the previous and ongoing attempts that have been made to improve health system performance in MENA countries. Aims This review aims to describe experiences of health system development efforts in the MENA region, highlight progress, identify challenges that need be addressed and future opportunities to achieve responsive and efficient health systems. It also aimed to provide recommendations to further support these health systems toward evolution and performance improvement. Methods A literature review was conducted by searching different databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and other electronic resources to identify articles and publications describing health systems development in the MENA region from 1975 to 2022. It also included grey literature, reports and policy and planning documents by international organizations. The identified references were reviewed to extract, analyze, organize and report the findings. Results The review revealed emerging evidence describing governmental initiatives to introduce health system reforms at different levels in the MENA countries. These include initiatives targeting the various elements controlling health system reform: financing, payment, organization, regulation and behavior of providers and consumers. There are several challenges facing the health systems of MENA countries including the rising burden of chronic diseases, inequitable access to health services, deficiency in health workforce, shortage in the use of effective health information systems and leadership challenges. The review identified several key areas that can benefit from further improvement to support health system reforms. These include improving the structure, organization and financing of health systems, health workforce development, effective data management and engagement of key stakeholders to achieve adequate health system reforms. Conclusion The MENA countries have made significant steps to improve the performance of their health systems; yet achieving a comprehensive health reform will require collaboration of various stakeholders including health policy makers, healthcare professionals, and central to the success of the reform, the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Gamal Katoue
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait,*Correspondence: Maram Gamal Katoue
| | - Arcadio A. Cerda
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Leidy Y. García
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia,Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University Faculty of Economics, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Global Health Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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15
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Alsughayyir J, Almalki Y, Alburayk I, Alalshaik M, Aljoni I, Kandel M, Alfhili MA, Alabdullateef AA. Prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections in Saudi Arabia blood donors: A nationwide, cross-sectional study. Saudi Med J 2022; 43:1363-1372. [PMID: 36517064 PMCID: PMC9994514 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.12.20220634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish a nationwide epidemiological profile of transfusion-transmittable infection (TTI) markers among seemingly healthy blood donors to update policies required to ensure blood safety. METHODS A nationwide, cross-sectional study was designed to examine donor demographics and TTI prevalence during 2020 using data provided by the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. RESULTS Collectively, a total of 375,218 whole blood units were donated, of which 32,758 (8.7%) were excluded due to TTI-related risk. The exclusion was based on a positive nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) or seroreactivity to hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I/II), syphilis, or malaria. Notably, the central (37.6%) and southern (33%) regions were the epicenters of TTI-reactive blood donors. Hepatitis B virus markers accounted for 85.7% and were the overall most prevalent of TTI-positive donations, followed by HCV at 5.9% and syphilis at 5.6%. In particular, anti-HBc and HBsAg were most prevalent in the south, while HBV NAT was highest in the center. CONCLUSION Hepatitis B virus, HCV, and syphilis carry the greatest risk of TTI in Saudi Arabia. Including HBsAg screening is a necessary precautious measure to maintain blood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher Alsughayyir
- From the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research (Alfhili), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, (Alsughayyir, Alalshaik,), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University; from the Division of Hematology (Almalki), King Khalid University Hospital; from the Blood Transfusion Services Operation Centre (Aljoni, Kandel, Alabdullateef Ministry of Health, Riyadh; and from the Maternity and Children Hospital (Alburayk), Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yasser Almalki
- From the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research (Alfhili), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, (Alsughayyir, Alalshaik,), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University; from the Division of Hematology (Almalki), King Khalid University Hospital; from the Blood Transfusion Services Operation Centre (Aljoni, Kandel, Alabdullateef Ministry of Health, Riyadh; and from the Maternity and Children Hospital (Alburayk), Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Imtinan Alburayk
- From the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research (Alfhili), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, (Alsughayyir, Alalshaik,), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University; from the Division of Hematology (Almalki), King Khalid University Hospital; from the Blood Transfusion Services Operation Centre (Aljoni, Kandel, Alabdullateef Ministry of Health, Riyadh; and from the Maternity and Children Hospital (Alburayk), Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohrah Alalshaik
- From the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research (Alfhili), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, (Alsughayyir, Alalshaik,), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University; from the Division of Hematology (Almalki), King Khalid University Hospital; from the Blood Transfusion Services Operation Centre (Aljoni, Kandel, Alabdullateef Ministry of Health, Riyadh; and from the Maternity and Children Hospital (Alburayk), Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim Aljoni
- From the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research (Alfhili), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, (Alsughayyir, Alalshaik,), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University; from the Division of Hematology (Almalki), King Khalid University Hospital; from the Blood Transfusion Services Operation Centre (Aljoni, Kandel, Alabdullateef Ministry of Health, Riyadh; and from the Maternity and Children Hospital (Alburayk), Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mona Kandel
- From the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research (Alfhili), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, (Alsughayyir, Alalshaik,), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University; from the Division of Hematology (Almalki), King Khalid University Hospital; from the Blood Transfusion Services Operation Centre (Aljoni, Kandel, Alabdullateef Ministry of Health, Riyadh; and from the Maternity and Children Hospital (Alburayk), Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad A. Alfhili
- From the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research (Alfhili), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, (Alsughayyir, Alalshaik,), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University; from the Division of Hematology (Almalki), King Khalid University Hospital; from the Blood Transfusion Services Operation Centre (Aljoni, Kandel, Alabdullateef Ministry of Health, Riyadh; and from the Maternity and Children Hospital (Alburayk), Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulmajeed A. Alabdullateef
- From the Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research (Alfhili), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, (Alsughayyir, Alalshaik,), College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University; from the Division of Hematology (Almalki), King Khalid University Hospital; from the Blood Transfusion Services Operation Centre (Aljoni, Kandel, Alabdullateef Ministry of Health, Riyadh; and from the Maternity and Children Hospital (Alburayk), Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Alsufyani AM, Aboshaiqah AE, Alshehri FA, Alsufyani YM. Impact of emotional intelligence on work performance: The mediating role of occupational stress among nurses. J Nurs Scholarsh 2022; 54:738-749. [PMID: 35650636 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An occupational stress was reported as an inhibitor of optimal performance among nurses. Emotional intelligence (EI) has emerged as a successful behavioral buffer against occupational stress and as a facilitator for better performance. This study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between nurses' EI and their work performance; and to examine the mediating role of occupational stress. DESIGN A predictive correlational design was adopted. METHOD Self-reported questionnaires were administered to 391 full-time bedside nurses recruited from one of the big hospitals in Saudi Arabia, between April and June 2021. Data were coded and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses. The significance level for all tests was set at p ≤ 0.05. Bonferroni correction method was used to control the family-wise error rate. RESULTS The findings revealed an affirmative association between nurses' EI and work performance (β = 0.69, p < 0.001; r2 = 0.483). Additionally, an inverse association was established between nurses' EI and their perception of occupational stress (β = -0.54, p < 0.001; r2 = 0.286), and between nurses' perception of occupational stress and work performance (β = -0.52; p < 0.001; r2 = 0.226). Additionally, our results showed that occupational stress played a mediating role in the relationship between nurses' EI and work performance. CONCLUSION This study presented a novel framework that includes two factors affecting work performance among nurses in Saudi Arabia. Our results suggest that EI is vital for effective work performance among nurses. Additionally, EI was found to be a useful coping strategy against occupational stress. CLINICAL RELEVANCE EI has been described as a valuable asset for better performance and effective group cohesiveness among nurses. Optimal nurses᾽ performance leads to meeting patients᾽ needs and organizational goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fawzeih Ayed Alshehri
- College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Social Home, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alasiri AA, Mohammed V. Healthcare Transformation in Saudi Arabia: An Overview Since the Launch of Vision 2030. Health Serv Insights 2022; 15:11786329221121214. [PMID: 36081830 PMCID: PMC9445529 DOI: 10.1177/11786329221121214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 has taken a centre stage in the development of its healthcare sector through privatization adopting Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). The objective of this study is to provide an overview of healthcare transformation in Saudi Arabia since the launch of the ambitious Vision 2030, identifying issues those need to be addressed and steps taken towards provision of health systems transformation. Literature review was based on extensive review of published and unpublished articles, where different search engines and databases searched using the key words: ‘Saudi Healthcare’, ‘Healthcare transformation’, ‘Saudi vision: 2030’, ‘Public-Private Partnerships’ and ‘Privatization’, in addition to secondary data as published in government reports, policy, government strategy documents and pertinent press releases. The future of the healthcare like many other developing economies continues to weigh policies for universal coverage while containing costs and the national transformation programme driven by social and economic factors has implemented strategic steps to develop its private healthcare system that includes: establishing health clusters, National Centre for Privatization & PPP – an official enabler for privatization of all government sectors and recently approved Private Sector Participation (PSP) Law involves several legislative enablers designed to enhance investor confidence in the privatization process. Although this study demonstrates systemic legislative progress to facilitate transformation process of healthcare sector, also endorses caution and research in identifying barriers to the implementation of PPPs, Saudi workforce development, implementing effective revenue cycle management function for healthcare reimbursement and ensuring vulnerable population access to good quality and tertiary healthcare. As healthcare of Saudi Arabia embarks on the transformation journey facing daunting challenges, but it appears that the government has laid out a roadmap with the legislative framework; however it is important that there is ongoing monitoring with adjustments as this complex and multifaceted process proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Alasiri
- College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Viqaruddin Mohammed
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Almalki ZS, Alahmari AK, Alqahtani N, Alzarea AI, Alshehri AM, Alruwaybiah AM, Alanazi BA, Alqahtani AM, Ahmed NJ. Households' Direct Economic Burden Associated with Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9736. [PMID: 35955092 PMCID: PMC9368111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Households' economic burden associated with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a deterrent to healthcare access, adversely impacting patients' health. Therefore, we investigated the extent of out-of-pocket (OOP) spending among individuals diagnosed with chronic NCDs among household members in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among households in Riyadh Province from the beginning of January 2021 to the end of June 2021. The respondents were asked to record OOP spending throughout the past three months in their health. A generalized linear regression model was used to determine the effects of several factors on the level of OOP spending. A total of 39.6% of the households studied had at least one member with a chronic NCD. Diabetes patients spent an average of SAR 932 (USD 248), hypertension patients SAR 606 (USD 162), and hypothyroid patients SAR 402 (USD 107). It was shown that households with older and more educated members had greater OOP spending. Households with an employed head of household, more family members, higher SES status, health insurance coverage, and urban residency had significantly higher OOP expenditure. The burden of OOP spending for chronic NCD households remains high, with some disparities. The research offers important information for decision making to lower OOP cost among NCD households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad S. Almalki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah K. Alahmari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Alqahtani
- Drug & Pharmaceutical Affairs, Riyadh First Health Cluster (C1) at Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed M. Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Alruwaybiah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader A. Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhadi M. Alqahtani
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Clinical Research Department, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad J. Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 16278, Saudi Arabia
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Bin Shihah AS, Alrashed AH, Al-Abduljabbar KA, Alamri HA, Shafiq M, Ahmed MN, Alkhenizan AH. Awareness of medical law among health care practitioners in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2022; 43:954-958. [PMID: 35964962 PMCID: PMC9749680 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.8.20210920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the level of awareness of medical law among healthcare practitioners and to identify factors that influence that level of awareness in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 2020-2021 via a survey including 750 healthcare practitioners, from different specialties including all regions in Saudi Arabia. Participants included consultants, senior registrars, interns, and residents. RESULTS Majority of enrolled healthcare practitioners had poor awareness of medical law (approximately 97%). Only 1.5% had adequate awareness of medical law, and only 1.5% had moderate awareness. Factors associated with increased medical law awareness were the age group between 25 and 34, being from the central region, and having a clinical practice for less than 10 years p-value of <0.05. CONCLUSION Awareness of medical law among healthcare practitioners is limited in Saudi Arabia. Professional medico-legal education should be part of required competencies for undergraduate and postgraduate levels of medical education. Health care practitioners must be educated with laws and regulations of practicing health professions in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulelah S. Bin Shihah
- From the Department of Family Medicine & Polyclinics (Bin Shihah, Alrashed, Al-Abduljabbar, Shafiq, Ahmed, Alkhenizan), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh; and from the Department of Internal Medicine (Alamri), King Abdallah Hospital, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman H. Alrashed
- From the Department of Family Medicine & Polyclinics (Bin Shihah, Alrashed, Al-Abduljabbar, Shafiq, Ahmed, Alkhenizan), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh; and from the Department of Internal Medicine (Alamri), King Abdallah Hospital, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A. Al-Abduljabbar
- From the Department of Family Medicine & Polyclinics (Bin Shihah, Alrashed, Al-Abduljabbar, Shafiq, Ahmed, Alkhenizan), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh; and from the Department of Internal Medicine (Alamri), King Abdallah Hospital, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Alamri
- From the Department of Family Medicine & Polyclinics (Bin Shihah, Alrashed, Al-Abduljabbar, Shafiq, Ahmed, Alkhenizan), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh; and from the Department of Internal Medicine (Alamri), King Abdallah Hospital, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Shafiq
- From the Department of Family Medicine & Polyclinics (Bin Shihah, Alrashed, Al-Abduljabbar, Shafiq, Ahmed, Alkhenizan), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh; and from the Department of Internal Medicine (Alamri), King Abdallah Hospital, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mayada N. Ahmed
- From the Department of Family Medicine & Polyclinics (Bin Shihah, Alrashed, Al-Abduljabbar, Shafiq, Ahmed, Alkhenizan), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh; and from the Department of Internal Medicine (Alamri), King Abdallah Hospital, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah H. Alkhenizan
- From the Department of Family Medicine & Polyclinics (Bin Shihah, Alrashed, Al-Abduljabbar, Shafiq, Ahmed, Alkhenizan), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh; and from the Department of Internal Medicine (Alamri), King Abdallah Hospital, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Abdullah Alkhenizan, Department of Family Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-5200
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20
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Alharbi AA, Alqumaizi KI, Bin Hussain I, Alsabaani A, Arkoubi A, Alkaabba A, AlHazmi A, Alharbi NS, Suhail HM, Alqumaizi AK. Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Four Southern Regions Under the Proposed Southern Business Unit of Saudi Arabia. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:3573-3582. [PMID: 35386862 PMCID: PMC8979417 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s357552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This is the first descriptive and comparative study conducted of COVID-19 inpatients from multi-centers in the four administrative southern regions and proposed Southern Business Unit (Jazan, Najran, Bisha, and Aseer) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods Participants were 809 randomly selected patients admitted to the eight sampled hospitals with confirmed COVID-19 between March 2020 and February 2021. We assessed and compared socio-demographics, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes of the four regions. Results Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants are a mean age of 60 ± 17.7 years, 70% Saudi male, the prevalence of diabetes (DM2) 58%, hypertension (HTN) 48%, obesity 43%, cardiac diseases 15%, and immunity or cancer diseases almost 1%. The prevalence of complications during admission were bacterial pneumonia 65%, acquired respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 32%, sepsis 20%, multi-organ failure 18%, acute kidney diseases 15%, and arrhythmia 4%. Clinical outcomes were: admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) 52%, mortality rate 25%, referred to other facilities 9%, and mean length of stay (LOS) was 11± 9.5 days. We observed statistically significant variation in many variables among the four regions. Najran and Aseer had a higher prevalence of risk factors for severity including age and comorbidities accompanied by higher rates of complications, ICU admissions, LOS, and mortality. Bisha and Jazan had lower prevalence of risk factors and LOS with lower rates of complications, ICU admissions, and mortality. Conclusion This study reveals that the geographic region in which the patient was cared for was related to the severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection. Policy makers should search for solutions to regional differences in underlying health conditions such as DM2, HTN, and obesity to plan for improvements in preventive care as well as resource distribution to ensure quality for all Saudi citizens. This study will serve as guidance to begin to form strategies for these improvements as envisioned in the future New Model of Care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid I Alqumaizi
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Bin Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Southern Business Unit, Health Holding Company Project, Healthcare Transformation, Vision Realization Office, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsabaani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Arkoubi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alkaabba
- Department of Family Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa AlHazmi
- Southern Business Unit, Health Holding Company Project, Healthcare Transformation, Vision Realization Office, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser S Alharbi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam M Suhail
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah K Alqumaizi
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Alfawzan A, Altalhab S, Alkhowailed M. Dermatology workforce over a decade in Saudi Arabia: demographics, distributions, and future challenges. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2022; 20:29. [PMID: 35346241 PMCID: PMC8959278 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-022-00725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dermatology workforce is an important topic, as many countries are facing an undersupply of dermatologists, while some are expecting a surplus. Therefore, we conducted this study to identify the current dermatology workforce demographics in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the changes in such demographics over the last 10 years to identify future workforce-related challenges. METHODS This study was conducted in SA, and it included all the practicing dermatologists in the country over the last decade (2010-2020). The number of practicing dermatologists, their gender, their nationality, and dermatology residency candidates and graduates were obtained from the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCFHS). The geographic distribution of dermatologists was obtained from the Ministry of Health Statistical Yearbook 2018. RESULTS As of September 2020, there were 2678 practicing dermatologists in SA at a ratio of 7.82 dermatologists per 100 000 people. Of the 2678 dermatologists, only 24.8% were Saudis. The Saudi dermatologist ratio has been almost constant over 10 years, ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 per 100 000 people. Of all Saudi dermatologists, 42% were female. The number of residents who graduated from the residency program was not consistent for each year and ranged from 4 to 25. The number of dermatologists varied by region, with 9.2 in Riyadh and 3.4 in Najran per 100 000 people. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study revealed that a quarter of dermatologists in SA are Saudis. In addition, the number of non-Saudi dermatologists has increased in the last 10 years, while the number of Saudi dermatologists to the population has remained almost constant. There is also a geographic maldistribution of dermatologists, with urban areas having a higher number of dermatologists than rural areas. We encourage local studies that can elucidate the factors influencing the workforce, such as the dermatologist appointment waiting time, dermatologists' working hours, and the geographic maldistribution of dermatologists in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alfawzan
- Division of Dermatology, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Altalhab
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alkhowailed
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Al Shareef HJ, Al Harbi A, Alatawi Y, Aljabri A, Al-Ghanmi MA, Alzahrani MS, Algarni MA, Khobrani A, Haseeb A, AlSenani F, Elrggal ME. Evaluate the Effectiveness of Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) Program in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040441. [PMID: 35453192 PMCID: PMC9026843 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) is a well-established and cost-effective measure that improves the efficient use of healthcare resources and increases bed availability. Only limited published data is available to illustrate OPAT implementation and outcomes in Saudi Arabia. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of OPAT in a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia. (2) Methods: In this retrospective study, clinical charts of enrolled patients were reviewed in a tertiary care center from the initial month of November 2017 to March 2020. All admitted patients with a central line and who enrolled in the OPAT of the hospital during this study period were included. The primary outcome was the 30-days readmission rate of OPAT patients. Secondary outcomes were factors associated with OPAT failure. Descriptive analysis of the data was used to express the results. (3) Results: We enrolled 90 patients; 54 (60%) were male; the mean age was 55.16 (±17.7) years old. The mean duration of the antimicrobial treatment was 21.9 (+24.6) days. All patients completed the intended course of therapy. Ertapenem was the most frequently used antimicrobial (43%), followed by vancomycin (11.2%). Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections in 25 patients (26.9%), followed by osteomyelitis in 16 patients (17.2%). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E.coli was the highest common isolated microorganism (44.9%), followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (16.9%). The readmission to the hospital during therapy was required for 12 patients (13.3%). Shifting from hospital care to OPAT care resulted in cost savings of 18 million SAR in the overall assessment period and avoided a total of 1984 patient days of hospitalization. (4) Conclusion: The findings have shown that OPAT therapy was effective with minimum hospital readmissions and therapy complications. OPAT programs can reduce healthcare costs and should be integrated into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen J. Al Shareef
- Clinical Pharmacy, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (H.J.A.S.); (M.A.A.-G.); (A.K.)
| | - Adnan Al Harbi
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.H.); (A.H.); (F.A.)
| | - Yasser Alatawi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Aljabri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Ghanmi
- Clinical Pharmacy, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (H.J.A.S.); (M.A.A.-G.); (A.K.)
| | - Mohammed S. Alzahrani
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Majed Ahmed Algarni
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Attiah Khobrani
- Clinical Pharmacy, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (H.J.A.S.); (M.A.A.-G.); (A.K.)
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.H.); (A.H.); (F.A.)
| | - Faisal AlSenani
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.H.); (A.H.); (F.A.)
| | - Mahmoud E. Elrggal
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.H.); (A.H.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence: or
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Improving the Environmental Footprint through Employees: A Case of Female Leaders from the Perspective of CSR. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413082. [PMID: 34948692 PMCID: PMC8701220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental quality strongly depends on human behavior patterns. Many environmental challenges are rooted in human actions, and thus, it is believed that these problems can be reduced through the promotion of pro-environmental behaviors (PB). Owing to this reality, the current study aims to reduce the environmental footprint of a hospital by promoting its employees' environment-specific behavior via corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ethical leadership (EL). More importantly, the study also considered the role of female leaders in the proposed relationship. The current study collected the data from the respondents employed in different hospitals of a developing economy through a questionnaire (paper-pencil method). A total of 489 valid responses were collected, which were analyzed by employing the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. As per the current study's findings, there is a positive relationship between CSR, while EL mediates between CSR and PB. Likewise, the moderating role of female leaders in the proposed relationship was more significant than that of male leaders. More specifically, the study's findings have considerable theoretical and practical implications, as it opens paths for researchers to further investigate the applicability of different dimensions of CSR and the role of gender in environmental sustainability. It provides insight to policymakers on how to restructure their CSR preferences, priorities on the environment, and gender differences.
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24
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Alharbi AA, Alqassim AY, Muaddi MA, Alghamdi SS. Regional Differences in COVID-19 Mortality Rates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Simulation of the New Model of Care. Cureus 2021; 13:e20797. [PMID: 34987945 PMCID: PMC8716006 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess regional COVID-19 mortality rates and compare the five proposed business units (BUs). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). We included 1743 adults (≥ 18 years of age) with COVID-19 admitted to any of 30 MOH hospitals. Results The inpatients had confirmed mild to severe COVID-19 between March and mid-July 2020. The central BU (Riyadh) was used as the reference. MOH electronic health record data were reviewed and utilized, including variables reflecting hospital course (mortality and discharge status). The primary outcome was COVID-19-related inpatient death. Covariates included patient demographics, pre-existing chronic diseases, and COVID-19-related complications. The data were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. KSA inpatient mortality was 30%. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that COVID-19-related mortality was significantly higher in the northern and western BUs and significantly lower in the southern and eastern BUs than in the central BU. On controlling for other variables, adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for essential COVID-19 mortality predictors during admission, using the central BU as a reference, were as 9.90 [95% CI, 4.53-21.61] and 1.55 [95% CI, 1.04-2.13] times higher in the northern and western BUs, respectively, and 0.60 [95% CI, 0.36-0.99] and 0.23 [95% CI, 0.14-0.038] times lower in the southern and eastern BUs, respectively. Conclusion The five BUs differed in COVID-19 mortality rates after adjusting for patient and disease characteristics, with the differences consistent with those in the regions comprising the BUs. These outcome differences apparently relate to differences in healthcare resources and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Ahmad Y Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Mohammed A Muaddi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Saleh S Alghamdi
- Clinical Audit General Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
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25
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Rahman R, Salam MA. Policy Discourses: Shifting the Burden of Healthcare from the State to the Market in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2021; 58:469580211017655. [PMID: 34014129 PMCID: PMC8142522 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211017655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Saudi Arabia has modified from a predominantly free, public, and comprehensive system under a welfare model to more of a mixed-economy model of healthcare. The welfare state slowly moved to a liberal model, emphasizing market forces to dominate in the provision of healthcare and the private sector was trusted to provide a better provision of healthcare. The country has to confront enormous problems in the health sector due to population growth, lifestyle changes, the shift of disease patterns, elevated expectations, escalated healthcare costs, limited infrastructure and resources, and poor management practice in the provision of healthcare. Moreover, the government has been emphasizing the need to bring in private sector investment to improve quality and efficiency, development of manpower, and standardization of services. As the current pattern of healthcare is unsustainable, the country is planning to restructure the present healthcare system toward institutionalizing it to meet future challenges. The governments must make an appropriate amount of effort to build their healthcare systems by transforming and modifying the challenges faced by society and its political-economic systems. The government should encourage equity, and fairness in the provision of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redwanur Rahman
- Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Athar Institute of Health and Management Studies (AIHMS), New Delhi, India
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26
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Almansour HA, Aloudah NM, Alhawassi TM, Chaar B, Krass I, Saini B. Cardiovascular disease risk prevention services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia: what do policymakers and opinion leaders think? J Pharm Policy Pract 2021; 14:42. [PMID: 33958004 PMCID: PMC8100751 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-021-00319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an emerging contributor to national morbidity and mortality in Saudi Arabia. CVD risk prevention services are limited, particularly with an over-utilised public health sector and an under-utilised and under-resourced primary care sector. Globally, there is evidence that community pharmacists can play a key role in CVD prevention within primary care. However, the perspectives of policymakers and opinion leaders are critical to successful translation of evidence into practice. Thus, the aim was to engage policymakers and professional leaders in discussions about implementing high-quality CVD risk prevention services in community pharmacy. Methods Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. All transcripts were thematically analysed. Results A total of 23 participants (87% male) from government and non-government sectors were interviewed. Of these, almost 65% had pharmacy qualifications. Limited provision of CVD risks preventative services in primary care was acknowledged by most participants and building community pharmacists’ capacity to assist in preventive health services was viewed favourably as one way of improving the status quo. The data yielded four key themes: (1) future pharmacy CVD health service models; (2) demonstrable outcomes; (3) professional engagement and advocacy; and (4) implementability. CVD health services roles (health screening, primary and secondary prevention services), pragmatic factors and tiered models of care (minimal, medium, and comprehensive pharmacist involvement) were discussed. The need for humanistic, clinical, and cost effectiveness outcomes to be demonstrated and active involvement of professional bodies were deemed important for such services to be sustainable. Professional pharmacy governance to develop pharmacy careers and workforce, pharmacy curricular reform and ongoing education were posed as key success factors for novel pharmacy roles. Practice policies, standards, and guidelines were seen as required to adhere to stringent quality control for future pharmacy services provision. Participant’s implementation vision for such services included scalability, affordability, access, adoption and health system reform. Most discussions focused on the need for structural improvement with limited input regarding processes or outcomes required to establish such models. Conclusions Most participants favoured pharmacy-based CVD risk prevention services, despite the variability in proposed service models. However, prior to developing such services, support structures at the health system and health professional level are needed as well as building public support and acceptability for pharmacy services. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40545-021-00319-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi A Almansour
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Building Number A15, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Nouf M Aloudah
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq M Alhawassi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Betty Chaar
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Building Number A15, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ines Krass
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Building Number A15, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bandana Saini
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Building Number A15, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Al-Hanawi MK, Mwale ML, Qattan AMN. Health Insurance and Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure on Health and Medicine: Heterogeneities along Income. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638035. [PMID: 33995042 PMCID: PMC8120147 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Achieving universal health coverage is an important objective enshrined in the 2015 global Sustainable Development Goals. However, the rising cost of healthcare remains an obstacle to the attainment of the universal health coverage. Health insurance is considered an option to reduce out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on health and medicine. Nevertheless, the relationship between insurance and the OOP along welfare distributions is not well understood. This study investigates the heterogeneous association between health insurance and OOP expenditure on health and medicine, along income, using data from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study used data of 8655 individuals drawn from the Saudi Family Health Survey conducted in 2018. The study adopts Tobit models to account for possible corner solution due to individuals with zero expenditure on health. We minimize the confounding effects of non-random selection into the insurance program by estimating the Tobit equations on a sample weighted by inverse propensity scores of insurance participation. In addition, we test whether the health insurance differently relates to OOP on health and medicine amongst people with access to free medical care as opposed to those without this privilege. The study estimates separate models for OOP expenditure on health and on medicines. Results: Health insurance reduces OOP expenditure on health by 2.0% and OOP expenditure on medicine by 2.4% amongst the general population while increasing the OOP expenditure on health by 0.2% and OOP expenditure on medicine by 0.2%, once income of the insured rises. The relationship between the insurance and OOP expenditure is robust only amongst the citizens, a sub-sample that also has access to free public healthcare. Specifically, the insurance reduces OOP expenditure on health by 3.6% and OOP on medicine by 5.2% and increases OOP expenditure on health by 0.4% and OOP expenditure on medicine by 0.5% once income of the insured increases amongst Saudi citizens. In addition, targeting medicines can lead to greater changes in OOP. The relationship between insurance and OOP is stronger for medicine relative to that observed on health expenditure. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that insurance induces different effects along the income spectrum. Hence, policy needs to be aware of the possible welfare distribution impacts of upscaling or downscaling the coverage of insurance amongst the populations, while pursuing universal healthcare coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi
- Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Limbikani Mwale
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ameerah M N Qattan
- Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Rahman R, Qattan A. Vision 2030 and Sustainable Development: State Capacity to Revitalize the Healthcare System in Saudi Arabia. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2021; 58:46958020984682. [PMID: 33567959 PMCID: PMC7882744 DOI: 10.1177/0046958020984682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vision 2030 is a social and economic strategic program by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) aimed at diversifying the nation's economy and stimulating numerous changes in its social and economic sectors, including in healthcare. Sustainable Development (SD) 2030 is a global consensual agreement among nation-states to build a sustainable, desirable and progressively interrelated world. The Saudi government highlighted Vision 2030 to improve population health and the world body reiterated that SD 2030 will contribute to "healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages." This article analyzes the state capacity in revitalizing the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia with the context of Vision 2030 and SD 2030. Scoping reviews and thematic data analysis techniques were used as a method of this study. The realization of Vision 2030 is essential for the fulfilment of the SD Goals 2030. The government has realigned its national programs, plans and strategies with global development targets, indicators, and goals to achieve the SD Goals. Achieving SD 2030 is seen as the main component of development for health. Prudent reforms should be taken to accommodate the goals and objectives of Vision 2030 and SD 2030. These measures will help strengthen governance and state capacity so as to ultimately revitalize the Saudi healthcare system and improve population health. Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 encourages the state to play a renewed role in development in light of the UN's declaration of the "right to development." While pursuing SD Goals, the state must create the necessary environment for sustaining capacity, need to improve service delivery by building cooperation and coordination among providers and interactions among groups to realize constructive roles and functions in maintaining state affairs, which ultimately enhances state capacity to revitalize healthcare system of Saudi Arabia.
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Rahman R, Al-Borie HM. Strengthening the Saudi Arabian healthcare system: Role of Vision 2030. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2020.1788334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Redwanur Rahman
- Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Hussein M. Al-Borie
- Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
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