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Lünnemann MKM, Van der Horst FCP, Van de Bongardt D, Steketee M. Road Blocks or Building Blocks? A Qualitative Study on Challenges and Resilience in Romantic Relationships of Youth Exposed to Family Violence. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:245-259. [PMID: 38938934 PMCID: PMC11199443 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Romantic relationships are an important part of many people's lives and at least partly shaped by experiences during childhood. Youth exposed to family violence during childhood are more likely to experience difficulties in their later romantic relationships. However, a more holistic perspective on the romantic relationships of youth with a history of family violence is lacking. Using both theoretical and inductive thematic analysis, this qualitative study explored challenges as well as positive experiences within romantic relationships of youth exposed to family violence during childhood. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 18 youth aged between 16 and 20 years, who were reported to child protection services. The narratives reflected that youth experienced challenges related to support, connection, trust, boundary setting, emotion regulation and conflict resolution. Furthermore, family violence during childhood seemed to be important in the emergence of these challenges, consistent with theoretical mechanisms described in observational learning theory and attachment theory. However, youth also described positive experiences in their romantic relationships and demonstrated an ability to learn from others (e.g., their current romantic partner) how to communicate effectively or solve problems. Therefore, with the right social or professional support, at-risk youth may be able to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. M. Lünnemann
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, Rotterdam, 3000 DR the Netherlands
- Verwey-Jonker Institute, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, Utrecht, 3512 HG The Netherlands
| | | | - D. Van de Bongardt
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, Rotterdam, 3000 DR the Netherlands
| | - M. Steketee
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, Rotterdam, 3000 DR the Netherlands
- Verwey-Jonker Institute, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, Utrecht, 3512 HG The Netherlands
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2
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Culyba AJ, Fuhrman B, Barker G, Abebe KZ, Miller E. Primary Versus Secondary Prevention Effects of a Gender-Transformative Sexual Violence Prevention Program Among Male Youth: A Planned Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:11220-11242. [PMID: 37358025 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231179717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Engaging adolescent males is a promising violence prevention strategy. This study explored primary versus secondary prevention effects of a gender-transformative program (i.e., Manhood 2.0) versus job-readiness training on multiple forms of violence perpetration. Adolescent males, ages 13 to 19 years, were recruited through youth-serving organizations in Pittsburgh, PA, between July 27, 2015, and June 5, 2017, to participate in an unblinded community-based cluster-randomized trial in 20 neighborhoods. The intervention curriculum, Manhood 2.0, focused on challenging norms that foster gender-based violence and building bystander skills. The control program was job-readiness training. We completed a planned secondary analysis of surveys from baseline and 9 months post intervention (follow-up), wherein we stratified participants based on any sexual violence/adolescent relationship abuse (SV/ARA) at baseline and examined risk of perpetration of SV/ARA, incapacitated sex, sexual harassment, cyber sexual abuse, peer violence, bullying, and homophobic teasing at follow-up. Among 866 participants, mean age was 15.6 years, 70% identified as Black, 6% as Hispanic, and 6% as multiracial. In both the Manhood 2.0 intervention group and job-readiness control groups, youth who reported SV/ARA at baseline were significantly more likely to report any form of SV/ARA, incapacitated sex, sexual harassment, cyber sexual abuse, bullying, and homophobic teasing at follow-up. Among participants who reported no SV/ARA perpetration at baseline, participating in the Manhood 2.0 intervention program was associated with increased risk of SV/ARA at follow-up compared to participating in the job-readiness control program. Among participants who reported SV/ARA perpetration at baseline, participating in the Manhood 2.0 intervention group was associated with lower risk of peer violence at follow-up. Synergizing gender-transformative approaches with job-readiness training may offer opportunities for crosscutting prevention programming to address multiple forms of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary Barker
- Equimundo Center for Masculinities and Social Justice, Washington, DC, USA
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Gautam A, Singh KK, Singh BP, Verma R. Factors associated with men’s perpetration of physical violence against intimate partners in India. CANADIAN STUDIES IN POPULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42650-021-00052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Brush LD, Miller E. Trouble in Paradigm: "Gender Transformative" Programming in Violence Prevention. Violence Against Women 2020; 25:1635-1656. [PMID: 31640536 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219872551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization encourages a "gender transformative" paradigm for preventing violence against women and girls. Gender transformative interventions engage men and boys to reflect critically on-and then to challenge and change-gender-inequitable attitudes and behaviors. To interpret the mixed findings of research evaluating such programs, we review the "social norms" model that informs the paradigm. We bolster the paradigmatic conceptualization of social norms through insights about how exposure to trauma shapes gendered patterns of victimization and perpetration, about gendered violence from research on homophobic bullying, and about transforming local regimes of gender accountability.
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Bishop AS, Walker SC, Herting JR, Hill KG. Neighborhoods and health during the transition to adulthood: A scoping review. Health Place 2020; 63:102336. [PMID: 32543425 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that neighborhoods play an important role in shaping health outcomes across the life course, but the neighborhood-health link during the transition to adulthood period (18-29 years) is not well studied. A scoping review of 24 studies used thematic analysis to examine the theoretical and methodological approaches of the neighborhood-health literature during this period. Themes illustrate the varied approaches used in this research, including diversity in how neighborhood is defined, theoretical variation regarding the importance of the transition period and the neighborhood-health link, and the importance of gender and race/ethnicity to this area of study. While the literature on this topic is fragmented, with varied definitions and minimal theoretical coherence, all studies found some degree of support for the relationship between neighborhoods and health during the transition to adulthood. Our analysis suggests that future research should focus on developing a theoretical foundation for these relationships in order to clarify key concepts and advance a science to better understand how and why neighborhoods affect health during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia S Bishop
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15th Avenue N.E. Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA.
| | - Sarah C Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Suite BB1538 Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
| | - Jerald R Herting
- Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Savery Hall, 410 Spokane Lane, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Karl G Hill
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Colorado University-Boulder, 1440 15th Street, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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Voith LA, Topitzes J, Berg KA. The transmission of violence and trauma across development and environmental contexts: Intimate partner violence from the perspective of men with histories of perpetration. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104267. [PMID: 31743807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has established a relation between ecological contexts and intimate partner violence (IPV), but little is known about how environmental factors affect childhood development over time and culminate in IPV perpetration from the perspective of men who perpetrated IPV. METHODS Using grounded theory, this study employed focus groups with 32 predominately low-income, African American men in batterer intervention programs to explore factors and processes through which families, neighborhoods, and policy influence men's development, contributing to their use of IPV. Using an inductive approach, the researchers cycled between data collection and analysis resulting in a parsimonious conceptual model validated by participants. RESULTS Three core categories emerged from focused and axial coding: adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and trauma, structural forces, and systemic forces. Theoretical coding illuminated how these core categories relate to each other, producing a collective narrative illustrating how environmental contexts contributed to men's development. Study participants described childhood exposure to adversity and trauma within the home that diminished essential foundations of trust and safety. Positive (e.g., Old Heads, matriarchs) and negative (e.g., gangs, community violence) structural neighborhood forces influenced the social learning of violence and exposed participants to re-traumatization outside the home during their adolescence. Finally, key macro forces such as mass incarceration exacerbated violence and trauma exposure through the proliferation of high-risk neighborhoods, predisposing men toward IPV as young adults. CONCLUSIONS Findings reinforce the notion that environmental stress not buffered by protective adults profoundly affects development and behavior. From the perspective of male perpetrators, our results help identify those stressors and how they might contribute to male-to-female IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Voith
- Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States.
| | - James Topitzes
- Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, United States
| | - Kristen A Berg
- Center for Health Care Research and Policy, The MetroHealth System at Case Western Reserve University, United States
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Voith LA. Understanding the Relation Between Neighborhoods and Intimate Partner Violence: An Integrative Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2019; 20:385-397. [PMID: 29333974 DOI: 10.1177/1524838017717744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stemming in part from the lack of theory, predictors of the relationship between neighborhoods and intimate partner violence (IPV) are underidentified. Furthermore, few mediation studies exist that inductively build and deductively confirm theoretical frameworks. This article provides an integrative review of the literature, aiming to enhance the field's understanding of predictors and potential mechanisms that drive this relationship, using a combined theoretical model to guide the analysis. The integrative review was conducted using Whittemore and Knafl's systematic method for integrative reviews with articles published between 1995 and 2015. Findings indicate that macro-, exo-, and mesolevel predictors and mediators in the proposed model have modest empirical support; however, a number of concepts at each ecological level have yet to be fully researched. Results of this review suggest that a well-defined and integrative theoretical framework will enhance the current understanding of ecological research into IPV. Additionally, a comprehensive ecological approach to IPV intervention is likely to be more effective than employing solely an individual-level approach. Intervention implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Voith
- 1 Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Kato-Wallace J, Barker G, Garg A, Feliz N, Levack A, Ports K, Miller E. Adapting a Global Gender-Transformative Violence Prevention Program for the U.S. Community-Based Setting for Work with Young Men. GLOBAL SOCIAL WELFARE : RESEARCH, POLICY & PRACTICE 2019; 6:121-130. [PMID: 30956935 PMCID: PMC6444362 DOI: 10.1007/s40609-018-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extensive practice-based evidence from international settings, as well as in-depth evaluations of programs promoting gender equity, have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing perpetration of violence against women and girls. Such "gender-transfor-mative programs" encourage critical analysis of gender norms, challenge homophobia and gender-based harassment, build skills to question harmful masculine norms, interrupt harmful and disrespectful behaviors, and encourage more equitable behaviors. Here we describe the history of a gender-transformative program, "Program H," first developed in Brazil and Mexico, the rationale for and evaluation of this original program, and the processes of adaptation for the US urban community-based setting, and highlight the risks as well as opportunities on the work with young men and boys in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kato-Wallace
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, Washington D.C., NW 20036, USA
| | - Gary Barker
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, Washington D.C., NW 20036, USA
| | - Aapta Garg
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, Washington D.C., NW 20036, USA
| | - Nayck Feliz
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andrew Levack
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, Washington D.C., NW 20036, USA
| | - Kathryn Ports
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Engendering healthy masculinities to prevent sexual violence: Rationale for and design of the Manhood 2.0 trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 71:18-32. [PMID: 29802967 PMCID: PMC6643273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women and girls is an important global health concern. Numerous health organizations highlight engaging men and boys in preventing violence against women as a potentially impactful public health prevention strategy. Adapted from an international setting for use in the US, "Manhood 2.0" is a "gender transformative" program that involves challenging harmful gender and sexuality norms that foster violence against women while promoting bystander intervention (i.e., giving boys skills to interrupt abusive behaviors they witness among peers) to reduce the perpetration of sexual violence (SV) and adolescent relationship abuse (ARA). Manhood 2.0 is being rigorously evaluated in a community-based cluster-randomized trial in 21 lower resource Pittsburgh neighborhoods with 866 adolescent males ages 13-19. The comparison intervention is a job readiness training program which focuses on the skills needed to prepare youth for entering the workforce, including goal setting, accountability, resume building, and interview preparation. This study will provide urgently needed information about the effectiveness of a gender transformative program, which combines healthy sexuality education, gender norms change, and bystander skills to interrupt peers' disrespectful and harmful behaviors to reduce SV/ARA perpetration among adolescent males. In this manuscript, we outline the rationale for and evaluation design of Manhood 2.0. Clinical Trials #: NCT02427061.
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10
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Willie TC, Khondkaryan E, Callands T, Kershaw T. "Think Like a Man": How Sexual Cultural Scripting and Masculinity Influence Changes in Men's Use of Intimate Partner Violence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 61:240-250. [PMID: 29377159 PMCID: PMC5837937 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to (a) explore the relationship between sexual cultural scripting and traditional masculine norms on changes in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, and (b) examine traditional masculine norms as an effect modifier among young heterosexual men. This study is a secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study of 119 young heterosexual men who were followed for 6 months. The adjusted logistic regression results revealed that sexual cultural scripting norms were associated with an increased odds of emotional IPV perpetration and traditional masculine norms were associated with an increased odds of physical IPV perpetration in the past 6 months. There were no significant interaction effects between sexual cultural scripting and traditional masculine norms on IPV perpetration. These findings suggest that socially constructed norms and beliefs surrounding masculinity, femininity, and how women and men interact in sexual relationships are important constructs for understanding the etiology of young men's use of violence against a female partner. While primary IPV interventions targeting young men do address masculinity, sexual cultural scripting is an additional concept that should also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara C Willie
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tamora Callands
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Trace Kershaw
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, New Haven, CT, USA
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11
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Dickson-Gomez J, Quinn K, Broaddus M, Pacella M. Gang masculinity and high-risk sexual behaviours. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2017; 19:165-178. [PMID: 27684564 PMCID: PMC5478929 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2016.1213422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High-risk sexual behaviours include practices such as relationship violence and substance use, which often cluster together among young people in high-risk settings. Youth gang members often show high rates of such behaviours, substance use and relationship violence. This paper draws on data from in-depth interviews with male and female gang members from six different gangs to explore the role of powerful socialising peer groups that set gender, sexual and relationship roles and expectations for their male and female members. High-risk sexual behaviours among gang members included sex with multiple partners and group sex. Gang norms included the belief that male members were sexually insatiable with multiple sexual partners and that female gang members should be sexually available to male members. Alcohol and drugs were seen to have a large influence on sexual desire and the inability to use condoms. Much sexual behaviour with gangs, such as group sex, was viewed with ambivalence and seen as somewhat coercive. Finally, gendered sexual expectations (boys as sexually insatiable and girls as sexually available) made forming long-term romantic relationships problematic for gang members. The influence of gang norms such as these must be addressed in future programmes and interventions with gang members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dickson-Gomez
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI
| | - Katherine Quinn
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI
| | - Michelle Broaddus
- Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI
| | - Maria Pacella
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Jaime MCD, Stocking M, Freire K, Perkinson L, Ciaravino S, Miller E. Using a domestic and sexual violence prevention advocate to implement a dating violence prevention program with athletes. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:679-696. [PMID: 27923860 PMCID: PMC6487195 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
'Coaching Boys into Men' is an evidence-based dating violence prevention program for coaches to implement with male athletes. A common adaptation of this program is delivery by domestic violence and sexual violence prevention advocates instead of coaches. We explored how this implementer adaptation may influence athlete uptake of program messages and outcomes. Randomly, one school received the program delivered by an advocate while another school received the program delivered by coaches. Athletes completed baseline and follow-up surveys (n = 148), and a subset who received the advocate-led program participated in focus groups (four groups; n = 26). We compared changes in athlete attitudes and behaviors and conducted thematic analyses with qualitative data. We found no significant differences between athletes who received the program from the advocate versus their coaches. Athletes highlighted the advocate's delivery and role as a non-judgmental adult ally as qualities that influenced their uptake of program messages. The acceptability of the advocate-led program may be related to the implementer type along with specific implementer characteristics and delivery methods. Using advocates together with coaches as implementers could increase the reach of this program. Further study of best practices for Coaching Boys into Men adaptation is needed to guide program dissemination and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C D Jaime
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213
| | - M Stocking
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta 30341, USA
| | - K Freire
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta 30341, USA
| | | | - S Ciaravino
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213
| | - E Miller
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh 15213
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13
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Jaime MCD, McCauley HL, Tancredi DJ, Nettiksimmons J, Decker MR, Silverman JG, O'Connor B, Stetkevich N, Miller E. Athletic coaches as violence prevention advocates. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2015; 30:1090-1111. [PMID: 25015237 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514539847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) is a significant public health problem. Coaching Boys Into Men (CBIM) is an evidence-based ARA prevention program that trains coaches to deliver violence prevention messages to male athletes. Assessing acceptability and impact of CBIM on coaches may inform prevention efforts that involve these important adults in health promotion among youth. As part of a two-armed cluster-randomized controlled trial of CBIM in 16 high schools in Northern California, coaches completed baseline and postseason surveys (n = 176) to assess their attitudes and confidence delivering the program. Coaches in the intervention arm also participated in interviews (n = 36) that explored program acceptability, feasibility, and impact. Relative to controls, intervention coaches showed increases in confidence intervening when witnessing abusive behaviors among their athletes, greater bystander intervention, and greater frequency of violence-related discussions with athletes and other coaches. Coaches reported the program was easy to implement and valuable for their athletes. Findings illustrate the value of exploring attitudinal and behavioral changes among ARA prevention implementers, and suggest that coaches can gain confidence and enact behaviors to discourage ARA among male athletes. Coaches found the program to be feasible and valuable, which suggests potential for long-term uptake and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Catrina D Jaime
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Heather L McCauley
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Michele R Decker
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Miller
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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14
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Miller E, Das M, Verma R, O'Connor B, Ghosh S, Jaime MCD, McCauley HL. Exploring the potential for changing gender norms among cricket coaches and athletes in India. Violence Against Women 2014; 21:188-205. [PMID: 25540256 DOI: 10.1177/1077801214564688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explored gender norms with cricket coaches and athletes in India to adapt a coach-delivered gender violence prevention program from the United States for the urban Indian context. Interviews and focus groups conducted among coaches and adolescent cricketers highlight the extent to which coaches and athletes articulate prevailing inequitable notions about gender and recognition of the power coaches wield. Adapting a violence prevention program that emphasizes gender norms change may be feasible with Indian cricket coaches but is likely to require attention to defining gender equity and challenging cultural assumptions with coaches prior to implementing the program with athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhumita Das
- International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Verma
- International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sancheeta Ghosh
- International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India
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15
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Bingenheimer JB, Reed E. Risk for coerced sex among female youth in Ghana: roles of family context, school enrollment and relationship experience. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2014; 40:184-95. [PMID: 25565346 PMCID: PMC4493860 DOI: 10.1363/4018414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A better understanding is needed of the variables that may influence the risk of experiencing coerced sex among adolescent females in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Data were collected from 700 female respondents who were interviewed in 2010 and 2012 waves of a longitudinal study of behavioral risk for HIV infection among youth aged 13-14 or 18-19 and living in two towns in southeastern Ghana. A series of logistic regression models examined the influences of household composition and wealth, four family process variables (behavioral control, relationship quality, financial support, conflict), school enrollment and relationship experience on females' risk of experiencing coerced sex. RESULTS Eighteen percent of respondents reported having experienced coerced sex prior to Wave 1, and 13% experienced it between Waves 1 and 2. In both cross-sectional and prospective models, the variable with the strongest association with having experienced coerced sex was having ever had a boyfriend (fully adjusted odds ratios, 4.5 and 2.6, respectively). In cross-sectional analyses, parental behavioral control was negatively associated with risk for coerced sex, while parental conflict was positively associated; these associations were not significant in the prospective analyses. Having a boyfriend appears to be the primary predictor of coerced sex among young females, beyond any influence of family, school or other household variables. CONCLUSIONS More research is needed to understand the context of females' relationships with boyfriends in an effort to reduce the risk of sexual coercion and to promote the prevention of sexual violence perpetrated by males within these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Bingenheimer
- Assistant professor, Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute for Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC,
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16
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Reed E, Khoshnood K, Blankenship KM, Fisher CB. Confidentiality, privacy, and respect: experiences of female sex workers participating in HIV research in Andhra Pradesh, India. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2014; 9:19-28. [PMID: 24572080 DOI: 10.1525/jer.2014.9.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Female sex workers (FSWs) from Andhra Pradesh, India, who had participated in HIV research were interviewed to examine participant perspectives on research ethics. Content analysis indicated that aspects of the consent process, staff gender and demeanor, study environment, survey content, time requirements for study participation, and perceived FSW community support for research were key factors influencing whether FSWs perceived their confidentiality and privacy had been maintained, and whether they felt the study was conducted respectfully. Findings suggest that partnership with community-based organizations and investigation of participant's experiences in HIV prevention research can provide critical information to best inform research ethics protocols, a particular priority among research studies with highly stigmatized populations, such as FSWs.
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Miller E, Das M, Tancredi DJ, McCauley HL, Virata MCD, Nettiksimmons J, O'Connor B, Ghosh S, Verma R. Evaluation of a gender-based violence prevention program for student athletes in Mumbai, India. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2014; 29:758-778. [PMID: 24142444 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513505205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence, which includes sexual and intimate partner violence against women, is prevalent worldwide, prompting calls for primary prevention programs which engage men and boys in changing social norms that condone violence against women. Bystander intervention efforts which encourage males to say something to stop peers from enacting disrespectful and abusive behaviors toward females are a promising strategy for promoting non-violent, gender-equitable attitudes and behaviors. An evaluation of "Parivartan"--a U.S. program called "Coaching Boys Into Men" adapted for urban India cricket teams--was conducted in Mumbai, India. Baseline and 12 month follow-up surveys were administered to 309 male cricket athletes aged 10 to 16 years in 46 urban middle schools in Mumbai, India (27 intervention, 19 control). Athletes whose coaches were trained in the program demonstrated greater improvements in gender-equitable attitudes compared to athletes whose coaches provided standard coaching only. Marginally significant improvements were seen in reduction of negative bystander behavior. Violence prevention programs which utilize coaches as positive messengers for respect and non-violence may be a useful addition to global prevention efforts to reduce violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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Reed E, Miller E, Raj A, Decker MR, Silverman JG. Teen dating violence perpetration and relation to STI and sexual risk behaviours among adolescent males. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90:322-4. [PMID: 24578579 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate teen dating violence (TDV) perpetration (physical, sexual or psychological violence) and association with STI and related sexual risk behaviours among urban male adolescents. METHODS Adolescent male survey participants (N=134) were aged 14-20 years, recruited from urban health centres. Using crude and adjusted logistic regression, TDV perpetration was examined in relation to self-reported: STI, having sex with another person when they were only supposed to have sex with their main partner, and consistent condom use. RESULTS Over one-third of males (45%) reported any TDV; 42% reported sexual violence perpetration, 13% reported perpetrating physical violence against a dating/sexual partner and 11% reported psychological violence, including threats of physical or sexual violence. Approximately 15% of males reported having ever had an STI, one quarter reported having sex with another person when they were only supposed to have sex with their main partner and 36% reported consistent condom use (past 3 months). In adjusted logistic regression models, TDV perpetration was significantly associated with self-reports of an STI (OR=3.3; 95% CI 1.2 to 9.2) and having sex with another person when they were supposed to be only having sex with their main partner (OR=4.8; 95% CI 2.0 to 11.4). There was no significant association between TDV perpetration and consistent condom use. CONCLUSIONS Current study findings are the first within the literature on adolescents to suggest that greater STI and sexual risk behaviours among male adolescents perpetrating TDV may be one mechanism explaining increased STI among female adolescents reporting TDV victimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michele R Decker
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay G Silverman
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Zamorski MA, Wiens-Kinkaid ME. Cross-sectional prevalence survey of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization in Canadian military personnel. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1019. [PMID: 24165440 PMCID: PMC3840728 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent and is associated with a broad range of adverse consequences. In military organizations, IPV may have special implications, such as the potential of service-related mental disorders to trigger IPV. However, the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) have limited data to guide their prevention and control efforts. METHODS Self-reported IPV perpetration, victimization, and their correlates were assessed on a cross-sectional survey of a stratified random sample of currently-serving Canadian Regular Forces personnel (N = 2157). The four primary outcomes were perpetration or victimization of any physical and/or sexual or emotional and/or financial IPV over the lifespan of the current relationship. RESULTS Among the 81% of the population in a current relationship, perpetration of any physical and/or sexual IPV was reported in 9%; victimization was reported in 15%. Any emotional and/or financial abuse was reported by 19% (perpetration) and 22% (victimization). Less physically injurious forms of abuse predominated. Logistic regression modelling showed that relationship dissatisfaction was independently associated with all four outcomes (OR range = 2.3 to 3.7). Probable depression was associated with all outcomes except physical and/or sexual IPV victimization (OR range = 2.5 - 2.7). PTSD symptoms were only associated with physical and/or sexual IPV perpetration (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.4 to 7.9). High-risk drinking was associated with emotional and/or financial abuse. Risk of IPV was lowest in those who had recent deployment experience; remote deployment experience (vs. never having deployed) was an independent risk factor for all IPV outcomes (OR range = 2.0 - 3.4). CONCLUSIONS IPV affects an important minority of military families; less severe cases predominate. Mental disorders, high-risk drinking, relationship dissatisfaction, and remote deployment were independently associated with abuse outcomes. The primary limitations of this analysis are its use of self-report data from military personnel (not their intimate partners) and the cross-sectional nature of the survey. Prevention efforts in the CAF need to target the full spectrum of IPV. Mental disorders, high-risk drinking, and relationship dissatisfaction are potential targets for risk reduction. Additional research is needed to understand the association of remote deployment with IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Zamorski
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Directorate of Mental Health, Canadian Forces Health Services Group Headquarters, 1745 Alta Vista Dr, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Miriam E Wiens-Kinkaid
- Directorate of Force Health Protection, Canadian Forces Health Services Group Headquarters, 1745 Alta Vista Dr, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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McCauley HL, Tancredi DJ, Silverman JG, Decker MR, Austin SB, McCormick MC, Virata MC, Miller E. Gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse perpetration against heterosexual dating partners of male high school athletes. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:1882-7. [PMID: 23947324 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the relationship between gender attitudes, identified as a critical component of violence prevention, and abuse toward dating partners among adolescent male athletes. METHODS Our sample comprised 1699 athletes from 16 high schools in northern California who were surveyed between December 2009 and October 2010 in the larger Coaching Boys Into Men trial. We used logistic regression to assess the association between gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse incidents. RESULTS Athletes with more gender-equitable attitudes and greater intention to intervene were less likely (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28, 0.46; and AOR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.75, respectively) and athletes who engaged in negative bystander behavior were more likely (AOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.35) to perpetrate abuse against their female dating partners. CONCLUSIONS Despite the shift among bystander intervention programs toward gender neutrality, our findings suggest a strong association between gender attitudes and dating violence. Programs designed for adolescents should include discussion of gender attitudes and target bystander behavior, because these components may operate on related but distinct pathways to reduce abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L McCauley
- Heather L. McCauley, Maria Catrina Virata, and Elizabeth Miller are with the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA. Daniel J. Tancredi is with the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine. Jay G. Silverman is with the Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine. Michele R. Decker is with the Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. S. Bryn Austin and Marie C. McCormick are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Miller E, Tancredi DJ, McCauley HL, Decker MR, Virata MCD, Anderson HA, O'Connor B, Silverman JG. One-year follow-up of a coach-delivered dating violence prevention program: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 2013; 45:108-112. [PMID: 23790995 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perpetration of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse is prevalent in adolescent relationships. One strategy for reducing such violence is to increase the likelihood that youth will intervene when they see peers engaging in disrespectful and abusive behaviors. PURPOSE This 12-month follow-up of a cluster RCT examined the longer-term effectiveness of Coaching Boys Into Men, a dating violence prevention program targeting high school male athletes. DESIGN This cluster RCT was conducted from 2009 to 2011. The unit of randomization was the school, and the unit of analysis was the athlete. Data were analyzed in 2012. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Participants were male athletes in Grades 9-11 (N=1513) participating in athletics in 16 high schools. INTERVENTION The intervention consisted of training athletic coaches to integrate violence prevention messages into coaching activities through brief, weekly, scripted discussions with athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were intentions to intervene, recognition of abusive behaviors, and gender-equitable attitudes. Secondary outcomes included bystander behaviors and abuse perpetration. Intervention effects were expressed as adjusted mean between-arm differences in changes in outcomes over time, estimated via regression models for clustered, longitudinal data. RESULTS Perpetration of dating violence in the past 3 months was less prevalent among intervention athletes relative to control athletes, resulting in an estimated intervention effect of -0.15 (95% CI=-0.27, -0.03). Intervention athletes also reported lower levels of negative bystander behaviors (i.e., laughing and going along with peers' abusive behaviors) compared to controls (-0.41, 95% CI=-0.72, -0.10). No differences were observed in intentions to intervene (0.04, 95% CI=-0.07, 0.16); gender-equitable attitudes (-0.04, 95% CI=-0.11, 0.04); recognition of abusive behaviors (-0.03, 95% CI=-0.15, 0.09); or positive bystander behaviors (0.04, 95% CI=-0.11, 0.19). CONCLUSIONS This school athletics-based dating violence prevention program is a promising approach to reduce perpetration and negative bystander behaviors that condone dating violence among male athletes. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCTO1367704.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Daniel J Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine and Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, Sacramento
| | - Heather L McCauley
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michele R Decker
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria Catrina D Virata
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather A Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jay G Silverman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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Miller E, Tancredi DJ, McCauley HL, Decker MR, Virata MCD, Anderson HA, Stetkevich N, Brown EW, Moideen F, Silverman JG. "Coaching boys into men": a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a dating violence prevention program. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:431-8. [PMID: 23084163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dating violence (DV)--physical, sexual, and psychological aggression in adolescent romantic relationships--is prevalent among youth. Despite broad calls for primary prevention, few programs with demonstrated effectiveness exist. This cluster-randomized trial examined the effectiveness of a DV perpetration prevention program targeting coaches and high school male athletes. METHODS The unit of randomization was the high school (16 schools), and the unit of analysis was the athlete (N = 2,006 students). Primary outcomes were intentions to intervene, recognition of abusive behaviors, and gender-equitable attitudes. Secondary outcomes explored bystander behaviors and abuse perpetration. Regression models for clustered, longitudinal data assessed between-arm differences in over-time changes in mean levels of continuous outcomes in 1,798 athletes followed up at 3 months. RESULTS Intervention athletes' changes in intentions to intervene were positive compared with control subjects, resulting in an estimated intervention effect of .12 (95% CI: .003, .24). Intervention athletes also reported higher levels of positive bystander intervention behavior than control subjects (.25, 95% CI: .13, .38). Changes in gender-equitable attitudes, recognition of abusive behaviors, and DV perpetration were not significant. Secondary analyses estimated intervention impacts according to intensity of program implementation. Compared with control subjects, athletes exposed to full-intensity implementation of the intervention demonstrated improvements in intentions to intervene (.16, 95% CI: .04, .27), recognition of abusive behaviors (.13, 95% CI: .003, .25), and positive bystander intervention (.28, 95% CI: .14, .41). CONCLUSION This cluster-randomized controlled trial supports the effectiveness of a school athletics-based prevention program as one promising strategy to reduce DV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Das M, Ghosh S, Verma R, O'Connor B, Fewer S, Virata MC, Miller E. Gender attitudes and violence among urban adolescent boys in India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2012.716762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Ball B, Tharp AT, Noonan RK, Valle LA, Hamburger ME, Rosenbluth B. Expect respect support groups: preliminary evaluation of a dating violence prevention program for at-risk youth. Violence Against Women 2012; 18:746-62. [PMID: 22872708 DOI: 10.1177/1077801212455188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Expect Respect support groups, a selective prevention strategy, are designed to prevent and reduce dating violence among at-risk middle and high school students. This preliminary, uncontrolled evaluation examined changes in healthy relationship skills and emotionally and physically abusive behaviors in participants' peer and dating relationships. Self-reports (N = 144) showed significant increases in healthy relationship skills from baseline to program completion, whereas levels of victimization and perpetration remained unchanged. A subgroup of students who reported baseline levels of victimization and perpetration with means at least one standard deviation above the group mean reported significantly less victimization and perpetration at program completion.
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Amaro H, Raj A, Reed E, Ulibarri M. Getting Personal: Progress and Pitfalls in HIV Prevention Among Latinas. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2011; 35:655-670. [PMID: 22539868 PMCID: PMC3334297 DOI: 10.1177/0361684311426692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Amaro
- Institute on Urban Health Research, Bouve' College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University
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Falb KL, McCauley HL, Decker MR, Gupta J, Raj A, Silverman JG. School bullying perpetration and other childhood risk factors as predictors of adult intimate partner violence perpetration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 165:890-4. [PMID: 21646570 DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between bullying peers as a child and adult intimate partner violence perpetration in a clinic-based sample of adult men. School bullying perpetration and intimate partner violence perpetration are both thought to stem from desire for power and control over others. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 2005 and December 2006. SETTING Three urban community health centers in Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS Men aged 18 to 35 years (n = 1491) seeking services at participating community health centers. MAIN EXPOSURE School bullying perpetration. OUTCOME MEASURE Past-year physical or sexual violence perpetration against a female partner (intimate-partner violence [IPV]). RESULTS Two-fifths of men reported perpetrating school bullying as a child (n = 610; 40.9%). Men who rarely bullied in school were 1.53 times more likely to perpetrate past-year IPV than men who did not bully (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.29); this risk was elevated to 3.82 times more likely to perpetrate any past-year IPV for those men who bullied peers frequently (95% CI, 2.55-5.73). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that bullying peers in school as a child, especially frequent bullying perpetration, is associated with increased risk for men's perpetration of IPV as an adult. The effect remains strong after controlling for common prior risk factors for both bullying and IPV perpetration. Future research is needed to discern the mechanisms and underlying root causes of abusive behavior, such as power and control, as a means to prevent violence perpetration across settings and life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Falb
- Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Male perpetration of teen dating violence: associations with neighborhood violence involvement, gender attitudes, and perceived peer and neighborhood norms. J Urban Health 2011; 88:226-39. [PMID: 21311987 PMCID: PMC3079026 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-011-9545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the link between male perpetration of teen dating violence (TDV) and neighborhood violence, as well as associations with gender attitudes and perceived peer and neighborhood norms related to violence among a sample of urban adolescent boys. Participants of this cross-sectional study (N = 275) were between the ages of 14 and 20 years and recruited from urban community health centers. Crude and adjusted logistic and linear regression models were used to examine TDV perpetration in relation to (a) neighborhood violence involvement, (b) perceptions of peer violence, (c) perceptions of neighborhood violence, and (d) gender attitudes. Slightly more than one in four (28%) boys reported at least one form of TDV perpetration; among boys who have ever had sex, almost half (45%) reported at least one form of TDV perpetration. In logistic and linear regression models adjusted for demographics, boys who reported TDV perpetration were more likely to report involvement in neighborhood violence (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7-5.5), beliefs that their friends have perpetrated TDV (OR = 2.7; 95%CI = 1.4-5.1), perceptions of violent activity within their neighborhood (OR = 3.0; 95%CI = 1.4-6.3), and greater support of traditional gender norms (β = 3.2, p = 0.002). The findings suggest that efforts are needed to address boys' behaviors related to the perpetration of multiple forms of violence and require explicit efforts to reduce perceived norms of violence perpetration as well as problematic gender attitudes (e.g., increasing support for gender equity) across boys' life contexts.
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Reed E, Gupta J, Biradavolu M, Devireddy V, Blankenship KM. The role of housing in determining HIV risk among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India: considering women's life contexts. Soc Sci Med 2011; 72:710-6. [PMID: 21306811 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on HIV prevention, regardless of the population, has increasingly recognized the relevance of contextual factors in determining HIV risk. Investigating such factors among female sex workers (FSW) is especially relevant in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where HIV rates are among the highest across Indian states and where HIV has largely affected FSW. Stable housing is a particular contextual challenge experienced by female sex workers in this region (as well as elsewhere); however, local studies have not examined the impact of this issue on HIV risk. In this paper, we examine residential instability, defined as a high frequency of reported evictions, among FSW and relation to experiences of violence (as a factor increasing risk for HIV) and sexual risk factors for HIV. Women were recruited through respondent-driven sampling for a survey on HIV risk. Using logistic regression models, we assessed: (1) residential instability and association with HIV sexual risk variables (including unprotected sex, reported STIs, and recent physical and sexual victimization) and (2) whether the association between residential instability and reported STI (as an indicator of HIV risk) was attenuated by individual risk behaviors and violence. In adjusted logistic regression models, FSW who reported residential instability were more likely to report: sexual violence, physical violence, accepting more money for unprotected sex, and a recent STI symptom. Violence associated with residential instability contributed to reported STIs; however, residential instability remained significantly associated with STIs beyond the influence of both violence and unprotected sex with clients. Findings highlight the interrelation among residential instability, violence, and HIV risk. Residential instability appears to be associated with women's HIV risk, above and beyond its association with individual risky sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reed
- George Washington University School of Public Health, Department of Prevention and Community Health, 2175 K Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Go VF, Srikrishnan AK, Salter ML, Mehta S, Johnson SC, Sivaram S, Davis W, Solomon S, Celentano DD. Factors associated with the perpetration of sexual violence among wine-shop patrons in Chennai, India. Soc Sci Med 2010; 71:1277-1284. [PMID: 20692757 PMCID: PMC2975379 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With an estimated 2.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS, India has the third highest number of HIV-infected people in the world. Despite reductions in prevalence among the general population, the percentage of all infections occurring among Indian women is continuing to rise. Women's risk of HIV infection from their partner and observed associations between sexual violence and HIV infection in India underscore the importance of understanding determinants of forced sex. A probability survey was conducted from June 2003 to August 2007 in Chennai, India, among alcohol venue ("wine shops") patrons to estimate the prevalence of sexual violence and to identify risk factors associated with perpetrating forced sex. Among 1499 men, 28.5% reported forced sex with at least one partner in the past 3 months. In multivariate analysis, earning income for less than 12 months a year, visiting the wine shop with friends, STD symptoms, perpetration of physical violence, and number of sexual partners were statistically significantly associated with perpetrating forced sex. Men who reported having 3 or more close friends were less likely to perpetrate violence. HIV interventions that facilitate formal groups that foster positive social support and address a range of HIV risk behaviors including sexually and physically abusive behaviors are recommended to reduce sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian F Go
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Megan L Salter
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shruti Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sudha Sivaram
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wendy Davis
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suniti Solomon
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | - David D Celentano
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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