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Bergeron MF, Côté J, Cumming SP, Purcell R, Armstrong N, Basilico L, Burrows K, Charrin JB, Felix A, Groesswang H, Iwasaki Y, Kocher MS, Martowicz M, McConnell K, Moran J, Holm Moseid C, Mountjoy M, Soligard T, Tetelbaum E, Thiel A, Vertommen T, Viseras G, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U. IOC consensus statement on elite youth athletes competing at the Olympic Games: essentials to a healthy, safe and sustainable paradigm. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:946-965. [PMID: 39197945 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
With the pronounced ongoing growth of global youth sports, opportunities for and participation of youth athletes on the world sports stage, including the Olympic Games, are expected to escalate. Yet, adolescence is a vulnerable period of development and inherently dynamic, with non-linear and asynchronous progression of physical, physiological, psychological and social attributes. These non-concurrent changes within and between individuals are accompanied by irregular and unpredictable threats and impediments. Likewise, the evident age-based criteria and conventional path for those youth athletes deemed eligible candidates for the Olympic Games are not well or consistently defined. Furthermore, the unstructured and largely varying policies and practices across the sporting International Federations specific to youth participation underscore the need to establish a contemporary universal paradigm that would enable elite youth athletes to navigate an individualised healthy pathway to personal, athletic and sport success. First, we reviewed and summarised key challenges facing elite youth athletes and the relevant evidence fundamental to facilitating and supporting central aspects of health and well-being, while empowering safe, sustainable and positive engagement during athletic and personal advancement and competition. Second, we developed and present a modern elite youth athlete model that emphasises a child-centred, practical framework with corresponding guidelines and recommendations to protect health and well-being while safely and favourably managing international sport competition. Our proposed evidence-informed paradigm will enable and support individualised pathways for healthy, well-rounded and sustainable positive engagement while achieving sport success for youth contending or aiming to compete at world-class international sporting events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bergeron
- Performance Health, WTA Women's Tennis Association, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
- Health Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jean Côté
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Jamaica, Canada
| | | | - Rosemary Purcell
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Armstrong
- Childrens Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Luca Basilico
- World Skate, Maison du Sport International, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kirsty Burrows
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Charrin
- Corporate and Sustainable Development Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Allyson Felix
- Athletes' Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heike Groesswang
- International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation (IBSF), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yasunobu Iwasaki
- Anti-Doping, Medical and Scientific Commission, Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Anshinkai Anshin Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mininder S Kocher
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Magali Martowicz
- Corporate and Sustainable Development Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kit McConnell
- Sports Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jane Moran
- Medical Commission, International Skating Union, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia - Vancouver Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Holm Moseid
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evgenia Tetelbaum
- Sports Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Thiel
- President, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Expertise Center People and Well-being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gloria Viseras
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Biese KM, McGuine TA, Haraldsdottir K, Reardon C, Watson AM. The Influence of Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Physical Activity on the Mental Health Benefits of Sport Participation During COVID-19. Sports Health 2024; 16:195-203. [PMID: 38246900 PMCID: PMC10916784 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231223494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the benefits of sport participation with no sport participation during the COVID-19 pandemic and determine the moderating effects of race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and physical activity (PA) on mental health in adolescent athletes. HYPOTHESIS Sport participation would be associated with greater improvements in mental health for athletes from racial and ethnic minority and lower SES groups compared with White and high SES groups. PA would mediate <30% of the mental health benefits of sport participation. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS In May 2021, adolescent athletes completed an online survey (demographics, sport participation, measures of anxiety and depression, PA). Participants were classified as those who played sports (PLY) and those who did not (DNP). Mental health symptoms for the PLY and DNP groups were compared via analysis of variance models that controlled for demographic variables. Moderating analyses assessed the interaction of sport participation status by (1) race and ethnicity (White/non-White) and (2) SES (high/low) with mental health. Mediation analyses assessed the degree that PA scores explained the differences in anxiety and depression between the 2 groups. RESULTS Participants included 4874 adolescent athletes (52% female; age, 16.1 ± 1.3 years; PLY, 91%). Athletes who returned to sport from racial minority groups and low SES had greater decreases in anxiety (race and ethnicity: interaction estimate (b) = -1.18 ± 0.6, P = 0.04; SES, b = -1.23 ± 0.5, P = 0.02), and depression (race and ethnicity: b = -1.19 ± 0.6, P = 0.05; SES, b = -1.21 ± 0.6, P = 0.03) compared with White and high SES athletes, respectively. PA explained 24% of anxiety (P < 0.01) and 20% of depression scores (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Athletes who identify as a racial or ethnic minority and from areas of lower household income experienced disproportionately greater negative mental health impacts from sport restrictions during COVID-19. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Improving access to sports in traditionally underserved areas may have significant mental health impact for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Biese
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy A McGuine
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristin Haraldsdottir
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Claudia Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew M Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Anderson KG, Lemos J, Pickell S, Stave C, Sgroi M. Athletes in medicine: A systematic review of performance of athletes in medicine. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 57:807-819. [PMID: 36807607 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As interest in medicine grows, admissions committees must review an increasingly competitive pool of medical school and residency candidates. Nearly all admissions committees have moved towards a holistic review, which considers an applicant's experiences and attributes in addition to academic metrics. As such, identifying nonacademic predictors of success in medicine is necessary. Parallels between skills necessary to succeed in athletics and in medicine have been drawn, including teamwork, discipline and resiliency. This systematic review synthesises the current literature to evaluate the relationship between participation in athletics and performance in medicine. METHODS The authors searched five databases to conduct a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Included studies assessed medical students, residents or attending physicians in the United States or Canada and used prior athletic participation as a predictor or explanatory variable. The review examined associations between prior athletic participation and outcomes in medical school, residency and/or as an attending physician. RESULTS Eighteen studies evaluating medical students (78%), residents (28%) or attending physicians (6%) met inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Twelve (67%) studies specifically assessed participants based on skill level, and five (28%) studies specifically assessed participants based on type of athletic participation (team versus individual). Sixteen studies (89%) found that former athletes performed significantly better than their counterparts (p < 0.05). These studies found significant associations between prior athletic participation and better outcomes in multiple performance indicators, including exam scores, faculty ratings, surgical errors and burnout. CONCLUSIONS Current literature, although limited, suggests that prior participation in athletics may be a predictor of success in medical school and residency. This was demonstrated through objective scoring methods, such as USMLE, and subjective outcomes, such as faculty ratings and burnout. Specifically, multiple studies indicate that former athletes demonstrated increased surgical skill proficiency and decreased burnout as medical students and residents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacie Lemos
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samantha Pickell
- Department of Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Michael Sgroi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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McGuine T, Biese K, Hetzel S, Schwarz A, Reardon C, Bell DR, Brooks A, Dickman J, Watson AM. A Multiyear Assessment of the Effect of Sport Participation on the Health of Adolescent Athletes During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Athl Train 2023; 58:44-50. [PMID: 35380683 PMCID: PMC9913056 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0679.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sport cancellations early in the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant negative effect on the health of US adolescents. The effect of restarting sports during the pandemic has not been described. OBJECTIVE To identify the effect of sport participation on the health of adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Sample recruited via social media. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Wisconsin adolescent athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Participants provided information regarding their age, sex, and sport(s) involvement and completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item to assess depression symptoms, the Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale to measure physical activity, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 to measure quality of life (QoL). Data were collected in spring 2021 (Spring21; n = 1906, age = 16.0 ± 1.2 years, females = 48.8%), when interscholastic sports had fully resumed, and were compared with similar cohorts of adolescent athletes at 2 time points: (1) spring 2020 (Spring20; n = 3243, age = 16.2 ± 1.2 years, females = 57.9%) when sports were cancelled and (2) 2016-2018 (PreCOVID-19) before the pandemic (n = 5231, age = 15.7 ± 1.1 years, females = 65.0%). Comparisons were conducted via analysis-of-variance models and ordinal regressions with age and sex as covariates. RESULTS The prevalence of moderate to severe depression was lower in Spring21 than in Spring20 but higher than in PreCOVID-19 (PreCOVID-19 = 5.3%, Spring20 = 37.8%, Spring21 = 22.8%; P < .001). Physical activity scores (mean [95% CI]) were higher in Spring21 than in Spring20 but lower than in PreCOVID-19 (PreCOVID-19 = 23.1 [22.7, 23.5], Spring20 = 13.5 [13.3, 13.7], Spring21 = 21.9 [21.6, 22.2]). Similarly, QoL scores were higher in Spring21 than in Spring20 but lower than in PreCOVID-19 (PreCOVID-19 = 92.8 [92.5, 93.1], Spring20 = 80.7 [80.3, 81.1], Spring21 = 84.3 [83.8, 84.8]). CONCLUSIONS Although sports have restarted, clinicians should be aware that physical activity, mental health, and QoL are still significantly affected in adolescent athletes by the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy McGuine
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Scott Hetzel
- Clinical Science Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Varahra A, Ahmed H, Lindsay S. Exploring Direct and Indirect Associations of Exercise and Sport Participation with Employment among Individuals with Disabilities: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2022; 32:44-54. [PMID: 33956265 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-021-09962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Exercise and sports have many positive benefits for persons with or without a disability. Despite this, the contribution of exercise and sport participation to employment is less documented. The purpose of this scoping review was to provide insight into the direct and indirect associations of exercise and sport participation with employment among persons with disabilities. Methods Six databases were searched (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and HealthStar) from their inception date to March 20, 2020. Peer-reviewed English and French articles were included if at least one outcome measure on employment or work-related outcomes as a result of participation in, or benefits of exercise and sport participation was the focus of the study. Results The research identified 2796 hits. Of which, 23 published between 1992 and 2019 met eligibility criteria. Seven studies identified a direct association between exercise and sport participation with employment and full-time positions. Sixteen studies reported on improved health/work-related outcomes such as occupational performance (i.e., self-care, functional independence), physical fitness (i.e., upper extremity strength, endurance) and psychological well-being (i.e., self-efficacy). Conclusions This scoping review highlights that exercise and sport participation have associations with employment and work-related outcomes. Benefits of exercise and sports may be considered to a greater extent, than in the past, in programs that facilitate employment for persons with disabilities. Additional research using longitudinal design should be conducted to further understand the strength of these associations and evaluate whether exercise and sport participation should be incorporated more intensely in vocational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Varahra
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Hiba Ahmed
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sally Lindsay
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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McGuine TA, M. Biese K, Hetzel SJ, Schwarz A, Kliethermes S, Reardon CL, Bell DR, Brooks MA, Watson AM. High School Sports During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Effect of Sport Participation on the Health of Adolescents. J Athl Train 2022; 57:51-58. [PMID: 35040983 PMCID: PMC8775289 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0121.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT During the fall of 2020, some high schools across the United States allowed their students to participate in interscholastic sports while others cancelled or postponed their sport programs due to concerns regarding COVID-19 transmission. What effect this has had on the physical and mental health of adolescents is unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify the effect of playing a sport during the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of student-athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Sample recruited via email. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 559 Wisconsin high school athletes (age = 15.7 ± 1.2 years, female = 43.6%, male = 56.4%) from 44 high schools completed an online survey in October 2020. A total of 171 (30.6%) athletes played (PLY) a fall sport, while 388 (69.4%) did not play (DNP). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Demographic data included sex, grade, and sport(s) played. Assessments were the General Anxiety Disorder-7 Item for anxiety, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item for depression, the Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale for physical activity, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 for quality of life. Univariable comparisons between the 2 groups were made via t tests or χ2 tests. Means for each continuous outcome measure were compared between groups using analysis-of-variance models that controlled for age, sex, teaching method (virtual, hybrid, or in person), and the percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. RESULTS The PLY group participants were less likely to report moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety (PLY = 6.6%, DNP = 44.1%, P < .001) and depression (PLY = 18.2%, DNP = 40.4%, P < .001). They also demonstrated higher (better) Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale scores (PLY = 23.2 [95% CI = 22.0, 24.5], DNP = 16.4 [95% CI = 15.0, 17.8], P < .001) and higher (better) Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory total scores (PLY = 88.4 [95% CI = 85.9, 90.9], DNP = 79.6 [95% CI = 76.8, 82.4], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents who played a sport during the COVID-19 pandemic described fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression and had better physical activity and quality-of-life scores compared with adolescent athletes who did not play a sport.
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Jin S, Rabinowitz AR, Weiss J, Deshpande S, Gupta N, Buford May RA, Small DS. Retrospective survey of youth sports participation: Development and assessment of reliability using school records. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257487. [PMID: 34534246 PMCID: PMC8448309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many youths participate in sports, and it is of interest to understand the impact of youth sports participation on later-life outcomes. However, prospective studies take a long time to complete and retrospective studies may be more practical and time-efficient to address some questions. We pilot a retrospective survey of youth sports participation and examine agreement between respondent’s self-reported participation with high school records in a sample of 84 adults who graduated from high school between 1948 and 2018. The percent agreement between our survey and the school resources for individual sports ranged between 91.5% and 100%. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the reliability of retrospective self-report of youth sports participation. This survey may serve as an efficient approach for evaluating relationships between involvement in youth sports and health outcomes later in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jin
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Rabinowitz
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jordan Weiss
- Population Studies Center and the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sameer Deshpande
- Computer Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Library, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nitika Gupta
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Reuben A. Buford May
- Department of Sociology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dylan S. Small
- Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Cortellazzo L, Bonesso S, Gerli F, Pizzi C. Experiences That Matter: Unraveling the Link Between Extracurricular Activities and Emotional and Social Competencies. Front Psychol 2021; 12:659526. [PMID: 34489783 PMCID: PMC8416762 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional and social competencies have been shown to be extremely desirable in young people for their successful entry into the labor market. Their development has been studied primarily as a result of formal training in the educational and work domains, whereas relatively little is known about the role played by extracurricular activities in promoting these types of competencies. Non-working personal experiences are often used as proxies to assess the emotional and social competencies of candidates in recruitment and selection phases. However, this inference is not based on clear scientific evidence. Drawing on experiential learning theory, this study investigated empirically the relationship between a range of extracurricular activities (volunteering, cultural activities, experience abroad, sport) and the competency portfolio of graduates. Data were collected from a sample of 324 graduates through a structured survey and a multi-rater assessment of their emotional and social competencies. The results of the Partial Least Square-Path Modeling in general provide support for the positive association between experiential extracurricular activities and emotional and social competencies, although not all relationships are supported. The present study contributes to advance in the understanding of the determinants of emotional and social competencies by examining their relationship with a broad range of extracurricular activities. Moreover, it discusses implications for higher education and human resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Bonesso
- Department of Management, Ca'Foscari University, Venice, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gerli
- Department of Management, Ca'Foscari University, Venice, Italy
| | - Claudio Pizzi
- Department of Economics, Ca'Foscari University, Venice, Italy
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McGuine TA, Biese KM, Petrovska L, Hetzel SJ, Reardon CL, Kliethermes S, Bell DR, Brooks A, Watson AM. Changes in the Health of Adolescent Athletes: A Comparison of Health Measures Collected Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Athl Train 2021; 56:836-844. [PMID: 33887766 PMCID: PMC8359721 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0739.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In spring 2020, schools closed to in-person teaching and sports were cancelled to control the transmission of COVID-19. The changes that affected the physical and mental health among young athletes during this time remain unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify changes in the health (mental health, physical activity, and quality of life) of athletes that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Sample recruited via social media. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 3243 Wisconsin adolescent athletes (age = 16.2 ± 1.2 years, 58% female) were surveyed in May 2020 (During COVID-19). Measures for this cohort were compared with previously reported data for Wisconsin adolescent athletes (n = 5231; age = 15.7 ± 1.2 years, 47% female) collected in 2016 to 2018 (PreCOVID-19). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Demographic information included sex, grade, and sport(s) played. Health assessments included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item to identify depression symptoms, the Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale to gauge physical activity, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 to evaluate health-related quality of life. Univariable comparisons of these variables between groups were conducted via t or χ2 tests. Means and 95% CIs for each group were estimated using survey-weighted analysis-of-variance models. RESULTS Compared with preCOVID-19 participants, a larger proportion of During COVID-19 participants reported moderate to severe levels of depression (9.7% versus 32.9%, P < .001). Scores of the During COVID-19 participants were 50% lower (worse) on the Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (mean [95% CI] = 12.2 [11.9, 12.5] versus 24.7 [24.5, 24.9], P < .001) and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 compared with the PreCOVID-19 participants (78.4 [78.0, 78.8] versus 90.9 [90.5, 91.3], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescent athletes described increased symptoms of depression, decreased physical activity, and decreased quality of life compared with adolescent athletes in previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. McGuine
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Kevin M. Biese
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Labina Petrovska
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Scott J. Hetzel
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Claudia L. Reardon
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Stephanie Kliethermes
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - David R. Bell
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Alison Brooks
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Andrew M. Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
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McGuine TA, Biese KM, Petrovska L, Hetzel SJ, Reardon C, Kliethermes S, Bell DR, Brooks A, Watson AM. Mental Health, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life of US Adolescent Athletes During COVID-19-Related School Closures and Sport Cancellations: A Study of 13 000 Athletes. J Athl Train 2021; 56:11-19. [PMID: 33290516 PMCID: PMC7863599 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0478.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In the spring of 2020, US schools closed to in-person teaching and sports were cancelled to control the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is critical to understand the mental and physical health of adolescent athletes during this time. OBJECTIVE To describe the health of athletes during COVID-19-related school closures and sport cancellations. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING A national sample recruited via social media. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 13 002 US adolescent athletes (age = 16.3 ± 1.2 years, females = 52.9%, males = 47.0%) completed an anonymous online survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Demographic information collected was sex, grade, sport(s) played, and zip code. Assessments used were the General Anxiety Disorder 7-Item for anxiety, Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item for depression, the Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale for physical activity, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 for quality of life. Mental health, physical activity, and health-related quality-of-life variables were compared among sex, grade, sport(s) played, and poverty level using means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from the survey-weighted analysis of variance. RESULTS Females reported a higher prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety symptoms (females = 43.7% versus males = 28.2%). The Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale score was highest (best) for grade 9 (mean = 14.5, 95% CI = 14.0, 15.0) and lowest for grade 11 (mean = 10.9, 95% CI = 10.5, 11.3). The prevalence of depression symptoms was highest in team sport (74.1%) and lowest in individual sport (64.9%) participants. The total Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory score was lowest (worst) for athletes from counties with the highest poverty levels (high: mean = 74.5, 95% CI = 73.7, 75.3; middle: mean = 78.9, 95% CI = 78.0, 79.8; and low: mean = 78.3, 95% CI = 77.4, 79.1). CONCLUSIONS The health of US adolescents during the COVID-19-related school closures and sport cancellations varied to differing degrees depending on sex, grade level, type of sport participation, and level of poverty. Health policy experts should consider these findings in the future when creating and implementing policies to improve the health of adolescents in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. McGuine
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Kevin M. Biese
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Labina Petrovska
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Scott J. Hetzel
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Claudia Reardon
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | | | - David R. Bell
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Alison Brooks
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Andrew M. Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Eyler AA, Valko CA, Curoe K, Ramadas R. Sports Participation Fee Policies in US High Schools. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Leader development across the lifespan: A dynamic experiences-grounded approach. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Graesser AC, Fiore SM, Greiff S, Andrews-Todd J, Foltz PW, Hesse FW. Advancing the Science of Collaborative Problem Solving. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2018; 19:59-92. [PMID: 30497346 DOI: 10.1177/1529100618808244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Collaborative problem solving (CPS) has been receiving increasing international attention because much of the complex work in the modern world is performed by teams. However, systematic education and training on CPS is lacking for those entering and participating in the workforce. In 2015, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a global test of educational progress, documented the low levels of proficiency in CPS. This result not only underscores a significant societal need but also presents an important opportunity for psychological scientists to develop, adopt, and implement theory and empirical research on CPS and to work with educators and policy experts to improve training in CPS. This article offers some directions for psychological science to participate in the growing attention to CPS throughout the world. First, it identifies the existing theoretical frameworks and empirical research that focus on CPS. Second, it provides examples of how recent technologies can automate analyses of CPS processes and assessments so that substantially larger data sets can be analyzed and so students can receive immediate feedback on their CPS performance. Third, it identifies some challenges, debates, and uncertainties in creating an infrastructure for research, education, and training in CPS. CPS education and assessment are expected to improve when supported by larger data sets and theoretical frameworks that are informed by psychological science. This will require interdisciplinary efforts that include expertise in psychological science, education, assessment, intelligent digital technologies, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C Graesser
- 1 Department of Psychology and Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis
| | - Stephen M Fiore
- 2 Department of Philosophy and Institute for Training & Simulation, University of Central Florida
| | - Samuel Greiff
- 3 Cognitive Science and Assessment, University of Luxembourg
| | | | - Peter W Foltz
- 5 Pearson, Boulder, Colorado.,6 Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado
| | - Friedrich W Hesse
- 7 Leibniz-Institut fur Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,8 Department for Applied Cognitive and Media Psychology, University of Tübingen
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14
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Eyler AA, Valko C, Serrano N. Perspectives on High School "Pay to Play" Sports Fee Policies: A Qualitative Study. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2018; 3:152-157. [PMID: 31187070 PMCID: PMC6559353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in high school athletics is associated with many physical and psychosocial benefits. School budget cuts and increased program costs have resulted in policies requiring student athletes to pay fees for sports participation. The purpose of this study was to explore the implementation and perception of these policies among state and district key informants. METHODS We conducted an Internet search to compile a list of state and district athletic directors for study recruitment to participate in qualitative interviews. Twelve key informants were interviewed via telephone, digitally audio-recorded, and the conversations transcribed verbatim. Two team members coded transcripts and themes were identified and summarized. RESULTS The main reasons for implementing fee policies were increasing program costs, revenue loss or decreased school budget, and unsuccessful levy passage. The policies varied in fee structure, and were reported by sport, by athlete, by year, or by family. Participants discussed fee waivers as a strategy to assist athletes unable to pay the sports participation fees. Waivers were most likely linked with federal poverty qualifications. CONCLUSION The results from these interviews provided insight into sports participation policies in US high schools. More information is needed to explore the consequences of these policies on high school sports participation as well as longer-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Eyler
- Washington University in St. Louis, Brown School, Prevention Research Center, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Cheryl Valko
- Washington University in St. Louis, Brown School, Prevention Research Center, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Natalicio Serrano
- Washington University in St. Louis, Brown School, Prevention Research Center, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO 63130
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15
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Sone JY, Courtney-Kay Lamb S, Techar K, Dammavalam V, Uppal M, Williams C, Bergman T, Tupper D, Ort P, Samadani U. High prevalence of prior contact sports play and concussion among orthopedic and neurosurgical department chairs. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2018; 22:1-8. [PMID: 29701560 DOI: 10.3171/2018.1.peds17640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased understanding of the consequences of traumatic brain injury has heightened concerns about youth participation in contact sports. This study investigated the prevalence of high school and collegiate contact sports play and concussion history among surgical department chairs. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was administered to 107 orthopedic and 74 neurosurgery chairs. Responses were compared to published historical population norms for contact sports (high school 27.74%, collegiate 1.44%), football (high school 10.91%, collegiate 0.76%), and concussion prevalence (12%). One-proportion Z-tests, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression were used to analyze differences. RESULTS High school contact sports participation was 2.35-fold higher (65.3%, p < 0.001) for orthopedic chairs and 1.73-fold higher (47.9%, p = 0.0018) for neurosurgery chairs than for their high school peers. Collegiate contact sports play was 31.0-fold higher (44.7%, p < 0.001) for orthopedic chairs and 15.1-fold higher (21.7%, p < 0.001) for neurosurgery chairs than for their college peers. Orthopedic chairs had a 4.30-fold higher rate of high school football participation (46.9%, p < 0.001) while neurosurgery chairs reported a 3.05-fold higher rate (33.3%, p < 0.001) than their high school peers. Orthopedic chairs reported a 28.1-fold higher rate of collegiate football participation (21.3%, p < 0.001) and neurosurgery chairs reported an 8.58-fold higher rate (6.5%, p < 0.001) compared to their college peers. The rate at which orthopedic (42.6%, p < 0.001) and neurosurgical (42.4%, p < 0.001) chairs reported having at least 1 concussion in their lifetime was significantly higher than the reported prevalence in the general population. After correction for worst possible ascertainment bias, all results except high school contact sports participation remained significant. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of youth contact sports play and concussion among surgical specialty chairs affirms that individuals in careers requiring high motor and cognitive function frequently played contact sports. The association highlights the need to further examine the relationships between contact sports and potential long-term benefits as well as risks of sport-related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Yeong Sone
- 1Department of Chemistry, New York University College of Arts and Science
| | | | - Kristina Techar
- 3Department of Surgery and.,4Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota
| | | | - Mohit Uppal
- 3Department of Surgery and.,4Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota
| | - Cedric Williams
- 3Department of Surgery and.,4Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota
| | - Thomas Bergman
- 3Department of Surgery and.,4Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota
| | - David Tupper
- 5Section of Neuropsychology, Hennepin County Medical Center; and
| | - Paul Ort
- 6Department of Orthopedics, VA NY Harbor Healthcare, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Uzma Samadani
- 3Department of Surgery and.,4Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota.,7Surgery, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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16
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Intosh AM, Martin EM. Creating athlete activists: Using sport as a vehicle to combat racism. JOURNAL OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21520704.2018.1434582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mac Intosh
- Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality (RISE), Detroit, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Eric M. Martin
- Boise State University, Kinesiology, Boise, Idaho, United States
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17
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Sæther SA, Peterson T, Matin V. The Relative Age Effect, Height and Weight Characteristics among Lower and Upper Secondary School Athletes in Norway and Sweden. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5040092. [PMID: 29910452 PMCID: PMC5969021 DOI: 10.3390/sports5040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE) has been found among youth elite athletes within a range of sports. However, the RAE has been studied to a lesser degree among youth non-elite athletes, and even less among school pupils attending sport specialisation programmes (SSPs). The aim of the present study was to investigate RAE, height, and weight, and compare Swedish lower secondary school and Norwegian upper secondary school pupils. Study 1 includes 156 lower secondary school athletes (95 boys and 61 girls) following an SSP in Sweden, while study 2 includes 111 upper secondary school athletes (81 boys and 30 girls) from two Norwegian schools. The RAE was found in both male groups, but only in Swedish girls. Furthermore, the relationship between birth month, height, and weight was found to be non-significant. These results indicate a vital RAE effect among youth non-elite athletes attending SSPs in both lower and upper secondary schools.
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18
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Meron A, McMullen C, Laker SR, Currie D, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of Cervical Spine Injuries in High School Athletes Over a Ten-Year Period. PM R 2017; 10:365-372. [PMID: 28919185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 7 million athletes participate in high school sports annually, with both the benefits of physical activity and risks of injury. Although catastrophic cervical spine injuries have been studied, limited data are available that characterize less-severe cervical spine injuries in high school athletes. OBJECTIVE To describe and compare cervical spine injury rates and patterns among U.S. high school athletes across 24 sports over a 10-year period. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING National sample of high schools participating in the High School Reporting Information Online injury surveillance system. PARTICIPANTS Athletes from participating schools injured in a school sanctioned practice, competition, or performance during the 2005-2006 through 2014-2015 academic years. METHODS Cervical spine injury data captured by the High School Reporting Information Online system during the 10-year study period were examined. Cervical spine injury was defined as any injury to the cervical spinal cord, bones, nerves, or supporting structures of the cervical spine including muscles, ligaments, and tendons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Cervical spine injury rates, diagnoses, mechanisms, and severities. RESULTS During the study period, 1080 cervical spine injuries were reported during 35,581,036 athlete exposures for an injury rate of 3.04 per 100,000 athlete exposures. Injury rates were highest in football (10.10), wrestling (7.42), and girls' gymnastics (4.95). Muscle injuries were most common (63.1%), followed by nerve injuries (20.5%). A larger proportion of football injuries were nerve injuries compared with all other sports (injury proportion ratio 3.31; confidence interval 2.33-4.72), whereas in boys' ice hockey fractures represented a greater proportion of injuries compared with all other sports (injury proportion ratio 7.64; confidence interval 2.10-27.83). Overall, the most common mechanisms of injury were contact with another player (70.7%) and contact with playing surface (16.1%). CONCLUSIONS Cervical spine injury rates and patterns vary by sport and gender. Characterizing these differences is the first step in developing effective, evidence-based prevention guidelines. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Meron
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop F493, AO1, Rm 2510, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Department of Epidemiology and Pediatric Injury Prevention, Education and Research (PIPER) Program, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Christopher McMullen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop F493, AO1, Rm 2510, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Department of Epidemiology and Pediatric Injury Prevention, Education and Research (PIPER) Program, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Scott R Laker
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop F493, AO1, Rm 2510, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Department of Epidemiology and Pediatric Injury Prevention, Education and Research (PIPER) Program, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Dustin Currie
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop F493, AO1, Rm 2510, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Department of Epidemiology and Pediatric Injury Prevention, Education and Research (PIPER) Program, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - R Dawn Comstock
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop F493, AO1, Rm 2510, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Department of Epidemiology and Pediatric Injury Prevention, Education and Research (PIPER) Program, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
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MacDonald J, Myer GD. 'Don't let kids play football': a killer idea. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:1448-1449. [PMID: 28525883 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James MacDonald
- Department of Pediatric and Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Tuncdogan A, Acar OA, Stam D. Individual differences as antecedents of leader behavior: Towards an understanding of multi-level outcomes. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Ryan I, Dickson G. The invisible norm: An exploration of the intersections of sport, gender and leadership. LEADERSHIP 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1742715016674864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The gender leadership problem is not the underrepresentation of women, but the dominant presence of groups of men and valued forms of masculinities. We argue that critical leadership studies would benefit by considering sport to explain the nuanced relationships between leadership, sport, men and masculinity and the ensuing invisible norms that marginalise women. In doing so, we respond to calls for critical leadership scholars to examine situated power relations in more reflexive and innovative ways. Sport influences, and is influenced by, the inequalities of gender, class, age and race. The intersection of sport, leadership and gender provides an otherwise unavailable insight into what is normalised, men and the masculine subtext of leadership We examine New Zealand’s relationship with Rugby Union to achieve both of these aims. We conclude that Rugby is anything but benign or irrelevant when it comes to understanding gender and leadership in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ryan
- Department of Management Faculty of Business and Law, AUT University, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Dickson
- School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, AUT University, New Zealand
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Kahlenberg CA, Nair R, Monroe E, Terry MA, Edwards SL. Incidence of injury based on sports participation in high school athletes. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:269-73. [PMID: 27088736 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1180269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Youth participation in competitive athletics has significantly increased in the past two decades. There has also been a recent rise in the number of sports injuries that physicians are seeing in young athletes. The objective of this study was to assess the likelihood of sports injuries based on several risk factors in a general sample of athletes at a suburban-area high school. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. An online survey was distributed to 2,200 student-athletes at a local high school with a mean age of 15.9 years. Four hundred eighty four (22%) complete responses were received. Data collected in the survey included demographics, frequency of sports participation, level of participation, types of sports played, participation in cross-training, injuries incurred, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and treatment for sports injuries. RESULTS Athletes played an average of 1.6 different sports. The average number of hours of participation in sports annually was 504.3 ± 371.6 hours. The average total number of sports injuries experienced by athletes in our study was 1.7 per participant. 80.8% of respondents reported having sustained at least one sports injury. A higher total number of hours per year of sports participation and playing a contact sport were significantly associated with more reported lifetime sports injuries. Older age, playing a contact sport, and playing on a travel/club team were associated with students using NSAIDs for sports injuries. Older age, playing a contact sport, and doing cross training are also associated with having had surgery for a sports injury. CONCLUSIONS Although more hours of participation and playing a contact sport may lead to an increased number of injuries, this risk must be weighed against the myriad of benefits that sports provide for young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Kahlenberg
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Rueben Nair
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Emily Monroe
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Michael A Terry
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Sara L Edwards
- b California Pacific Medical Center , San Francisco , CA , USA
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