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Kim H, Kim S, Lim H, Chung AJ. Expanding CAR-T cell immunotherapy horizons through microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1088-1120. [PMID: 38174732 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00622k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, particularly in hematological malignancies. However, their application to solid tumors is limited, and they face challenges in safety, scalability, and cost. To enhance current CAR-T cell therapies, the integration of microfluidic technologies, harnessing their inherent advantages, such as reduced sample consumption, simplicity in operation, cost-effectiveness, automation, and high scalability, has emerged as a powerful solution. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the step-by-step manufacturing process of CAR-T cells, identifies existing difficulties at each production stage, and discusses the successful implementation of microfluidics and related technologies in addressing these challenges. Furthermore, this review investigates the potential of microfluidics-based methodologies in advancing cell-based therapy across various applications, including solid tumors, next-generation CAR constructs, T-cell receptors, and the development of allogeneic "off-the-shelf" CAR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aram J Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- MxT Biotech, 04785 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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VanderBurgh JA, Corso TN, Levy SL, Craighead HG. Scalable continuous-flow electroporation platform enabling T cell transfection for cellular therapy manufacturing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6857. [PMID: 37185305 PMCID: PMC10133335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors represent a bottleneck in the manufacturing of cellular therapies. Electroporation has emerged as an approach for non-viral transfection of primary cells, but standard cuvette-based approaches suffer from low throughput, difficult optimization, and incompatibility with large-scale cell manufacturing. Here, we present a novel electroporation platform capable of rapid and reproducible electroporation that can efficiently transfect small volumes of cells for research and process optimization and scale to volumes required for applications in cellular therapy. We demonstrate delivery of plasmid DNA and mRNA to primary human T cells with high efficiency and viability, such as > 95% transfection efficiency for mRNA delivery with < 2% loss of cell viability compared to control cells. We present methods for scaling delivery that achieve an experimental throughput of 256 million cells/min. Finally, we demonstrate a therapeutically relevant modification of primary T cells using CRISPR/Cas9 to knockdown T cell receptor (TCR) expression. This study displays the capabilities of our system to address unmet needs for efficient, non-viral engineering of T cells for cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas N Corso
- CyteQuest, Inc, 95 Brown Road, Box 1011, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Stephen L Levy
- CyteQuest, Inc, 95 Brown Road, Box 1011, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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3
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Liu F, Yang Z, Yao R, Li H, Cheng J, Guo M. Bulk Electroporation for Intracellular Delivery Directly Driven by Mechanical Stimulus. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19363-19372. [PMID: 36350673 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is an effective and widely accepted intracellular delivery method for fundamental research and medical applications. Existing electroporation methods usually require a commercially available EP system or tailor-made high-voltage (HV, up to kV) power source and are complicated, expensive, harmful to the cells, and even dangerous to the operators. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a highly studied device that can generate HV output with limited charges and ultrahigh internal impedance. Here, we developed a Bulk Electroporation System based on TENG (BEST). To maximize the load voltage of the TENG, a flowing EP unit with a capillary was designed as a resistive load to realize impedance matching. A low conductivity buffer was used to further match and assist cell electroporation. Besides, the electrical model and experiments on cells transfected with the BEST showed that the bulk electric field of the cell medium could reach up to 1 kV/cm, therefore resulting in a nearly 30 times increase of trans-membrane potential, thus largely improving transfection efficiency. Finally, using 40 kDa FITC-dextran, we showed that a delivery efficiency above 50% with a cell viability maintained over 90% can be achieved in HeLa cells. This work demonstrated the potential of TENG in the biomedical field as a naturally safe HV power source. It also provided a simple, alternative, and low-cost solution for EP research and related biomedicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Ze Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
- School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing100083, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yao
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, P.R. China
| | - Jia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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4
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Van Hoeck J, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Non-viral siRNA delivery to T cells: Challenges and opportunities in cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tay A, Melosh N. Mechanical Stimulation after Centrifuge-Free Nano-Electroporative Transfection Is Efficient and Maintains Long-Term T Cell Functionalities. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103198. [PMID: 34396686 PMCID: PMC8475193 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transfection is an essential step in genetic engineering and cell therapies. While a number of non-viral micro- and nano-technologies have been developed to deliver DNA plasmids into the cell cytoplasm, one of the most challenging and least efficient steps is DNA transport to and expression in the nucleus. Here, the magnetic nano-electro-injection (MagNEI) platform is described which makes use of oscillatory mechanical stimulation after cytoplasmic delivery with high aspect-ratio nano-structures to achieve stable (>2 weeks) net transfection efficiency (efficiency × viability) of 50% in primary human T cells. This is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the highest net efficiency reported for primary T cells using a centrifuge-free, non-viral transfection method, in the absence of cell selection, and with a clinically relevant cargo size (>12 kbp). Wireless mechanical stimulation downregulates the expression of microtubule motor protein gene, KIF2A, which increases local DNA concentration near the nuclei, resulting in enhanced DNA transfection. Magnetic forces also accelerate membrane repair by promoting actin cytoskeletal remodeling which preserves key biological attributes including cell proliferation and gene expressions. These results demonstrate MagNEI as a powerful non-viral transfection technique for progress toward fully closed, end-to-end T cell manufacturing with less human labor, lower production cost, and shorter delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
- Institute of Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Nicholas Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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King RG, Silva-Sanchez A, Peel JN, Botta D, Dickson AM, Pinto AK, Meza-Perez S, Allie SR, Schultz MD, Liu M, Bradley JE, Qiu S, Yang G, Zhou F, Zumaquero E, Simpler TS, Mousseau B, Killian JT, Dean B, Shang Q, Tipper JL, Risley CA, Harrod KS, Feng T, Lee Y, Shiberu B, Krishnan V, Peguillet I, Zhang J, Green TJ, Randall TD, Suschak JJ, Georges B, Brien JD, Lund FE, Roberts MS. Single-Dose Intranasal Administration of AdCOVID Elicits Systemic and Mucosal Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Fully Protects Mice from Lethal Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:881. [PMID: 34452006 PMCID: PMC8402488 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for effective prophylactic vaccination to prevent the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Intranasal vaccination is an attractive strategy to prevent COVID-19 as the nasal mucosa represents the first-line barrier to SARS-CoV-2 entry. The current intramuscular vaccines elicit systemic immunity but not necessarily high-level mucosal immunity. Here, we tested a single intranasal dose of our candidate adenovirus type 5-vectored vaccine encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (AdCOVID) in inbred, outbred, and transgenic mice. A single intranasal vaccination with AdCOVID elicited a strong and focused immune response against RBD through the induction of mucosal IgA in the respiratory tract, serum neutralizing antibodies, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a Th1-like cytokine expression profile. A single AdCOVID dose resulted in immunity that was sustained for over six months. Moreover, a single intranasal dose completely protected K18-hACE2 mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge, preventing weight loss and mortality. These data show that AdCOVID promotes concomitant systemic and mucosal immunity and represents a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Jessica N. Peel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Davide Botta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Alexandria M. Dickson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (A.M.D.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (A.M.D.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Selene Meza-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - S. Rameeza Allie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Michael D. Schultz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Mingyong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - John E. Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Shihong Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Fen Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Esther Zumaquero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Thomas S. Simpler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Betty Mousseau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - John T. Killian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Brittany Dean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Qiao Shang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Jennifer L. Tipper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.L.T.); (K.S.H.)
| | - Christopher A. Risley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Kevin S. Harrod
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.L.T.); (K.S.H.)
| | - Tsungwei Feng
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Young Lee
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Bethlehem Shiberu
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Vyjayanthi Krishnan
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Isabelle Peguillet
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Todd J. Green
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Troy D. Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - John J. Suschak
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Bertrand Georges
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (A.M.D.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - M. Scot Roberts
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
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Mertz M, Castiglione K. Increased Protein Encapsulation in Polymersomes with Hydrophobic Membrane Anchoring Peptides in a Scalable Process. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7134. [PMID: 34281201 PMCID: PMC8268381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hollow vesicles made from a single or double layer of block-copolymer molecules, called polymersomes, represent an important technological platform for new developments in nano-medicine and nano-biotechnology. A central aspect in creating functional polymersomes is their combination with proteins, especially through encapsulation in the inner cavity of the vesicles. When producing polymersomes by techniques such as film rehydration, significant proportions of the proteins used are trapped in the vesicle lumen, resulting in high encapsulation efficiencies. However, because of the difficulty of scaling up, such methods are limited to laboratory experiments and are not suitable for industrial scale production. Recently, we developed a scalable polymersome production process in stirred-tank reactors, but the statistical encapsulation of proteins resulted in fairly low encapsulation efficiencies of around 0.5%. To increase encapsulation in this process, proteins were genetically fused with hydrophobic membrane anchoring peptides. This resulted in encapsulation efficiencies of up to 25.68%. Since proteins are deposited on the outside and inside of the polymer membrane in this process, two methods for the targeted removal of protein domains by proteolysis with tobacco etch virus protease and intein splicing were evaluated. This study demonstrates the proof-of-principle for production of protein-functionalized polymersomes in a scalable process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany;
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Raes L, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K, Braeckmans K. Non-viral transfection technologies for next-generation therapeutic T cell engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107760. [PMID: 33932532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells have sparked interest in advanced cancer treatment, reaching a milestone in 2017 with two FDA-approvals for CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapeutics. It is becoming clear that the next generation of CAR T cell therapies will demand more complex engineering strategies and combinations thereof, including the use of revolutionary gene editing approaches. To date, manufacturing of CAR T cells mostly relies on γ-retroviral or lentiviral vectors, but their use is associated with several drawbacks, including safety issues, high manufacturing cost and vector capacity constraints. Non-viral approaches, including membrane permeabilization and carrier-based techniques, have therefore gained a lot of interest to replace viral transductions in the manufacturing of T cell therapeutics. This review provides an in-depth discussion on the avid search for alternatives to viral vectors, discusses key considerations for T cell engineering technologies, and provides an overview of the emerging spectrum of non-viral transfection technologies for T cells. Strengths and weaknesses of each technology will be discussed in relation to T cell engineering. Altogether, this work emphasizes the potential of non-viral transfection approaches to advance the next-generation of genetically engineered T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Raes
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Ng D, Zhou M, Zhan D, Yip S, Ko P, Yim M, Modrusan Z, Joly J, Snedecor B, Laird MW, Shen A. Development of a targeted integration Chinese hamster ovary host directly targeting either one or two vectors simultaneously to a single locus using the Cre/Lox recombinase-mediated cassette exchange system. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3140. [PMID: 33666334 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell line development (CLD) by random integration (RI) can be labor intensive, inconsistent, and unpredictable due to uncontrolled gene integration after transfection. Unlike RI, targeted integration (TI) based CLD introduces the antibody-expressing cassette to a predetermined site by recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE). The key to success for the development of a TI host for therapeutic antibody production is to identify a transcriptionally active hotspot that enables highly efficient RMCE and antibody expression with good stability. In this study, a genome wide search for hotspots in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1-M genome by either RI or PiggyBac (PB) transposase-based integration has been described. Two CHO-K1-M derived TI host cells were established with the Cre/Lox RMCE system and are described here. Both TI hosts contain a GFP-expressing landing pad flanked by two incompatible LoxP recombination sites (L3 and 2L). In addition, a third incompatible LoxP site (LoxFAS) is inserted in the GFP landing pad to enable an innovative two-plasmid based RMCE strategy, in which two separate vectors can be targeted to a single locus simultaneously. Cell lines generated by the TI system exhibit comparable or higher productivity, better stability and fewer sequence variant (SV) occurrences than the RI cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingos Ng
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Meixia Zhou
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Shirley Yip
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peggy Ko
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mandy Yim
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- DNA Sequencing Lab, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Joly
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael W Laird
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Shen
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Mashel TV, Tarakanchikova YV, Muslimov AR, Zyuzin MV, Timin AS, Lepik KV, Fehse B. Overcoming the delivery problem for therapeutic genome editing: Current status and perspective of non-viral methods. Biomaterials 2020; 258:120282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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King RG, Silva-Sanchez A, Peel JN, Botta D, Meza-Perez S, Allie R, Schultz MD, Liu M, Bradley JE, Qiu S, Yang G, Zhou F, Zumaquero E, Simpler TS, Mousseau B, Killian JT, Dean B, Shang Q, Tipper JL, Risley C, Harrod KS, Feng R, Lee Y, Shiberu B, Krishnan V, Peguillet I, Zhang J, Green T, Randall TD, Georges B, Lund FE, Roberts S. Single-dose intranasal administration of AdCOVID elicits systemic and mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.10.10.331348. [PMID: 33052351 PMCID: PMC7553185 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.10.331348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for effective preventive vaccination to reduce burden and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in humans. Intranasal vaccination is an attractive strategy to prevent COVID-19 as the nasal mucosa represents the first-line barrier to SARS-CoV-2 entry before viral spread to the lung. Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development is rapidly progressing, the current intramuscular vaccines are designed to elicit systemic immunity without conferring mucosal immunity. Here, we show that AdCOVID, an intranasal adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)-vectored vaccine encoding the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, elicits a strong and focused immune response against RBD through the induction of mucosal IgA, serum neutralizing antibodies and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a Th1-like cytokine expression profile. Therefore, AdCOVID, which promotes concomitant systemic and local mucosal immunity, represents a promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
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12
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Belling JN, Heidenreich LK, Tian Z, Mendoza AM, Chiou TT, Gong Y, Chen NY, Young TD, Wattanatorn N, Park JH, Scarabelli L, Chiang N, Takahashi J, Young SG, Stieg AZ, De Oliveira S, Huang TJ, Weiss PS, Jonas SJ. Acoustofluidic sonoporation for gene delivery to human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10976-10982. [PMID: 32358194 PMCID: PMC7245081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917125117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in gene editing are leading to new medical interventions where patients' own cells are used for stem cell therapies and immunotherapies. One of the key limitations to translating these treatments to the clinic is the need for scalable technologies for engineering cells efficiently and safely. Toward this goal, microfluidic strategies to induce membrane pores and permeability have emerged as promising techniques to deliver biomolecular cargo into cells. As these technologies continue to mature, there is a need to achieve efficient, safe, nontoxic, fast, and economical processing of clinically relevant cell types. We demonstrate an acoustofluidic sonoporation method to deliver plasmids to immortalized and primary human cell types, based on pore formation and permeabilization of cell membranes with acoustic waves. This acoustofluidic-mediated approach achieves fast and efficient intracellular delivery of an enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing plasmid to cells at a scalable throughput of 200,000 cells/min in a single channel. Analyses of intracellular delivery and nuclear membrane rupture revealed mechanisms underlying acoustofluidic delivery and successful gene expression. Our studies show that acoustofluidic technologies are promising platforms for gene delivery and a useful tool for investigating membrane repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Belling
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Liv K Heidenreich
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762
| | - Alexandra M Mendoza
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Tzu-Ting Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yao Gong
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Natalie Y Chen
- Department of Medicine and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Human Genetics and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Thomas D Young
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Natcha Wattanatorn
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Leonardo Scarabelli
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Naihao Chiang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jack Takahashi
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Adam Z Stieg
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Satiro De Oliveira
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Steven J Jonas
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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13
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Generating therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to complex multi-spanning membrane targets: Overcoming the antigen challenge and enabling discovery strategies. Methods 2020; 180:111-126. [PMID: 32422249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex integral membrane proteins, which are embedded in the cell surface lipid bilayer by multiple transmembrane spanning helices, encompass families of proteins which are important target classes for drug discovery. These protein families include G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels and transporters. Although these proteins have typically been targeted by small molecule drugs and peptides, the high specificity of monoclonal antibodies offers a significant opportunity to selectively modulate these target proteins. However, it remains the case that isolation of antibodies with desired pharmacological function(s) has proven difficult due to technical challenges in preparing membrane protein antigens suitable to support antibody drug discovery. In this review recent progress in defining strategies for generation of membrane protein antigens is outlined. We also highlight antibody isolation strategies which have generated antibodies which bind the membrane protein and modulate the protein function.
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14
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Sherba JJ, Hogquist S, Lin H, Shan JW, Shreiber DI, Zahn JD. The effects of electroporation buffer composition on cell viability and electro-transfection efficiency. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3053. [PMID: 32080269 PMCID: PMC7033148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is an electro-physical, non-viral approach to perform DNA, RNA, and protein transfections of cells. Upon application of an electric field, the cell membrane is compromised, allowing the delivery of exogenous materials into cells. Cell viability and electro-transfection efficiency (eTE) are dependent on various experimental factors, including pulse waveform, vector concentration, cell type/density, and electroporation buffer properties. In this work, the effects of buffer composition on cell viability and eTE were systematically explored for plasmid DNA encoding green fluorescent protein following electroporation of 3T3 fibroblasts. A HEPES-based buffer was used in conjunction with various salts and sugars to modulate conductivity and osmolality, respectively. Pulse applications were chosen to maintain constant applied electrical energy (J) or total charge flux (C/m2). The energy of the pulse application primarily dictated cell viability, with Mg2+-based buffers expanding the reversible electroporation range. The enhancement of viability with Mg2+-based buffers led to the hypothesis that this enhancement is due to ATPase activation via re-establishing ionic homeostasis. We show preliminary evidence for this mechanism by demonstrating that the enhanced viability is eliminated by introducing lidocaine, an ATPase inhibitor. However, Mg2+ also hinders eTE compared to K+-based buffers. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the rational selection of pulsing conditions and buffer compositions are critical for the design of electroporation protocols to maximize viability and eTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Sherba
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, 08854, United States
| | - Stephen Hogquist
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, 08854, United States
| | - Hao Lin
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Piscataway, 08854, United States
| | - Jerry W Shan
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Piscataway, 08854, United States
| | - David I Shreiber
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, 08854, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, 08854, United States.
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15
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Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies to Complex Membrane Protein Targets: Antigen Generation and Antibody Discovery Strategies. BioDrugs 2019; 32:339-355. [PMID: 29934752 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-018-0289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface membrane proteins comprise a wide array of structurally and functionally diverse proteins involved in a variety of important physiological and homeostatic processes. Complex integral membrane proteins, which are embedded in the lipid bilayer by multiple transmembrane-spanning helices, are represented by families of proteins that are important target classes for drug discovery. Such protein families include G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channels and transporters. Although these targets have typically been the domain of small-molecule drugs, the exquisite specificity of monoclonal antibodies offers a significant opportunity to selectively modulate these target proteins. Nevertheless, the isolation of antibodies with desired pharmacological functions has proved difficult because of technical challenges in preparing membrane protein antigens for antibody drug discovery. In this review, we describe recent progress in defining strategies for the generation of membrane protein antigens. We also describe antibody-isolation strategies that identify antibodies that bind the membrane protein and modulate protein function.
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16
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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17
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Aijaz A, Li M, Smith D, Khong D, LeBlon C, Fenton OS, Olabisi RM, Libutti S, Tischfield J, Maus MV, Deans R, Barcia RN, Anderson DG, Ritz J, Preti R, Parekkadan B. Biomanufacturing for clinically advanced cell therapies. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:362-376. [PMID: 31011198 PMCID: PMC6594100 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The achievements of cell-based therapeutics have galvanized efforts to bring cell therapies to the market. To address the demands of the clinical and eventual commercial-scale production of cells, and with the increasing generation of large clinical datasets from chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy, from transplants of engineered haematopoietic stem cells and from other promising cell therapies, an emphasis on biomanufacturing requirements becomes necessary. Robust infrastructure should address current limitations in cell harvesting, expansion, manipulation, purification, preservation and formulation, ultimately leading to successful therapy administration to patients at an acceptable cost. In this Review, we highlight case examples of cutting-edge bioprocessing technologies that improve biomanufacturing efficiency for cell therapies approaching clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Aijaz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Li
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation, and Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Smith
- Hitachi Chemical Advanced Therapeutics Solutions, Allendale, NJ, USA
| | - Danika Khong
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation, and Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney LeBlon
- Hitachi Chemical Advanced Therapeutics Solutions, Allendale, NJ, USA
| | - Owen S Fenton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Division of Health Science and Technology, and the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ronke M Olabisi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jay Tischfield
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, RUCDR, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel G Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Division of Health Science and Technology, and the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Cell Manipulation Core Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Preti
- Hitachi Chemical Advanced Therapeutics Solutions, Allendale, NJ, USA
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation, and Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
- Sentien Biotechnologies, Inc, Lexington, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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18
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Boehringer S, Ruzgys P, Tamò L, Šatkauskas S, Geiser T, Gazdhar A, Hradetzky D. A new electrospray method for targeted gene delivery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4031. [PMID: 29507307 PMCID: PMC5838090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge for gene therapy is absence of safe and efficient local delivery of therapeutic genetic material. An efficient and reproducible physical method of electrospray for localized and targeted gene delivery is presented. Electrospray works on the principle of coulombs repulsion, under influence of electric field the liquid carrying genetic material is dispersed into micro droplets and is accelerated towards the targeted tissue, acting as a counter electrode. The accelerated droplets penetrate the targeted cells thus facilitating the transfer of genetic material into the cell. The work described here presents the principle of electrospray for gene delivery, the basic instrument design, and the various optimized parameters to enhance gene transfer in vitro. We estimate a transfection efficiency of up to 60% was achieved. We describe an efficient gene transfer method and a potential electrospray-mediated gene transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Boehringer
- Institute for Medical and Analytical Technologies, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Paulius Ruzgys
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Luca Tamò
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saulius Šatkauskas
- Biophysical Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - David Hradetzky
- Institute for Medical and Analytical Technologies, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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19
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Gutiérrez-Granados S, Cervera L, Kamen AA, Gòdia F. Advancements in mammalian cell transient gene expression (TGE) technology for accelerated production of biologics. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 38:918-940. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1419459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gutiérrez-Granados
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Kandušer M, Belič A, Čorović S, Škrjanc I. Modular Serial Flow Through device for pulsed electric field treatment of the liquid samples. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8115. [PMID: 28808315 PMCID: PMC5556104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In biotechnology, medicine, and food processing, simple and reliable methods for cell membrane permeabilization are required for drug/gene delivery into the cells or for the inactivation of undesired microorganisms. Pulsed electric field treatment is among the most promising methods enabling both aims. The drawback in current technology is controllable large volume operation. To address this challenge, we have developed an experimental setup for flow through electroporation with online regulation of the flow rate with feedback control. We have designed a modular serial flow-through co-linear chamber with a smooth inner surface, the uniform cross-section geometry through the majority of the system’s length, and the mesh in contact with the electrodes, which provides uniform electric field distribution and fluid velocity equilibration. The cylindrical cross-section of the chamber prevents arching at the active treatment region. We used mathematical modeling for the evaluation of electric field distribution and the flow profile in the active region. The system was tested for the inactivation of Escherichia coli. We compared two flow-through chambers and used a static chamber as a reference. The experiments were performed under identical experimental condition (product and similar process parameters). The data were analyzed in terms of inactivation efficiency and specific energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Kandušer
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Belič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Selma Čorović
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Škrjanc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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21
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van der Loo JCM, Wright JF. Progress and challenges in viral vector manufacturing. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:R42-52. [PMID: 26519140 PMCID: PMC4802372 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising results in several clinical studies have emphasized the potential of gene therapy to address important medical needs and initiated a surge of investments in drug development and commercialization. This enthusiasm is driven by positive data in clinical trials including gene replacement for Hemophilia B, X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, Leber's Congenital Amaurosis Type 2 and in cancer immunotherapy trials for hematological malignancies using chimeric antigen receptor T cells. These results build on the recent licensure of the European gene therapy product Glybera for the treatment of lipoprotein lipase deficiency. The progress from clinical development towards product licensure of several programs presents challenges to gene therapy product manufacturing. These include challenges in viral vector-manufacturing capacity, where an estimated 1-2 orders of magnitude increase will likely be needed to support eventual commercial supply requirements for many of the promising disease indications. In addition, the expanding potential commercial product pipeline and the continuously advancing development of recombinant viral vectors for gene therapy require that products are well characterized and consistently manufactured to rigorous tolerances of purity, potency and safety. Finally, there is an increase in regulatory scrutiny that affects manufacturers of investigational drugs for early-phase clinical trials engaged in industry partnerships. Along with the recent increase in biopharmaceutical funding in gene therapy, industry partners are requiring their academic counterparts to meet higher levels of GMP compliance at earlier stages of clinical development. This chapter provides a brief overview of current progress in the field and discusses challenges in vector manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C M van der Loo
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA and
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22
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A Flow-Through Cell Electroporation Device for Rapidly and Efficiently Transfecting Massive Amounts of Cells in vitro and ex vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18469. [PMID: 26728941 PMCID: PMC4700452 DOI: 10.1038/srep18469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous cell electroporation is an appealing non-viral approach for genetically transfecting a large number of cells. Yet the traditional macro-scale devices suffer from the unsatisfactory transfection efficiency and/or cell viability due to their high voltage, while the emerging microfluidic electroporation devices is still limited by their low cell processing speed. Here we present a flow-through cell electroporation device integrating large-sized flow tube and small-spaced distributed needle electrode array. Relatively large flow tube enables high flow rate, simple flow characterization and low shear force, while well-organized needle array electrodes produce an even-distributed electric field with low voltage. Thus the difficulties for seeking the fine balance between high flow rate and low electroporation voltage were steered clear. Efficient in vitro electrotransfection of plasmid DNA was demonstrated in several hard-to-transfect cell lines. Furthermore, we also explored ex vivo electroporated mouse erythrocyte as the carrier of RNA. The strong ability of RNA loading and short exposure time of freshly isolated cells jointly ensured a high yield of valid carrier erythrocytes, which further successfully delivered RNA into targeted tissue. Both in vitro and ex vivo electrotransfection could be accomplished at high cell processing speed (20 million cells per minute) which remarkably outperforms previous devices.
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23
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Abstract
Electroporation is a simple yet powerful technique for breaching the cell membrane barrier. The applications of electroporation can be generally divided into two categories: the release of intracellular proteins, nucleic acids and other metabolites for analysis and the delivery of exogenous reagents such as genes, drugs and nanoparticles with therapeutic purposes or for cellular manipulation. In this review, we go over the basic physics associated with cell electroporation and highlight recent technological advances on microfluidic platforms for conducting electroporation. Within the context of its working mechanism, we summarize the accumulated knowledge on how the parameters of electroporation affect its performance for various tasks. We discuss various strategies and designs for conducting electroporation at the microscale and then focus on analysis of intracellular contents and delivery of exogenous agents as two major applications of the technique. Finally, an outlook for future applications of microfluidic electroporation in increasingly diverse utilities is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Fax: +1-540-231-5022; Tel: +1-540-231-8681
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Segura MM, Mangion M, Gaillet B, Garnier A. New developments in lentiviral vector design, production and purification. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:987-1011. [PMID: 23590247 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.779249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lentiviruses are a very potent class of viral vectors for which there is presently a rapidly growing interest for a number of gene therapy. However, their construction, production and purification need to be performed according to state-of-the-art techniques in order to obtain sufficient quantities of high purity material of any usefulness and safety. AREAS COVERED The recent advances in the field of recombinant lentivirus vector design, production and purification will be reviewed with an eye toward its utilization for gene therapy. Such a review should be helpful for the potential user of this technology. EXPERT OPINION The principal hurdles toward the use of recombinant lentivirus as a gene therapy vector are the low titer at which it is produced as well as the difficulty to purify it at an acceptable level without degrading it. The recent advances in the bioproduction of this vector suggest these issues are about to be resolved, making the retrovirus gene therapy a mature technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mercedes Segura
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès (08193), Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Geng T, Zhan Y, Lu C. Gene delivery by microfluidic flow-through electroporation based on constant DC and AC field. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2012:2579-82. [PMID: 23366452 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is one of the most widely used physical methods to deliver exogenous nucleic acids into cells with high efficiency and low toxicity. Conventional electroporation systems typically require expensive pulse generators to provide short electrical pulses at high voltage. In this work, we demonstrate a flow-through electroporation method for continuous transfection of cells based on disposable chips, a syringe pump, and a low-cost power supply that provides a constant voltage. We successfully transfect cells using either DC or AC voltage with high flow rates (ranging from 40 µl/min to 20 ml/min) and high efficiency (up to 75%). We also enable the entire cell membrane to be uniformly permeabilized and dramatically improve gene delivery by inducing complex migrations of cells during the flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA. tgeng@ purdue.edu
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26
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Li L, Allen C, Shivakumar R, Peshwa MV. Large volume flow electroporation of mRNA: clinical scale process. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 969:127-138. [PMID: 23296932 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-260-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification for enhancing cellular function has been continuously pursued for fighting diseases. Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfection is found to be a promising solution in modifying hematopoietic and immune cells for therapeutic purpose. We have developed a flow electroporation-based system for large volume electroporation of cells with various molecules, including mRNA. This allows robust and scalable mRNA transfection of primary cells of different origin. Here we describe transfection of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) mRNA into NK cells to modulate the ability of NK cells to target tumor cells. High levels of CAR expression in NK cells can be maintained for 3-7 days post transfection. CD19-specific CAR mRNA transfected NK cells demonstrate targeted lysis of CD19-expressing tumor cells OP-1, primary B-CLL tumor cells, and autologous CD19+ B cells in in vitro assays with enhanced potency: >80% lysis at effector-target ratio of 1:1. This allows current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) and regulatory compliant manufacture of CAR mRNA transfected NK cells for clinical delivery.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Electroporation/methods
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen/immunology
- Transfection/methods
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27
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Witting SR, Li LH, Jasti A, Allen C, Cornetta K, Brady J, Shivakumar R, Peshwa MV. Efficient large volume lentiviral vector production using flow electroporation. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:243-9. [PMID: 21933028 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are beginning to emerge as a viable choice for human gene therapy. Here, we describe a method that combines the convenience of a suspension cell line with a scalable, nonchemically based, and GMP-compliant transfection technique known as flow electroporation (EP). Flow EP parameters for serum-free adapted HEK293FT cells were optimized to limit toxicity and maximize titers. Using a third generation, HIV-based, lentiviral vector system pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis glycoprotein envelope, both small- and large-volume transfections produced titers over 1×10(8) infectious units/mL. Therefore, an excellent option for implementing large-scale, clinical lentiviral productions is flow EP of suspension cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Witting
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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28
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Abstract
Electroporation is a high-efficiency and low-toxicity physical gene transfer method. Classical electroporation protocols are limited by the small volume of cell samples processed (less than 10(7) cells per reaction) and low DNA uptake due to partial permeabilization of the cell membrane. Here we describe a flow-through electroporation protocol for continuous transfection of cells, using disposable devices, a syringe pump and a low-cost power supply that provides a constant voltage. We show transfection of cell samples with rates ranging from 40 μl min(-1) to 20 ml min(-1) with high efficiency. By inducing complex migrations of cells during the flow, we also show permeabilization of the entire cell membrane and markedly increased DNA uptake. The fabrication of the devices takes 1 d and the flow-through electroporation typically takes 1-2 h.
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29
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Okur FV, Yvon E, Biagi E, Dotti G, Carrum G, Heslop H, Mims MP, Fratantoni JC, Peshwa MV, Li L, Brenner MK. Comparison of two CD40-ligand/interleukin-2 vaccines in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:1128-39. [PMID: 21745159 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.592523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Several studies have demonstrated that the immunogenicity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells can be increased by manipulation of the CD40/CD40-ligand (CD40L) pathway. Although immunologic, and perhaps clinical, benefits have been obtained with an autologous CLL tumor vaccine obtained by transgenic expression of CD40L and interleukin (IL)-2, there is little information about the optimal gene transfer strategies. METHODS We compared two different CLL vaccines prepared by adenoviral gene transfer and plasmid electroporation, analyzing their phenotype and immunostimulatory activity. RESULTS We found that higher expression of transgenic CD40L was mediated by adenoviral gene transfer than by plasmid transduction, and that adenoviral transfer of CD40L was associated with up-regulation of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 and adhesion molecule CD54. In contrast, transgenic IL-2 secretion was greater following plasmid transduction. These phenotypic differences in the vaccines were associated with different functionality, both ex vivo and following administration to patients. Thus adenoviral vaccines induced greater activation of leukemia-reactive T cells ex vivo than plasmid vaccines. In treated patients, specific T-cell (T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2)) and humoral anti-leukemia responses were detected following administration of the adenoviral vaccine (n = 15), while recipients of the plasmid vaccine (n = 9) manifested only a low-level Th2 response. Progression-free survival at 2 years was 46.7% in the adenoviral vaccine recipients, versus 11.1 % in those receiving plasmid vaccine. CONCLUSIONS CLL vaccines expressing the same transgenes but produced by distinct methods of gene transfer may differ in the polarity of the immune response they induce in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Visal Okur
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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30
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Wei Z, Zhao D, Li X, Wu M, Wang W, Huang H, Wang X, Du Q, Liang Z, Li Z. A laminar flow electroporation system for efficient DNA and siRNA delivery. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5881-7. [PMID: 21678996 DOI: 10.1021/ac200625b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By introducing a hydrodynamic mechanism into a microfluidics-based electroporation system, we developed a novel laminar flow electroporation system with high performance. The laminar buffer flow implemented in the system separated the cell suspension flow from the electrodes, thereby excluding many unfavorable effects due to electrode reaction during electroporation, such as hydrolysis, bubble formation, pH change, and heating. Compared to conventional microfluidic electroporation systems, these improvements significantly enhanced transfection efficiency and cell viability. Furthermore, successful electrotransfection of plasmid DNA and, more importantly, synthetic siRNA, was demonstrated in several hard-to-transfect cell types using this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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31
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Yao S, Rana S, Liu D, Wise GE. Electroporation optimization to deliver plasmid DNA into dental follicle cells. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:1488-96. [PMID: 19830717 PMCID: PMC2824253 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200900039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is a simple and versatile approach for DNA transfer but needs to be optimized for specific cells. We conducted square wave electroporation experiments for rat dental follicle cells under various conditions. These experiments indicated that the optimal electroporation electric field strength was 375 V/cm, and that plasmid concentrations greater than 0.18 microg/microL were required to achieve high transfection efficiency. BSA or fetal bovine serum in the pulsing buffer significantly improved cell survival and increased the number of transfected cells. The optimal pulsing duration was in the range of 45-120 ms at 375 V/cm. This electroporation protocol can be used to deliver DNA into dental follicle cells to study the roles of candidate genes in regulating tooth eruption. This is the first report showing the transfection of dental follicle cells using electroporation. The parameters determined in this study are likely to be applied to transfection of other fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomian Yao
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Samir Rana
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Dawen Liu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Gary E. Wise
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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32
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Li L, Liu LN, Feller S, Allen C, Shivakumar R, Fratantoni J, Wolfraim LA, Fujisaki H, Campana D, Chopas N, Dzekunov S, Peshwa M. Expression of chimeric antigen receptors in natural killer cells with a regulatory-compliant non-viral method. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 17:147-54. [PMID: 19745843 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells hold promise for cancer therapy. NK cytotoxicity can be enhanced by expression of chimeric antigen receptors that re-direct specificity toward target cells by engaging cell surface molecules expressed on target cells. We developed a regulatory-compliant, scalable non-viral approach to engineer NK cells to be target-specific based on transfection of mRNA encoding chimeric receptors. Transfection of eGFP mRNA into ex vivo expanded NK cells (N=5) or purified unstimulated NK cells from peripheral blood (N=4) resulted in good cell viability with eGFP expression in 85+/-6% and 86+/-4%, 24 h after transfection, respectively. An mRNA encoding a receptor directed against CD19 (anti-CD19-BB-z) was also transfected into NK cells efficiently. Ex vivo expanded and purified unstimulated NK cells expressing anti-CD19-BB-z exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against CD19(+) target cells resulting in > or =80% lysis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-lineage chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells at effector target ratios lower than 10:1. The target-specific cytotoxicity for anti-CD19-BB-z mRNA-transfected NK cells was observed as early as 3 h after transfection and persisted for up to 3 days. The method described here should facilitate the clinical development of NK-based antigen-targeted immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- MaxCyte Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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33
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Electroporation in Biological Cell and Tissue: An Overview. ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES FOR EXTRACTION FROM FOOD PLANTS AND BIOMATERIALS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79374-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ferreira E, Potier E, Logeart-Avramoglou D, Salomskaite-Davalgiene S, Mir LM, Petite H. Optimization of a gene electrotransfer method for mesenchymal stem cell transfection. Gene Ther 2008; 15:537-44. [PMID: 18256695 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene electrotransfer is an efficient and reproducible nonviral gene transfer technique useful for the nonpermanent expression of therapeutic transgenes. The present study established optimal conditions for the electrotransfer of reporter genes into mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from rat bone marrow by their selective adherence to tissue-culture plasticware. The electrotransfer of the lacZ reporter gene was optimized by adjusting the pulse electric field intensity, electric pulse type, electropulsation buffer conductivity and electroporation temperature. LacZ electrotransfection into MSCs was optimal at 1500 V cm(-1) with pre-incubation in Spinner's minimum essential medium buffer at 22 degrees C. Under these conditions beta-galactosidase expression was achieved in 29+/-3% of adherent cells 48 h post transfection. The kinetics of beta-galactosidase activity revealed maintenance of beta-galactosidase production for at least 10 days. Moreover, electroporation did not affect the MSC potential for multidifferentiation; electroporated MSCs differentiated into osteoblastic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages to the same extent as cells that were not exposed to electric pulses. Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility of efficient transgene electrotransfer into MSCs while preserving cell viability and multipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ferreira
- Laboratoire de Recherches Orthopédiques (B2OA), CNRS UMR 7052, Paris, France
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35
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Abstract
Results from multiple human studies have continued to spur the development of dendritic cells (DCs) as therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of cancer, chronic viral infections, and autoimmune diseases. The antigen-specific activity of DCs is dependent on the ability of the DCs to take up and process tumor-associated antigens for presentation to the immune system. Although immature DCs have been shown to naturally take up tumor-associated antigens by phagocytosis, approaches that significantly affect antigen delivery need further evaluation, especially if such methodologies can be demonstrated to result in the elicitation of more robust and comprehensive immune responses. We have developed a rapid, robust, scalable, and regulatory-compliant process for loading DCs with whole tumor lysate. The use of whole tumor lysate facilitates the generation of a more robust immune response targeting multiple unique antigenic determinants in patient's tumors and likely reduces the tumor's potential of immune escape. We demonstrate that DCs electroloaded with tumor lysate elicit significantly stronger antitumor responses both in a tumor challenge model and in a therapeutic vaccination model for preexisting metastasic disease. These effects are observed in a processing scheme that requires 20- to 40-fold lower amounts of tumor lysate when compared with the standard coincubation/coculture methods employed in loading DCs.
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36
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Pham PL, Kamen A, Durocher Y. Large-scale transfection of mammalian cells for the fast production of recombinant protein. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 34:225-37. [PMID: 17172668 DOI: 10.1385/mb:34:2:225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins (r-proteins) are increasingly important in fundamental research and for clinical applications. As many of these r-proteins are of human or animal origin, cultivated mammalian cells are the host of choice to ensure their functional folding and proper posttranslational modifications. Large-scale transfection of human embryonic kidney 293 or Chinese hamster ovary cells is now an established technology that can be used in the production of hundreds of milligram to gram quantities of a r-protein in less than 1 mo from cloning of its cDNA. This chapter aims to provide an overview of large-scale transfection technology with a particular emphasis on calcium phosphate and polyethylenimine-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Lan Pham
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Vétérinaire et Alimentaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP5000, Sainte-Hyacinthe (Québec) J2S 7C6, Canada
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37
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Baldi L, Hacker DL, Adam M, Wurm FM. Recombinant protein production by large-scale transient gene expression in mammalian cells: state of the art and future perspectives. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:677-84. [PMID: 17235486 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of the biologics pipeline depends on the identification of candidate proteins for clinical trials. Speed is one of the critical issues, and the rapid production of high quality, research-grade material for preclinical studies by transient gene expression (TGE) is addressing this factor in an impressive way: following DNA transfection, the production phase for TGE is usually 2-10 days. Recombinant proteins (r-proteins) produced by TGE can therefore enter the drug development and screening process in a very short time--weeks. With "classical" approaches to protein expression from mammalian cells, it takes months to establish a productive host cell line. This article summarizes efforts in industry and academia to use TGE to produce tens to hundreds of milligrams of r-proteins for either fundamental research or preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Baldi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biotechnology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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38
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Increase of the roughness of the stainless-steel anode surface due to the exposure to high-voltage electric pulses as revealed by atomic force microscopy. Bioelectrochemistry 2006; 70:519-23. [PMID: 17289442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The changes of the stainless-steel electrode surface morphology occurring due to dissolution of the anode under the action of electric pulses which are commonly utilized in cell electromanipulation procedures, have been studied by using atomic force microscopy. The surface of the polished electrode was rather smooth--the average roughness was 13-17 nm and the total roughness 140-180 nm. After the treatment of the chamber filled with 154 mM NaCl solution to a series of short (about 20 mus), high-voltage (4 kV) pulses, the roughness of the surface of the anode has increased, depending on the total amount of the electric charge that has passed through the unit area of the electrode, and exceeded 400 nm for the dissolution charge of 0.24 A s/cm(2). No changes of the cathode surface were detected. Well-defined peaks with the width of 1-2 mum and the height of over 400 nm have appeared. These peaks create local enhancements of the electric field at the interface between the solution and the electrode surface which can lead to the non-homogeneity treatment of cells by electric pulses and can facilitate the occurrence of the electrical breakdown of the liquid samples.
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39
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Li LH, Biagi E, Allen C, Shivakumar R, Weiss JM, Feller S, Yvon E, Fratantoni JC, Liu LN. Rapid and efficient nonviral gene delivery of CD154 to primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:215-24. [PMID: 16082377 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD154) are essential in the regulation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. Forced expression of human CD154 in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells can upregulate costimulatory and adhesion molecules and restore antigen-presenting capacity. Unfortunately, B-CLL cells are resistant to direct gene manipulation with most currently available gene transfer systems. In this report, we describe the use of a nonviral, clinical-grade, electroporation-based gene delivery system and a standard plasmid carrying CD154 cDNA, which achieved efficient (64+/-15%) and rapid (within 3 h) transfection of primary B-CLL cells. Consistent results were obtained from multiple human donors. Transfection of CD154 was functional in that it led to upregulated expression of CD80, CD86, ICAM-I and MHC class II (HLA-DR) on the B-CLL cells and induction of allogeneic immune responses in MLR assays. Furthermore, sustained transgene expression was demonstrated in long-term cryopreserved transfected cells. This simple and rapid gene delivery technology has been validated under the current Good Manufacturing Practice conditions, and multiple doses of CD154-expressing cells were prepared for CLL patients from one DNA transfection. Vaccination strategies using autologous tumor cells manipulated ex vivo for patients with B-CLL and perhaps with other hematopoietic malignancies could be practically implemented using this rapid and efficient nonviral gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Li
- MaxCyte, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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40
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Tryfona T, Bustard MT. Enhancement of biomolecule transport by electroporation: A review of theory and practical application to transformation ofCorynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 93:413-23. [PMID: 16224791 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Selective and reversible permeabilization of the cell wall permeability barrier is the focus for many biotechnological applications. In this article, the basic principles for reversible membrane permeabilization, based on biological, chemical, and physical methods are reviewed. Emphasis is given to electroporation (electropermeabilization) which tends to be the most popular method for membrane permeabilization and for introduction of foreign molecules into the cells. The applications of this method in industrial processes as well as the critical factors and parameters which affect the success of this approach are discussed. The different strategies developed throughout the years for increased transformation efficiencies of the industrially important amino acid-overproducing bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum, are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Tryfona
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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41
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Cooper LJN, Kalos M, DiGiusto D, Brown C, Forman SJ, Raubitschek A, Jensen MC. T-cell genetic modification for re-directed tumor recognition. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS 2005; 22:293-324. [PMID: 16110618 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(04)22014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J N Cooper
- Cancer Immunotherapeutic Program, City of Hope NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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Weiss JM, Shivakumar R, Feller S, Li LH, Hanson A, Fogler WE, Fratantoni JC, Liu LN. Rapid, in vivo, evaluation of antiangiogenic and antineoplastic gene products by nonviral transfection of tumor cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:346-53. [PMID: 15031722 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using a nonviral, electroporation-based gene transfection approach, we demonstrate the efficient and consistent transfection of two poorly immunogenic tumor cell lines: B16F10 melanoma and renal carcinoma (RENCA). Three genes, IL-12, angiostatin (AS), and an endostatin:angiostatin fusion protein (ES:AS) were subcloned into a DNA plasmid containing EBNA1-OriP, which was then transfected into B16F10 and RENCA cells. Significant levels of protein were secreted into the culture supernatants of transfected cells in vitro. Transfected tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into mice. All the three transgenes were capable of significantly delaying and reducing the formation of primary B16F10 and RENCA tumors, as well as B16F10 lung metastases. By day 11 post-injection, all control mice that received either mock-transfected or empty vector DNA-transfected B16F10 tumor cells had developed large primary tumors. In contrast, mice that received IL-12-transfected B16F10 cells did not develop appreciable tumors until day 17, and these were significantly smaller than controls. Similar results were observed for the RENCA model, in which only one of the IL-12 mice had developed tumors out to day 31. Expression of AS or ES:AS also significantly delayed and reduced primary tumors. Overall, ES:AS was more effective than AS alone. Furthermore, 25% of the AS mice and 33% of the ES:AS mice remained tumor-free at day 17, by which point all control mice had significant tumors. Mouse survival rates also correlated with the extent of tumor burden. Importantly, no lung metastases were detected in the lungs of mice that had received either AS or ES:AS-transfected B16F10 tumor cells and significantly fewer metastases were found in the IL-12 group. The consistency of our transfection results highlight the feasibility of directly electroporating tumor cells as a means to screen, identify, and validate in vivo potentially novel antiangiogenic and/or antineoplastic genes.
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MESH Headings
- Angiostatins/biosynthesis
- Angiostatins/genetics
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular
- Electroporation
- Endostatins/biosynthesis
- Endostatins/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/biosynthesis
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/blood supply
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Melanoma/blood supply
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Transfection
- Viruses/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Weiss
- MaxCyte, Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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43
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Yuan J, Murrell GAC, Trickett A, Landtmeters M, Knoops B, Wang MX. Overexpression of antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin 5 protects human tendon cells against apoptosis and loss of cellular function during oxidative stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2004; 1693:37-45. [PMID: 15276323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis are implicated in tendon degeneration. Peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) is a novel thioredoxin peroxidase recently identified in mammals, participating directly in eliminating hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and neutralizing other reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have previously reported that PRDX5 is upregulated in degenerative human tendon. However, the effects of this upregulation on human tendon cell function remain unknown, in particular, with regards to oxidative stress conditions. Here we report that exposure of human tendon cells to 50 microM H(2)O(2) for 24 h (in vitro oxidative stress) caused a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells (P<0.05) as assessed by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V binding, accompanied by increased PRXD5 mRNA and protein expression. Overexpression of PRDX5 in human tendon cells via transfection inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced tendon cell apoptosis by 46% (P<0.05), and prevented the decrease in tendon cell collagen synthesis which occurs under H(2)O(2) challenge, although the decrease in collagen synthesis was small. Results from our study indicate that the antioxidant enzyme PRDX5 plays a protective role in human tendon cells against oxidative stress by reducing apoptosis and maintaining collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St. George Hospital Campus, 4-10 South Street, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
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44
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Fratantoni JC, Dzekunov S, Singh V, Liu LN. A non-viral gene delivery system designed for clinical use. Cytotherapy 2004; 5:208-10. [PMID: 12850788 DOI: 10.1080/14653240310001479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery can be accomplished using non-viral systems, and these have received increased attention These include ex vivo transfection of cells using an electric field to induce transient cell-membrane permeability (electroporation). This approach has the distinct advantage of not requiring the inclusion of a secondary agent (e.g. a lipid, viral package or carrier protein) any of which can be immunogenic or toxic. Available electroporation systems utilize a low volume (<1 mL) processing chamber and are open systems. The MaxCyte system employs a continuous flow design and can very rapidly process volumes ranging from 0.02 mL to >1 L. Transgenes for markers (eGFP) and functional proteins (e.g., cytokines, angiogenic factors) have been loaded in plasmids up to 14 kB in size. With appropriate application of pre- and post-processing cell manipulations, very satisfactory loading efficiencies and cell viability have been obtained. Cells can be processed with multiple plasmids, resulting in expression of the corresponding number of gene products. This capability has been considered for therapeutic and bioprocessing applications. The MaxCyte system was designed specifically for ex vivo clinical applications. The electrodes are manufactured of special materials and under precise conditions, in order to eliminate potential risks from electrolytic effects. The processing chamber and associated containers can be provided as disposable, sterile, closed (or functionally closed) systems-quite similar to the disposable harnesses used with cell separators. This system is thus suitable for integration into a current good manufacturing practice environment.
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