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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Chemical Standardization of Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum L.) Extract Using UHPLC-MS/MS and the Method of Standard Addition. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1726-1732. [PMID: 38953246 PMCID: PMC11311221 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Extracts prepared from the seeds of the medicinal plant milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae)] are widely used as dietary supplements due to anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and hepatoprotective effects. Called silymarin, the main components of lipophilic extracts of milk thistle seeds are flavonoids and flavonolignans including silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silydianin, silychristin, taxifolin, and 2,3-dehydrosilybins. The aim of this study was to develop a method based on UHPLC-MS/MS for the chemical authentication and standardization of milk thistle silymarin. Validation included the method of standard addition to account for the lack of a blank matrix. Potential matrix effects were investigated by analyzing silymarin standards dissolved only in the initial UHPLC mobile phase. Measurements of six flavonolignans and taxifolin in the milk thistle extract using UHPLC-MS/MS with standard addition or external standard calibration produced similar results for all analytes except silydianin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B, which showed significant peak enhancement during negative ion electrospray due to botanical matrix effects. The UHPLC-MS/MS-based method of standard addition requires <10 min per injection and is suitable for the standardization of silymarin from milk thistle in support of preclinical and clinical studies of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N. Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Mota J, Faria-Silva C, Resendes A, Santos MI, Carvalheiro MC, Lima A, Simões S. Silymarin inhibits dermal gelatinolytic activity and reduces cutaneous inflammation. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38684022 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2347452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is well-known for its antioxidant activity due to the presence of silymarin. Albeit some studies show a potential for skin inflammation, its activity against dermal MMP-9 and MMP-2 remains to be studied. Silymarin isolated from an S. marianum herbal extract was tested for gelatinase inhibition in the presence of isolated MMP-9 and in dermal adenocarcinome HaCaT cells. Silymarin was then further tested in vivo, using a cutaneous inflammation mice model mediated by reactive oxygen species. Silymarin was able to significantly inhibit gelatinolytic activity in vitro without impairing cell growth and viability. Furthermore, inhibition was more pronounced in cells than with the isolated gelatinase, suggesting an additional effect upon metabolic pathways. In vivo, silymarin was able to reduce ear edema up to 74% and attenuated histological lesions. Results highlight silymarin potential for application in skin inflammatory disorders via gelatinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mota
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Faria-Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Resendes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Colla Carvalheiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Lima
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Pannala VR, Wallqvist A. High-Throughput Transcriptomics Differentiates Toxic versus Non-Toxic Chemical Exposures Using a Rat Liver Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17425. [PMID: 38139254 PMCID: PMC10743995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the challenge of limited throughput with traditional toxicity testing, a newly developed high-throughput transcriptomics (HTT) platform, together with a 5-day in vivo rat model, offers an alternative approach to estimate chemical exposures and provide reasonable estimates of toxicological endpoints. This study contains an HTT analysis of 18 environmental chemicals with known liver toxicity. They were evaluated using male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to various concentrations daily for five consecutive days via oral gavage, with data collected on the sixth day. Here, we further explored the 5-day rat model to identify potential gene signatures that can differentiate between toxic and non-toxic liver responses and provide us with a potential histopathological endpoint of chemical exposure. We identified a distinct gene expression pattern that differentiated non-hepatotoxic compounds from hepatotoxic compounds in a dose-dependent manner, and an analysis of the significantly altered common genes indicated that toxic chemicals predominantly upregulated most of the genes and several pathways in amino acid and lipid metabolism. Finally, our liver injury module analysis revealed that several liver-toxic compounds showed similarities in the key injury phenotypes of cellular inflammation and proliferation, indicating potential molecular initiating processes that may lead to a specific end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat R. Pannala
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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4
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Kosmalski M, Frankowski R, Deska K, Różycka-Kosmalska M, Pietras T. Exploring the Impact of Nutrition on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Management: Unveiling the Roles of Various Foods, Food Components, and Compounds. Nutrients 2023; 15:2838. [PMID: 37447164 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need to introduce standardized treatment options for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to its global prevalence and the complications of this disease. Many studies have revealed that food-derived substances may be beneficial in dealing with this disease. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the recently published studies on the food-derived treatment options for NAFLD. A comprehensive search of the PubMed database using keywords such as "NAFLD", "nutrition", "food", "derived", "therapy", and "guidelines" yielded 219 relevant papers for our analysis, published from 2004 to 2023. The results show the significant benefits of food-derived treatment in NAFLD therapy, including improvements in liver histology, hepatic fat amounts, anthropometric measures, lipid profile, and other metabolic measures. The availability of the substances discussed makes them a significant adjuvant in the treatment of this disease. The usefulness of Viusid as additional therapy to diet and physical activity should be emphasized due to improvements in liver histology; however, many other substances lead to a decrease in liver fat amounts including, e.g., berberine or omega-3 fatty acids. In addition, the synbiotic Protexin seems to be useful in terms of NAFLD treatment, especially because it is effective in both obese and lean subjects. Based on the latest research results, we suggest revising the therapeutic recommendations for patients suffering from NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kosmalski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Frankowski
- Students' Research Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kacper Deska
- Students' Research Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
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5
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Raclariu-Manolică AC, Socaciu C. Detecting and Profiling of Milk Thistle Metabolites in Food Supplements: A Safety-Oriented Approach by Advanced Analytics. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030440. [PMID: 36984880 PMCID: PMC10052194 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is among the top-selling botanicals used as a supportive treatment for liver diseases. Silymarin, a mixture of unique flavonolignan metabolites, is the main bioactive component of milk thistle. The biological activities of silymarin have been well described in the literature, and its use is considered safe and well-tolerated in appropriate doses. However, commercial preparations do not always contain the recommended concentrations of silymarin, failing to provide the expected therapeutic effect. While the poor quality of raw material may explain the low concentrations of silymarin, its deliberate removal is suspected to be an adulteration. Toxic contaminants and foreign matters were also detected in milk thistle preparations, raising serious health concerns. Standard methods for determination of silymarin components include thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with various detectors, but nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) have also been applied. This review surveys the extraction techniques of main milk thistle metabolites and the quality, efficacy, and safety of the derived food supplements. Advanced analytical authentication approaches are discussed with a focus on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding to complement orthogonal chemical characterization and fingerprinting of herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 610004 Piatra Neamț, Romania
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- BIODIATECH-Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, 400478 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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6
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Baek ML, Lee J, Pendleton KE, Berner MJ, Goff EB, Tan L, Martinez SA, Mahmud I, Wang T, Meyer MD, Lim B, Barrish JP, Porter W, Lorenzi PL, Echeverria GV. Mitochondrial structure and function adaptation in residual triple negative breast cancer cells surviving chemotherapy treatment. Oncogene 2023; 42:1117-1131. [PMID: 36813854 PMCID: PMC10069007 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) used for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) eradicates tumors in ~45% of patients. Unfortunately, TNBC patients with substantial residual cancer burden have poor metastasis free and overall survival rates. We previously demonstrated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) was elevated and was a unique therapeutic dependency of residual TNBC cells surviving NACT. We sought to investigate the mechanism underlying this enhanced reliance on mitochondrial metabolism. Mitochondria are morphologically plastic organelles that cycle between fission and fusion to maintain mitochondrial integrity and metabolic homeostasis. The functional impact of mitochondrial structure on metabolic output is highly context dependent. Several chemotherapy agents are conventionally used for neoadjuvant treatment of TNBC patients. Upon comparing mitochondrial effects of conventional chemotherapies, we found that DNA-damaging agents increased mitochondrial elongation, mitochondrial content, flux of glucose through the TCA cycle, and OXPHOS, whereas taxanes instead decreased mitochondrial elongation and OXPHOS. The mitochondrial effects of DNA-damaging chemotherapies were dependent on the mitochondrial inner membrane fusion protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). Further, we observed heightened OXPHOS, OPA1 protein levels, and mitochondrial elongation in an orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of residual TNBC. Pharmacologic or genetic disruption of mitochondrial fusion and fission resulted in decreased or increased OXPHOS, respectively, revealing longer mitochondria favor oxphos in TNBC cells. Using TNBC cell lines and an in vivo PDX model of residual TNBC, we found that sequential treatment with DNA-damaging chemotherapy, thus inducing mitochondrial fusion and OXPHOS, followed by MYLS22, a specific inhibitor of OPA1, was able to suppress mitochondrial fusion and OXPHOS and significantly inhibit regrowth of residual tumor cells. Our data suggest that TNBC mitochondria can optimize OXPHOS through OPA1-mediated mitochondrial fusion. These findings may provide an opportunity to overcome mitochondrial adaptations of chemoresistant TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokryun L Baek
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junegoo Lee
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine E Pendleton
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mariah J Berner
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily B Goff
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara A Martinez
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Iqbal Mahmud
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew D Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bora Lim
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James P Barrish
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weston Porter
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gloria V Echeverria
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Pochet S, Lechon AS, Lescrainier C, De Vriese C, Mathieu V, Hamdani J, Souard F. Herb-anticancer drug interactions in real life based on VigiBase, the WHO global database. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14178. [PMID: 35986023 PMCID: PMC9391489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCancer patients could combine herbal treatments with their chemotherapy. We consulted VigiBase, a WHO database of individual case safety reports (ICSRs) which archives reports of suspected Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) when herbal products are used in conjunction with anti-cancer treatment. We focused on the possible interactions between antineoplastic (L01 ATC class) or hormone antagonists (L02B ATC class) with 10 commonly used herbs (pineapple, green tea, cannabis, black cohosh, turmeric, echinacea, St John’s wort, milk thistle and ginger) to compare ADRs described in ICSRs with the literature. A total of 1057 ICSRs were extracted from the database but only 134 were complete enough (or did not concern too many therapeutic lines) to keep them for analysis. Finally, 51 rationalizable ICSRs could be explained, which led us to propose a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction mechanism. Reports concerned more frequently women and half of the rationalizable ICSRs involved Viscum album and Silybum marianum. 5% of the ADRs described could have been avoided if clinicians had had access to the published information. It is also important to note that in 8% of the cases, the ADRs observed were life threatening. Phytovigilance should thus be considered more by health care professionals to best treat cancer patients and for better integrative care.
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Jiang G, Sun C, Wang X, Mei J, Li C, Zhan H, Liao Y, Zhu Y, Mao J. Hepatoprotective mechanism of Silybum marianum on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease based on network pharmacology and experimental verification. Bioengineered 2022; 13:5216-5235. [PMID: 35170400 PMCID: PMC8974060 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2037374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to identify the key active components in Silybum marianum (S. marianum) and determine how they protect against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). TCMSP, DisGeNET, UniProt databases, and Venny 2.1 software were used to identify 11 primary active components, 92 candidate gene targets, and 30 core hepatoprotective gene targets in this investigation, respectively. The PPI network was built using a string database and Cytoscape 3.7.2. The KEGG pathway and GO biological process enrichment, biological annotation, as well as the identified hepatoprotective core gene targets were analyzed using the Metascape database. The effect of silymarin on NAFLD was determined using H&E on pathological alterations in liver tissues. The levels of liver function were assessed using biochemical tests. Western blot experiments were used to observe the proteins that were expressed in the associated signaling pathways on the hepatoprotective effect, which the previous network pharmacology predicted. According to the KEGG enrichment study, there are 35 hepatoprotective signaling pathways. GO enrichment analysis revealed that 61 biological processes related to the hepatoprotective effect of S. marianum were identified, which mainly involved in response to regulation of biological process and immune system process. Silymarin was the major ingredient derived from S. marianum, which exhibited the hepatoprotective effect by reducing the levels of ALT, AST, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, decreasing protein expressions of IL-6, MAPK1, Caspase 3, p53, VEGFA, increasing protein expression of AKT1. The present study provided new sights and a possible explanation for the molecular mechanisms of S. marianum against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunhong Sun
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, School of Clinical medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of periodontal, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Honghong Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixuan Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingxin Mao
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, School of Clinical medicine, Chongqing, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Abrishami MH, Noras MR, Soltanifar A, Salari R, Jarahi L, Pazhouh HK. Clinical Evidence for the Effectiveness of Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of an Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder: A Review Study. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2022; 19:e160622206086. [PMID: 35713134 DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666220616122543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a potentially debilitating disease that affects 1-4% of the general population. It is characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions which interfere with the individual's life and functioning. Although conventional treatments such as drug therapies and cognitive behavioral therapy exist for OCD, these treatments are not universally successful and can cause side effects, which has created a demand for alternative and complementary therapies. METHODS In this review, we summarize randomized clinical trials on the effectiveness of herbal medicines for the treatment of OCD, and review the possible mechanisms of action for these medicines. A search in PubMed, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library found 1022 studies, of which 7 were included in our review. RESULTS The studies that we found were conducted over 6 to 12 weeks, and had an average sample size of 37. The plant species studied included Crocus sativus, Echium amoenum, Hypericum perforatum, Silybum marianum, Valeriana officinalis, and Withania somnifera. The trials demonstrated the effectiveness of all plants as treatments for OCD except H. perforatum. The phytochemicals found in these plants produce their effects through a variety of means such as inhibiting the reuptake of monoamines, GABAergic effects, and neuroendocrine modulation. The small number of studies and their small sample sizes, poor methodology, and lack of replication highlight the need for further research into herbal medicines for the treatment of OCD. CONCLUSION Overall, herbal medicines can be used as stand-alone therapies for OCD or in conjunction with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hosseini Abrishami
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Noras
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atefeh Soltanifar
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roshanak Salari
- Department of Clinical Persian Pharmacy, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lida Jarahi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamideh Khorram Pazhouh
- Persian Medicine Research Center, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Nurwidya F, Takahashi F, Winardi W, Tajima K, Mitsuishi Y, Murakami A, Kobayashi I, Nara T, Hashimoto M, Kato M, Hidayat M, Suina K, Hayakawa D, Asao T, Ko R, Shukuya T, Yae T, Shimada N, Yoshioka Y, Sasaki S, Takahashi K. Zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) plays a crucial role in the maintenance of lung cancer stem cells resistant to gefitinib. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:1536-1548. [PMID: 33764690 PMCID: PMC8107025 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc‐finger E‐box‐binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is an important regulator of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and is involved in the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) via miR‐200c and BMI1 pathway. Recent studies revealed that ZEB1 contributes to the EMT‐mediated acquired resistance to gefitinib in EGFR‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the precise role of ZEB1 in the maintenance of lung CSCs that lead to acquired resistance to gefitinib remains unclear. Methods PC9 and HCC827 NSCLC cell lines were treated with high concentrations of gefitinib, and surviving cells were referred to as “gefitinib‐resistant persisters” (GRPs). ZEB1 knockdown or overexpression was performed to determine the biological significance of ZEB1 in the CSC features of GRPs, and animal models were studied for in vivo validation. Expression of ZEB1, BMI1, and ALDH1A1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in tumor specimens from NSCLC patients with acquired resistance to gefitinib. Results GRPs had characteristic features of mesenchymal and CSC phenotypes with high expression of ZEB1 and BMI1, and decreased miR‐200c, in vitro and in vivo. ZEB1 silencing attenuated the suppression of miR‐200c, resulting in the reduction in BMI1 and reversed the mesenchymal and CSC features of GRPs. Furthermore, ZEB1 overexpression induced EMT and increased the levels of CD133‐ and BMI1‐positive GRPs in vitro and gefitinib resistance in vivo. Finally, ZEB1, BMI1, and ALDH1A1 were highly expressed in tumor specimens from EGFR‐mutant NSCLC patients with gefitinib resistance. Conclusions ZEB1 plays an important role in gefitinib‐resistant lung CSCs with EMT features via regulation of miR‐200c and BMI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariz Nurwidya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wira Winardi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Tajima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Mitsuishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Murakami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Iryo Sosei University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Muneaki Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kagawa, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Kato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moulid Hidayat
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suina
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayakawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Asao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ko
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehito Shukuya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Shimada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yoshioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Single Laboratory Validation of UHPLC-MS/MS Assays for Six Milk Thistle Flavonolignans in Human Serum. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:232-238. [PMID: 33251548 PMCID: PMC7892635 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts of milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., are used as dietary supplements for their hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. OBJECTIVE An assay based on UHPLC-MS/MS was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of six major milk thistle flavonolignans extracted from human serum. METHODS Ethyl acetate containing 0.1% formic acid was used to extract flavonolignans from human serum. A 10-min UHPLC-MS/MS method using selected reaction ion monitoring was developed for measuring extracts for silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, and silydianin. RESULTS The quantitative method was validated with respect to selectivity, specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, LOD, and LLOQ. Extraction efficiency for the quality control standards at LLOQ, low, medium, and high concentrations ranged between 81% and 109%, and the calibration curves were linear (R2 > 0.997) for all flavonolignans. The method precision was determined using coefficients of variation, which were <15%. The method accuracy was assessed using percent relative error which was <15%. CONCLUSIONS The UHPLC-MS/MS assay is fast, precise, sensitive, selective, accurate, and useful for the analysis of milk thistle flavonolignans in human serum. HIGHLIGHTS The UHPLC-MS/MS assay is suitable for rapid quantitative analysis of milk thistle flavonolignans in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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12
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Wadie W, Mohamed AH, Masoud MA, Rizk HA, Sayed HM. Protective impact of lycopene on ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:447-455. [PMID: 33034714 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protection against cholestasis and its consequences are considered an essential issue to improve the quality of a patient's life and reduce the number of death every year from liver diseases. Lycopene, a natural carotenoid, has antioxidant scavenger capacity and inhibits inflammation in many experimental models. The present study aimed to elucidate the potential protective effects of lycopene, in comparison to silymarin, in a rat model of cholestatic liver. Animals were daily injected with 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE; 5 mg/kg) for 18 successive days. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) and lycopene (10 mg/kg) were orally administered once per day through the experimental period. Lycopene significantly decreased the EE-induced rise in the serum levels of total bile acid and total bilirubin as well as the activities of alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transaminase. Moreover, lycopene reduced the hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and tumor necrosis factor-α as well as the hepatic activity of myeloperoxidase that were markedly elevated by EE. Lycopene increased the hepatic levels of total protein and albumin and reduced glutathione. In addition, lycopene improved the hepatic histopathological changes induced by EE. These protective effects of lycopene were comparable to that of silymarin. In conclusion, lycopene was effective in protecting against estrogen-induced cholestatic liver injury through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, lycopene might be a potentially effective drug for protection against cholestasis in susceptible women during pregnancy, administration of oral contraceptives, or postmenopausal replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Wadie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Aya Hamada Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ashour Masoud
- Department of Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan Amin Rizk
- Department of Pharmacology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Helmy Moawad Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Kesharwani SS, Jain V, Dey S, Sharma S, Mallya P, Kumar VA. An overview of advanced formulation and nanotechnology-based approaches for solubility and bioavailability enhancement of silymarin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Tuli HS, Mittal S, Aggarwal D, Parashar G, Parashar NC, Upadhyay SK, Barwal TS, Jain A, Kaur G, Savla R, Sak K, Kumar M, Varol M, Iqubal A, Sharma AK. Path of Silibinin from diet to medicine: A dietary polyphenolic flavonoid having potential anti-cancer therapeutic significance. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:196-218. [PMID: 33130037 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, targeting cancer by the use of dietary phytochemicals has gained enormous attention. The plausible reason and believe or mind set behind this fact is attributed to either lesser or no side effects of natural compounds as compared to the modern chemotherapeutics, or due to their conventional use as dietary components by mankind for thousands of years. Silibinin is a naturally derived polyphenol (a flavonolignans), possess following biochemical features; molecular formula C25H22O10, Molar mass: 482.44 g/mol, Boiling point 793 °C, with strikingly high antioxidant and anti-tumorigenic properties. The anti-cancer properties of Silibinin are determined by a variety of cellular pathways which include induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. In addition, Silibinin controls modulation of the expression of aberrant miRNAs, inflammatory response, and synergism with existing anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, modulation of a vast array of cellular responses and homeostatic aspects makes Silibinin an attractive chemotherapeutic agent. However, like other polyphenols, the major hurdle to declare Silibinin a translational chemotherapeutic agent, is its lesser bioavailability. After summarizing the chemistry and metabolic aspects of Silibinin, this extensive review focuses on functional aspects governed by Silibinin in chemoprevention with an ultimate goal of summarizing the evidence supporting the chemopreventive potential of Silibinin and clinical trials that are currently ongoing, at a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India
| | - Sonam Mittal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India
| | - Gaurav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India
| | | | - Sushil Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India
| | - Tushar Singh Barwal
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, Punjab, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, Punjab, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's, NMIMS, Mumbai, 400 056, Maharastra, India
| | - Raj Savla
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's, NMIMS, Mumbai, 400 056, Maharastra, India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur, India
| | - Mehmet Varol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, TR48000, Turkey
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Deemed to be University), Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133 207, Haryana, India.
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15
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Impact of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seeds in fattener diets on pig performance and carcass traits and fatty acid profile and cholesterol of meat, backfat and liver. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Evidences on Molecules Most Frequently Included in Canine and Feline Complementary Feed to Support Liver Function. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:9185759. [PMID: 32454964 PMCID: PMC7232710 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9185759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous complementary feeds to support liver function are commercially available for small animals. Aiming to furnish a scientific support for clinicians/nutritionists that necessitate a complementary feed to support liver function in dogs and cats, with the present paper, we analyzed scientific evidences supporting the use, for this purpose, of ingredients/additives such as artichoke (Cynara scolymus), curcumin, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), phosphatidylcholine, and S-adenosylmethionine. Although sustained by significant results, our review found only few scientific papers, and albeit we believe that they represent a significant aid in handling hepatopathies, in the authors' opinion, this topic probably deserves, and would benefit of, further studies.
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17
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Prasad RR, Paudel S, Raina K, Agarwal R. Silibinin and non-melanoma skin cancers. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:236-244. [PMID: 32670818 PMCID: PMC7340873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest human organ that shields the inner body from contact with xenobiotic and genotoxic agents, and in this process, the skin's cellular genome faces continuous stress due to direct exposure to these noxious factors. Accumulation of genetic stress results in genomic alterations leading to undesirable gene or protein alteration/expression in skin cells, which eventually causes the formation of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sun is the most prominent factor contributing to ∼5 million skin cancer cases (which are mostly NMSCs) in the United States (US) and western countries. UVB exposure causes aberrations in a range of biochemical and molecular pathways such as: thymine dimer formation, DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, altered cellular signaling, which ultimately contribute to the development of NMSCs. The focus of this review is to summarize the protective and preventive potential of silymarin and/or silibinin against UVB-induced NMSC in pre-clinical skin cancer studies. Over two decades of research has shown the strong potential of silibinin, a biologically active flavonolignan (crude form Silymarin) derived from milk thistle plant, against a wide range of cancers, including NMSCs. Silibinin protects against UVB-induced thymine dimer formation and in turn promotes DNA repair and/or initiates apoptosis in damaged cells via an increase in p53 levels. Additionally, silibinin has shown strong efficacy against NMSCs via its potential to target aberrant signaling pathways, and induction of anti-inflammatory responses. Overall, completed comprehensive studies suggest the potential use of silibinin to prevent and/or manage NMSCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Raj Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sandeep Paudel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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18
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Ayati Z, Sarris J, Chang D, Emami SA, Rahimi R. Herbal medicines and phytochemicals for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1889-1901. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ayati
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- NICM Heath Research InstituteWestern Sydney University Penrith Australia
| | - Jerome Sarris
- NICM Heath Research InstituteWestern Sydney University Penrith Australia
- Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of PsychiatryThe University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Heath Research InstituteWestern Sydney University Penrith Australia
| | - Seyed A. Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology Research CenterMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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19
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Barbosa CC, Nishimura AN, Santos MLD, Junior WD, Andersen ML, Mazaro-Costa R. Silymarin administration during pregnancy and breastfeeding: evaluation of initial development and adult behavior of mice. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:64-70. [PMID: 32084436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin is a phytotherapeutic agent derived from the species Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), commonly is known as milk thistle, and traditionally used as a hepatoprotective; however, recent studies have proposed its use in order to promote lactogenesis, but there are few reports of its effects on the development of offspring. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of silymarin treatment during pregnancy and breastfeeding on the sensory-somatic-motor development and adult behavior of F1-generation Swiss mice. The pregnant females of the parental generation were distributed in four experimental groups and treated orally with doses of 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg of silymarin, with a control group receiving vehicle - vegetable oil (VEH), to obtain the F1-generation. At the end of lactation, the parental generation were submitted to euthanasia. Body mass evolution was determined in both generations. The sensory-motor development of the offspring (F1-generation) was evaluated, and one male pup from each litter was followed up for an analysis of adult behavior. In the F1 analysis, no differences between the groups were observed in initial development from the sensory-somatic-motor analysis performed during the 1st to 21st postnatal days. In the behavioral evaluation of adults from the F1 generation, all the groups from dams treated with silymarin in open field (OF) analysis showed a decrease in the time spent in the periphery and an increase in the time spent in the center, but the ambulation observed by the number of quadrant crossed showed no difference. In addition, during OF, the 100 and 200 mg/kg groups presented an increase in fecal bolus compared with the VEH group. There was a decrease in immobility time in the forced swimming test in the 300 mg/kg group compared to the VEH group. Regarding the memory and learning test, the groups did not differ in their recognition scores. The results of this study using an animal model indicate that treatment with silymarin during pregnancy and breastfeeding does not promote significant morpho-functional changes in the offspring in their initial development and adult behavior, indicating the safety of its use during gestation and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Cesar Barbosa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Monica Levy Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Zarif-Yeganeh M, Rastegarpanah M. Clinical Role of Silymarin in Oxidative Stress and Infertility: A Short Review for Pharmacy Practitioners. J Res Pharm Pract 2019; 8:181-188. [PMID: 31956630 PMCID: PMC6952757 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_18_100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SMN) as an ancient plant has various therapeutic usage in many diseases. Almost all of its properties attributed to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Currently, infertility problems impose a heavy burden on many developing countries. As a result, effective infertility treatment is indicated. The role of oxidative stress in both male and female infertility has been revealed. Many studies have shown protective and antioxidative properties of SMN against adverse effects of chemotherapy medications and environmental toxins in sperms and oocytes. The antioxidative and clinical role of SMN in infertility has been reviewed. The use of antioxidants such as SMN can help to improve fertility rate by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor. Animal studies in both male and female have indicated a beneficial effect of SMN on fertility recovery. Further clinical studies are needed considering the phytoestrogenic property of SMN, to determine the right dose and duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mansoor Rastegarpanah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Drouet S, Leclerc EA, Garros L, Tungmunnithum D, Kabra A, Abbasi BH, Lainé É, Hano C. A Green Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Optimization of the Natural Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Flavonolignans from Milk Thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Fruits for Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E304. [PMID: 31416140 PMCID: PMC6721202 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (aka milk thistle) constitutes the source of silymarin (SILM), a mixture of different flavonolignans and represents a unique model for their extraction. Here we report on the development and validation of an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method of S. marianum flavonolignans follow by their quantification using LC system. The optimal conditions of this UAE method were: aqueous EtOH 54.5% (v/v) as extraction solvent, with application of an ultrasound (US) frequency of 36.6 kHz during 60 min at 45 °C with a liquid to solid ratio of 25:1 mL/g dry weight (DW). Following its optimization using a full factorial design, the extraction method was validated according to international standards of the association of analytical communities (AOAC) to ensure precision and accuracy in the quantitation of each component of the SILM mixture. The efficiency of this UAE was compared with maceration protocol. Here, the optimized and validated conditions of the UAE allowed the highest extraction yields of SILM and its constituents in comparison to maceration. During UAE, the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was retained, as confirmed by the in vitro assays CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) and inhibition of AGEs (advanced glycation end products). The skin anti-aging potential of the extract obtained by UAE was also confirmed by the strong in vitro cell-free inhibition capacity of both collagenase and elastase. To summarize, the UAE procedure presented here is a green and efficient method for the extraction and quantification of SILM and its constituents from the fruits of S. marianum, making it possible to generate extracts with attractive antioxidant and anti-aging activities for future cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Emilie A Leclerc
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurine Garros
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Atul Kabra
- Inder Kumar Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab 144603, India
- Kota College of Pharmacy, Kota Rajasthan 325003, India
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France.
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Groupement de Recherche 3711, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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Li S, Tan HY, Wang N, Feng Y, Wang X, Feng Y. Recent Insights Into the Role of Immune Cells in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1328. [PMID: 31244862 PMCID: PMC6581703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating clinical and experimental evidences have demonstrated that both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), in which the role of immunity is to fuel the inflammation and to drive the progression of ALD. Various immune cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of ALD. The activation of innate immune cells induced by alcohol and adaptive immune response triggered by oxidative modification of hepatic constituents facilitate the persistent hepatic inflammation. Meanwhile, the suppressed antigen-presenting capability of various innate immune cells and impaired function of T cells may consequently lead to an increased risk of infection in the patients with advanced ALD. In this review, we summarized the significant recent findings of immune cells participating in ALD. The pathways and molecules involved in the regulation of specific immune cells, and novel mediators protecting the liver from alcoholic injury via affecting these cells are particularly highlighted. This review aims to update the knowledge about immunity in the pathogenesis of ALD, which may facilitate to enhancement of currently available interventions for ALD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yigang Feng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yibin Feng
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Soleimani V, Delghandi PS, Moallem SA, Karimi G. Safety and toxicity of silymarin, the major constituent of milk thistle extract: An updated review. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1627-1638. [PMID: 31069872 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family. Silymarin is the major constituent of milk thistle extract and is a mixture of some flavonolignans such as silybin, which is the most active component of silymarin. It is most commonly known for its hepatoprotective effect. Also, studies have shown other therapeutic effects such as anticancer, anti-Alzheimer, anti-Parkinson, and anti-diabetic, so its safety is very important. It has no major toxicity in animals. Silymarin was mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium strains in the presence of metabolic enzymes. Silybin, silydianin, and silychristin were not cytotoxic and genotoxic at concentration of 100 μM. Silymarin is safe in humans at therapeutic doses and is well tolerated even at a high dose of 700 mg three times a day for 24 weeks. Some gastrointestinal discomforts occurred like nausea and diarrhea. One clinical trial showed silymarin is safe in pregnancy, and there were no anomalies. Consequently, caution should be exercised during pregnancy, and more studies are needed especially in humans. Silymarin has low-drug interactions, and it does not have major effects on cytochromes P-450. Some studies demonstrated that the use of silymarin must be with caution when co-administered with narrow therapeutic window drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Soleimani
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadat Delghandi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ahl Al Bayt, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University ofMedical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alzahraa University, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Goorani S, Morovvati H, Seydi N, Almasi M, Amiri-Paryan A, Nazari F, Zangeneh MM, Zangeneh A. Hepatoprotective and cytotoxicity properties of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra in Wistar rats fed with high-fat diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bi X, Yuan Z, Qu B, Zhou H, Liu Z, Xie Y. Piperine enhances the bioavailability of silybin via inhibition of efflux transporters BCRP and MRP2. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 54:98-108. [PMID: 30668388 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although silybin serves as a well-known hepatoprotective agent with prominent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-fibrotic activities, its low bioavailability limits its application in the treatment of chronic liver diseases. However, novel formulation products with increased solubility were not sufficient to achieve pharmacologically meaningful concentrations of silybin in the clinical studies even used at high dosage. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We hypothesized that inhibiting efflux transporter(s) and/or glucuronidation by piperine might enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of silybin. METHODS Pharmacokinetics of silybin given alone or in-combination with piperine was determined by a validated LC-MS method. A CCl4 induced rat model of liver injury was prepared and verified for comparing the effects of silybin and combination treatment. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the inhibition effects of piperine on transportation of silybin were performed in Caco-2 and transfected MDCKII cell lines as well as sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCH). Human liver microsomes incubation was used for exploring the modulation effects of piperine on the phase-2 metabolism of silybin. RESULTS In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that piperine as a bioenhancer increased the bioavailability of silybin (146%- 181%), contributing to a boosted therapeutic effect in CCl4-induced acute liver-injury rat model. The underlying mechanisms involved that piperine enhanced the absorption of silybin by inhibiting the efflux transporters including MRP2 and BCRP but not MDR1 in Caco-2 and transfected MDCKII cell lines. Moreover, piperine could inhibit the biliary excretion of silybin and conjugated metabolites in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. Notably, we found that piperine did not affect the phase-2 metabolism of silybin. CONCLUSION Efflux transporters play an important role in the pharmacokinetic behavior of flavolignans, and modulating these transporters by bioenhancer such as piperine could enhance the in vivo absorption of silybin, leading to more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China; Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhongwen Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510150, China
| | - Biao Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China.
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Méndez-Sánchez N, Dibildox-Martinez M, Sosa-Noguera J, Sánchez-Medal R, Flores-Murrieta FJ. Superior silybin bioavailability of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex in oily-medium soft-gel capsules versus conventional silymarin tablets in healthy volunteers. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:5. [PMID: 30635055 PMCID: PMC6330464 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is a response to chronic liver disease that results in excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and formation of scar tissue. Fibrosis represents a clinical challenge of worldwide significance. Several studies have demonstrated that many natural products and herbal medicines have activity against liver fibrosis, and extracts of milk thistle such as silymarin and silybin are the natural compounds most commonly prescribed for liver diseases. Therefore, we sought to assess and compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex in oily-medium soft-gel capsules and conventional silymarin tablets in healthy Mexican volunteers. METHODS We enrolled 23 healthy volunteers to participate in a prospective, balanced, blind, single-dose, two-way crossover study with a one-week washout period. Fasting participants received either 45 mg silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex or 70 mg silymarin to assess which formulation provided better bioavailability of silybin. Plasma was obtained and analysed for silybin concentration using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by non-compartmental analysis and values were compared by analysis of variance for a crossover design. Ratios of maximum plasma drug concentration and area under the curve (AUC) were obtained and 90% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS The 23 healthy subjects (11 women, 12 men) who participated in the study were aged 22-31 years old (average: 28), average weight 64.8 kg, height 1.65 m and body mass index 23.5 kg/m2. Plasma levels of silybin were higher after the administration of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex capsules compared with that after conventional silymarin tablets (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex in oily-medium soft-gel capsules seems to provide superior bioavailability. However, clinical studies must be performed to demonstrate its clinical relevance in the treatment of liver diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03440164 ; registered on November 11, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Col. Toriello Guerra, 14050, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | - Francisco J Flores-Murrieta
- National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas", 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.,Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
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Namdari H, Izad M, Rezaei F, Amirghofran Z. Differential regulation of CD4 + T cell subsets by Silymarin in vitro and in ovalbumin immunized mice. Daru 2018; 26:215-227. [PMID: 30478656 PMCID: PMC6279658 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-0229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell subsets including regulatory T cells (Tregs), Th1 and Th17 are critical for control and development of inflammation and autoimmunity. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of silymarin, a well-known herbal medicine on differentiation and function of Tregs and Th1 and Th17 responses. For in vitro study, mice splenocytes treated with 20-30 μg/ml silymarin were evaluated for gene expressions of specific transcription factors and cytokines of CD4+ T cell subsets using real-time PCR. Induction of Treg cell development in the presence of silymarin was performed on isolated naïve CD4+ T cells. Effect of silymarin-induced Tregs on T cell suppression was determined by CFSE labeling method. Results of this part showed that silymarin significantly decreased IFNγ, RORγt and IL-17 gene expressions and upregulated Foxp3, TGF-β and IL-10 mRNA. More silymarin-enhanced naïve CD4+ T cells differentiated to Tregs (67%) than the control (47%). Silymarin-induced Tregs reduced proliferation of naïve activated T cells (<50%). For in vivo study, mice were immunized with ovalbumin (Ova) on days 1 and 14. Silymarin (100 mg/Kg) was intraperitoneally administered two days before the first Ova challenge followed by on every day for two weeks. Splenocytes were then isolated for assessment of CD4+ T cell subsets and ex vivo analysis using flow cytometry. Treatment of Ova-immunized mice with silymarin increased Tregs (11.24 ± 1.2%, p < 0.01(but decreased Th1 (1.72 ± 0.4%, p < 0.001) and Th17 (1.07 ± 0.04%, p < 0.001) cells. Ex vivo Ova challenge of splenocytes from Ova-immunized mice treated with silymarin decreased proliferation of splenocytes, IFNγ (2.76% of control) and IL-17 (<8%) along with increased TGF-β (59.7%) expressions in CD4+T-bet+, CD4+RORγt+ and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells, respectively. In conclusion, silymarin promoted Treg differentiation and function and decreased Th1 and Th17 cells. Silymarin may differentially regulate CD4+ T cell responses which can provide potential benefits for its use as treatment of immune-related diseases. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haideh Namdari
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-45794, Iran
| | - Maryam Izad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Amirghofran
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-45794, Iran.
- Autoimmune Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Goorani S, Zhaleh M, Hajialiani M, Moradi R, Koohi MK, Rashidi K, Zangeneh MM, Zangeneh A. Hepatoprotective potential of aqueous extract of Allium eriophyllum Boiss in high-fat diet-induced fatty liver diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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The therapeutic potential of aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris in the treatment of fatty liver disease: a histopathological and biochemical approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Zangeneh MM, Salmani S, Zangeneh A, Khedri R, Zarei MS. Histopathological and biochemical effects of aqueous extract of Tragopogon graminifolius on the liver tissues of Wistar rats fed with high-fat diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Effect of aqueous extract of Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch on fatty liver induced by high-fat diet in Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Taleb A, Ahmad KA, Ihsan AU, Qu J, Lin N, Hezam K, Koju N, Hui L, Qilong D. Antioxidant effects and mechanism of silymarin in oxidative stress induced cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:689-698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Single Laboratory Validation of a Quantitative Core Shell-Based LC Separation for the Evaluation of Silymarin Variability and Associated Antioxidant Activity of Pakistani Ecotypes of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.). Molecules 2018. [PMCID: PMC6017045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaernt are the main source of taxifolin derived flavonolignans. Together, these molecules constitute a mixture called silymarin with many useful applications for cosmetic and pharmaceutic industries. Here, a validated method for the separation of the silymarin constituents has been developed to ensure precision and accuracy in their quantification. Each compound was separated with a high reproducibility. Precision and repeatability of the quantification method were validated according to the AOAC recommendations. The method was then applied to study the natural variability of wild accessions of S. marianum. Analysis of the variation in the fruits composition of these 12 accessions from Pakistan evidenced a huge natural diversity. Correlation analysis suggested a synergistic action of the different flavonolignans to reach the maximal antioxidant activity, as determined by cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Principal component analysis (PCA) separated the 12 accessions into three distinct groups that were differing from their silymarin contents, whereas hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) evidenced strong variations in their silymarin composition, leading to the identification of new silybin-rich chemotypes. These results proved that the present method allows for an efficient separation and quantification of the main flavonolignans with potent antioxidant activities.
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Cheng YY, Hsieh CH, Tsai TH. Concurrent administration of anticancer chemotherapy drug and herbal medicine on the perspective of pharmacokinetics. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:S88-S95. [PMID: 29703390 PMCID: PMC9326883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With an increasing number of cancer patients seeking an improved quality of life, complementary and alternative therapies are becoming more common ways to achieve such improvements. The potential risks of concurrent administration are serious and must be addressed. However, comprehensive evidence for the risks and benefits of combining anticancer drugs with traditional herbs is rare. Pharmacokinetic investigations are an efficient way to understand the influence of concomitant remedies. Therefore, this study aimed to collect the results of pharmacokinetic studies relating to the concurrent use of cancer chemotherapy and complementary and alternative therapies. According to the National Health Insurance (NHI) database in Taiwan and several publications, the three most commonly prescribed formulations for cancer patients are Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang, Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San and Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang. The three most commonly prescribed single herbs for cancer patients are Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, and Astragalus membranaceus. Few studies have discussed herb-drug interactions involving these herbs from a pharmacokinetics perspective. Here, we reviewed Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San, Long-Dan-Xie-Gan-Tang, Curcuma longa and milk thistle to provide information based on pharmacokinetic evidence for healthcare professionals to use in educating patients about the risks of the concomitant use of various remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yi Cheng
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsi Hsieh
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, 36063, Taiwan.
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Rodriguez JP, Quilantang NG, Lee JS, Lee JM, Kim HY, Shim JS, Lee S. Determination of Silybin B in the Different Parts of Silybum marianum using HPLC-UV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.20307/nps.2018.24.2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce P. Rodriguez
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Norman G. Quilantang
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Ju Sung Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Natural Products Research Team, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Jae Suk Shim
- Imsil Herbal Medicine Association, Imsil 55955, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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Ibrahim MET, Bana EE, El-Kerdasy HI. Role of Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Protective Effect of Silymarin in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Renal Failure in Rats. Am J Med Sci 2018; 355:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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37
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Yun DG, Lee DG. Assessment of silibinin as a potential antifungal agent and investigation of its mechanism of action. IUBMB Life 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Gyu Yun
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University; 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University; 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
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Balaban YH, Aka C, Koca-Caliskan U. Liver immunology and herbal treatment. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:757-770. [PMID: 28660010 PMCID: PMC5474722 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i17.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the metabolic functions, the liver recently has been defined as an organ of immune system (IS), which have central regulatory role for innate and adaptive immunity. The liver keeps a delicate balance between hepatic screening of pathogenic antigens and immune tolerance to self-antigens. Herbal treatments with immunological effects have potential to alter this hepatic immune balance towards either therapeutic side or diseases side by inducing liver injury via hepatotoxicity or initiation of autoimmune diseases. Most commonly known herbal treatments, which have therapeutic effect on liver and IS, have proven via in vitro, in vivo, and/or clinical studies were summarized in this review.
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Wang SF, Wu MY, Cai CZ, Li M, Lu JH. Autophagy modulators from traditional Chinese medicine: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:861-876. [PMID: 27793785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), an ancient yet still alive medicinal system widely used in East Asia, has played an essential role in health maintenance and diseases control, for a wide range of human chronic diseases like cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. TCM-derived compounds and extracts attract wide attention for their potential application as therapeutic agents against above mentioned diseases. AIM OF REVIEW Recent years the enthusiasm in searching for autophagy regulators for human diseases has yielded many positive hits. TCM-derived compounds as important sources for drug discovery have been widely tested in different models for autophagy modulation. Here we summarize the current progress in the discovery of natural autophagy regulators from TCM for the therapeutic application in cancer and neurodegenerative disease models, aiming to provide the direct link from traditional use to new pharmacological application. METHODS The present review collected the literature published during the recent 10 years which studied the effect of TCM-derived compounds or extracts on autophagy regulation from PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Science Direct. The names of chemical compounds studied in this article are corresponding to the information in journal plant list. RESULTS In this review, we give a brief introduction about the autophagy and its roles in cancer and neurodegenerative disease models and describe the molecular mechanisms of autophagy modulation. We also make comprehensive lists to summarize the effects and underlying mechanisms of TCM-derived autophagy regulators in cancer and neurodegenerative disease models. In the end of the review, we discuss the current strategies, problems and future direction for TCM-derived autophagy regulators in the treatment of human diseases. CONCLUSIONS A number of data from in vivo and in vitro models indicated TCM derived compounds and extracts hold great potential for the treatment of human diseases including cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy, as a novel and promising drug target involved in a wide range of human diseases, can be modulated by many TCM derived agents, indicating autophagy modulation may be an important mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of TCM in treating diseases. Furthermore, we look forward to seeing the discovery of ideal autophagy modulators from TCM with considerably higher selectivity for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Ming-Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Cui-Zan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
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Pharmacokinetic Herb-Drug Interactions: Insight into Mechanisms and Consequences. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 41:93-108. [PMID: 26311243 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are currently in high demand, and their popularity is steadily increasing. Because of their perceived effectiveness, fewer side effects and relatively low cost, they are being used for the management of numerous medical conditions. However, they are capable of affecting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of coadministered conventional drugs. These interactions are particularly of clinically relevance when metabolizing enzymes and xenobiotic transporters, which are responsible for the fate of many drugs, are induced or inhibited, sometimes resulting in unexpected outcomes. This article discusses the general use of herbal medicines in the management of several ailments, their concurrent use with conventional therapy, mechanisms underlying herb-drug interactions (HDIs) as well as the drawbacks of herbal remedy use. The authors also suggest means of surveillance and safety monitoring of herbal medicines. Contrary to popular belief that "herbal medicines are totally safe," we are of the view that they are capable of causing significant toxic effects and altered pharmaceutical outcomes when coadministered with conventional medicines. Due to the paucity of information as well as sometimes conflicting reports on HDIs, much more research in this field is needed. The authors further suggest the need to standardize and better regulate herbal medicines in order to ensure their safety and efficacy when used alone or in combination with conventional drugs.
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Polachi N, Bai G, Li T, Chu Y, Wang X, Li S, Gu N, Wu J, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Sun H, Liu C. Modulatory effects of silibinin in various cell signaling pathways against liver disorders and cancer – A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:577-595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yun DG, Lee DG. Silibinin triggers yeast apoptosis related to mitochondrial Ca 2+ influx in Candida albicans. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 80:1-9. [PMID: 27639679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common yeast that resides in the human body, but can occasionally cause systemic fungal infection, namely candidiasis. As this infection rate is gradually increasing, it is becoming a major problem to public health. Accordingly, we for the first time investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of silibinin, a natural product extracted from Silybum marianum (milk thistle), against C. albicans. On treatment with 100μM silibinin, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria, which can cause yeast apoptosis via oxidative stress, was increased by 24.17% compared to that in untreated cells. Subsequently, we found disturbances in ion homeostasis such as release of intracellular K+ and accumulation of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+. Among these phenomena, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload particularly plays a crucial role in the process of apoptosis, promoting the activation of pro-apoptotic factors. Therefore, we investigated the significance of mitochondrial Ca2+ in apoptosis by employing 20mM ruthenium red (RR). Additional apoptosis hallmarks such as mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, and DNA damage were observed in response to silibinin treatment, whereas RR pre-treatment seemed to block these responses. In summary, our results suggest that silibinin induces yeast apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Gyu Yun
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Csupor D, Csorba A, Hohmann J. Recent advances in the analysis of flavonolignans of Silybum marianum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:301-317. [PMID: 27321822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of milk thistle (Silybum marianum, Asteraceae) have been recognized for centuries as remedies for liver and gallbladder disorders. The active constituents of milk thistle fruits are flavonolignans, collectively known as silymarin. Flavonolignans in S. marianum are structurally diverse, 23 constituents have been isolated from purple- and white-flowering variants. Flavonolignans have a broad spectrum of bioactivities and silymarin has been the subject of intensive research for its profound pharmacological activities. Silymarin is extracted from the seeds, commercialized in standardized form, and widely used in drugs and dietary supplements. The thorough analysis of silymarin, its constituents and silymarin-containing products has a key role in the quality control of milk thistle-based products. Due to the low concentration of analytes, especially pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies require more and more selective and sensitive, advanced techniques. The objective of the present review is to summarize the recent advances in the chemical analysis of S. marianum extracts, including the chemical composition, isolation and identification of flavonolignans, sample preparation, and methods used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Various analytical approaches have been surveyed, and their respective advantages and limits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Compounds, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Csorba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Compounds, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Compounds, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Gu M, Zhao P, Huang J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Fan S, Ma YM, Tong Q, Yang L, Ji G, Huang C. Silymarin Ameliorates Metabolic Dysfunction Associated with Diet-Induced Obesity via Activation of Farnesyl X Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27733832 PMCID: PMC5039206 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, has been widely used to treat chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and other types of toxic liver damage. Despite increasing studies on the action of silymarin and its major active constituent, silybin in their therapeutic properties against insulin resistance, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia in vitro and in vivo, the mechanism underlying silymarin action remains unclear. Experimental approach: C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 months to induce obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and fatty liver. These mice were then continuously treated with HFD alone or mixed with silymarin at 40 mg/100 g for additional 6 weeks. Biochemical analysis was used to test the serum lipid and bile acid profiles. Farnesyl X receptor (FXR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transactivities were analyzed in liver using a gene reporter assay based on quantitative RT-PCR. Key results: Silymarin treatment ameliorated insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and inflammation, and reconstituted the bile acid pool in liver of diet-induced obesity. Associated with this, silybin and silymarin enhanced FXR transactivity. Consistently, in HepG2 cells, silybin inhibited NF-κB signaling, which was enhanced by FXR activation. Conclusion and implications: Our results suggest that silybin is an effective component of silymarin for treating metabolic syndrome by stimulating FXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai, China; Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical SchoolHouston, TX, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical School Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Research Centre for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Complexity Systems, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
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Ali H, Kabir N, Shah MR, Muhammad A, Ali S, Mehmood S, Ali A, Ali A, Jahan A. Hepatoprotective activity of viscosine is mediated by attenuation of hepatic macrophages and iNOS expression in CCl 4-intoxicated rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1688-1698. [PMID: 30090468 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular mechanism(s) of the protective effects of a C-alkylated flavonoid, viscosine on an animal model of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Viscosine at 20, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 was orally administered in a dose dependent manner per day for 3 days before the CCl4 (1 : 1 v/v in olive oil, 1 ml kg-1) treatment and 2 days after the treatment. Hepatoprotection was assessed in terms of reduction in serum enzyme activities (ALT, AST, and ALP) that occur after CCl4 injury, and by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The rise in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in CCl4-intoxicated rats was markedly suppressed by viscosine in a concentration dependent manner. The decrease in the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzyme, SOD, was significantly prevented by viscosine, likewise gradually the levels of MDA and GSH were also normalized compared to silymarin. Viscosine also reduced the CCl4-induced damaged area from 2% to 0% as assessed by histopathology and prevented the mixed inflammatory infiltrate. Viscosine attenuated the inflammation in the liver around the injured central vein region by downregulating the CCl4 induced activation of hepatic CD68+ macrophages, thereby reducing their number as well. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was more potentially suppressed by viscosine compared to the FDA approved positive control silymarin. The results of this study indicate that viscosine could be effective in protecting the liver from acute CCl4-induced injury. The hepatoprotective mechanisms of viscosine may be related to the free radical scavenging and attenuation of oxidative stress, as well as to the inhibition of inflammatory response in the liver. Here, we are proposing a novel mechanism of action of viscosine and suggesting that it may be a safe and better in vivo antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ali
- Department of Biosciences , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Park road , Chack Shehzad , Islamabad-44000 , Pakistan . ; ; ; Tel: +3329408516 ; Tel: +(03) 7967-4213.,Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research , International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS) , University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan
| | - Nurul Kabir
- Institute of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- HEJ , Research Institute of Chemistry , International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS) , University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences , Mugla Sitki Kocman University , Kotekli-48121 , Mugla , Turkey.,HEJ , Research Institute of Chemistry , International Center for Chemical Sciences (ICCBS) , University of Karachi , Karachi-75270 , Pakistan
| | - Safdar Ali
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Nilore , 45650 , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Shahab Mehmood
- Department of Biosciences , Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology , Karachi-75600 , Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry , Quaid-e-azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali
- Laboratory of Germplasm and Molecular Genetics , Department of Vegetable Sciences , College of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310029 , PR-China
| | - Azra Jahan
- Department of Zoology , Hazara University , Mansehra , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
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Park JW, Shin NR, Shin IS, Kwon OK, Kim JS, Oh SR, Kim JH, Ahn KS. Silibinin Inhibits Neutrophilic Inflammation and Mucus Secretion Induced by Cigarette Smoke via Suppression of ERK-SP1 Pathway. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1926-1936. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; 5-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu Seoul 136-701 Korea
| | - Na-Rae Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Joong-Sun Kim
- Research Center; Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; 40 Jwagong-gil, Gijang-gun Busan 619-953 Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
| | - Jae-hong Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; 5-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu Seoul 136-701 Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si Chungbuk 363-883 Korea
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Hussain SA, Mortada AH, Jasim NA, Gorial FI. Silibinin Improves the Effects of Methotrexate in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pilot Clinical Study. Oman Med J 2016; 31:263-9. [PMID: 27403238 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2016.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study sought to evaluate the effects of silibinin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with methotrexate (MTX). METHODS We conducted a randomized multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial over a 16-week treatment period at the Al-Sader and Baghdad Teaching Hospitals in Najaf and Baghdad, respectively. A total of 60 patients (30 of each sex) with active RA, already maintained on 12 mg MTX weekly for at least three consecutive months, were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either 120 mg silibinin twice daily or a placebo, combined with their regular MTX regimen. The patients were evaluated by measuring disease activity score using the 28-joint Disease Activity Score, Simple Disease Activity Index, and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index scores at the start and end of the study. Blood samples were evaluated for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hemoglobin (Hb), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), creatine kinase (CK), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), and the serum cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-2. RESULTS Silibinin significantly decreases the already elevated clinical scores compared to placebo treatment. ESR, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, anti-CCP, hs-CRP levels were significantly reduced. Additionally, the use of silibinin significantly increases Hb, IL-10, and IL-2 levels. CONCLUSION Silibinin may improve the effects of MTX on certain biochemical and clinical markers of patients with active RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Hashem Mortada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kufa University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Faiq Isho Gorial
- Department of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Paul S, Arya A, Gangwar A, Bhargava K, Ahmad Y. Size restricted silymarin suspension evokes integrated adaptive response against acute hypoxia exposure in rat lung. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:139-51. [PMID: 27105952 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite its extraordinary antioxidant capacity, the clinical usage of silymarin has remained restricted to amelioration of hepatic pathology. Perhaps its low bioavailability and uneven bio-distribution, owing to its poor aqueous solubility, are two main causes that have dampened the clinical applicability and scope of this preparation. We took these two challenges and suggested an unexplored application of silymarin. Apart from liver, two of the most susceptible vital organs at the highest risk of oxidative stress are brain and lung, especially during reduced oxygen saturation (hypoxia) at anatomical level. Hypoxia causes excess generation of radicals primarily in the lungs as it is the first organ at the interphase of atmosphere and organism making it the most prone and vulnerable to oxidative stress and the first responder against hypobaric hypoxia. As our first objective, we improved the silymarin formulation by restricting its size to the lower threshold and then successfully tested the prophylactic and therapeutic action in rat lung challenged with simulated hypobaric hypoxia. After dose optimization, we observed that 50mg/kg BW silymarin as size restricted and homogenous aqueous suspension successfully minimized the reactive oxygen species and augmented the antioxidant defense by significant upregulation of catalase and superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione. Moreover, the well-established hypoxia markers and proteins related to hypoxia adaptability, hif1a and VEGF were differentially regulated conferring significant reduction in the inflammation caused by hypobaric hypoxia. We therefore report,the unexplored potential benefits of silymarin for preventing high altitude associated pathophysiology further paving its road to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Paul
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Aditya Arya
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Anamika Gangwar
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Kalpana Bhargava
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
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Waltenberger B, Mocan A, Šmejkal K, Heiss EH, Atanasov AG. Natural Products to Counteract the Epidemic of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders. Molecules 2016; 21:807. [PMID: 27338339 PMCID: PMC4928700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have always been exploited to promote health and served as a valuable source for the discovery of new drugs. In this review, the great potential of natural compounds and medicinal plants for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, global health problems with rising prevalence, is addressed. Special emphasis is laid on natural products for which efficacy and safety have already been proven and which are in clinical trials, as well as on plants used in traditional medicine. Potential benefits from certain dietary habits and dietary constituents, as well as common molecular targets of natural products, are also briefly discussed. A glimpse at the history of statins and biguanides, two prominent representatives of natural products (or their derivatives) in the fight against metabolic disease, is also included. The present review aims to serve as an "opening" of this special issue of Molecules, presenting key historical developments, recent advances, and future perspectives outlining the potential of natural products for prevention or therapy of cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
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50
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Guarrera PM, Savo V. Wild food plants used in traditional vegetable mixtures in Italy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 185:202-34. [PMID: 26944238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mixtures of wild food plants, part of the Mediterranean diet, have potential benefits for their content in bioactive compounds, minerals and fibers. In Italy, wild plants are still consumed in various ways, for their taste, effects on health and nutritional value. In this paper, we provide a list of wild plants used in vegetable mixtures, indicating their phytochemical and nutritional profile, highlighting those not yet studied. AIM OF THE STUDY We provide a first complete review of traditional uses of wild food plants used as vegetables and their preparations (e.g., salads, soups, rustic pies). We also highlight their phytochemical constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out an extensive literature review of ethnobotanical publications from 1894 to date for finding plants used in traditional vegetable mixtures. We also performed an online search for scientific papers providing the phytochemical profile of plants that were cited at least twice in recipes found in the literature. RESULTS We list a total of 276 wild taxa used in traditional vegetable mixtures, belonging to 40 families. Among these, the most represented are Asteraceae (88), Brassicaceae (33), Apiaceae (21), Amaranthaceae (12). Many plants are cited in many recipes across several Italian regions. Among the most cited plant we note: Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth, Sanguisorba minor Scop., Taraxacum campylodes G. E. Haglund, Urtica dioica L. Tuscany is the region with the highest number of food recipes that incorporate wild plants used as vegetables. We also list the phytochemical constituents and some pharmacological activities of the plants cited at least twice. Finally, we discuss topics such as the taste of plants used in the recipes. CONCLUSIONS Nineteen edible wild plants, such as Asparagus albus L., Campanula trachelium L., Hypochaeris laevigata (L.) Benth. & Hook f., Phyteuma spicatum L., Scolymus grandiflorus Desf., are not yet studied as regards their phytochemical and nutritional profile. Some plants should be avoided due to the presence of toxic compounds such as Adenostyles alliariae (Gouan) A. Kern or Ranunculus repens L.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Guarrera
- Istituto Centrale per la Demoetnoantropologia, MIBACt, Piazza Marconi, 8-10, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - V Savo
- Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A1S6
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