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Ruvalcaba Y, Ruíz E, Berenstain N. A Study on Economic Stressors During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survivors in the United States. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02090-1. [PMID: 38992204 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Systemic racism and racialized poverty are socially produced structural determinants that shape health outcomes during infectious disease outbreaks. Public health emergencies compound vulnerabilities for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence (SV) and those who self-identify as people from racial and ethnic minority groups. We describe findings from an online survey designed to collect data on financial conditions faced by survivors of IPV and SV to understand these conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analyses were limited to a sample of women in the United States (91.4%, n = 523) who reported IPV or SV to whom we refer as survivors. We characterize the differences of economic stressors across White and aggregated categories of self-identified race, i.e., Black and Brown Latinx women and non-Black or non-Brown Latinx women of color, to highlight disparities between White and non-White populations in our sample. Logistic regressions were used to examine the relationships among racial categories, food insecurity, housing insecurity, and economic insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Black and Brown Latinx women survivors were twice as likely as White women to report housing, financial, and economic insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Approximately one-third of all survivors anticipated taking on more debt than they would want to cover their expenses due to COVID-19. The results of this study have implications for public health responses that involve coordinating economic relief measures among populations disparately affected by public health crises and disasters to ensure that the economic needs of the most impacted are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanet Ruvalcaba
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Elena Ruíz
- Research Institute for Structural Change, Michigan State University, 479 W. Circle Dr., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nora Berenstain
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Tennessee, 801 McClung Tower, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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2
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Chronister KM, Kumar N, Mendoza MM, Goodman LA. Evaluating the Nature and Prevalence of Economic Empowerment Services Provided to Intimate Partner Abuse Survivors. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:1825-1841. [PMID: 38528764 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241239939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Economic empowerment (EE) services promote survivors' economic stability and well-being. A target for intervention and prevention, then, is to offer more effective EE services. The study purpose was to develop a clearer picture of what EE services agencies offer, and how prepared staff are to provide these services. We collected data from 154 providers. Survivors most requested, and agencies most frequently provided, housing services. EE services offered did not differ by agency location, staff size, or number of clients. Providers' confidence was greater if they completed high school; their agency offered more EE services; and they completed voluntary training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Chronister
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Nimisha Kumar
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Micah Michelle Mendoza
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Lisa A Goodman
- Department of Counseling and Applied Developmental Psychology, Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Taylor S, Stallings A, Greenstein S, Ochoa A, Said A, Salinas N, Becerril N, Guevara W, Phan M. Serving IPV Survivors in Culturally Diverse Communities: Perspectives From Current Service Providers. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:1866-1882. [PMID: 38500374 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241239938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This qualitative study examines current IPV service providers' perspectives on service delivery methods that best reach and serve IPV survivors from culturally diverse communities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 service providers, and transcripts were analyzed for themes related to service providers' experiences. Five themes emerged from the data that suggest best practices for reaching and serving survivors from culturally diverse backgrounds, including understanding survivors' backgrounds, promoting trust and inclusivity, building community relationships, providing culturally responsive education on IPV, and supporting current and future staff with training. Study findings provide implications for the education and training of future service providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Taylor
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | - Sage Greenstein
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Ochoa
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Ayah Said
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Norma Salinas
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Noemi Becerril
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - William Guevara
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Phan
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
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4
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Pastor-Moreno G, Saletti-Cuesta L, Henares-Montiel J, Escudero-Carretero MJ, Higueras-Callejón C, Ruiz-Pérez I. Systematic review of healthcare interventions for reducing gender-based violence impact on the mental health of women with disabilities. J Nurs Scholarsh 2024. [PMID: 38804594 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Women with disabilities are more exposed to violence. The health sector has a key role in all three levels of prevention of violence against women. The objective of this paper was to review the interventions for preventing gender-based violence and reducing its impact on the mental health of women with any form of disability. METHOD Relevant studies were identified through conducting searches in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsyInfo, Social Services Abstracts, and PILOTS. Two reviewers analyzed and selected studies. A qualitative synthesis was made. RESULTS 3149 references were obtained, among which eight articles describing nine interventions from the USA and the UK. Most were intended for women with mental/intellectual disability and assessed intimate partner or sexual violence. Only one study showed high methodological quality. They were found to be particularly effective as regards improvement of the skills acquired by participants, but the results as regards improved mental health are not consistent. CONCLUSION Our review shows very little evidence of effective interventions. Further studies are required with higher internal validity and female sample groups with diverse disabilities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gender-based violence is a highly prevalent problem for women with disabilities, and in addition to being a public health challenge is a violation of human rights. Health care systems and policymakers should take a key role in all three levels of prevention of violence against women with disabilities. Interventions with longer follow-up times are required. It is also important for interventions to be designed in consultation with people with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Pastor-Moreno
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica y en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Lorena Saletti-Cuesta
- Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Sobre Cultura y Sociedad. CIECS-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jesús Henares-Montiel
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica y en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - María J Escudero-Carretero
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica y en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Ruiz-Pérez
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica y en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
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5
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Wendt S, Natalier K, Goudie S. Young Women's Experiences of Violence and Homelessness. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012241243053. [PMID: 38613403 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241243053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This article explores the lived experience of young women navigating and surviving domestic and family violence (DFV) and homelessness. Promoting the voices of young women through in-depth interviews, this article considers their story of violence, abuse, homelessness, and sense of safety. Such stories enable reflection on the ability of services to provide personal, material, emotional, and cultural safety in a way that recognizes the intersecting impact of trauma before, during, and after experiences of DFV. We conclude by arguing that providing emotional and cultural safety through the relational aspects of service delivery is essential to developing a strong foundation for young women's futures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wendt
- Department of Social Work, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kristin Natalier
- College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharyn Goudie
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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6
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Kulkarni SJ, Notario H. Trapped in housing insecurity: Socioecological barriers to housing access experienced by intimate partner violence survivors from marginalized communities. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 52:439-458. [PMID: 37172291 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Homelessness and intimate partner violence (IPV) do not impact all communities equally. Survivors from marginalized communities-that is communities that have been historically and structurally excluded from social, economic, and political resources-face additional challenges weathering IPV and housing crises. Understanding the housing experiences of marginalized survivors is necessary to achieve housing equity for all survivors. Community-based participatory research methods were utilized to convene 14 listening sessions (7 primary/7 validation) with Black and Latinx IPV survivors with intersectional identities (n = 92). Listening sessions were held in community-based locations including a church, health clinic, social service agency, and private residence. The last five validation sessions were conducted virtually on Zoom due to COVID pandemic protocols. All listening sessions were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Latinx population listening sessions were conducted in Spanish and were implemented and translated with attention to linguistic justice principles. The research team used a modified constructivist grounded theory approach for data analysis. Four overarching themes (and seven subthemes) related to survivors' housing experiences emerged: (1) safety and healing challenges, including living in unhealthy physical environments, not being safe in their homes, and contending with community violence, sexual exploitation threats, and eviction fears; (2) formal service fragmentation/bureaucracy that hampered access to housing resource information and resources; (3) resource scarcity associated with limited affordable housing stock; and (4) systemic oppression resulting from discriminatory treatment and gentrification. Comprehensive multileveled approaches are needed to disrupt the cycle of housing insecurity for IPV survivors from marginalized communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti J Kulkarni
- School of Social Work, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heidi Notario
- National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Nydegger LA, Benton EN, Hemingway B, Fung S, Yuan M, Phung C, Claborn KR. Housing Insecurity and Other Syndemic Factors Experienced by Black and Latina Cisgender Women in Austin, Texas: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7177. [PMID: 38131728 PMCID: PMC10742514 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20247177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Austin, Texas emerged as one of the fastest-growing cities in the U.S. over the past decade. Urban transformation has exacerbated inequities and reduced ethnic/racial diversity among communities. This qualitative study focused on housing insecurity and other syndemic factors among Black and Latina cisgender women (BLCW). Data collection from 18 BLCW using in-depth interviews guided by syndemic theory was conducted three times over three months between 2018 and 2019. Four housing insecurity categories emerged: (a) very unstable, (b) unstable, (c) stable substandard, and (d) stable costly. Participants who experienced more stable housing, particularly more stable housing across interviews, reported fewer instances of intimate partner violence (IPV), less substance use, and a reduced risk of acquiring HIV. Results identified the importance of exploring housing insecurity with other syndemic factors among BLCW along with determining structural- and multi-level interventions to improve housing circumstances and other syndemic factors. Future research should explore these factors in other geographic locations, among other intersectional communities, and among larger sample sizes and consider using a mixed methods approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl A. Nydegger
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Erin N. Benton
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Bree Hemingway
- School of Community & Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA 91711, USA;
| | - Sarah Fung
- Moody School of Communication, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Mandy Yuan
- School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Chau Phung
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Kasey R. Claborn
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
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8
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Katz CC, Okpych NJ, Charles P, Wall E, Courtney ME. Prevalence and Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Among Youth With Foster Care Histories. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:10611-10639. [PMID: 37300333 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231175910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A small but growing body of research suggests that adolescents and young adults involved with the child welfare system and those transitioning out of foster care are at heightened risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Understanding the factors that place youth at risk of IPV is central to prevention and treatment of this public health problem. However, questions remain about the prevalence and correlates of IPV among youth in foster care. Additionally, emotional abuse, a particular form of IPV in intimate partnerships, remains an understudied area in this population. This study aimed to address these gaps in research by exploring factors associated with IPV using longitudinal data from a representative sample of older youth in California Foster Care who participated in the California Youth Transitions to Adulthood Study (CalYOUTH). Our IPV outcome measures included victimization, perpetration, bidirectional IPV, and emotional abuse. Findings suggest that approximately one-fifth (20.4%) of CalYOUTH respondents had experienced some form of IPV at age 23, with emotional abuse and bidirectional violence being the most commonly reported types of IPV. Females reported emotional abuse, as well as bidirectional violence, at nearly double the rates of their male counterparts. Self-identified sexual minority youth (SMY; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning) were more likely to report IPV victimization, IPV perpetration, and bidirectional violence than their non-SMY peers. Youth with histories of emotional abuse, caregiver IPV victimization, sexual abuse in foster care, placement instability, substance use, anxiety, and incarceration were also at heightened risk of IPV involvement. Emotional abuse was most prevalent with SMY. The findings contribute to the growing research on IPV among transition-age foster youth with important implications for future research, practice, and policy.
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9
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Trabold N, King PR, Crasta D, Iverson KM, Crane CA, Buckheit K, Bosco SC, Funderburk JS. Leveraging Integrated Primary Care to Enhance the Health System Response to IPV: Moving toward Primary Prevention Primary Care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5701. [PMID: 37174219 PMCID: PMC10178447 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prominent public health problem in the United States, with significant health impacts that are often severe and persistent. Healthcare systems have been called upon to improve both the systematic identification and treatment of IPV largely by adopting secondary and tertiary prevention efforts. Research to date demonstrates both benefits and challenges with the current strategies employed. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge about the healthcare system's response to IPV and evaluate the strengths, limitations, and opportunities. We offer recommendations to broaden the continuum of healthcare resources to address IPV, which include a population health approach to primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Trabold
- Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Rochester Institute of Technology, College of Health Science and Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Paul R King
- Center for Integrated Healthcare, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Dev Crasta
- Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY 14424, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Katherine M Iverson
- Women's Health Sciences Division of the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Cory A Crane
- Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Rochester Institute of Technology, College of Health Science and Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Katherine Buckheit
- Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Stephen C Bosco
- Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jennifer S Funderburk
- Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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10
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Sullivan CM, López-Zerón G, Farero A, Ayeni OO, Simmons C, Chiaramonte D, Guerrero M, Hamdan N, Sprecher M. Impact of the Domestic Violence Housing First Model on Survivors' Safety and Housing Stability: Six Month Findings. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2023; 38:395-406. [PMID: 38455870 PMCID: PMC10919292 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a leading cause of homelessness, yet little evidence exists about effective strategies to assist IPV survivors as they work to avoid homelessness while freeing themselves from abuse. An ongoing demonstration evaluation is examining if and how one promising model assists IPV survivors in obtaining safe and stable housing over time. The Domestic Violence Housing First (DVHF) model involves providing IPV survivors with mobile advocacy and/or flexible funding, depending on individual needs, in order to attain these goals. We hypothesized that those receiving DVHF would experience greater housing stability and less re-abuse compared to survivors receiving services as usual. The current study evaluated the short-term efficacy of the DVHF model with a sample of 345 homeless or unstably housed survivors who sought services and who completed in-person interviews shortly after contacting the DV agency, as well as six months later. Those who received the DVHF model showed greater improvement in their housing stability compared to those receiving services as usual, as well as decreased economic abuse. Both groups experienced a sharp decline in all forms of abuse. The Domestic Violence Housing First model shows promise in helping unstably housed DV survivors achieve safe and stable housing. Study findings have implications for DV agencies as well as those funding such services. Understanding which interventions work best for which survivors is critical to ensuring that service providers are effectively working toward long-term housing stability and well-being for IPV survivors and their children.
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11
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Ohtsuka MS, Shannon K, Zucchet A, Krüsi A, Bingham B, King D, Axl-Rose T, Braschel M, Deering KN. Prevalence and Social-Structural Correlates of Gender-Based Violence Against Women Living With HIV in Metro Vancouver, Canada. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4562-4588. [PMID: 36317864 PMCID: PMC9899311 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221118611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Violence experienced by cisgender (cis) and gender minority women living with HIV is known to be high. More work is needed to better understand how to support women living with HIV who have experienced violence. The objectives of this study are therefore to identify the prevalence and correlates of violence by any perpetrator among women living with HIV in a Canadian setting. Data were drawn from 9 years (January, 2010 to February, 2019) of a longitudinal community-based open cohort study of 350+ cis and trans women living with HIV who were living and/or accessed care in Metro Vancouver, Canada (Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS: Women's Longitudinal Needs Assessment "SHAWNA"). Participants completed baseline and biannual follow-up interviews. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations (GEE) were performed to identify correlates of recent (last 6 months) violence (physical and/or sexual) by any perpetrator. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) are presented. At baseline, prevalence of violence was high: 95.5% (recent = 19.4%) of participants reported lifetime physical and/or sexual violence, 94.8% (recent = 17.9%) reported lifetime physical violence, and 84.5% (recent = 5.7%) reported lifetime sexual violence. In multivariable logistic regression with GEE, the following variables were associated with higher odds of recent physical/sexual violence: youth (<30 years) (AOR: 1.60, 95% CI [1.15, 2.22]), recent unstable housing/homelessness (AOR: 1.96, 95% CI [1.30, 2.97]), recent food insecurity (AOR: 1.57, 95% CI [1.13, 2.17]), recent incarceration (AOR: 1.85, 95% CI [1.18, 2.91]), recent opioid use (AOR: 1.38, 95% CI [1.04, 1.82]), recent stimulant use (AOR: 2.48, 95% CI [1.72, 3.56]), and lifetime HIV status disclosure without consent (AOR: 1.59, 95% CI [1.13, 2.24]). Trauma- and violence-informed (TVI) policies that include a focus on confidentiality and safe disclosure practices should be integrated into existing housing, incarceration, and harm reduction programs, and HIV care and practice for women living with HIV. Programs and policies that address high levels of violence remain critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika S. Ohtsuka
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kate Shannon
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alyssa Zucchet
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrea Krüsi
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brittany Bingham
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Desire King
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tara Axl-Rose
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen N. Deering
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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12
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Sullivan CM, Guerrero M, Simmons C, López-Zerón G, Ayeni OO, Farero A, Chiaramonte D, Sprecher M. Impact of the Domestic Violence Housing First Model on Survivors' Safety and Housing Stability: 12-Month Findings. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4790-4813. [PMID: 36052457 PMCID: PMC9900683 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221119520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread and devastating phenomenon resulting in a myriad of long-term consequences for survivors and their children. IPV victimization not only has negative health and economic consequences, it has also been linked to homelessness and housing instability. In response, the Domestic Violence Housing First (DVHF) model is being used in some domestic violence (DV) agencies to help survivors attain safe and stable housing. The model includes using individualized advocacy and/or flexible funding to help survivors meet these goals. Using a longitudinal, quasi-experimental design, the current study involved conducting interviews with survivors and examining agency records to investigate the effectiveness of this model. We hypothesized that survivors who received DVHF would experience less re-abuse and greater housing stability over 12 months compared to those who received services as usual (SAU). The sample included 345 IPV survivors who had been homeless or unstably housed when they approached one of five DV programs for help. Interviews were spaced 6 months apart (when survivors first sought services as well as 6 months and 12 months later). Longitudinal analyses showed that survivors who received the DVHF model reported greater improvements in housing stability at both the 6-month and 12-month time points compared to those receiving SAU. At the 12-month time point, survivors who had received DVHF reported decreased physical, psychological, and economic abuse, as well as the use of their children against them as a form of abuse. This study adds to a growing body of evidence supporting this model's effectiveness and adds to our understanding of factors impacting the long-term housing stability and safety for IPV survivors.
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Wathen CN, Mantler T. Trauma- and Violence-Informed Care: Orienting Intimate Partner Violence Interventions to Equity. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2022; 9:233-244. [PMID: 36212738 PMCID: PMC9527731 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-022-00307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purposeof Review Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex traumatic experience that often co-occurs, or is causally linked, with other forms of structural violence and oppression. However, few IPV interventions integrate this social-ecological perspective. We examine trauma- and violence-informed care (TVIC) in the context of existing IPV interventions as an explicitly equity-oriented approach to IPV prevention and response. Recent Findings Systematic reviews of IPV interventions along the public health prevention spectrum show mixed findings, with those with a theoretically grounded, structural approach that integrates a trauma lens more likely to show benefit. Summary TVIC, embedded in survivor-centered protocols with an explicit theory of change, is emerging as an equity-promoting approach underpinning IPV intervention. Explicit attention to structural violence and the complexity of IPV, systems and sites of intervention, and survivors' diverse and intersectional lived experiences has significant potential to transform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Nadine Wathen
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, FIMS & Nursing Building, Room 2307, London, ON N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - Tara Mantler
- School of Health Studies, Western University, London, Canada
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Wood L, Schrag RV, McGiffert M, Brown J, Backes B. "I Felt Better When I Moved Into My Own Place": Needs and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Survivors in Rapid Rehousing. Violence Against Women 2022; 29:1441-1466. [PMID: 35989686 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221117600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accessing stable housing is a basic need for intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors, and rapid rehousing programs are a critical way to address homelessness. However, little is known about survivor experiences, needs, and outcomes in rapid rehousing services within IPV agencies. This study uses an exploratory approach to understand the needs and experiences of 31 survivors using vouchers facilitated by an IPV program in the U.S. Southwest. Thematic analysis of structured interviews resulted in four summary themes: getting to housing, managing multiple needs, accessing support, and facing barriers. Practice and evaluation implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Wood
- Center for Violence Prevention, 12338The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Maggy McGiffert
- Center for Violence Prevention, 12338The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Josh Brown
- Fort Bend Women's Center, Richmond, TX, USA
| | - Bethany Backes
- Violence Against Women Faculty Cluster, Department of Criminal Justice, School of Social Work, 6243University of Central Florida, FL, USA
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15
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Yakubovich AR, Maki K. Preventing Gender-Based Homelessness in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: The Need to Account for Violence Against Women. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:2587-2599. [PMID: 34533387 PMCID: PMC9272040 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211034202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to increases in intimate partner violence (IPV), a leading cause of women's homelessness. Although the Canadian Government provided emergency funding to the violence against women and housing and homelessness sectors in response to COVID-19, Canada lacks a national legislative and funding framework to support coordinated prevention efforts. We review the context of IPV and homelessness among women and international policy exemplars. We then propose several starting points for developing a Canadian strategic framework, including adopting inclusive definitions of IPV and homelessness as well as evaluating a broad continuum of IPV-housing options and intersectoral partnership models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krys Maki
- Women's Shelters Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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16
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Decker MR, Grace KT, Holliday CN, Bevilacqua KG, Kaur A, Miller J. Safe and Stable Housing for Intimate Partner Violence Survivors, Maryland, 2019‒2020. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:865-870. [PMID: 35420894 PMCID: PMC9137013 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.306728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
House of Ruth Maryland is a comprehensive intimate partner violence (IPV) service provider. Our academic‒practitioner partnership conducted a prospective, quasi-experimental evaluation (n = 70) of on-site transitional housing and community-based rapid rehousing to meet the safety and stability needs of individuals made homeless because of IPV. By 6-month follow-up, both IPV revictimization and housing instability significantly improved (P < .001). Housing supports through an IPV service provider advanced the dual goals of safety and housing stability for IPV survivors. Safe, affordable housing is an IPV prevention strategy. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(6):865-870. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306728).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Decker
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Karen Trister Grace
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Charvonne N Holliday
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Kristin G Bevilacqua
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Arshdeep Kaur
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
| | - Janice Miller
- At the time of the study, all authors were affiliated with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Janice Miller is also with House of Ruth Maryland (HRM), Baltimore
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17
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Wood L, Schrag RV, Baumler E, Hairston D, Guillot-Wright S, Torres E, Temple JR. On the Front Lines of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Occupational Experiences of the Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Assault Workforce. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP9345-NP9366. [PMID: 33334241 PMCID: PMC9136381 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520983304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the face of increasing risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual assault during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to understand the experiences of the workforce providing support to survivors, as well as the evolving service delivery methods, shifting safety planning approaches, and occupational stress of frontline workers. We addressed this gap by conducting an online survey of members of IPV and sexual assault workforce using a broad, web-based recruitment strategy. In total, 352 staff from 24 states participated. We collaborated with practitioner networks and anti-violence coalitions to develop the brief survey, which included questions about work and health, safety planning, and stress. We used chi-square, t-test, and ANOVA analysis techniques to analyze differences within position and demographic variables. For qualitative data, we used thematic analysis to analyze responses from four open-ended questions. The sample was majority female-identified (93.7%) and essential workers in dual IPV and sexual assault programs (80.7%). Findings demonstrated that since the pandemic began, IPV and sexual assault staff are experiencing more personal and professional stressors, perceive a decrease in client safety, and lack resources needed to help survivors and themselves. Common problems included a lack of food or supplies at home and work and housing and financial support for survivors. There was a 51% increase in the use of video conference for work, which contributed to workforce strain. Reductions in overall service capacity and a shift to remote service provision have implications for both survivors and staff. These findings suggest a critical need for additional training, infrastructure, and support for the IPV and sexual assault workforce. There is an urgent need to classify IPV and sexual assault staff as first responders and address the occupational stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Wood
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Leila Wood, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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18
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Murugan V, Weaver TL, Schafer T, Rich Q. Crisis Work Embedded in a Global Crisis: The Early Phase Impact of COVID-19 on Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence and Service Provisions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4728. [PMID: 35457594 PMCID: PMC9025127 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, as a global pandemic, was a public health inflection point for individuals affected by intimate partner violence (IPV) and those who provide IPV services. Public health guidelines that were intended to reduce risk of exposure to the virus impacted vulnerability factors for IPV survivors and associated systems of services. We aimed to (1) explore the effect of COVID-19 on survivors of IPV; (2) assess the effect of COVID-19 on IPV-related service provisions and service providers; and (3) explore challenges and opportunities in the wake of COVID-19 on broader IPV services and advocacy. METHOD Twelve directors of IPV shelter, criminal justice, and other advocacy services within a diverse, Midwestern metropolitan area were recruited to participate in in-depth, semi-structured interviews in June-August 2020. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Dedoose. Data were coded and analyzed through thematic analysis. RESULTS Four major themes, contextualized by COVID-19 and racial injustice, emerged from the data analysis: (1) IPV-related trends; (2) impact on IPV survivors, services, and agency morale; (3) inter-agency collaborations; and (4) future opportunities for innovative service delivery. Gaps and opportunities for developing culturally congruent, trauma-informed services were identified. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that responsive and accessible IPV resources and associated advocacy services can make the difference between life and death for survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vithya Murugan
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (Q.R.)
| | - Terri L. Weaver
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Theresa Schafer
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (Q.R.)
| | - Quin Rich
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; (T.S.); (Q.R.)
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19
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Cowlishaw S, Sbisa A, Freijah I, Kartal D, Mulligan A, Notarianni M, Iverson K, Couineau AL, Forbes D, O’Donnell M, Phelps A, Smith P, Hosseiny F. Health Service Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence among Military Personnel and Veterans: A Framework and Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3551. [PMID: 35329239 PMCID: PMC8955703 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IPV is a significant concern among active duty (AD) military personnel or veterans, and there is a need for initiatives to address violence perpetrated by such personnel, and IPV victimisation in military and veteran-specific contexts. The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of major IPV intervention approaches and evidence in military and veteran-specific health services. A scoping review was conducted involving a systematic search of all available published studies describing IPV interventions in military and veteran-specific health services. Findings were synthesised narratively, and in relation to a conceptual framework that distinguishes across prevention, response, and recovery-oriented strategies. The search identified 19 studies, all from the U.S., and only three comprised randomised trials. Initiatives addressed both IPV perpetration and victimisation, with varied interventions targeting the latter, including training programs, case identification and risk assessment strategies, and psychosocial interventions. Most initiatives were classified as responses to IPV, with one example of indicated prevention. The findings highlight an important role for specific health services in addressing IPV among AD personnel and veterans, and signal intervention components that should be considered. The limited amount of empirical evidence indicates that benefits of interventions remain unclear, and highlights the need for targeted research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia–Centre for Post-traumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.S.); (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Alyssa Sbisa
- Phoenix Australia–Centre for Post-traumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.S.); (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Isabella Freijah
- Phoenix Australia–Centre for Post-traumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.S.); (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Dzenana Kartal
- Phoenix Australia–Centre for Post-traumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.S.); (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Ashlee Mulligan
- Centre of Excellence on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Related Mental Health Conditions, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
| | - MaryAnn Notarianni
- Centre of Excellence on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Related Mental Health Conditions, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Katherine Iverson
- Women’s Health Sciences Division of the National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Couineau
- Phoenix Australia–Centre for Post-traumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.S.); (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.)
| | - David Forbes
- Phoenix Australia–Centre for Post-traumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.S.); (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Meaghan O’Donnell
- Phoenix Australia–Centre for Post-traumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.S.); (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Phelps
- Phoenix Australia–Centre for Post-traumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (A.S.); (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Patrick Smith
- Centre of Excellence on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Related Mental Health Conditions, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Fardous Hosseiny
- Centre of Excellence on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Related Mental Health Conditions, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
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20
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Wood L, McGiffert M, Fusco RA, Kulkarni S. " The Propellers of My Life" The Impact of Domestic Violence Transitional Housing on Parents and Children. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2022; 40:1-15. [PMID: 35095183 PMCID: PMC8785383 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-021-00809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Housing and homelessness are frequent issues facing domestic violence (DV) survivors and their children. Several DV programs provide transitional housing (DVTH) to address the housing needs of DV survivors and their children. Despite wide use, little is known about the impact of DVTH, especially on child and parenting related needs and outcomes. Multiple structured interviews (82) were conducted with 27 parents with minor children living in DVTH in order to explore housing program experiences. Thematic analysis techniques produced three themes and seven subthemes about DVTH impact on parenting and child wellness. Overarching themes include: (1) DVTH helps to strengthen the parent-child relationship through a focus on family connection and health; (2). Transitional housing provides an opportunity for family stability via housing, material, and economic stability; (3). Time at DVTH allows family to access a diverse range of trauma-informed resources and social support to meet family goals. Barriers to these potential impacts are explored. Implications for practice with youth and parents include the need for extensive mental health and legal advocacy, programmatic models that emphasize resources, safety and the transition to permanent housing, and build on family strengths. Further research is needed to evaluate DVTH program outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Wood
- Center for Violence Prevention, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0587 USA
| | - Maggy McGiffert
- Center for Violence Prevention, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0587 USA
| | - Rachel A. Fusco
- Georgia Athletic Association Professor in Health and Well-Being, School of Social Work, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Shanti Kulkarni
- Department of Social Work, College of Health and Human Services, UNC Charlotte, Charlotte, USA
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21
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Yakubovich AR, Bartsch A, Metheny N, Gesink D, O'Campo P. Housing interventions for women experiencing intimate partner violence: a systematic review. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e23-e35. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Wood L, Baumler E, Schrag RV, Guillot-Wright S, Hairston D, Temple J, Torres E. "Don't Know where to Go for Help": Safety and Economic Needs among Violence Survivors during the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 37:959-967. [PMID: 33424111 PMCID: PMC7780076 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-020-00240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and related quarantine has created additional problems for survivors of interpersonal violence. The purpose of this study is to gain a preliminary understanding of the health, safety, and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on people that are experiencing or have previously experienced violence, stalking, threats, and/or abuse. An online survey, open from April to June 2020, was taken by people with safety concerns from interpersonal violence. Participants were recruited from IPV and sexual assault-focused agencies, state coalitions, and social media. Quantitative data were summarized using descriptive methods in SPSS and coding methods from thematic and content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data from open-ended questions. A total of 53 participants were recruited for the survey. Individuals with safety concerns have experienced increased challenges with health and work concerns, stress from economic instability, difficulties staying safe, and access resources and support. Over 40% of participants reported safety had decreased. Use of social media and avoidance strategies were the most common safety approaches used. Participants reported mixed experiences with virtual services. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing structural concerns for survivors of violence like IPV and sexual assault. Increased support and economic resource access, coupled with modified safety planning and improved virtual approaches, would better help meet survivor needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Wood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Violence Prevention, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0587 USA
| | - Elizabeth Baumler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Violence Prevention, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0587 USA
| | - Rachel Voth Schrag
- The University of Texas at Arlington, PO Box 19129, 211 South Cooper Street, Arlington, TX 76019-0129 USA
| | - Shannon Guillot-Wright
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Violence Prevention, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0587 USA
| | - Dixie Hairston
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Violence Prevention, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0587 USA
| | - Jeff Temple
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Violence Prevention, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0587 USA
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Violence Prevention, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0587 USA
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23
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Fraga Rizo C, Klein LB, Chesworth B, Macy RJ, Dooley R. Intimate Partner Violence Survivors' Housing Needs and Preferences: A Brief Report. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:958-972. [PMID: 31906770 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519897330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization contributes to homelessness and housing insecurity for survivors and their children. Despite growing interest in expanding strategies for addressing the housing needs of survivors, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding survivors' preferences and recommendations. To begin to address knowledge gaps, this article reports findings from a qualitative study examining the housing needs of IPV survivors and survivors' preferences and recommendations for addressing their housing needs. In-depth interviews with 19 adult IPV survivors in a southeastern community determined three key themes: (a) IPV housing needs and challenges, (b) domestic violence shelter strengths and concerns, and (c) recommendations for addressing survivors' housing needs. The findings highlight the need for flexibility and variability in housing services as opposed to a one-size-fits-all strategy, and stress the importance of centering the voices of survivors as the field explores new housing directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L B Klein
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | - Raye Dooley
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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24
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van der Velden PG, Das M, Contino C, van der Knaap LM. From Health to Financial Problems: Multiproblems Among Victims of Partner and Non-Partner Physical Violence, and Matched Nonvictims. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:10527-10545. [PMID: 31686594 PMCID: PMC8581717 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519885915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that victims of partner physical violence (PPV) often face multiple distinct problems, but comparative population-based studies focusing on the prevalence of multiple problems are lacking. Aim of the present study is to gain insight in the prevalence of multiple problems among individuals victimized by PPV in the past 12 months, compared with matched nonvictims and victims of non-partner physical violence (non-PPV). For this purpose, data were extracted from two population-based surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019 on potentially traumatic events in the Netherlands. We focused on problems identified in previous studies on PPV and non-PPV and related problems, varying from physical health, mental health, financial and legal problems, to lack of social support and being exposed to other potentially traumatic and stressful life events (LFEs). In total, 49 respondents were victimized by PPV and 89 by non-PPV in the past 12 months. They were compared with pairwise matched groups not affected by any traumatic or stressful LFEs in this period (nPPV victims comparison group = 245, nnon-PPV comparison group = 445). Results showed that PPV victims significantly more often faced all 12 distinct problems than matched nonvictims (2.31 ≤ odds ratio [OR] ≤ 15.48) and non-PPV victims (2.12 ≤ OR ≤ 4.52). PPV victims more often had any problem than non-PPV victims (OR = 8.19), but no significant differences were found between PPV and non-PPV victims with regard to mental health problems. Findings stress the necessity of a multidisciplinary coordinated community response to help PPV victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. van der Velden
- CentERdata, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tiburg University’s Network on Health and Behavior (Nethlab), Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Peter G. van der Velden, CentERdata, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Das
- CentERdata, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tiburg University’s Network on Health and Behavior (Nethlab), Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Contino
- Victim Support Foundation (Fonds Slachtofferhulp), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Leontien M. van der Knaap
- Research and Documentation Centre (WODC) of the Dutch Ministry of Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands
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25
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Garcia R, Henderson C, Randell K, Villaveces A, Katz A, Abioye F, DeGue S, Premo K, Miller-Wallfish S, Chang JC, Miller E, Ragavan MI. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Intimate Partner Violence Advocates and Agencies. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2021; 37:893-906. [PMID: 34720393 PMCID: PMC8547898 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-021-00337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Relatively few studies have considered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intimate partner violence (IPV) advocates or the agencies where they work. In this study, based on United States IPV advocates' experiences working with survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted interviews to explore: 1) personal challenges and resilience working as IPV advocates during the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) how agencies adapted to the pandemic to support IPV survivors and advocates; and 3) specific needs and challenges of culturally-specific agencies. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 53 IPV advocates from June to November 2020. Participants were included if they worked directly with survivors, identified as an IPV advocate, worked at a US-based agency, and spoke and understood English. We created a sampling matrix to ensure adequate representation from IPV advocates serving survivors from communities which have been marginalized. Interviews were conducted through a virtual platform by a trained member of the research team. We used an inductive thematic analysis approach, with weekly coding meetings to resolve discrepancies in coding. Five themes emerged from the data: 1) IPV advocates described how working as an IPV advocate during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted them personally; 2) agencies developed new methods of addressing IPV advocates' needs; 3) agencies developed new solutions to address pandemic-related client needs; 4) transitioning advocacy work to virtual formats created challenges but also opportunities and; 5) pandemic limitations and impacts compounded pre-pandemic challenges for culturally specific agencies. IPV advocates are frontline workers who have played essential roles in adjusting services to meet survivor needs during the COVID-19 pandemic while simultaneously coping with pandemic impacts on themselves and their agencies. Developing inter-agency collaborations and promoting advocates' safety and wellbeing during future public health crises will help support IPV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garcia
- Women’s Center & Shelter of Greater Pittsburgh, PO Box 9024, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
| | - Cynterria Henderson
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Kimberly Randell
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
- University of Kansas City-Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO USA
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Andrés Villaveces
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway., S106-10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Abbey Katz
- Futures Without Violence, 101 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA
| | - Fatimah Abioye
- Child Welfare, Trauma, and Resilience Initiatives, American Academy of Pediatrics, 345 Park Blvd, Itasca, IL 60413 USA
| | - Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway., S106-10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Kelley Premo
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Summer Miller-Wallfish
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Judy C. Chang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, and Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 120 Lytton Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Maya I. Ragavan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- University of Pittsburgh, 3415 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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26
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Ravi KE, Rai A, Schrag RV. Survivors' Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence and Shelter Utilization During COVID-19. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2021; 37:979-990. [PMID: 34226794 PMCID: PMC8243072 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-021-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the effects of COVID-19 on service-engaged female survivors of IPV and makes recommendations for service providers based on these survivors' voices. The researchers adopted an exploratory, descriptive, and qualitative approach to inquiry due to the novelty of the research questions during the early days of the COVID-19 in March 2020. Semi-structured interviews with service-engaged survivors were analyzed using inductive and deductive coding processes. Two categories arose from our qualitative questions. The first category, related to experiences with service providers, included the themes of varying levels of support and isolation. Within the theme of isolation, survivors discussed both positive and negative aspects of isolation. The second category refers to the impact of COVID-19 on survivors' daily lives and focused on the theme of escalation. The theme of escalation had two subthemes 1) escalation of life-generated risks and 2) escalation of partner-generated risks. Given that the pandemic will continue until vaccines are fully distributed and that future public health emergencies may mirror many of the challenges identified in the current context, survivors residing at home will continue to need services, and agencies will continue to need additional resources to provide them. Therefore, we discuss recommendations that can have a bearing on services offered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Ravi
- The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 1618 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Abha Rai
- Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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27
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Willie TC, Linton SL, Whittaker S, Martinez I, Sharpless L, Kershaw T. "There's no place like home": Examining the associations between state eviction defense protections and indicators of biopsychosocial stress among survivors of intimate partner violence. Soc Sci Med 2021; 279:113957. [PMID: 34022678 PMCID: PMC8208584 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Housing instability is prevalent among intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors and a source of biopsychosocial stress among this population. Eviction policies play an important role in determining housing instability of IPV survivors. However, few studies have investigated whether state-level policies that prevent evictions lessen vulnerability to biopsychosocial stress among IPV survivors. This study examined the relationship between state eviction defense policy and indicators of biopsychosocial stress among 6577 IPV survivors. State-level data on IPV-related housing policies were from a compendium on homelessness and violence. Individual-level data were collected from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), a nationally representative study of noninstitutionalized U.S. women and men from Wave 1 (2010). Multilevel regression models were conducted to investigate associations between the presence of an eviction defense policy and indicators of biopsychosocial stress (i.e., headaches, sleeping, safety concerns and PTSD symptoms). Stratified multilevel modeling was conducted to examine differences in the policy-stress associations across racial and ethnic groups and gender. Nearly 26% of states had an eviction defense policy for IPV survivors. Overall, residing in a state with an eviction defense policy (vs. none) was associated with no reports of frequent headaches (B [95% CI] = -0.21 [-0.41, -0.01], p < .05). For non-Hispanic Black survivors, residing in a state with an eviction defense policy (vs. none) was associated with reduced likelihood of reporting safety concerns (B [95% CI] = -1.36 [-2.16, -0.56], p < .001) and PTSD symptoms (B [SE] = -1.91 [-2.82, -1.01], p < .000). Among men survivors, residing in a state with an eviction defense policy was associated with reduced likelihood of reporting safety concerns (B [95% CI] = -0.63 [-1.26, -0.01], p < .05). State housing policies are important protective policies for IPV survivors. For IPV survivors, the eviction defense policy may interrupt the psychological sequeale of IPV and housing instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara C Willie
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sabriya L Linton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Whittaker
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Isabel Martinez
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laurel Sharpless
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Trace Kershaw
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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28
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Keefe R, Hahn SA. Policy Roles in Promoting Affordable Housing for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women 2020; 27:1317-1336. [PMID: 32339076 DOI: 10.1177/1077801220913629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) face housing insecurity when escaping violence. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act policies were put in place to protect this population. This article uses policy analysis to understand the provisions they provide for survivors. The case of a small city will be presented to understand the local implementation of these policies with regard to survivors' access to affordable housing in tight housing markets. Finally, recommendations will be presented to strengthen the policies to better meet IPV survivors' housing needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sur Ah Hahn
- Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
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