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Chen B, Zhang C, Feng F, Xian H, Zhao Y. The association between social class and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116432. [PMID: 38039768 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Substantial evidence links social class with aggression. Despite lower social class being recognized as a risk factor for high levels of aggression, the findings of this association have been inconsistent. Some studies have indeed illustrated that a social class level is inversely associated with aggression, while other studies have demonstrated positive or null associations. OBJECTIVE To clarify previously inconsistent findings, this meta-analysis assesses the overall magnitude of this relationship and examines the potential moderators. METHODS A total of 268 studies met the inclusion criteria, and we used 546 effect sizes in 357 independent samples from these studies. A random-effects meta-analytic model was employed and several moderator analyses were conducted. RESULTS Overall, social class shared a small but significant negative relationship with aggression (r = -0.092). Moderator analyses suggested that study-level (e.g., type of study, and national differences), sample-level (e.g., age), class-level (e.g., type, assessment, and source of social class), and aggression-level (e.g., type of aggression) characteristics accounted for heterogeneity in the relationship. Additional analyses also revealed the robustness of these effects with little evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Living in disadvantaged socioecological environments, lower-class individuals may exhibit more aggression to adapt to threats. Moreover, the relationship between social class and aggression is not fixed and can change with specific contexts, and aggression is not an essential feature of a particular social group. This research hopes to inspire future studies to explore the association between social class and aggression more thoroughly. Additionally, it provides insights into how to reduce aggression among lower-class individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Faculty of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Fan Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hua Xian
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yufang Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Center for Studies of Education and Psychology of Minorities in Southwest China, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Bhatta TR. Intersecting Early-Life Selection Mechanisms: Socio-Historical Changes in Racially Stratified Effects of Education on Functional Limitations in the United States. J Aging Health 2023; 35:242-255. [PMID: 36073190 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221124657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scant research has focused on the role of sociohistorical changes in shaping intersecting early-life selection mechanisms and their impacts on racially stratified effects of education on health across cohorts. METHOD Drawing from the Health and Retirement Survey, this study fitted negative binomial regression models to assess the impacts of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) on the relationship between education and functional limitations for Black and White adults across birth cohorts (n = 16,269, born 1931-1959). RESULTS The disparities between Black adults and White adults in impacts of childhood SES on both education and functional limitations were more pronounced in recent cohorts. The racial stratification in the impacts of education on functional limitations was documented across cohorts. However, after adjusting for childhood SES, this stratification narrowed considerably in recent cohorts. DISCUSSION This study underscores the role of a sociohistorical context in shaping the effects of education on health at the intersection of race and cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth R Bhatta
- Department of Sociology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Sun S, Lee H, Hudson DL. Racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between wealth and health across young adulthood. SSM Popul Health 2023; 21:101313. [PMID: 36589274 PMCID: PMC9798167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
•Wealth attenuated racial differences in self-rated health during young adulthood.•Wealth had consistent incremental effect on health among White & Hispanic Americans.•For Black Americans, wealth was protective of health in the highest wealth quartile.•Individual wealth, not parental wealth was associated with health among Hispanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Sun
- School of Social Welfare, The University of Kansas, 1545 Lilac Lane, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, 417 Chapel Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Darrell L. Hudson
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1196, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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Cho S. Relationships Between Perceived Neighborhood Disorder and Depressive Symptomatology: The Stress Buffering Effects of Social Support Among Older Adults. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 37:45-56. [PMID: 34488567 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2021.1974636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Existing research indicates neighborhood is an important determinant of depressive symptoms. However, this research has several limitations. These include a lack of investigation of older adults' experiences and of social support as a possible moderator. The current study aims to fill these gaps by increasing knowledge about the relationships between perceived neighborhood disorder and depressive symptoms among older adults. Applying stress process theory, this study investigated the relationships between two subjective indicators of neighborhood stressors - physical and social perceived neighborhood disorder and depressive symptoms. This study also tested whether social support moderated the effects of the neighborhood stressors on depressive symptoms. This study was based on secondary data analysis from the Health and Retirement Study 2016 (N = 3,684; age 50+). This study applied a negative binomial regression in that the outcome was a count variable. The results showed the stress buffering effects of social support were not significant for both perceived neighborhood social disorder and physical disorder. Not as a moderator but as the main effect, lower social support was significantly related to higher depressive symptoms. Having a depression history, lower self-rated health, female, and lower education were also related to higher depressive symptoms. This study contributes to social work practice by addressing older adults' depressive symptomatology. Findings identified vulnerable older adults to target for interventions based on individual characteristics. Focusing on social support should be a vital component of interventions. Social workers can help older adults maintain and strengthen their social support, with beneficial effects on their depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjong Cho
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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5
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Okamoto S. Parental socioeconomic status and adolescent health in Japan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12089. [PMID: 34103647 PMCID: PMC8187727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no consensus on which parental socioeconomic indicators should be used to define adolescents’ socioeconomic status (SES). Utilising the data for 3154 parent-adolescent pairs obtained from the sample of the Survey of Lifestyle Value of Parents and Children 2011 conducted by the Cabinet Office in Japan, the associations between adolescent’s subjective economic status, parental SES (i.e. education, occupation, and household income), and child health-related outcomes (i.e. self-rated health, dietary and oral health behaviours) were analysed using multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic regression to investigate heterogeneity in these relationships across SES indicators and health outcome measures. Results demonstrated that income was the strongest predictor of adolescent health outcomes, suggesting that adolescents in the middle- or high-income groups tended to report better health status compared to the low-income group, have a higher frequency of having breakfast, and more likely to regularly brush their teeth by 24% (OR 1.24, 95% CI [1.06–1.46]) to 66% (OR 1.66, 95% CI [1.30–2.12]). Parental education was also related to child health-related behaviours, with higher levels of habitual healthy behaviours being observed in the middle- and high-education groups than in the low-education group by 15% (OR 1.15, 95% CI [1.01–1.32]) to 63% (OR 1.63, 95% CI [1.31–2.03]). Future studies regarding health disparities among children/adolescents should carefully choose an SES indicator, taking multiple pathways between each SES indicator and health/health behaviours into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Okamoto
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Li M, O'Donnell KJ, Caron J, D'Arcy C, Meng X. Impact of parental socioeconomic status on offspring's mental health: protocol for a longitudinal community-based study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e038409. [PMID: 33593762 PMCID: PMC7888321 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Socioeconomic status (SES) affects physical and mental health and cognitive functioning. The association between SES changes (SES mobility) and health has ethical and political implications in that the pernicious effects of inequality and the differential impact on social classes of economic and social policies. There is a lack of research conducted to explore the intergenerational transmission of parental SES changes on the offspring's mental health and cognitive functioning. We aim to fill this gap and identify roles of parental SES changes in offspring's mental health and cognitive outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will be based on a longitudinal cohort from the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec. Participants and their biological offspring will be invited to this study. For those with informed consent, we will collect their information on mental health, psychiatric disorders, cognitive functioning and early life experiences for offspring. Latent class growth analysis will be used to identify parental SES mobility groups. Multivariate regression analyses will be used to explore the roles of early life stress, parental SES mobility and their interactions in psychiatric disorders and cognitive functioning. Subgroup analyses (males and females) are also planned. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been given ethical approval by the Research Ethics Board of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute (IUSMD-18/17). Each participant will provide informed consent on participation. We will disseminate research findings through publication in peer-reviewed academic journals and presentations at conferences. Lay summaries of major research findings will also be shared annually with our partners in the health system and community agencies located in the catchment area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- Research Centre, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Research Centre, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Yale Child Study Center & Department of Obstetrics Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jean Caron
- Research Centre, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carl D'Arcy
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Xiangfei Meng
- Research Centre, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Meng X, Liu A, D’Arcy C, Caron J. Baseline income, follow-up income, income mobility and their roles in mental disorders: a longitudinal intra-generational community-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:181. [PMID: 32321452 PMCID: PMC7178939 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a number of studies have found that income mobility associated with an elevated risk of mental disorders, existing research does not provide sufficient evidence of how exactly individuals' experience of income mobility per se affects their risk of mental health outcomes. This present study aimed to explore roles of baseline income, follow-up income, and income mobility in the development of mental disorders using an intra-generational, longitudinal follow-up study. METHODS We used data from the Montreal South-West Longitudinal Catchment Area Study. A total of 1117 participants with complete information both on income and past 12-month diagnoses of mental disorders were selected for this study. Diagonal Reference Models were used to simultaneously examine roles of income at baseline, income at follow-up, and income mobility in mental disorders during a 4-year follow-up. RESULTS Both baseline and follow-up income were important predictors for any mental disorder and major depression among males and females. Those with low income had a higher risk of any mental disorders and major depression. No evidence was found to support an association between income mobility (neither downwards nor upwards) and mental disorders. Marital status was uniquely associated with any mental disorder among males. Having a pre-existing diagnosis of any mental disorder at origin was associated with any mental disorder and major depression at the end of the 4-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study first simultaneously examined roles of income at baseline, at follow-up, and mobility in mental disorders among a large-scale intra-generational community-based study. This present study provides additional evidence on how income is associated with an individuals' likelihood of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Meng
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. .,Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Aihua Liu
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carl D’Arcy
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada ,grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XSchool of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jean Caron
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada ,Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Unpacking the link between socioeconomic status and behavior problems: A second-order meta-analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1889-1906. [PMID: 30259823 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence links socioeconomic status to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. However, it is unclear how these two categories of behavior problems relate to specific components of socioeconomic status (e.g., income, educational attainment, and occupational prestige) or overall social status. In this study, we conducted a second-order meta-analysis to estimate the average associations of income, education, occupation, and overall socioeconomic status with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and to examine if age, sex, and race/ethnicity moderated these associations. Our systematic search in PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global identified 12 meta-analyses (17% unpublished), including approximately 474 primary studies and 327,617 participants. In relation to internalizing, we found small average associations with income, r+ = -.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-.31, -.04], and education, r+ = -.12, 95% CI [-.15, -.09]. In relation to externalizing, we found smaller associations with income, r+ = -.02, 95% CI [-.15, .10], education, r+ = -.03, 95% CI [-.16, .10], and overall socioeconomic status, r+ = -.05, 95% CI [-.11, .01], but these CIs included zero. Only sex composition of the samples moderated the latter association. We provide recommendations for best practices and future research directions.
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10
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Schrock JM, Adler NE, Epel ES, Nuru-Jeter AM, Lin J, Blackburn EH, Taylor RJ, Chae DH. Socioeconomic Status, Financial Strain, and Leukocyte Telomere Length in a Sample of African American Midlife Men. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2017. [PMID: 28634877 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American men in the USA experience poorer aging-related health outcomes compared to their White counterparts, partially due to socioeconomic disparities along racial lines. Greater exposure to socioeconomic strains among African American men may adversely impact health and aging at the cellular level, as indexed by shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL). This study examined associations between socioeconomic factors and LTL among African American men in midlife, a life course stage when heterogeneity in both health and socioeconomic status are particularly pronounced. METHODS Using multinomial logistic regression, we examined associations between multiple measures of SES and tertiles of LTL in a sample of 92 African American men between 30 to 50 years of age. RESULTS Reports of greater financial strain were associated with higher odds of short versus medium LTL (odds ratio (OR)=2.21, p = 0.03). Higher income was associated with lower odds of short versus medium telomeres (OR=0.97, p = 0.04). Exploratory analyses revealed a significant interaction between educational attainment and employment status (χ 2 = 4.07, p = 0.04), with greater education associated with lower odds of short versus long telomeres only among those not employed (OR=0.10, p = 0.040). CONCLUSION Cellular aging associated with multiple dimensions of socioeconomic adversity may contribute to poor aging-related health outcomes among African American men. Subjective appraisal of financial difficulty may impact LTL independently of objective dimensions of SES. Self-appraised success in fulfilling traditionally masculine gender roles, including being an economic provider, may be a particularly salient aspect of identity for African American men and have implications for cellular aging in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Schrock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1218 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Nancy E Adler
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amani M Nuru-Jeter
- Divisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - David H Chae
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Age and Socioeconomic Gradients of Health of Indian Adults: An Assessment of Self-Reported and Biological Measures of Health. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2017; 31:193-211. [PMID: 26895999 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-016-9283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes overall socioeconomic gradients and the age patterns of socioeconomic gradients of health of Indian adults for multiple health indicators encompassing the multiple aspects of health. Cross-sectional data on 11,230 Indians aged 18 years and older from the WHO-SAGE India Wave 1, 2007 were analyzed. Multivariate logit models were estimated to examine effects of socioeconomic status (education and household wealth) and age on four health domains: self-rated health, self-reported functioning, chronic diseases, and biological health measures. Results show that socioeconomic status (SES) was negatively associated with prevalence of each health measure but with considerable heterogeneity across age groups. Results for hypertension and COPD were inconclusive. SES effects are significant while adjusting for background characteristics and health risk factors. The age patterns of SES gradient of health depict divergence with age, however, no conclusive age pattern emerged for biological markers. Overall, results in this paper dispelled the conclusion of negative SES-health association found in some previous Indian studies and reinforced the hypothesis of positive association of SES with health for Indian adults. Higher prevalence of negative health outcomes and SES disparities of health outcomes among older age-groups highlight need for inclusive and focused health care interventions for older adults across socioeconomic spectrum.
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Turner RJ, Brown TN, Hale WB. Race, Socioeconomic Position, and Physical Health: A Descriptive Analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 58:23-36. [PMID: 28661769 DOI: 10.1177/0022146516687008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A substantial and long-standing body of research supports the widely held conclusion that socioeconomic position (SEP) is a primary determinant of physical health risk. However, supporting evidence derives almost entirely from studies of dominantly white populations, and more recent research suggests that this relationship may vary across race-ethnicity. This article considers the extent to which such evidence applies to African Americans. It does so by examining the within-race relationships between SEP and physical health utilizing alternative research definitions of health and a nearly exhaustive array of measures of SEP. The results offer minimal support for SEP as a fundamental cause of disease among African Americans. They do not challenge the widely held view that health differences are rooted in the fundamental conditions of social context and experience. Rather, they indicate that these conditions tend to be defined more by being black than by being of lower SEP.
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Cené CW, Halladay JR, Gizlice Z, Roedersheimer K, Hinderliter A, Cummings DM, Donahue KE, Perrin AJ, DeWalt DA. Associations between subjective social status and physical and mental health functioning among patients with hypertension. J Health Psychol 2016; 21:2624-2635. [PMID: 25943342 DOI: 10.1177/1359105315581514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the cross-sectional association between subjective social status and self-rated physical and mental health functioning in 518 Black and White patients enrolled in a community-based hypertension control research study. We found that (1) subjective social status, measured using both a proximal and distal referent group, was positively associated with physical and mental health functioning scores independent of educational level, household income, or both; (2) the effect of subjective social status on physical and mental health functioning differed significantly by race when using the distal, not the proximal, referent group. When the associations differed, they were stronger for Whites than Blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ziya Gizlice
- 1 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Stam HJ. Theorizing Health and Illness: Functionalism, Subjectivity and Reflexivity. J Health Psychol 2016; 5:273-83. [DOI: 10.1177/135910530000500309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Health and illness in contemporary psychology are remarkably undertheorized, with the consequence that implicit definitions of these topics are unquestionably imported into health psychology. Largely inspired and oriented to the medical system, health psychology is often subservient to biomedically inspired theory or directed to solving the problems of the health care system, not those of its patients or those who might ultimately benefit from health knowledge. Qualitative approaches have attempted to reintroduce the voice of the patient/sufferer/individual back into health psychology but without adequate theoretical integration this work has been marginalized and ignored by mainstream health psychology in the service of medical modelling. The point is not to develop a health psychology as an exclusive disciplinary enclave but rather to open up the possibilities of a responsible knowing. Using Kathryn Addelson’s work on professional knowing I argue that the collective activity that constitutes health psychology can be made more explicit not only by devising reflexive theories and practices but by focusing on what the outcomes of that activity might be. Functional theories of health and illness, on the other hand, obscure our epistemological and moral commitments.
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Kang EH, Hyun MK, Choi SM, Kim JM, Kim GM, Woo JM. Twelve-month prevalence and predictors of self-reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among Korean adolescents in a web-based nationwide survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015; 49:47-53. [PMID: 25122451 DOI: 10.1177/0004867414540752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The suicide rate in South Korea was the highest among the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in 2011. Although the suicide rate in adolescents is lower than that of adults and is reported to be decreasing in young males in some countries, it has consistently increased in recent years in South Korea. We aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern, and predictors of suicidal ideation and attempt in the past 12 months. METHODS A total sample of 72,623 adolescents aged 12-18 years who responded to a web-based anonymous self-reported survey between September and October 2010 was used for the analysis. RESULTS The suicidal ideation and suicide attempt rates were 19.1% and 4.9%, respectively. Being female, having a poor perceived socioeconomic status and a poor perceived academic performance, subjective feelings of depression, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, perceived general medical health, and experiences of any involvement with sexual intercourse were the contributing factors that predicted elevated risks for suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. In contrast to previous reports in other countries, the suicide attempt rate in Korean female adolescents peaked at age 13 years, and there were no differences in suicidal ideation in females by age. There were no differences in both suicidal ideation and attempt rates in males by age. CONCLUSION A multidisciplinary approach that takes into consideration the characteristics of Korean adolescents with suicidal ideation or suicide attempt is warranted for developing prevention and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ho Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Bugokoncheon Hospital, Kyungnam, Korea National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Hyun
- National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Seong Mi Choi
- National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Min Kim
- National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyung-Mee Kim
- National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea Department of Psychiatry, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea Stress Research Institute, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Woo
- National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, Korea Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Stress Research Institute, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Most American households carry debt, yet we have little understanding of how debt influences health behavior, especially health care seeking. We examined associations between foregone medical care and debt using a population-based sample of 914 southeastern Michigan residents surveyed in the wake of the late-2000s recession. Overall debt and ratios of debt to income and debt to assets were positively associated with foregoing medical or dental care in the past 12 months, even after adjusting for the poorer socioeconomic and health characteristics of those foregoing care and for respondents' household incomes and net worth. These overall associations were driven largely by credit card and medical debt, while housing debt and automobile and student loans were not associated with foregoing care. These results suggest that debt is an understudied aspect of health stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kalousova
- Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA.
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Romero-Acosta K, Penelo E, Noorian Z, Ferreira E, Domènech-Llaberia E. Racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of internalizing symptoms: do Latin-American immigrant show more symptomatology than Spanish native-born adolescents? J Health Psychol 2013; 19:381-92. [PMID: 23405027 DOI: 10.1177/1359105312471568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study mainly compared the prevalence of internalizing symptoms of 834 Spanish and 159 Latin-American immigrant adolescents. Participants completed self-report measures about depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms and a socio-demographic questionnaire. The results indicated that being Latin-American was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and being female was related to higher depressive and anxiety symptoms. Gender differences were more prevalent in Spaniards than in Latinos, with girls showing more symptoms than boys. High socio-economic status was negatively related to depressive symptoms and anxiety. The results may alert clinicians of the importance of assessing depressive symptoms in Latino adolescents in order to treat this group of youths effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Romero-Acosta
- Department de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Khallad Y. Dispositional optimism and physical wellbeing: the relevance of culture, gender, and socioeconomic status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 48:978-85. [PMID: 22822989 DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.695795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between dispositional optimism and physical wellbeing (as reflected in physical symptom reporting) in two groups of American and Jordanian college students. It also assessed moderation effects of culture, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). Participants were administered a questionnaire consisting of items pertaining to dispositional optimism (as measured by the Revised Life Orientation Test, LOT-R) along with items assessing physical symptom reporting and sociodemographic factors (e.g., gender, socioeconomic status). The results revealed significant negative correlations between dispositional optimism and physical symptom reporting for both American and Jordanian participants, although the magnitude of the correlation for the American group was noticeably larger than that for the Jordanian group. The results also showed that women, especially Jordanians, were more likely than men to report physical symptoms. Among Jordanians, physical symptom reporting was more common among those of lower SES. No statistically significant differences in physical symptom reporting were found between American men and women or between the two cultural groups. Multiple regression analyses revealed no statistically significant interactions between optimism and cultural background, optimism and gender, or optimism and SES. Overall, the results suggest that optimism is the factor most predictive of physical symptom reporting, followed by SES and gender. These results corroborate previous findings on the relationship between dispositional optimism and physical wellbeing, and point to crosscultural differences in relationship patterns. These differences suggest that although personality characteristics such as optimism may play an important role in the physical wellbeing of both Western and non-Western groups, the influence of sociodemographic factors such as gender and SES and their interaction with cultural variables must not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacoub Khallad
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University - Northern Cyprus Campus, Turkey.
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Reese AM, Thorpe RJ, Bell CN, Bowie JV, LaVeist TA. The effect of religious service attendance on race differences in depression: findings from the EHDIC-SWB study. J Urban Health 2012; 89:510-8. [PMID: 22322331 PMCID: PMC3368045 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-011-9659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the EHDIC-SWB study, African-Americans are less likely to have depression than non-Hispanic whites. Religious service attendance is one possible explanation because studies have shown an inverse relationship between religious service attendance and depression. We examined the relationship between race, religious service attendance, and depression in 835 African-American and 573 non-Hispanic white adults aged 18 and older in the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities-Southwest Baltimore (EHDIC-SWB) study. Religious service attendance was measured according to participants' response to "how often do you attend religious services?" Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire. African-Americans attended religious services more frequently than non-Hispanic whites, and had a lower percentage of depression (10.1% vs. 15.4%; p-value <0.05). After adjusting for the demographic variables and health-related characteristics, African-Americans displayed lower odds of having depression (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.47-0.97) compared to non-Hispanic whites. However, when including religious service attendance in the model, we found race differences in depression (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.52-1.11) were no longer significant. We concluded that among individuals living in a low-income, integrated urban environment, race disparities in depression were eliminated after accounting for race differences in religious service attendance. This suggests religious service attendance may serve as a protective factor against depression for African-Americans.
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Veenstra G. Race, gender, class, and sexual orientation: intersecting axes of inequality and self-rated health in Canada. Int J Equity Health 2011; 10:3. [PMID: 21241506 PMCID: PMC3032690 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intersectionality theory, a way of understanding social inequalities by race, gender, class, and sexuality that emphasizes their mutually constitutive natures, possesses potential to uncover and explicate previously unknown health inequalities. In this paper, the intersectionality principles of "directionality," "simultaneity," "multiplicativity," and "multiple jeopardy" are applied to inequalities in self-rated health by race, gender, class, and sexual orientation in a Canadian sample. METHODS The Canadian Community Health Survey 2.1 (N = 90,310) provided nationally representative data that enabled binary logistic regression modeling on fair/poor self-rated health in two analytical stages. The additive stage involved regressing self-rated health on race, gender, class, and sexual orientation singly and then as a set. The intersectional stage involved consideration of two-way and three-way interaction terms between the inequality variables added to the full additive model created in the previous stage. RESULTS From an additive perspective, poor self-rated health outcomes were reported by respondents claiming Aboriginal, Asian, or South Asian affiliations, lower class respondents, and bisexual respondents. However, each axis of inequality interacted significantly with at least one other: multiple jeopardy pertained to poor homosexuals and to South Asian women who were at unexpectedly high risks of fair/poor self-rated health and mitigating effects were experienced by poor women and by poor Asian Canadians who were less likely than expected to report fair/poor health. CONCLUSIONS Although a variety of intersections between race, gender, class, and sexual orientation were associated with especially high risks of fair/poor self-rated health, they were not all consistent with the predictions of intersectionality theory. I conclude that an intersectionality theory well suited for explicating health inequalities in Canada should be capable of accommodating axis intersections of multiple kinds and qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Veenstra
- Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Hajat A, Kaufman JS, Rose KM, Siddiqi A, Thomas JC. Long-term effects of wealth on mortality and self-rated health status. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173:192-200. [PMID: 21059808 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies seldom include wealth as a component of socioeconomic status. The authors investigated the associations between wealth and 2 broad outcome measures: mortality and self-rated general health status. Data from the longitudinal Panel Study of Income Dynamics, collected in a US population between 1984 and 2005, were used to fit marginal structural models and to estimate relative and absolute measures of effect. Wealth was specified as a 6-category variable: those with ≤0 wealth and quintiles of positive wealth. There were a 16%-44% higher risk and 6-18 excess cases of poor/fair health (per 1,000 persons) among the less wealthy relative to the wealthiest quintile. Less wealthy men, women, and whites had higher risk of poor/fair health relative to their wealthy counterparts. The overall wealth-mortality association revealed a 62% increased risk and 4 excess deaths (per 1,000 persons) among the least wealthy. Less wealthy women had between a 24% and a 90% higher risk of death, and the least wealthy men had 6 excess deaths compared with the wealthiest quintile. Overall, there was a strong inverse association between wealth and poor health status and between wealth and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Hajat
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-2029, USA.
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Walsemann KM, Gee GC, Geronimus AT. Ethnic differences in trajectories of depressive symptoms: disadvantage in family background, high school experiences, and adult characteristics. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2009; 50:82-98. [PMID: 19413136 PMCID: PMC2761954 DOI: 10.1177/002214650905000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although research investigating ethnic differences in mental health has increased in recent years, we know relatively little about how mental health trajectories vary across ethnic groups. Do these differences occur at certain ages but not others? We investigate ethnic variation in trajectories of depressive symptoms, and we examine the extent to which disadvantages in family background, high school experiences, and adult characteristics explain these diferences. Employing random-coefficient modeling using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that blacks and Hispanics experience higher symptom levels in early adulthood in comparison to whites, but equivalent levels by middle age. Ethnic differences remained in early adulthood after including all covariates, but those differences were eliminated by middle age for Hispanics after controlling for demographics only, and for blacks after accounting for the age-varying relationship between income and depressive symptoms. These results highlight the importance of integrating a life course perspective when investigating ethnic variations in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Walsemann
- University of South Carolina, Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Demakakos P, Nazroo J, Breeze E, Marmot M. Socioeconomic status and health: the role of subjective social status. Soc Sci Med 2008; 67:330-40. [PMID: 18440111 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies have suggested that subjective social status (SSS) is an important predictor of health. This study examined the link between SSS and health in old age and investigated whether SSS mediated the associations between objective indicators of socioeconomic status and health. It used cross-sectional data from the second wave (2004-2005) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, which were collected through personal interviews and nurse visits. The study population consisted of 3368 men and 4065 women aged 52 years or older. The outcome measures included: self-rated health, long-standing illness, depression, hypertension, diabetes, central obesity, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein. The main independent variable was SSS measured using a scale representing a 10-rung ladder. Wealth, education, and occupational class were employed as covariates along with age and marital status and also, in additional analyses, as the main independent variables. Gender-specific logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. In age-adjusted analyses SSS was related positively to almost all health outcomes. Many of these relationships remained significant after adjustment for covariates. In men, SSS was significantly (p<or=0.05) related to self-rated health, depression, and long-standing illness after adjustment for all covariates, while its association with fibrinogen became non-significant. In women, after adjusting for all covariates, SSS was significantly associated with self-rated health, depression, long-standing illness, diabetes, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but its associations with central obesity and C-reactive protein became non-significant. Further analysis suggested that SSS mediated fully or partially the associations between education, occupational class and self-reported and clinical health measures. On the contrary, SSS did not mediate wealth's associations with the outcome measures, except those with self-reported health measures. Our results suggest that SSS is an important correlate of health in old age, possibly because of its ability to epitomize life-time achievement and socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotes Demakakos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, United Kingdom.
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Pollack CE, Chideya S, Cubbin C, Williams B, Dekker M, Braveman P. Should health studies measure wealth? A systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2007; 33:250-64. [PMID: 17826585 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health researchers rarely measure accumulated wealth to reflect socioeconomic status/position (SES). In order to determine whether health research should more frequently include measures of wealth, this study assessed the relationship between wealth and health. METHODS Studies published between 1990 to 2006 were systematically reviewed. Included studies used wealth and at least one other SES measure as independent variables, and a health-related dependent variable. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met inclusion criteria. Measures of wealth varied greatly. In most studies, greater wealth was associated with better health, even after adjusting for other SES measures. The findings appeared most consistent when using detailed wealth measures on specific assets and debts, rather than a single question. Adjusting for wealth generally decreased observed racial/ethnic disparities in health. CONCLUSIONS Health studies should include wealth as an important SES indicator. Failure to measure wealth may result in under-estimating the contribution of SES to health, such as when studying the etiology of racial/ethnic disparities. Validation is needed for simpler approaches to measuring wealth that would be feasible in health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Evan Pollack
- Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Bogart LM, Collins RL, Ellickson PL, Klein DJ. Association of sexual abstinence in adolescence with mental health in adulthood. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2007; 44:290-8. [PMID: 17879172 DOI: 10.1080/00224490701444005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether adolescent sexual abstinence predicts better adult mental health. 1,917 adolescents, recruited from middle schools at age 13, were surveyed at ages 13, 18, 23, and 29. In bivariate analyses, adolescent sexual abstinence was associated with better mental health at age 29 for females, but not males; three adolescent factors, educational prospects, family bonding, and unconventionality were investigated as explanatory variables of this relationship. The abstinence-mental health relationship was nonsignificant when educational prospects was included in multivariate models, and marginally significant when family bonding and unconventionality were included; all three explanatory factors accounted for significant proportions of the variance in adult mental health. Girls who are uninvolved in school, have weak family backgrounds, and exhibit unconventionality may have poor adult mental health, whether or not they abstain from sex in adolescence. Interventions that strengthen adolescents' connections to families and schools may reduce risk for long-term mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Bogart
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA.
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Pantzer K, Rajmil L, Tebé C, Codina F, Serra-Sutton V, Ferrer M, Ravens-Sieberer U, Simeoni MC, Alonso J. Health related quality of life in immigrants and native school aged adolescents in Spain. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007; 60:694-8. [PMID: 16840759 PMCID: PMC2588083 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.044073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare health related quality of life (HRQL) between native and immigrant adolescents aged 12 to 18 years, and to analyse psychosocial factors associated with HRQL. DESIGN A cross sectional study of adolescents (12-18 years old) who answered a self administered questionnaire. SETTING All the secondary schools from Lloret de Mar (Girona, Spain). PARTICIPANTS 1246 participants (88.9% of the eligible students). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcome was the Spanish version of the Vecu et Sante Percue de l'Adolescent (VSP-A), a HRQL measure addressed to adolescents. Mean scores of the VSP-A index of natives and immigrants were compared, as well as their sociodemographic and health related factors. Multiple regression examined the relation between HRQL and psychosocial factors, controlling for the effect of socioeconomic variables. RESULTS Half of the sample were boys, in the middle socioeconomic status, and 18.2% were immigrants (n = 226). HRQL score was higher in native Spanish adolescents than immigrants (p<0.01). Multiple regression model explaining 48.1% of the VSP-A variance showed that migration in itself has no statistically significant impact on HRQL, and age, socioeconomic status, social support, discrimination, and psychological distress do play a part. CONCLUSIONS Migrants have worse HRQL than natives but it seems to be mediated by their disadvantage in socioeconomic status, social support, and psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Pantzer
- Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Research, Barcelona, Spain
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Stewart AL, Dean ML, Gregorich SE, Brawarsky P, Haas JS. Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and the health of pregnant women. J Health Psychol 2007; 12:285-300. [PMID: 17284493 DOI: 10.1177/1359105307074259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined how traditional (income, education) and nontraditional (public assistance, material deprivation, subjective social standing) socioeconomic status (SES) indicators were associated with self-rated health, physical functioning, and depression in ethnically diverse pregnant women. Using multiple regression, we estimated the association of race/ethnicity (African American, Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) and white) and sets of SES measures on each health measure. Education, material deprivation, and subjective social standing were independently associated with all health measures. After adding all SES variables, race/ethnic disparities in depression remained for all minority groups; disparities in self-rated health remained for Asian/Pacific Islanders. Few race/ethnic differences were found in physical functioning. Our results contribute to a small literature on how SES might interact with race/ethnicity in explaining health.
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Le logement en tant que déterminant socio-économique de la santé: Résultats d’une évaluation des besoins, des lacunes et des possibilités (EBLP) de recherche à l’échelle nationale. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03405392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tekbaş OF, Ceylan S, Hamzaoğlu O, Hasde M. An investigation of the prevalence of depressive symptoms in newly recruited young adult men in Turkey. Psychiatry Res 2003; 119:155-62. [PMID: 12860369 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine prevalence of depressive symptoms among newly recruited young adult men in the Turkish army. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in this population and to identify associations between depression and socio-demographic characteristics. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), adapted for Turkey, was used to assess self-reported experiences of depression among 2910 young adult males who had been recently recruited, according to Turkish law, into the army. It was found that 29.9% (n=835) of the recruits had depressive symptoms. The relationship between the level of depressive symptoms of the recruits and the recruits' settlement type, educational level, income status, smoking and drinking status and level of interest in sports was statistically evaluated. Recruits who smoked or drank, who had low incomes and who were uninterested in sports had higher BDI scores. The prevalence of depressive symptoms (29.9%) found in this study is higher than rates found in studies of non-military populations in Turkey. The higher rate of depression may reflect problems in adapting to an environment that was significantly different from their previous lives in terms of environmental factors and life style, and that had strict disciplinary rules and a heavy physical workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Faruk Tekbaş
- Department of Public Health, Gülhane Military Medical Academy (GMMA), Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most widely studied constructs in the social sciences. Several ways of measuring SES have been proposed, but most include some quantification of family income, parental education, and occupational status. Research shows that SES is associated with a wide array of health, cognitive, and socioemotional outcomes in children, with effects beginning prior to birth and continuing into adulthood. A variety of mechanisms linking SES to child well-being have been proposed, with most involving differences in access to material and social resources or reactions to stress-inducing conditions by both the children themselves and their parents. For children, SES impacts well-being at multiple levels, including both family and neighborhood. Its effects are moderated by children's own characteristics, family characteristics, and external support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Bradley
- Center for Applied Studies in Education, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, USA.
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Ostrove JM, Adler NE, Kuppermann M, Washington AE. Objective and subjective assessments of socioeconomic status and their relationship to self-rated health in an ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women. Health Psychol 2000; 19:613-8. [PMID: 11129365 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new measure of subjective socioeconomic status (SES) was examined in relation to self-rated physical health in pregnant women. Except among African Americans, subjective SES was significantly related to education, household income, and occupation. Subjective SES was significantly related to self-rated health among all groups. In multiple regression analyses, subjective SES was a significant predictor of self-rated health after the effects of objective indicators were accounted for among White and Chinese American women; among African American women and Latinas, household income was the only significant predictor of self-rated health. After accounting for the effects of subjective SES on health, objective indicators made no additional contribution to explaining health among White and Chinese American women; household income continued to predict health after accounting for subjective SES among Latinas and African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ostrove
- Program in Health Psychology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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