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Orioli G, Dragovic D, Farroni T. Perception of visual and audiovisual trajectories toward and away from the body in the first postnatal year. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 243:105921. [PMID: 38615600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Perceiving motion in depth is important in everyday life, especially motion in relation to the body. Visual and auditory cues inform us about motion in space when presented in isolation from each other, but the most comprehensive information is obtained through the combination of both of these cues. We traced the development of infants' ability to discriminate between visual motion trajectories across peripersonal space and to match these with auditory cues specifying the same peripersonal motion. We measured 5-month-old (n = 20) and 9-month-old (n = 20) infants' visual preferences for visual motion toward or away from their body (presented simultaneously and side by side) across three conditions: (a) visual displays presented alone, (b) paired with a sound increasing in intensity, and (c) paired with a sound decreasing in intensity. Both groups preferred approaching motion in the visual-only condition. When the visual displays were paired with a sound increasing in intensity, neither group showed a visual preference. When a sound decreasing in intensity was played instead, the 5-month-olds preferred the receding (spatiotemporally congruent) visual stimulus, whereas the 9-month-olds preferred the approaching (spatiotemporally incongruent) visual stimulus. We speculate that in the approaching sound condition, the behavioral salience of the sound could have led infants to focus on the auditory information alone, in order to prepare a motor response, and to neglect the visual stimuli. In the receding sound condition, instead, the difference in response patterns in the two groups may have been driven by infants' emerging motor abilities and their developing predictive processing mechanisms supporting and influencing each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Orioli
- Centre for Developmental Science, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SB, UK; Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Danica Dragovic
- Paediatric Unit, Hospital of Monfalcone, 34074 Monfalcone, Italy
| | - Teresa Farroni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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2
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Donaghy R, Shinskey J, Tsakiris M. Maternal interoceptive focus is associated with greater reported engagement in mother-infant stroking and rocking. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302791. [PMID: 38900756 PMCID: PMC11189230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Parental caregiving during infancy is primarily aimed at the regulation of infants' physiological and emotional states. Recent models of embodied cognition propose that interoception, i.e., the perception of internal bodily states, may influence the quality and quantity of parent-infant caregiving. Yet, empirical investigations into this relationship remain scarce. Across two online studies of mothers with 6- to 18-month-old infants during Covid-19 lockdowns, we examined whether mothers' self-reported engagement in stroking and rocking their infant was related to self-reported interoceptive abilities. Additional measures included retrospective accounts of pregnancy and postnatal body satisfaction, and mothers' reports of their infant's understanding of vocabulary relating to body parts. In Study 1 (N = 151) and Study 2 (N = 111), mothers reported their engagement in caregiving behaviours and their tendency to focus on and regulate bodily states. In a subsample from Study 2 (N = 49), we also obtained an objective measure of cardiac interoceptive accuracy using an online heartbeat counting task. Across both studies, the tendency to focus on and regulate interoceptive states was associated with greater mother-infant stroking and rocking. Conversely, we found no evidence for a relationship between objective interoceptive accuracy and caregiving. The findings suggest that interoception may play a role in parental engagement in stroking and rocking, however, in-person dyadic studies are warranted to further investigate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Donaghy
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne Shinskey
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Politics of Feelings, Senate House, School of Advanced Study, University of London, Egham, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Zhao C, Ong JH, Veic A, Patel AD, Jiang C, Fogel AR, Wang L, Hou Q, Das D, Crasto C, Chakrabarti B, Williams TI, Loutrari A, Liu F. Predictive processing of music and language in autism: Evidence from Mandarin and English speakers. Autism Res 2024; 17:1230-1257. [PMID: 38651566 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Atypical predictive processing has been associated with autism across multiple domains, based mainly on artificial antecedents and consequents. As structured sequences where expectations derive from implicit learning of combinatorial principles, language and music provide naturalistic stimuli for investigating predictive processing. In this study, we matched melodic and sentence stimuli in cloze probabilities and examined musical and linguistic prediction in Mandarin- (Experiment 1) and English-speaking (Experiment 2) autistic and non-autistic individuals using both production and perception tasks. In the production tasks, participants listened to unfinished melodies/sentences and then produced the final notes/words to complete these items. In the perception tasks, participants provided expectedness ratings of the completed melodies/sentences based on the most frequent notes/words in the norms. While Experiment 1 showed intact musical prediction but atypical linguistic prediction in autism in the Mandarin sample that demonstrated imbalanced musical training experience and receptive vocabulary skills between groups, the group difference disappeared in a more closely matched sample of English speakers in Experiment 2. These findings suggest the importance of taking an individual differences approach when investigating predictive processing in music and language in autism, as the difficulty in prediction in autism may not be due to generalized problems with prediction in any type of complex sequence processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Jia Hoong Ong
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Anamarija Veic
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Aniruddh D Patel
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Brain, Mind, and Consciousness, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Canada
| | - Cunmei Jiang
- Music College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Allison R Fogel
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Wang
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Qingqi Hou
- Department of Music and Dance, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Dipsikha Das
- School of Psychology, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Cara Crasto
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Tim I Williams
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ariadne Loutrari
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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4
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Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Breastfeeding's protective role in alleviating breast cancer burden: a comprehensive review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2805-2811. [PMID: 38694322 PMCID: PMC11060284 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding, an essential aspect of infant care, has garnered recognition beyond its immediate health benefits, revealing a profound and lasting impact on women's health. Emerging research has unveiled a compelling relationship between breastfeeding and its enduring role in reducing the risk of ovarian cancer. This narrative review aims to comprehensively examine the lifelong impact of breastfeeding on ovarian cancer prevention, transcending infancy and delving into the mechanisms and implications for women's health. Epidemiological evidence consistently demonstrates an inverse association between breastfeeding and the risk of ovarian cancer. Prolonged durations of breastfeeding correlate with a significant reduction in the likelihood of developing ovarian malignancies, underscoring the protective influence of sustained lactation. The mechanisms underlying breastfeeding's impact on ovarian cancer prevention involve hormonal modulation and cellular changes. Breastfeeding contributes to reduced ovulatory cycles and oestrogen exposure, mitigating hormonal influences linked to ovarian cancer development. Moreover, the cellular alterations induced by breastfeeding within the ovarian microenvironment create an environment less conducive to malignant transformations. In conclusion, this paper consolidates evidence demonstrating breastfeeding's enduring impact on reducing ovarian cancer risk. It emphasizes the need for continued research, supportive interventions, and societal engagement to promote breastfeeding practices. Embracing breastfeeding not only provides immediate health benefits but also represents a formidable strategy in lifelong ovarian cancer prevention, offering a promising pathway towards enhanced women's health and well-being.
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Davis EP, Glynn LM. Annual Research Review: The power of predictability - patterns of signals in early life shape neurodevelopment and mental health trajectories. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:508-534. [PMID: 38374811 PMCID: PMC11283837 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The global burden of early life adversity (ELA) is profound. The World Health Organization has estimated that ELA accounts for almost 30% of all psychiatric cases. Yet, our ability to identify which individuals exposed to ELA will develop mental illness remains poor and there is a critical need to identify underlying pathways and mechanisms. This review proposes unpredictability as an understudied aspect of ELA that is tractable and presents a conceptual model that includes biologically plausible mechanistic pathways by which unpredictability impacts the developing brain. The model is supported by a synthesis of published and new data illustrating the significant impacts of patterns of signals on child development. We begin with an overview of the existing unpredictability literature, which has focused primarily on longer patterns of unpredictability (e.g. years, months, and days). We then describe our work testing the impact of patterns of parental signals on a moment-to-moment timescale, providing evidence that patterns of these signals during sensitive windows of development influence neurocircuit formation across species and thus may be an evolutionarily conserved process that shapes the developing brain. Next, attention is drawn to emerging themes which provide a framework for future directions of research including the evaluation of functions, such as effortful control, that may be particularly vulnerable to unpredictability, sensitive periods, sex differences, cross-cultural investigations, addressing causality, and unpredictability as a pathway by which other forms of ELA impact development. Finally, we provide suggestions for prevention and intervention, including the introduction of a screening instrument for the identification of children exposed to unpredictable experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Laura M. Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States
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Carnevali L, Della Longa L, Dragovic D, Farroni T. Touch and look: The role of affective touch in promoting infants' attention towards complex visual scenes. INFANCY 2024; 29:271-283. [PMID: 38180744 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In a complex social environment, stimuli from different sensory modalities need to be integrated to decode communicative meanings. From very early in life, infants have to combine a multitude of sensory features with social and affective attributes. Of all senses, touch constitutes a privileged channel to carry affective-motivational meanings and foster social connection. In the present study, we investigate whether sharing sensory stimulation that varies for its affective value differentially affects infants' attention towards visual stimuli. 6 to 11-month-old infants (N = 42) were familiarized with two characters respectively matched with tactile (affective or non-affective) and auditory stimulation; then repeatedly exposed to scenes where the two characters moved towards target objects. Our results showed a main effect of stimulation (sound vs. touch) on looking times during familiarization, with longer looking times when sound is provided. During scenes presentation, a main effect of the type of touch (affective vs. non affective) emerged, with longer looking times in infants that previously experienced affective touch, suggesting that this sensory experience may critically engage the self and modulate infant attention. Overall, these findings suggest that while sound acts as attention getter, affective touch supports sustained attention towards complex visual scenes beyond the stimulation period itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carnevali
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Letizia Della Longa
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Danica Dragovic
- Pediatric Unit, San Polo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Monfalcone, Italy
| | - Teresa Farroni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Köster M, Hepach R. Preverbal infants' understanding of social norms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2983. [PMID: 38316858 PMCID: PMC10844370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Social norms are foundational to human cooperation and co-existence in social groups. A crucial marker of social norms is that a behavior is not only shared, but that the conformity to the behavior of others is a basis for social evaluation (i.e., reinforcement and sanctioning), taking the is, how individuals usually behave, to an ought, how individuals should behave to be socially approved by others. In this preregistered study, we show that 11-month-old infants grasp this fundamental aspect about social norms already in their first year. They showed a pupillary surprise response for unexpected social responses, namely the disapproval and exclusion of an individual who showed the same behavior like others or the approval and inclusion of an individual who behaved differently. That preverbal infants link the conformity with others' behavior to social evaluations, before they respond to norm violations themselves, indicates that the foundations of social norm understanding lie in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Köster
- Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Sedanstraße 1, 93055, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Hepach
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Orioli G, Parisi I, van Velzen JL, Bremner AJ. Visual objects approaching the body modulate subsequent somatosensory processing at 4 months of age. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19300. [PMID: 37989781 PMCID: PMC10663495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We asked whether, in the first year of life, the infant brain can support the dynamic crossmodal interactions between vision and somatosensation that are required to represent peripersonal space. Infants aged 4 (n = 20, 9 female) and 8 (n = 20, 10 female) months were presented with a visual object that moved towards their body or receded away from it. This was presented in the bottom half of the screen and not fixated upon by the infants, who were instead focusing on an attention getter at the top of the screen. The visual moving object then disappeared and was followed by a vibrotactile stimulus occurring later in time and in a different location in space (on their hands). The 4-month-olds' somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were enhanced when tactile stimuli were preceded by unattended approaching visual motion, demonstrating that the dynamic visual-somatosensory cortical interactions underpinning representations of the body and peripersonal space begin early in the first year of life. Within the 8-month-olds' sample, SEPs were increasingly enhanced by (unexpected) tactile stimuli following receding visual motion as age in days increased, demonstrating changes in the neural underpinnings of the representations of peripersonal space across the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Orioli
- Centre for Developmental Science, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Irene Parisi
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - José L van Velzen
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Bremner
- Centre for Developmental Science, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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9
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Corcoran AW, Perrykkad K, Feuerriegel D, Robinson JE. Body as First Teacher: The Role of Rhythmic Visceral Dynamics in Early Cognitive Development. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023:17456916231185343. [PMID: 37694720 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231185343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Embodied cognition-the idea that mental states and processes should be understood in relation to one's bodily constitution and interactions with the world-remains a controversial topic within cognitive science. Recently, however, increasing interest in predictive processing theories among proponents and critics of embodiment alike has raised hopes of a reconciliation. This article sets out to appraise the unificatory potential of predictive processing, focusing in particular on embodied formulations of active inference. Our analysis suggests that most active-inference accounts invoke weak, potentially trivial conceptions of embodiment; those making stronger claims do so independently of the theoretical commitments of the active-inference framework. We argue that a more compelling version of embodied active inference can be motivated by adopting a diachronic perspective on the way rhythmic physiological activity shapes neural development in utero. According to this visceral afferent training hypothesis, early-emerging physiological processes are essential not only for supporting the biophysical development of neural structures but also for configuring the cognitive architecture those structures entail. Focusing in particular on the cardiovascular system, we propose three candidate mechanisms through which visceral afferent training might operate: (a) activity-dependent neuronal development, (b) periodic signal modeling, and (c) oscillatory network coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Corcoran
- Monash Centre for Consciousness and Contemplative Studies, Monash University
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University
| | - Kelsey Perrykkad
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University
| | | | - Jonathan E Robinson
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University
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Surani Z, Parkar S, Afshan G, Elahi KN, Hoodbhoy Z, Hilal K, Jafri SK. Maternal and environmental Impact assessment on Neurodevelopment in Early childhood years (MINE): a prospective cohort study protocol from a low, middle-income country. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070283. [PMID: 37423622 PMCID: PMC10335476 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental and psychosocial adversities negatively impact children's developmental outcomes. When these factors are experienced in early childhood-a sensitive period of development-the developing brain can be altered. While these associations have been drawn in high-income countries, it is necessary to understand child growth, neurodevelopment, and the role of environmental factors in developmental trajectories in low-income settings. The objective of this study is to longitudinally assess how demographic factors, maternal health, maternal development, and child health, are related to child development on a behavioural, cognitive, and neuroimaging level in low-socioeconomic communities. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Mother-child dyads will be identified in the peri-urban field sites of Rehri Goth and Ibrahim Hyderi, Karachi, Pakistan. Dyads will undergo yearly assessments for 4 years beginning when the child is 1 month, 3 months or 6 months of age (+≤30 days of age) (depending on group assignment). Maternal assessments include anthropometry, behavioural, cognitive, and developmental assessments (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; Parenting Stress Index; Maternal Autonomy Index; Hurt, Insult, Threaten, Scream Tool; Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS)), and biological samples collection (breast milk, blood, stool, hair). Children's assessments include anthropometry, developmental assessments (Global Scales for Early Development (GSED); RIAS), MRI brain assessments, and biological sample collection (blood, stool, hair). Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data with statistical analysis tools, associations will be quantified between brain structure (MRI) and connectivity (resting state connectivity and diffusion tensor imaging), general cognitive skills (RIAS, GSED) and environmental influences (nutrition via biological samples, maternal mental health via questionnaires) through repeated measures analysis of variance tests and χ2 tests. Quantile regression and cortical analyses will be conducted to understand how demographic factors are related to the associations found. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has received ethical approval from the Aga Khan University Ethics Review Committee. The study's findings will be disseminated through scientific publications and project summaries for the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Surani
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Parkar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gul Afshan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kinza Naseem Elahi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Hoodbhoy
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Hilal
- Department of Radiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Kaleem Jafri
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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11
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Poli F, Ghilardi T, Mars RB, Hinne M, Hunnius S. Eight-Month-Old Infants Meta-Learn by Downweighting Irrelevant Evidence. Open Mind (Camb) 2023; 7:141-155. [PMID: 37416070 PMCID: PMC10320826 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants learn to navigate the complexity of the physical and social world at an outstanding pace, but how they accomplish this learning is still largely unknown. Recent advances in human and artificial intelligence research propose that a key feature to achieving quick and efficient learning is meta-learning, the ability to make use of prior experiences to learn how to learn better in the future. Here we show that 8-month-old infants successfully engage in meta-learning within very short timespans after being exposed to a new learning environment. We developed a Bayesian model that captures how infants attribute informativity to incoming events, and how this process is optimized by the meta-parameters of their hierarchical models over the task structure. We fitted the model with infants' gaze behavior during a learning task. Our results reveal how infants actively use past experiences to generate new inductive biases that allow future learning to proceed faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Poli
- Donders Center for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Ghilardi
- Donders Center for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier B. Mars
- Donders Center for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Max Hinne
- Donders Center for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Hunnius
- Donders Center for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Lin Y, Hsu CC, Lin CJ, Kuroda R, Chiang DL, Lai F, Wu SI. Neurobiological mechanisms of dialectical behavior therapy and Morita therapy, two psychotherapies inspired by Zen. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023:10.1007/s00702-023-02644-3. [PMID: 37145166 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychotherapy is a learning process. Updating the prediction models of the brain may be the mechanism underlying psychotherapeutic changes. Although developed in different eras and cultures, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and Morita therapy are influenced by Zen principles, and both emphasize the acceptance of reality and suffering. This article reviews these two treatments, their common and distinct therapeutic factors, and their neuroscientific implications. Additionally, it proposes a framework that includes the predictive function of the mind, constructed emotions, mindfulness, therapeutic relationship, and changes enabled via reward predictions. Brain networks, including the Default Mode Network (DMN), amygdala, fear circuitry, and reward pathways, contribute to the constructive process of brain predictions. Both treatments target the assimilation of prediction errors, gradual reorganization of predictive models, and creation of a life with step-by-step constructive rewards. By elucidating the possible neurobiological mechanisms of these psychotherapeutic techniques, this article is expected to serve as the first step towards filling the cultural gap and creating more teaching methods based on these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Rd, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Rd, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Rd, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
- Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Reiko Kuroda
- Division for Environment, Health and Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai-Lun Chiang
- Financial Technology Applications Program, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Feipei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-I Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Section 2, Chung-Shan North Rd, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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13
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Köster M, Meyer M. Down and up! Does the mu rhythm index a gating mechanism in the developing motor system? Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101239. [PMID: 37030147 PMCID: PMC10113759 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental research on action processing in the motor cortex relies on a key neural marker - a decrease in 6-12 Hz activity (coined mu suppression). However, recent evidence points towards an increase in mu power, specific for the observation of others' actions. Complementing the findings on mu suppression, this raises the critical question for the functional role of the mu rhythm in the developing motor system. We here discuss a potential solution to this seeming controversy by suggesting a gating function of the mu rhythm: A decrease in mu power may index the facilitation, while an increase may index the inhibition of motor processes, which are critical during action observation. This account may advance our conception of action understanding in early brain development and points towards critical directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Köster
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Psychology, Sedanstraße 1, 93055 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Marlene Meyer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, USA.
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14
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Meyer M, van Schaik JE, Poli F, Hunnius S. How infant-directed actions enhance infants' attention, learning, and exploration: Evidence from EEG and computational modeling. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13259. [PMID: 35343042 PMCID: PMC10078262 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When teaching infants new actions, parents tend to modify their movements. Infants prefer these infant-directed actions (IDAs) over adult-directed actions and learn well from them. Yet, it remains unclear how parents' action modulations capture infants' attention. Typically, making movements larger than usual is thought to draw attention. Recent findings, however, suggest that parents might exploit movement variability to highlight actions. We hypothesized that variability in movement amplitude rather than higher amplitude is capturing infants' attention during IDAs. Using EEG, we measured 15-month-olds' brain activity while they were observing action demonstrations with normal, high, or variable amplitude movements. Infants' theta power (4-5 Hz) in fronto-central channels was compared between conditions. Frontal theta was significantly higher, indicating stronger attentional engagement, in the variable compared to the other conditions. Computational modelling showed that infants' frontal theta power was predicted best by how surprising each movement was. Thus, surprise induced by variability in movements rather than large movements alone engages infants' attention during IDAs. Infants with higher theta power for variable movements were more likely to perform actions successfully and to explore objects novel in the context of the given goal. This highlights the brain mechanisms by which IDAs enhance infants' attention, learning, and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Meyer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Johanna E van Schaik
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Poli
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Hunnius
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Berger A, Posner MI. Beyond Infant's Looking: The Neural Basis for Infant Prediction Errors. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 18:664-674. [PMID: 36269781 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary conceptualizations on infant cognitive development focus on predictive processes; the basic idea is that the brain continuously creates predictions about what is expected and that the divergence between predicted and actual perceived data yields a prediction error. This prediction error updates the model from which the predictions are generated and therefore is a basic mechanism for learning and adaptation to the dynamics of the ever-changing environment. In this article, we review the types of available empirical evidence supporting the idea that predictive processes can be found in infancy, especially emphasizing the contribution of electrophysiology as a potential method for testing the similarity of the brain mechanisms for processing prediction errors in infants to those of adults. In infants, as with older children, adolescents, and adults, predictions involve synchronization bursts of middle-central theta reflecting brain activity in the anterior cingulate cortex. We discuss how early in development such brain mechanisms develop and open questions that still remain to be empirically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
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16
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Markova G, Nguyen T. Interpersonal synchrony is associated with infants’ reactions to subtle changes in caregiver‐infant interactions. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Neuroscience of Perception and Action Lab Italian Institute of Technology Rome Italy
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17
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Köster M, Gruber T. Rhythms of human attention and memory: An embedded process perspective. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:905837. [PMID: 36277046 PMCID: PMC9579292 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.905837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains a dogma in cognitive neuroscience to separate human attention and memory into distinct modules and processes. Here we propose that brain rhythms reflect the embedded nature of these processes in the human brain, as evident from their shared neural signatures: gamma oscillations (30–90 Hz) reflect sensory information processing and activated neural representations (memory items). The theta rhythm (3–8 Hz) is a pacemaker of explicit control processes (central executive), structuring neural information processing, bit by bit, as reflected in the theta-gamma code. By representing memory items in a sequential and time-compressed manner the theta-gamma code is hypothesized to solve key problems of neural computation: (1) attentional sampling (integrating and segregating information processing), (2) mnemonic updating (implementing Hebbian learning), and (3) predictive coding (advancing information processing ahead of the real time to guide behavior). In this framework, reduced alpha oscillations (8–14 Hz) reflect activated semantic networks, involved in both explicit and implicit mnemonic processes. Linking recent theoretical accounts and empirical insights on neural rhythms to the embedded-process model advances our understanding of the integrated nature of attention and memory – as the bedrock of human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Köster
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Moritz Köster,
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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18
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Herzog P, Kube T, Fassbinder E. How childhood maltreatment alters perception and cognition - the predictive processing account of borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2899-2916. [PMID: 35979924 PMCID: PMC9693729 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722002458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder, comprised of heterogeneous psychological and neurobiological pathologies. Here, we propose a predictive processing (PP) account of BPD to integrate these seemingly unrelated pathologies. In particular, we argue that the experience of childhood maltreatment, which is highly prevalent in BPD, leaves a developmental legacy with two facets: first, a coarse-grained, alexithymic model of self and others - leading to a rigidity and inflexibility concerning beliefs about self and others. Second, this developmental legacy leads to a loss of confidence or precision afforded beliefs about the consequences of social behavior. This results in an over reliance on sensory evidence and social feedback, with concomitant lability, impulsivity and hypersensitivity. In terms of PP, people with BPD show a distorted belief updating in response to new information with two opposing manifestations: rapid changes in beliefs and a lack of belief updating despite disconfirmatory evidence. This account of distorted information processing has the potential to explain both the instability (of affect, self-image, and interpersonal relationships) and the rigidity (of beliefs about self and others) which is typical of BPD. At the neurobiological level, we propose that enhanced levels of dopamine are associated with the increased integration of negative social feedback, and we also discuss the hypothesis of an impaired inhibitory control of the prefrontal cortex in the processing of negative social information. Our account may provide a new understanding not only of the clinical aspects of BPD, but also a unifying theory of the corresponding neurobiological pathologies. We conclude by outlining some directions for future research on the behavioral, neurobiological, and computational underpinnings of this model, and point to some clinical implications of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Herzog
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Niemannsweg 147, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Ostbahnstr. 10, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Tobias Kube
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Ostbahnstr. 10, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Eva Fassbinder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Niemannsweg 147, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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19
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Zeng Y. Investigation and Countermeasures on Mental Health Status of Applied Fresh Graduates from the Perspective of Psychological Capital. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5352958. [PMID: 36213581 PMCID: PMC9534641 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5352958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Based on the perspective of psychological capital, the mental health status of applied college graduates is analyzed, and the corresponding countermeasures are put forward. Questionnaires are issued to investigate the mental health status of fresh graduates. The BSSI score of male students (102.05 ± 2.01) is not significantly different from that of female students (P > 0.05). SCL-90 scores of male students include somatization (1.95 ± 0.01), compulsion (1.84 ± 0.15), interpersonal relationship (1.75 ± 0.14), depression (1.92 ± 0.08), anxiety (1.70 ± 0.10), hostility (7.25 ± 0.16), terror (1.35 ± 0.41), bigotry (1.29 ± 0.17), and psychosis (1.33 ± 0.64). There is no significant difference compared with those of female students (P > 0.05). SCL-90 scores of high stress graduates include somatization (2.00 ± 0.17), compulsion (2.30 ± 0.08), interpersonal relationship (1.61 ± 0.20), depression (1.87 ± 0.09), anxiety (1.80 ± 0.11), hostility (1.30 ± 0.20), terror (1.39 ± 0.14), paranoid (1.48 ± 0.10), and psychosis (1.50 ± 0.11). There is significant difference between forced and low pressure graduates (P < 0.05). There is no statistical significance in other items (P > 0.05). Colleges and universities need to work together with fresh graduates to deal with negative emotions and stress, so as to improve mental health and promote employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen Zeng
- Mental Health Education and Consultation Center, Guangxi Agricultural Vocational and Technical University, Nanning, 530001 Guangxi, China
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20
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Frischen U, Degé F, Schwarzer G. The relation between rhythm processing and cognitive abilities during child development: The role of prediction. Front Psychol 2022; 13:920513. [PMID: 36211925 PMCID: PMC9539453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythm and meter are central elements of music. From the very beginning, children are responsive to rhythms and acquire increasingly complex rhythmic skills over the course of development. Previous research has shown that the processing of musical rhythm is not only related to children’s music-specific responses but also to their cognitive abilities outside the domain of music. However, despite a lot of research on that topic, the connections and underlying mechanisms involved in such relation are still unclear in some respects. In this article, we aim at analyzing the relation between rhythmic and cognitive-motor abilities during childhood and at providing a new hypothesis about this relation. We consider whether predictive processing may be involved in the relation between rhythmic and various cognitive abilities and hypothesize that prediction as a cross-domain process is a central mechanism building a bridge between rhythm processing and cognitive-motor abilities. Further empirical studies focusing on rhythm processing and cognitive-motor abilities are needed to precisely investigate the links between rhythmic, predictive, and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Frischen
- Department of Music, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ulrike Frischen,
| | - Franziska Degé
- Music Department, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gudrun Schwarzer
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Gudrun Schwarzer,
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21
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Stahl AE, Kibbe MM. Great expectations: The construct validity of the violation‐of‐expectation method for studying infant cognition. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E. Stahl
- Department of Psychology The College of New Jersey Ewing New Jersey USA
| | - Melissa M. Kibbe
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Center for Systems Neuroscience Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
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22
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Ruba AL, Pollak SD, Saffran JR. Acquiring Complex Communicative Systems: Statistical Learning of Language and Emotion. Top Cogn Sci 2022; 14:432-450. [PMID: 35398974 PMCID: PMC9465951 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the early postnatal years, most infants rapidly learn to understand two naturally evolved communication systems: language and emotion. While these two domains include different types of content knowledge, it is possible that similar learning processes subserve their acquisition. In this review, we compare the learnable statistical regularities in language and emotion input. We then consider how domain-general learning abilities may underly the acquisition of language and emotion, and how this process may be constrained in each domain. This comparative developmental approach can advance our understanding of how humans learn to communicate with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Ruba
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison
| | - Seth D. Pollak
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison
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23
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Lin CHS, Garrido MI. Towards a cross-level understanding of Bayesian inference in the brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104649. [PMID: 35395333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Perception emerges from unconscious probabilistic inference, which guides behaviour in our ubiquitously uncertain environment. Bayesian decision theory is a prominent computational model that describes how people make rational decisions using noisy and ambiguous sensory observations. However, critical questions have been raised about the validity of the Bayesian framework in explaining the mental process of inference. Firstly, some natural behaviours deviate from Bayesian optimum. Secondly, the neural mechanisms that support Bayesian computations in the brain are yet to be understood. Taking Marr's cross level approach, we review the recent progress made in addressing these challenges. We first review studies that combined behavioural paradigms and modelling approaches to explain both optimal and suboptimal behaviours. Next, we evaluate the theoretical advances and the current evidence for ecologically feasible algorithms and neural implementations in the brain, which may enable probabilistic inference. We argue that this cross-level approach is necessary for the worthwhile pursuit to uncover mechanistic accounts of human behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsuan Sophie Lin
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Australian Research Council for Integrative Brain Function, Australia.
| | - Marta I Garrido
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Australian Research Council for Integrative Brain Function, Australia
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24
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Bánki A, Brzozowska A, Hoehl S, Köster M. Neural Entrainment vs. Stimulus-Tracking: A Conceptual Challenge for Rhythmic Perceptual Stimulation in Developmental Neuroscience. Front Psychol 2022; 13:878984. [PMID: 35602682 PMCID: PMC9121997 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.878984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bánki
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Anna Bánki
| | | | - Stefanie Hoehl
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Köster
- Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Schlegelmilch K, Wertz AE. Visual segmentation of complex naturalistic structures in an infant eye-tracking search task. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266158. [PMID: 35363809 PMCID: PMC8975119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An infant’s everyday visual environment is composed of a complex array of entities, some of which are well integrated into their surroundings. Although infants are already sensitive to some categories in their first year of life, it is not clear which visual information supports their detection of meaningful elements within naturalistic scenes. Here we investigated the impact of image characteristics on 8-month-olds’ search performance using a gaze contingent eye-tracking search task. Infants had to detect a target patch on a background image. The stimuli consisted of images taken from three categories: vegetation, non-living natural elements (e.g., stones), and manmade artifacts, for which we also assessed target background differences in lower- and higher-level visual properties. Our results showed that larger target-background differences in the statistical properties scaling invariance and entropy, and also stimulus backgrounds including low pictorial depth, predicted better detection performance. Furthermore, category membership only affected search performance if supported by luminance contrast. Data from an adult comparison group also indicated that infants’ search performance relied more on lower-order visual properties than adults. Taken together, these results suggest that infants use a combination of property- and category-related information to parse complex visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karola Schlegelmilch
- Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Annie E. Wertz
- Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Dercksen TT, Widmann A, Scharf F, Wetzel N. Sound omission related brain responses in children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 53:101045. [PMID: 34923314 PMCID: PMC8688889 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Action is an important way for children to learn about the world. Recent theories suggest that action is inherently accompanied by the sensory prediction of its effects. Such predictions can be revealed by rarely omitting the expected sensory consequence of the action, resulting in an omission response that is observable in the EEG. Although prediction errors play an important role in models of learning and development, little is known about omission-related brain responses in children. This study used a motor-auditory omission paradigm, testing a group of 6-8-year-old children and an adult group (N = 31 each). In an identity-specific condition, the sound coupled to the motor action was predictable, while in an identity unspecific condition the sound was unpredictable. Results of a temporal principal component analysis revealed that sound-related brain responses underlying the N1-complex differed considerably between age groups. Despite these developmental differences, omission responses (oN1) were similar between age groups. Two subcomponents of the oN1 were differently affected by specific and unspecific predictions. Results demonstrate that children, independent from the maturation of sound processing mechanisms, can implement specific and unspecific predictions as flexibly as adults. This supports theories that regard action and prediction error as important drivers of cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerk T Dercksen
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestraße 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Widmann
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestraße 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Leipzig University, Neumarkt 9-19, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Scharf
- University of Münster, Fliednerstraße 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Wetzel
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestraße 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany; University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Osterburgerstraße 25, 39576 Stendal, Germany
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27
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Lee KM, Ferreira-Santos F, Satpute AB. Predictive processing models and affective neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:211-228. [PMID: 34517035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The neural bases of affective experience remain elusive. Early neuroscience models of affect searched for specific brain regions that uniquely carried out the computations that underlie dimensions of valence and arousal. However, a growing body of work has failed to identify these circuits. Research turned to multivariate analyses, but these strategies, too, have made limited progress. Predictive processing models offer exciting new directions to address this problem. Here, we use predictive processing models as a lens to critique prevailing functional neuroimaging research practices in affective neuroscience. Our review highlights how much work relies on rigid assumptions that are inconsistent with a predictive processing approach. We outline the central aspects of a predictive processing model and draw out their implications for research in affective and cognitive neuroscience. Predictive models motivate a reformulation of "reverse inference" in cognitive neuroscience, and placing a greater emphasis on external validity in experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent M Lee
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, 125 NI, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Fernando Ferreira-Santos
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Ajay B Satpute
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, 125 NI, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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28
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Jiang J, Zheng L, Lu C. A hierarchical model for interpersonal verbal communication. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:246-255. [PMID: 33150951 PMCID: PMC7812628 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to use language makes us human. For decades, researchers have been racking their minds to understand the relation between language and the human brain. Nevertheless, most previous neuroscientific research has investigated this issue from a ‘single-brain’ perspective, thus neglecting the nature of interpersonal communication through language. With the development of modern hyperscanning techniques, researchers have begun probing the neurocognitive processes underlying interpersonal verbal communication and have examined the involvement of interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) in communication. However, in most cases, the neurocognitive processes underlying INS are obscure. To tentatively address this issue, we propose herein a hierarchical model based on the findings from a growing amount of hyperscanning research. We suggest that three levels of neurocognitive processes are primarily involved in interpersonal verbal communication and are closely associated with distinctive patterns of INS. Different levels of these processes modulate each other bidirectionally. Furthermore, we argued that two processes (shared representation and interpersonal predictive coding) might coexist and work together at each level to facilitate successful interpersonal verbal communication. We hope this model will inspire further innovative research in several directions within the fields of social and cognitive neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lifen Zheng
- Center for Teacher Education Research, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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29
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Hirai M, Kanakogi Y, Ikeda A. Observing inefficient action can induce infant preference and learning. Dev Sci 2021; 25:e13152. [PMID: 34258826 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
'Motionese' can be defined as an exaggerated and repetitive action. It induces preference and learning in infants. However, which action component of motionese promotes infants' preference and learning remains largely unknown. In this study, we focused on inefficiency and toward-ness of action. Our study demonstrates that observing an inefficient holding out action can induce a visual preference in 4-month-old infants and learning in 10-month-old infants through eight experiments (N = 192). We found that when infants observe inefficient holding out action, the action attracts their attention and facilitates learning about the identity of the toy object accompanying it, especially when people direct inefficient actions towards them. Our findings indicate that both action efficiency and toward-ness may be key factors in infant learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hirai
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kanakogi
- Department of Comparative and Developmental Psychology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ikeda
- Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Psychology, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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30
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Hoehl S, Bertenthal BI. An interactionist perspective on the development of coordinated social attention. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 61:1-41. [PMID: 34266562 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Infants' ability to coordinate their attention with other people develops profoundly across the first year of life. Mainly based on experimental research focusing on infants' behavior under highly controlled conditions, developmental milestones were identified and explained in the past by prominent theories in terms of the onset of specific cognitive skills. In contrast to this approach, recent longitudinal research challenges this perspective with findings suggesting that social attention develops continuously with a gradual refinement of skills. Informed by these findings, we argue for an interactionist and dynamical systems view that bases observable advances in infant social attention skills on increasingly fine-tuned mutual adjustments in the caregiver-infant dyad, resulting in gradually improving mutual prediction. We present evidence for this view from recent studies leveraging new technologies which afford the opportunity to dynamically track social interactions in real-time. These new technically-sophisticated studies offer unprecedented insights into the dynamic processes of infant-caregiver social attention. It is now possible to track in much greater detail fluctuations over time with regard to object-directed attention as well as social attention and how these processes relate to one another. Encouraged by these initial results and new insights from this interactionist developmental social neuroscience approach, we conclude with a "call to action" in which we advocate for more ecologically valid paradigms for studying social attention as a dynamic and bi-directional process.
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Vaisvaser S. The Embodied-Enactive-Interactive Brain: Bridging Neuroscience and Creative Arts Therapies. Front Psychol 2021; 12:634079. [PMID: 33995190 PMCID: PMC8121022 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition and incorporation of evidence-based neuroscientific concepts into creative arts therapeutic knowledge and practice seem valuable and advantageous for the purpose of integration and professional development. Moreover, exhilarating insights from the field of neuroscience coincide with the nature, conceptualization, goals, and methods of Creative Arts Therapies (CATs), enabling comprehensive understandings of the clinical landscape, from a translational perspective. This paper contextualizes and discusses dynamic brain functions that have been suggested to lie at the heart of intra- and inter-personal processes. Touching upon fundamental aspects of the self and self-other interaction, the state-of-the-art neuroscientific-informed views will shed light on mechanisms of the embodied, predictive and relational brain. The conceptual analysis introduces and interweaves the following contemporary perspectives of brain function: firstly, the grounding of mental activity in the lived, bodily experience will be delineated; secondly, the enactive account of internal models, or generative predictive representations, shaped by experience, will be defined and extensively deliberated; and thirdly, the interpersonal simulation and synchronization mechanisms that support empathy and mentalization will be thoroughly considered. Throughout the paper, the cross-talks between the brain and the body, within the brain through functionally connected neural networks and in the context of agent-environment dynamics, will be addressed. These communicative patterns will be elaborated on to unfold psychophysiological linkage, as well as psychopathological shifts, concluding with the neuroplastic change associated with the formulation of CATs. The manuscript suggests an integrative view of the brain-body-mind in contexts relevant to the therapeutic potential of the expressive creative arts and the main avenues by which neuroscience may ground, enlighten and enrich the clinical psychotherapeutic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Vaisvaser
- School of Society and the Arts, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
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Young infants process prediction errors at the theta rhythm. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118074. [PMID: 33878378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining how young infants respond to unexpected events is key to our understanding of their emerging concepts about the world around them. From a predictive processing perspective, it is intriguing to investigate how the infant brain responds to unexpected events (i.e., prediction errors), because they require infants to refine their predictions about the environment. Here, to better understand prediction error processes in the infant brain, we presented 9-month-olds (N = 36) a variety of physical and social events with unexpected versus expected outcomes, while recording their electroencephalogram (EEG). We found a pronounced response in the ongoing 4-5 Hz theta rhythm for the processing of unexpected (in contrast to expected) events, for a prolonged time window (2 s) and across all scalp-recorded electrodes. The condition difference in the theta rhythm was not related to the condition difference in infants' event-related activity to unexpected (versus expected) events in the negative central (Nc) component (0.4-0.6 s), a component, which is commonly analyzed in infant violation of expectation studies using EEG. These findings constitute critical evidence that the theta rhythm is involved in the processing of prediction errors from very early in human brain development. We discuss how the theta rhythm may support infants' refinement of basic concepts about the physical and social environment.
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Ferronato PAM, Resende B, Manoel EDJ. Interweaving social and manipulative development in early infancy: Some direction for infant caregiving. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63:101564. [PMID: 33857825 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Early infancy has been neglect not having the best opportunities to promote social motor and cognitive development. The maturational concept considering young infants as passive beings provide a misguided view of the developmental process. The human infant is an active being from the very beginning of life. In the social and physical world, they can, by observing and imitating, perform complex actions involving different motor behaviours. In the present review we argue that imitation and manipulative actions are integrated in Expressive Action System (Reed, 1996) where baby-caregiver social interaction is the link between the use and exploration of objects in the world. We present evidence that neonatal imitation and manipulation activities are connected and thus, we propose stimulation practices based in seminal experimental designs where infants should be positioned in favourable postures to observe others acting in the world. This will have an impact on the way that early infants understand the social world and the chain of actions possible in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Briseida Resende
- Psychology Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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34
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van Elk M. A predictive processing framework of tool use. Cortex 2021; 139:211-221. [PMID: 33878688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper I introduce the theory of predictive processing as a unifying conceptual framework to account for the human ability to use and innovate tools. I explain the basic concepts of predictive processing and illustrate how this framework accounts for the development of tool use in young infants and for findings in the neuropsychological and neuroscientific literature. Then, I argue that the predictive processing model needs to be complemented with a functional-evolutionary perspective, according to which the developmental and neurocognitive mechanisms should be understood in relation to the adaptive function that tools subserve. I discuss cross-cultural and comparative studies on tool use to illustrate how tools could facilitate a process of cumulative cultural and technological evolution. Furthermore, I illustrate how central premises of the predictive processing framework, such as the notion of Bayesian inference as a general principle and the role of prediction-error-updating, speak to central debates in evolutionary psychology, such as the massive modularity hypothesis and the trade-off between exploitation and innovation. Throughout the paper I make several concrete suggestions for future studies that could be used to put the predictive processing model of tool use to the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Elk
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Bhat A, Irizar H, Thygesen JH, Kuchenbaecker K, Pain O, Adams RA, Zartaloudi E, Harju-Seppänen J, Austin-Zimmerman I, Wang B, Muir R, Summerfelt A, Du XM, Bruce H, O'Donnell P, Srivastava DP, Friston K, Hong LE, Hall MH, Bramon E. Transcriptome-wide association study reveals two genes that influence mismatch negativity. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108868. [PMID: 33730571 PMCID: PMC7972991 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a differential electrophysiological response measuring cortical adaptability to unpredictable stimuli. MMN is consistently attenuated in patients with psychosis. However, the genetics of MMN are uncharted, limiting the validation of MMN as a psychosis endophenotype. Here, we perform a transcriptome-wide association study of 728 individuals, which reveals 2 genes (FAM89A and ENGASE) whose expression in cortical tissues is associated with MMN. Enrichment analyses of neurodevelopmental expression signatures show that genes associated with MMN tend to be overexpressed in the frontal cortex during prenatal development but are significantly downregulated in adulthood. Endophenotype ranking value calculations comparing MMN and three other candidate psychosis endophenotypes (lateral ventricular volume and two auditory-verbal learning measures) find MMN to be considerably superior. These results yield promising insights into sensory processing in the cortex and endorse the notion of MMN as a psychosis endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bhat
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Haritz Irizar
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Karoline Kuchenbaecker
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Pain
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rick A Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jasmine Harju-Seppänen
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Baihan Wang
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Muir
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann Summerfelt
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoming Michael Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Bruce
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricio O'Donnell
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mei-Hua Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Psychosis Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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36
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Motor cortex activity during action observation predicts subsequent action imitation in human infants. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Kube T, Rozenkrantz L. When Beliefs Face Reality: An Integrative Review of Belief Updating in Mental Health and Illness. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:247-274. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620931496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Belief updating is a relatively nascent field of research that examines how people adjust their beliefs in light of new evidence. So far, belief updating has been investigated in partly unrelated lines of research from different psychological disciplines. In this article, we aim to integrate these disparate lines of research. After presenting some prominent theoretical frameworks and experimental designs that have been used for the study of belief updating, we review how healthy people and people with mental disorders update their beliefs after receiving new information that supports or challenges their views. Available evidence suggests that both healthy people and people with particular mental disorders are prone to certain biases when updating their beliefs, although the nature of the respective biases varies considerably and depends on several factors. Anomalies in belief updating are discussed in terms of both new insights into the psychopathology of various mental disorders and societal implications, such as irreconcilable political and societal controversies due to the failure to take information into account that disconfirms one’s own view. We conclude by proposing a novel integrative model of belief updating and derive directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kube
- Program in Placebo Studies, Harvard Medical School/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Koblenz-Landau
| | - Liron Rozenkrantz
- Program in Placebo Studies, Harvard Medical School/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Romero-Ayuso D, Toledano-González A, Segura-Fragoso A, Triviño-Juárez JM, Rodríguez-Martínez MC. Assessment of Sensory Processing and Executive Functions at the School: Development, Reliability, and Validity of EPYFEI-Escolar. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:275. [PMID: 32548086 PMCID: PMC7272669 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Assessment of Sensory Processing and Executive Functions at the School (EPYFEI-Escolar), a questionnaire designed to assess the sensory processing and executive functions as underlying processes for school participation. The total sample consisted of 536 children aged between 3 and 11 years old who lived in Spain. A total of 103 teachers completed the questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted, which showed five main factors: (1) initiation, organization, execution, and supervision of the action; (2) inhibitory control; (3) sensory processing; (4) emotional self-regulation and play; and (5) self-competence. Some of these factors were similar to those found in the EPYFEI for parents in the home context. The reliability of the analysis was high, both for the whole questionnaire and for the factors it is composed of. The results provide evidence of the potential usefulness of the EPYFEI-Escolar in school contexts for determining academic needs and difficulties of children; moreover, this tool can also be used to plan intervention programs in the school environment according to the needs of each child and school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Romero-Ayuso
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Abel Toledano-González
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Fragoso
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
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