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Moylan CA, Nason JA, Ma W, Javorka M, Stotzer RL, Kennedy AC. Drinking, Diversity, and Discrimination: Campus-Level Factors that Influence Students' Risk of Experiencing Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:2857-2880. [PMID: 38243808 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231222455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
College students' individual-level risk factors for sexual assault victimization have been studied for decades, but fewer studies have looked at whether and how campus-level factors, such as campus-level rates of discrimination and campus diversity, might also influence student victimization risk. Identifying these broader factors can inform efforts to develop more effective campus-level sexual assault preventive interventions. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a large, multi-campus health and well-being survey (N = 309,171 students across 474 US campuses) to explore how campus-level factors shape students' risk of experiencing sexual assault after accounting for students' individual-level risk factors. Using mixed-effects logistic regression, we examined the influence of campus-level factors (e.g., campus sexual orientation demographics and gender diversity) on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, after accounting for individual risk factors (e.g., sexual and gender minority status). Although some campus characteristics, such as enrollment size, had small significant effects on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, we found larger significant effects from aggregated campus-level rates of binge drinking, campus diversity (particularly regarding sexual orientation and gender), and discrimination. These findings suggest that comprehensive campus sexual violence prevention would benefit from strategies that promote safe and inclusive campuses, especially for students with marginalized sexual and gender identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Moylan
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Jacob A Nason
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - McKenzie Javorka
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Rebecca L Stotzer
- School of Social Work, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - Angie C Kennedy
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Button K, Taylor N, Guala T, De Andrade D, Coomber K, Quigg Z, Miller P. Preventing Sexual Harm in Nightlife Settings: A Scoping Review. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2597-2627. [PMID: 38724700 PMCID: PMC11219429 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Sexual harm within nightlife settings is a pervasive global concern; however, little is known about the nature of available interventions. The current study aims to review the literature on the nature and effectiveness of nightlife-related sexual harm interventions. A systematic literature search of six databases was conducted to identify records that were published between 1970 and June 2023 and reported approaches that aimed to reduce or prevent nightlife-related sexual harm. Records were included if they theorized, discussed, or evaluated an intervention, prevention or response strategy; however, individual safety strategies were excluded. Results were categorized according to intervention type. Thirty-five peer-reviewed journal articles and 16 gray literature records were identified. The most common nightlife-related sexual harm intervention strategies covered by the literature included targeted policies, laws, and regulations, bystander interventions, and awareness-raising campaigns. Literature in the area is increasing, with the majority of the articles (77.1%) being published in the previous six years; however, there are very few interventions that have been critically evaluated (22.9%). Promising areas for intervention include targeted alcohol regulations (e.g., lockout policies), venue-level policies, and environmental interventions. However, an increase in rigorous evaluative practices is urgently required to ensure future interventions are based on sound theoretical work and empirical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Button
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Taylor
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tahnee Guala
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Dominique De Andrade
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerri Coomber
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Zara Quigg
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter Miller
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong Waterfront Campus, 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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Davis KC, Koss MP, Lopez EC, Roberts K. Safer Bars: A cluster-randomized effectiveness evaluation of alcohol-related sexual violence prevention through bar staff bystander training. Contemp Clin Trials 2024; 140:107488. [PMID: 38458561 PMCID: PMC11065559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2024.107488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual assault is consistently associated with social contexts that support high levels of alcohol consumption such as alcohol-serving establishments (i.e., bars). The significant rates of alcohol-involved sexual assault among college students demonstrate the critical need for evidence-based efforts to reduce alcohol-involved sexual assault in this population. Although bystander approaches have demonstrated some promise for reducing alcohol-involved sexual assault, to date no published studies have examined the effectiveness of implementing bystander prevention approaches with bar staff. Given the robust evidence indicating that bars serve as hot spots for sexual aggression, interventions that improve bar staff's ability to identify and intervene in sexually aggressive situations may offer a useful approach for reducing rates of alcohol-involved sexual assault. METHODS The Safer Bars study utilizes a cluster-randomized trial design that randomizes participants at the bar level into intervention and waitlist control arms. The sample includes bars (Nbars = 56) within a three-mile proximity to the three major public Arizona universities, with an average of 10 staff members per bar (Nstaff = 564). Assessments of individual-level and bar-level outcomes occur at baseline, training completion, and 3-months post-training, with an additional individual-level assessment at 6 months. Community-level effects are assessed using GIS data regarding police dispatches. CONCLUSION Safer Bars represents a novel, theory-driven approach to promote effective bystander behavior among bar staff working in close proximity to university campuses to reduce rates of alcohol-involved sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cue Davis
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 500 N. 3(rd) St, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States of America.
| | - Mary P Koss
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Mountain Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States of America.
| | - Elise C Lopez
- UA Consortium on Gender-Based Violence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America.
| | - Karyn Roberts
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Mountain Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States of America.
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Clifford S, Wright CJC, Miller PG, Baldwin R, Griffiths KE, Smith JA, Livingston M. Police-recorded adult sexual assault in the Northern Territory, Australia: Alcohol involvement and alcohol policy effects. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:519-528. [PMID: 38055335 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Between 2017 and 2018 three major alcohol policy changes were introduced in the Northern Territory (NT): the Banned Drinker Register, an individual-level ban enforced via ID scanners at takeaway outlets; a Minimum Unit Price on alcohol; and Police Auxiliary Liquor Inspectors, who monitor takeaway outlets to prevent purchase by people who do not have a legal place to consume alcohol. We aimed to: (i) describe alcohol-involved adult sexual assault in the NT; and (ii) estimate the impacts of these alcohol policies on police-recorded adult sexual assault. METHODS We used victim records for sexual assault where victims were aged 15 years and over. We undertook descriptive analyses for the NT from 2014 to 2020 and used interrupted time series analysis to assess policy impacts across the NT and in Greater Darwin. RESULTS In 2020, the NT adult victimisation rate was 105 per 100,000. A large minority (40%) of adult sexual assaults involved alcohol. Interrupted time series analyses showed no effect of the Banned Drinker Register or Minimum Unit Price on sexual assault across the NT or in Greater Darwin. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The rate of adult sexual assaults in the NT is extremely high and many involve alcohol. Neither the Banned Drinker Register or Minimum Unit Price were associated with changes in police-recorded adult sexual assault in Greater Darwin or across the NT. Due to small counts, we were unable to assess policy impacts in three of the four main towns, highlighting the challenges of assessing impacts of policies on sexual assault in small population areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Clifford
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Cassandra J C Wright
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter G Miller
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ryan Baldwin
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kalinda E Griffiths
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Darwin, Australia
- Centre for Health Equity, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - James A Smith
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Michael Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Mognetti B, Scipio FD, Abbadessa G, Carnino G, Canavese A, Castagna P, Romano F, Gino S, Berta GN. Sexual Violence and Alcohol Intake: A Population-Based Explorative Study in a Northwestern Italian Area. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:2098. [PMID: 38138201 PMCID: PMC10744939 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Sexual violence (SV) is a major global public health concern. While socioeconomic factors and familial relationships have been widely reported to contribute to SV, the role of alcohol consumption should not be ignored. Indeed, alcohol can impair cognition, distort reality, increase aggression, and ease drug-facilitated sexual assault. This retrospective study aims to explore the relationship between alcohol consumption and SV by examining the prevalence, characteristics, and consequences of violence episodes. Materials and Methods: A total of 1481 women accessed the Rape Centre "Centro Soccorso Violenza Sessuale" in Turin, Italy between 2008 and 2019, with 223 reporting alcohol consumption before the assault. Results: The alcohol group had a younger age profile, predominantly within the 18-25-year-old category. SV incidents involving alcohol consumers were more likely to occur in public places or in someone else's home, while the non-alcohol-consuming group experienced more violence in their own homes. Acquaintances and unknown individuals were primarily responsible, whereas partners were the most common perpetrators of violence against non-alcohol-consuming women. Alcohol consumers sought medical attention sooner after the assault and exhibited more symptoms and injuries, particularly of neurological origin. Concurrent use of recreational drugs was higher among alcohol consumers. The logistic regression analysis revealed higher odds of injury for Italian women and those in the 18-35 age groups after consuming alcohol. Conclusions: This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between alcohol consumption and SV. The prevalence of alcohol-related sexual aggression is lower compared to that shown in previous studies. Nationality, age, and assailant identity influence SV dynamics. These findings can guide well-targeted interventions and prevention strategies to address SV and inform communities facing similar challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mognetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy;
| | - Federica Di Scipio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy; (F.D.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuliana Abbadessa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy; (F.D.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Giulia Carnino
- Corso di Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia at Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Luigi (Orbassano), University of Turin, v. Verdi 8, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Antonella Canavese
- Centro Soccorso Violenza Sessuale, Presidio Ospedaliero Sant’Anna, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Spezia 60, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.C.); (P.C.)
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Castagna
- Centro Soccorso Violenza Sessuale, Presidio Ospedaliero Sant’Anna, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Spezia 60, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Federica Romano
- Section of Periodontology, C.I.R. Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Sarah Gino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Giovanni N. Berta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy; (F.D.S.); (G.A.)
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Siconolfi D, Davis JP, Pedersen ER, Tucker JS, Dunbar MS, Rodriguez A, D'Amico EJ. Trajectories of Emerging Adults' Binge Drinking and Depressive Symptoms and Associations With Sexual Violence Victimization: Examining Differences by Sexual and Gender Minority Status. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6085-6112. [PMID: 36214487 PMCID: PMC10012535 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221128052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We examined longitudinal associations between binge drinking (BD), depressive symptoms, and sexual violence (sexual harassment and sexual assault) among sexual and gender minority (SGM) and non-SGM emerging adults. Data were drawn from four annual web-based surveys of a diverse cohort of 2,553 emerging adults, spanning from approximately age 19 (2016) to age 22 (2020). About 18% were SGM individuals. We tested a multigroup parallel process latent growth curve model (recent depression symptoms; past-year BD) with time-varying covariates (past-year sexual harassment; sexual assault) to determine associations of sexual violence with BD and depression outcomes over time, and whether growth curves and associations differed by SGM status. For both SGM and non-SGM emerging adults, past-year sexual harassment was associated with depressive symptoms at each time point, but harassment was not associated with BD. For both groups, sexual assault was associated with both depressive symptoms and BD. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine longitudinal, contemporaneous associations of sexual violence (including both harassment and assault as distinct constructs), with BD and depressive symptoms among racially and ethnically diverse emerging adults, comparing SGM and non-SGM groups. Although our models do not disentangle directionality or causality, the findings suggest the need to address sexual violence victimization (assault and harassment) in the context of depression screening and treatment, and vice versa. We discuss a number of intervention strategies currently in use for an implicitly non-SGM general population that could be adapted for greater inclusion of and relevance to SGM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan P Davis
- University of Southern California Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Baldwin R, Dhinsa T, de Andrade D, Coomber K, Curtis A, Wells S, Ferris J, Puljevic C, Hyder S, Litherland S, Miller PG. Factors Associated with Unwanted Sexual Attention in Australian Nightlife Districts: An Exploratory Study of Nightlife Attendees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16259. [PMID: 36498331 PMCID: PMC9736982 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiences of unwanted sexual attention (UWSA) are commonplace within nightlife environments. While typically associated with aggression perpetration, literature has suggested that a history of childhood corporal punishment (CCP) may also be related to experiences of victimisation in nightlife environments. The current exploratory study aims to examine the associations between experiences of UWSA victimisation and a history of CCP, trait aggression, and conformity to masculine norms (Playboy and Winning), for males and females separately. METHOD Street intercept interviews in the Brisbane inner-city entertainment precincts were used to measure demographic details and participants' breath alcohol concentration. Online follow-up surveys were used to record participants' experiences of UWSA on the night of interview, history of CCP, and self-reported rates of trait aggression and conformity to masculine norms. The final sample consisted of 288 females, as there were not sufficient male UWSA experiences for analysis. RESULTS Approximately 20% of female nightlife patrons experienced some form of UWSA victimisation. Logistic regression analyses identified that after controlling for age and intoxication, a history of CCP, trait aggression and masculine norm conformity were unrelated to experiences of UWSA for female respondents. CONCLUSIONS The current study found that individual factors were unrelated to experiences of UWSA, indicating that simply being in the nightlife environment, especially as a female, increases the risk of UWSA victimisation. Understanding and exploring social and environmental risk factors, rather than individual factors, is needed to prevent victimisation in nightlife environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Baldwin
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Tavleen Dhinsa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8LI, Canada
- Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN), Ontario ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Dominique de Andrade
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Kerri Coomber
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Ashlee Curtis
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Samantha Wells
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jason Ferris
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Cheneal Puljevic
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Shannon Hyder
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | | | - Peter G. Miller
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
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Ham LS, Hurd LE, Wolkowicz NR, Wiersma-Mosley JD, Bridges AJ, Jozkowski KN. Bystander Intoxication and Appraisal of Sexual Assault Risk: A Field Study of Emerging Adult Bargoers. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2022; 10:1430-1439. [PMID: 36643881 PMCID: PMC9838732 DOI: 10.1177/21676968211005323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging adults are especially vulnerable to experiencing alcohol-related sexual assault. While bystanders play a critical role in preventing sexual assault, little is known about how bystander alcohol intoxication affects the intervention process-particularly in naturalistic settings. We recruited 315 emerging adult bargoers ages 21-29 (46% women; 28% non-college attending; 81% White) from a high-density bar area to provide responses to a sexual assault vignette and complete a breath alcohol concentration test. In this field-based study, we found a negative direct association between intoxication and appraisal of risk in the hypothetical sexual assault situation. We also found a negative indirect relation of intoxication on perceptions of personal responsibility to intervene and confidence in the ability to intervene, statistically mediated through reduced risk appraisal. Findings add to the limited literature in laboratory-based settings suggesting that bystander intoxication interferes with sexual assault intervention and help inform effective bystander intervention programming for emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S. Ham
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | - Noah R. Wolkowicz
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | - Ana J. Bridges
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Mekonnen BD, Lakew ZH, Melese EB. Prevalence and associated factors of sexual violence experienced by housemaids in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health 2022; 19:162. [PMID: 35854381 PMCID: PMC9297595 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-022-01470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Housemaids often experience different types of sexual violence by different perpetrators. Sexual violence against housemaids remains usually concealed as victims cannot report such offenses. Except for fragmented studies with varying reports, there is no national prevalence studies conducted on sexual violence among housemaids in Ethiopia. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled prevalence and associated factors of sexual violence amongst housemaids in Ethiopia. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, HINARI, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was conducted using relevant search terms. Data were extracted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool. The quality of all selected articles was evaluated using JBI critical appraisal checklist. Data analysis was performed using STATA Version 14 statistical software. Egger’s test and funnel plot were used to evaluate publication bias. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s chi-squared test and quantified by I2 values. A random-effects model was applied during meta-analysis if heterogeneity was exhibited; otherwise, a fixed-effects model was used. Results After reviewing 37,849 articles, 8 studies involving 3,324 housemaids were included for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of life time sexual violence among housemaids in Ethiopia was 46.26% (95% CI: 24.69, 67.84). The pooled prevalence was 55.43% (95% CI: 26.38, 84.47) for sexual harassment, 39.03% (95% CI: 14.55, 63.52) for attempted rape, and 18.85% (95% CI: 7.51, 30.19) for rape. Sexual violence is more likely among housemaid who previously lived rural residence (AOR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.41, 3.60), drinks alcohol (AOR = 2.79 95% CI: 1.02, 4.56), and employer alcohol consumption (AOR = 6.01; 95% CI: 1.10, 32.96). Conclusion This study revealed that the prevalence of sexual violence against housemaids in Ethiopia is high. Of the forms of sexual violence against housemaids, sexual harassment is high. Male employers are the vast majority of perpetrators of their housemaids. Thus, concerned stakeholders should develop and implement interventions that could empower housemaids in their struggle toward the elimination of sexual violence, create awareness for men, control and monitor the implementation of legislation and policies, and prompt punishment of the perpetrators. Systematic review and meta-analysis registration PROSPERO CRD42021160511. Sexual violence is the most common form of gender-based violence and has been a persistent problem in public health. Housemaids are the most vulnerable groups for any of the forms of sexual violence, as they face the greatest obstacles to gaining protection and necessary services. The sexual activity of domestic workers differs from that of the general population. Housemaids are more likely to be coerced into having sex and to have had sex before age 15 as compared to other young women. Housemaids often experience sexual violence by a person unknown to the victim, employers and male members of the household, brokers, or other intermediary persons. Sexual violence against housemaids remains usually concealed as victims cannot report such offenses. The most common reason for not reporting such violence was a lack of awareness of where to and for whom to report, a low level of education, and a fear of losing their work as they have few or no options for other work. In Ethiopia, the national prevalence of sexual violence among housemaids is not investigated. Also, forms and determinants of sexual violence and identification of perpetrators have not been well described. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of sexual violence amongst housemaids in Ethiopia. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that nearly half of housemaids experienced at least one form of sexual violence by different perpetrators. Of the forms of sexual violence against housemaids, sexual harassment is high. Male employers are the vast majority of perpetrators of their housemaids. Thus, concerned stakeholders should develop and implement interventions that could empower housemaids in their struggle toward the elimination of sexual violence, create awareness for men, and prompt punishment of the perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zemene Habtu Lakew
- Department of Nursing, Teda Health Science College, P.O. Box 790, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Belayneh Melese
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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10
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Testa M. What Are the Chances? Perceived Risk of Sexual Victimization for Self and Others Among College Women. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2022; 37:141-162. [PMID: 35165164 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-20-00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of vulnerability to a negative outcome is considered a necessary first step to risk reduction and prevention behaviors. Accordingly, sexual assault awareness programs have sought to inform college students of the prevalence of college sexual victimization and the risk factors that contribute. The goal of the current study was to consider the degree to which incoming college freshman women recognize their risk of experiencing sexual victimization and to examine whether risk factors such as alcohol use contribute to those perceived chances. Freshman women (N = 252) were recruited via email early in the Fall semester to participate in an online survey. As expected, women perceived their own chances of sexual victimization (21.4%) to be lower than those of the average freshman at the same university (43.7%). Prior sexual victimization, typical drinking, and expected hookups predicted higher perceived risk of being victimized. Only prior victimization predicted higher perceived risk of sexual victimization for others. On average, freshman women acknowledge their substantial risk of experiencing sexual victimization during their first year of college and overestimate the chances that others will be victimized. Findings show high awareness of sexual assault and its risk factors among college students but point toward a need for prevention that goes beyond education and awareness campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Testa
- Department of Psychology, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo
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11
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Bonar EE, DeGue S, Abbey A, Coker AL, Lindquist CH, McCauley HL, Miller E, Senn CY, Thompson MP, Ngo QM, Cunningham RM, Walton MA. Prevention of sexual violence among college students: Current challenges and future directions. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:575-588. [PMID: 32407244 PMCID: PMC7666108 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1757681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Preventing sexual violence among college students is a public health priority. This paper was catalyzed by a summit convened in 2018 to review the state of the science on campus sexual violence prevention. We summarize key risk and vulnerability factors and campus-based interventions, and provide directions for future research pertaining to campus sexual violence. Results and Conclusions: Although studies have identified risk factors for campus sexual violence, longitudinal research is needed to examine time-varying risk factors across social ecological levels (individual, relationship, campus context/broader community and culture) and data are particularly needed to identify protective factors. In terms of prevention, promising individual and relational level interventions exist, including active bystander, resistance, and gender transformative approaches; however, further evidence-based interventions are needed, particularly at the community-level, with attention to vulnerability factors and inclusion for marginalized students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bonar
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia Abbey
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ann L Coker
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christine H Lindquist
- Division for Applied Justice Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather L McCauley
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh & Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charlene Y Senn
- Department of Psychology and Women's & Gender Studies Program, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martie P Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Quyen M Ngo
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Koss MP, Swartout KM, Lopez EC, Lamade RV, Anderson EJ, Brennan CL, Prentky RA. The Scope of Rape Victimization and Perpetration Among National Samples of College Students Across 30 years. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP25-NP47. [PMID: 34911373 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research Questions: Rape prevention practice and policy have roots in data from 1985. This study uses 2015 national data to project recent prevalence, assesses whether rates now differ from those of 30 years ago, and disaggregates 2015 prevalence into rape of alcohol incapacitated victims, rapes combining both alcohol and physical tactics, and violent rape. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were conducted comparing two national samples. The first was collected in 1984-85 (Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987); the second was collected 30 years later in 2014-2015. Both surveys used in-person administration and measurement by the most current version at the time of the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES). Prevalence rates were compared using Bayesian binomial tests. Results: In 2015, 33.4% (1 in 3) of women reported experiencing rape or attempted rape and 12.7% of men reported perpetration (1 in 8). Using Jeffreys' label for effect size of the Bayes binomial (1961), both results are "decisively" greater than expected given the 1985 benchmarks of 27.9% for victimization and 7.7% for perpetration. Victimization when incapacitated characterized approximately 75% of incidents in 2015 up from 50% in 1985. Cautions apply as cross-sectional data does not establish causality and the recent data set involved the revised SES. Conclusions: Across 30 years, neither containment nor reduction of rape was demonstrated and the increasingly prominent association with alcohol was apparent. Among the men who disclosed raping, 9 of 10 incidents were alcohol-involved. Prevention focus might profitably be directed to constraining alcohol environments and policies that facilitate rape of incapacitated persons and on misconduct responses that are proportional to the harm caused to rape victims, thereby raising the perceived risks of perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Koss
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, 48710Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Elise C Lopez
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, 48710Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Raina V Lamade
- 14709University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
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13
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Basile KC, Smith SG, Liu Y, Lowe A, Gilmore AK, Khatiwada S, Kresnow MJ. Victim and perpetrator characteristics in alcohol/drug-involved sexual violence victimization in the U.S. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 226:108839. [PMID: 34216864 PMCID: PMC8355168 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors examine the prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence victimization - rape and being made to penetrate [MTP] (men only) - involving substances (alcohol or other drugs). Although it has been well-documented that perpetrators commit sexual violence against individuals who are using alcohol or drugs, more research is needed to describe the problem at a national level. Data are from the 2010-2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a nationally representative random-digit-dial telephone survey of English- and Spanish-speaking adults in the United States (n = 41,174). Findings reveal that among victims of physically forced rape, 26.2 % of female and 30.0 % of male victims reported substance use; 44.5 % of male MTP victims reported substance use. The majority of forced rape and MTP victims reported the perpetrator was using alcohol or drugs. Among victims of alcohol/drug-facilitated rape, 29.7 % of female and 32.4 % of male victims reported involuntary use of substances, mostly drugs; 84.0 % of female and 82.6 % of male victims reported voluntary use. Among male victims of alcohol/drug-facilitated MTP, 14.6 % reported involuntary and 85.4 % reported voluntary use of substances. Female and male victims reported that the majority of intimate partner, acquaintance, and stranger perpetrators were using substances during the victimization. These findings suggest the importance of prevention efforts at the individual and community levels to reduce substance-involved sexual violence perpetration and risk reduction programs to reduce the likelihood of voluntary substance-facilitated sexual violence victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
| | - Sharon G Smith
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | | | | | - Srijana Khatiwada
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Marcie-Jo Kresnow
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
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14
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Ast RS, Banyard VL, Burnham J, Edwards KM. Community Conversations on Relationship Violence: Town Variations in Prevention Perceptions through Concept Mapping. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 67:353-363. [PMID: 33421153 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To further develop domestic and sexual violence (DSV) prevention strategies at the community level requires an understanding of how community members in towns think about prevention. Using concept mapping, this study sought to better understand community members' perspectives about what DSV prevention strategies would be most feasible, most effective, and generate the greatest community support within their town. Data were collected across four rural Northern England towns. Participants (>90% White) in each town (total sample size = 119) brainstormed, sorted, and rated between 67 and 90 statements per town (x̅ = 75). Based on the results, a 5-cluster solution of school settings, conversations, individual direct action, community building, and community awareness was identified across all four towns as DSV prevention strategies with one town identifying an additional cluster solution of governance. Despite identifying similar prevention strategies, participants from each town rated these clusters of strategies differently on how feasible, effective, and supported they would be in their community. Overall, our results suggest that there were interesting consistencies across four towns in a similar geographic region in terms of how DSV prevention was described. However, individual communities differed in their views of the feasibility and acceptability of the different strategies. These results suggest that different strategies and higher-level actions may be required to address and prevent DSV within different towns and communities and that community narratives can clarify which specific strategies may encounter fewer barriers to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna S Ast
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jessica Burnham
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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15
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Hipp TN, Borgman RA, Gilmore D, Swartout KM. Exploring the relationship between strip clubs and rates of sexual violence and violent crime. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:962-979. [PMID: 33038901 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We examined whether (a) the number of strip clubs per capita and (b) the proportion of clubs with "high-risk characteristics" were significantly associated with rates of sexual violence (SV) and other violent crime at the county level. METHODS Using large, public data sets, we tested effects across 926 counties (13 U.S. states), controlling for percent below the poverty line and alcohol outlets per capita. RESULTS We found that rates of strip clubs were significantly associated with violent crime, but not SV, in all but one model (accounting for Saturday hours). Counties with greater proportions of "high-risk" strip clubs (i.e., greater days and hours of operation, drink specials, full-nudity policies, or private rooms) have higher rates of SV. All models, except the full-nudity policy model, demonstrated increased rates of violent crime. CONCLUSIONS These results provide information for community-level violence prevention and equips stakeholders with information to create safer communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy N Hipp
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robyn A Borgman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Devin Gilmore
- Georgia Family Connections Partnership, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin M Swartout
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Kirk-Provencher KT, Jeglic EL, Calkins C, Spillane NS. The use of substances in sexual offending in a United States sample. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2021; 29:53-67. [PMID: 35693381 PMCID: PMC9186352 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.1904445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Substance use is often involved in sexual offending. Understanding the ways in which substances are used in sexual offending is critical for developing prevention strategies. The present study explored the ways that substances are involved in the perpetration of sexual abuse against adults and minors, including intoxication and supplying substances to victims by individuals convicted of sexual offenses. Data were collected from the records of 2803 individuals convicted of sexual offenses in the United States. A series of binary logistic regressions found that offenses against adults were more likely to have alcohol or drugs involved than offenses against minors, while supplying substances to victims was less likely in intrafamilial than in extrafamilial offenses against minors. Findings suggest that implementing sexual violence prevention strategies (e.g. bystander intervention) in adult drinking contexts and integrating education about problematic substance use behaviors (e.g. grooming) during childhood prevention programs can aid in sexual abuse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth L. Jeglic
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Calkins
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Selepe M, Lindegger G, Govender K. Discourses in accounts of rape by sex offenders in Limpopo province, South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246320960551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
South Africa is known for having the highest number of sexual violence cases in the world. In response to these reports, the government has declared rape as a priority crime, and various measures have been put in place to address this scourge. Despite these measures, rape statistics have continued to escalate. It is against this background that this study sought to explore accounts of sexual offences, particularly reports of rape, from a sample of sex offenders. Data were drawn from five Correctional Centres in the Limpopo province. Nineteen sex offenders were selected through a purposive sampling approach and interviewed face-to-face. Discourse analysis was used to identify and analyse the patterns of talk that sex offenders drew upon to account for their sex offences. Findings revealed that ‘blame’ was the most dominant discourse cited. The ‘rhetoric of blame’ revolved around uncontained sexual desires, sexual entitlement, absent mothers, provocative dress code by women, and unfair laws that discriminated men when they asserted their sexual power in relationships with women. Multi-sectoral intervention strategies are recommended for deconstructing blame discourses that perpetuate rape offences in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandu Selepe
- Centre for Student Counselling and Development, University of Limpopo, South Africa
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18
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Denhard L, Mahoney P, Kim E, Gielen A. A Review of Alcohol Use Interventions on College Campuses and Sexual Assault Outcomes. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Mahoney P, Gielen AC, Bailey MM, Gabel C. Applying the Haddon Matrix to evaluate sexual assault interventions on college campuses. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2020; 68:579-586. [PMID: 30908120 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1583658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective: A Haddon Matrix analysis was used to systematically review literature evaluating college campus sexual assault prevention programs to identify research gaps and intervention opportunities. Methods: Articles included were published from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2017; indexed in PubMed, PsycInfo, or Scopus; involving English-speaking undergraduate students in the US; with experimental or quasi-experimental design. Results: All 31 eligible studies evaluated educational programing; all relied on self-report measures; and three-quarters had follow-up periods ≤ 6 months. Significant positive effects were reported by 6 of 10 studies that measured bystander behavior, 6 of 10 that educated potential victims and assessed victimization, and one of four that educated potential perpetrators and measured perpetration. Conclusion: The Haddon Matrix analysis identified the need for interventions that address perpetrators and the post-assault period, as well as studies of the impact of enforcing existing policies and new environmental and situational approaches to sexual assault prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mahoney
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea C Gielen
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Colby Gabel
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Moylan CA, Javorka M. Widening the Lens: An Ecological Review of Campus Sexual Assault. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:179-192. [PMID: 29409433 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018756121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Varying prevalence rates of sexual violence across colleges and universities indicate the need to understand institutional factors underlying such variation; however, research often focuses exclusively on individual risk and protective factors, which both under theorizes and under explains the phenomenon of campus sexual assault. In this review, we propose that broadening to include campus- and contextual-level factors is necessary to fully explain campus sexual assault. Using an ecological approach, we identify and synthesize research related to campus-level variation in sexual violence, including availability of campus services and resources for survivors, institutional risk factors such as alcohol and party culture, athletics, and fraternities, and the impact of policies at the state and federal levels. Suggestions are made for conducting additional research at the campus level and implications of reframing campus sexual assault from an institutional lens are discussed, including the importance of this approach for practice, evaluation, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Moylan
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - McKenzie Javorka
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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21
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McCauley HL, Campbell R, Buchanan NT, Moylan CA. Advancing Theory, Methods, and Dissemination in Sexual Violence Research to Build a More Equitable Future: An Intersectional, Community-Engaged Approach. Violence Against Women 2019; 25:1906-1931. [PMID: 31530103 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219875823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexual violence is a devastating trauma with long-lasting effects on survivors' health and well-being. Despite the substantial impacts of the last 25 years of research, the prevalence of sexual violence has remained stable. It will be necessary to reconceptualize our work, challenging our theories, methods, and strategies for dissemination and implementation moving forward. We outline an intersectional, community-engaged approach for sexual violence research to center the stories of survivors who face systemic oppression and inequity. Finally, we suggest applications of this approach for justice, healing, and prevention to inform our collective work to end sexual violence.
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22
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Lira MC, Xuan Z, Coleman SM, Swahn MH, Heeren TC, Naimi TS. Alcohol Policies and Alcohol Involvement in Intimate Partner Homicide in the U.S. Am J Prev Med 2019; 57:172-179. [PMID: 31239088 PMCID: PMC6642831 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intimate partner violence (IPV) results in deaths of both primary and corollary (i.e., nonintimate partner) victims. Alcohol use is a known risk factor for IPV, yet the relationship between alcohol policies and IPV homicides is unclear. This repeated cross-sectional study characterizes alcohol involvement, and the relationship between alcohol policies and alcohol involvement, among victims of IPV homicides in the U.S. METHODS Homicide victim data from 17 states in the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2012 were analyzed in 2017-2018. Alcohol Policy Scale scores characterized alcohol policies by state year and were used in generalized estimating equation logistic regression models to predict the odds of alcohol involvement among victims of IPV homicide. RESULTS Among victims of IPV homicide, 36.5% of primary and 41.1% of corollary victims had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) >0.00%. Of the victims with a positive BAC, 67.6% had a BAC ≥0.08%. In adjusted models, a 10-percentage point increase in Alcohol Policy Scale score was associated with reduced odds of having a positive BAC (AOR=0.77, 95% CI=0.64, 0.93) and having a BAC ≥0.08% (AOR=0.82, 95% CI=0.68, 0.99) among all victims, primary victims (AOR=0.78, 95% CI=0.63, 0.98; AOR=0.82, 95% CI=0.65, 1.04), and corollary victims (AOR=0.61, 95% CI=0.42, 0.89; AOR=0.68, 95% CI=0.48, 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol use was prevalent among victims of IPV homicide, and more-restrictive alcohol policies were associated with reduced odds of alcohol involvement. Strengthening alcohol policies is a promising strategy to reduce alcohol-involved IPV homicide victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene C Lira
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ziming Xuan
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon M Coleman
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Monica H Swahn
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy C Heeren
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy S Naimi
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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23
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Wilkins NJ, Zhang X, Mack KA, Clapperton AJ, Macpherson A, Sleet D, Kresnow-Sedacca MJ, Ballesteros MF, Newton D, Murdoch J, Mackay JM, Berecki-Gisolf J, Marr A, Armstead T, McClure R. Societal determinants of violent death: The extent to which social, economic, and structural characteristics explain differences in violence across Australia, Canada, and the United States. SSM Popul Health 2019; 8:100431. [PMID: 31372487 PMCID: PMC6660557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this ecological study, we attempt to quantify the extent to which differences in homicide and suicide death rates between three countries, and among states/provinces within those countries, may be explained by differences in their social, economic, and structural characteristics. We examine the relationship between state/province level measures of societal risk factors and state/province level rates of violent death (homicide and suicide) across Australia, Canada, and the United States. Census and mortality data from each of these three countries were used. Rates of societal level characteristics were assessed and included residential instability, self-employment, income inequality, gender economic inequity, economic stress, alcohol outlet density, and employment opportunities). Residential instability, self-employment, and income inequality were associated with rates of both homicide and suicide and gender economic inequity was associated with rates of suicide only. This study opens lines of inquiry around what contributes to the overall burden of violence-related injuries in societies and provides preliminary findings on potential societal characteristics that are associated with differences in injury and violence rates across populations. This study opens lines of inquiry around what contributes to the overall burden of violence-related injuries in societies. Differences in homicide and suicide death between and within countries may be explained by social, economic, and structural characteristics. Residential instability, self-employment, and income inequality were associated with rates of both homicide and suicide. Gender economic inequity was associated with rates of suicide only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Wilkins
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Xinjian Zhang
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Karin A Mack
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Angela J Clapperton
- Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit / Monash University Accident Research Centre, Level 3, Building 70, Clayton Campus 21 Alliance Lane, Monash University, VIC, 2800, Australia
| | - Alison Macpherson
- York University, 337 Norman Bethune College - BC Keele Campus, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - David Sleet
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Marcie-Jo Kresnow-Sedacca
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Michael F Ballesteros
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Donovan Newton
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - James Murdoch
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - J Morag Mackay
- Safe Kids Worldwide, 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20004, United States
| | - Janneke Berecki-Gisolf
- Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit / Monash University Accident Research Centre, Level 3, Building 70, Clayton Campus 21 Alliance Lane, Monash University, VIC, 2800, Australia
| | - Angela Marr
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Theresa Armstead
- U.S. Center for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Roderick McClure
- University of New England, School of Rural Medicine, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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24
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Silber Ashley O, Lane ME, Morgan JK, Charm S, Tharp A, Brown M. Perceptions of High-Risk Situations for Sexual Assault: Gender Differences in the U.S. Air Force. Mil Med 2019; 184:443-450. [PMID: 30901445 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored U.S. Air Force service members' perceptions of high-risk situations for sexual assault victimization. Qualitative data were collected from 52 active duty Airmen, including sexual assault survivors and general population officers and enlisted personnel. Participants were recruited through posted flyers, base-wide e-mail messages, and referrals from the Sexual Assault Response Coordinator's office. Content analysis was used to summarize participants' opinions and experiences. High-risk situations for all Airmen included excessive alcohol use, specific physical settings, and situations associated with work assignments. High-risk situations identified frequently by male and female sexual assault survivors and female (but not male) general population Airmen included power imbalance; isolation in the workplace and social settings; and youth, inexperience, and unfamiliarity with the military environment. Female Airmen identified workplaces with a predominance of men or being one of very few women in a group as a high-risk situation for sexual assault victimization. And female sexual assault survivors identified implicit but unwarranted trust between Airmen as a high-risk situation. This study provides new insight into gender differences in high-risk situations for sexual assault victimization, and the data can help policymakers better prevent sexual assault by appropriately tailoring and timing sexual assault risk reduction training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Silber Ashley
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 101 Conner Drive, Suite 200, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Marian E Lane
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Samantha Charm
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Andra Tharp
- United States Air Force, Headquarters, Integrated Resilience Office, 1410 Air Force Pentagon, Room 5E960, Washington DC
| | - Mark Brown
- United States Air Force, Headquarters, Integrated Resilience Office, 1410 Air Force Pentagon, Room 5E960, Washington DC
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review is a critical reflection on the effectiveness of evidence-based alcohol policies and their implementation, based on studies and observations that have arisen in recent years. RECENT FINDINGS This article covers themes in recent literature of: the relationship between alcohol consumption and harm, the variability of country contextual factors and the interactions of both country contexts and alcohol policies on changes in alcohol consumption and harm. SUMMARY These recent observations imply that alcoholic beverage policies and programmes should focus on contextual determinants in each country and community, and address targeted problems (like problem drinking) and harm (such as liver cirrhosis, cancer and road accidents), rather than consumption per se.
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26
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Abstract
This response to Katz's commentary is based on our team's experiences and findings in bystander intervention design and evaluation among male and female adolescents in several high school settings. Three themes emerged in reflecting on "what worked" in our large evaluation in light of Katz's commentary. First, our field needs data from multiple rigorous bystander intervention evaluations. Second, bystander interventions must be acceptable to the population receiving the intervention. Third, engaging all adolescent and young adults in prevention independent of sex or sexual orientation is essential to reduce sexual violence including harassment and bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Coker
- 1 University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, USA
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27
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Testa M, Cleveland MJ. It Depends on How You Look at It: The Role of Alcohol in Men's Sexual Aggression Perpetration. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 78:18-19. [PMID: 27936360 PMCID: PMC9798481 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Testa
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Michael J. Cleveland
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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28
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The impact of state policy on teen dating violence prevalence. J Adolesc 2015; 44:88-96. [PMID: 26255246 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Teen dating violence (TDV) is a serious public health concern that is associated with many negative effects. Studies on TDV prevention most often focus on the evaluation of prevention programs in school and community settings. Much less is known about the effects of policy on TDV prevalence. This study tests a model to explain whether stronger laws regarding TDV, specifically civil protection orders, have an impact on TDV rates in states. Results show that stronger policy, Democratic party control of the governor's office, and higher state median income are associated with lower rates of TDV. This study provides solid information regarding the role of civil protection orders as a means of TDV prevention and adds to our knowledge of the efficacy of state-level TDV policy. The information can lead to increased vigor on the part of advocates to strive for specific provisions in the law and to work for gubernatorial candidates who will support such laws.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- From the Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
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