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Boecker L, Petrowsky HM, Loschelder DD, Lange J. The interplay of social rank perceptions of Trump and Biden and emotions following the U.S. presidential election 2020. Cogn Emot 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38922603 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2356713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The outcome of the 2020 U.S. election between Trump and Biden evoked strong emotions. In U.S. American (Study 1; N = 405) and German (Study 2; N = 123) samples, we investigated how observers' group membership (i.e. political orientation) and the social rank attainment of both candidates (i.e. dominance vs. prestige) predicted emotional reactions. Trump was generally perceived as more dominant, and Biden as more prestigious. However, perceptions of social rank attainment differed depending on the observers' political orientation, either matching or not matching with the leaders (i.e. Republicans and Democrats, respectively). The candidate who did not share the participants' political orientation was perceived as less prestigious and more dominant and elicited stronger contrastive emotions (i.e. schadenfreude, malicious envy) and weaker assimilative emotions (i.e. happy-for-ness, sympathy, anger), and vice versa. Crucially, dominance and prestige perceptions explained variance in the emotional reactions of more conservative and more liberal participants. Prestige positively predicted assimilative emotions and dominance contrastive emotions. Our work advances theorising by providing evidence that dominance and prestige perceptions contribute to the elicitation of various emotions. Furthermore, it suggests that prestige and dominance are not fixed characteristics of liberal and conservative leaders but depend on the observers' group membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Boecker
- Department of Economic Psychology, Social Psychology & Experimental Methods, University of Lunenburg, Lunenburg, Germany
| | - Hannes M Petrowsky
- Department of Economic Psychology, Social Psychology & Experimental Methods, University of Lunenburg, Lunenburg, Germany
| | - David D Loschelder
- Department of Economic Psychology, Social Psychology & Experimental Methods, University of Lunenburg, Lunenburg, Germany
| | - Jens Lange
- Department of Differential Psychology and Psychological Assessment, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Elkjær E, Kuppens P, Mikkelsen MB, O'Toole MS. Can action tendencies be counteracted by inducing incompatible emotions? Considering instances of anxiety and anger. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3247. [PMID: 37679879 PMCID: PMC10636385 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incompatible response hypothesis suggests that emotions and other affective states can counteract each other when incompatible. With the present study, we focused on two negative emotions (anger and anxiety) associated with different action tendencies (approach vs. avoidance). Specifically, we wanted to investigate if an anxiety manipulation, subsequent to an anger manipulation, would show a counteracting effect of the approach action tendencies associated with the initial anger manipulation and vice versa for anxiety and avoidance tendencies. METHODS We conducted a preregistered online experiment (N = 173). We evaluated changes from when the individual (1) was presented with a task in relation to a specific goal (e.g., anxiety induction: recordings of students' view on climate changes), (2) received a subsequent emotion induction framed within an unrelated task and goal (e.g., anger induction: student feedback on changes to the economic student compensation system), (3) after which they were asked to return to the initial task (e.g., from the anger induction back to the anxiety induction). Primary outcomes included visual and verbal measures of action tendencies, and secondary outcomes included appraisals and emotion experience. RESULTS The results showed no evidence of a counteractive effect by inducing emotions unrelated to the initial task and with incompatible action tendencies. Rather, results pointed to spill-over effects, which should be seen in light of the anger conditions resulting not only in increase anger and irritability but also anxiety and nervousness. CONCLUSIONS The lack of counteractive effects could be due to either the mixed emotions induced by the anger condition or the compatibility of motivational context (i.e., threat) of anxiety and anger. Future research needs to refine the incompatible response hypothesis, honing the ways in which incompatibility is needed for emotion alteration, for instance by investigating the role of the motivational context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Elkjær
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral SciencesAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Mai B. Mikkelsen
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral SciencesAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Mia S. O'Toole
- Department for Psychology and Behavioral SciencesAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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3
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Floman JL, Brackett MA, LaPalme ML, Ponnock AR, Barsade SG, Doyle A. Development and Validation of an Ability Measure of Emotion Understanding: The Core Relational Themes of Emotion (CORE) Test. J Intell 2023; 11:195. [PMID: 37888427 PMCID: PMC10607998 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion understanding (EU) ability is associated with healthy social functioning and psychological well-being. Across three studies, we develop and present validity evidence for the Core Relational Themes of Emotions (CORE) Test. The test measures people's ability to identify relational themes underlying 19 positive and negative emotions. Relational themes are consistencies in the meaning people assign to emotional experiences. In Study 1, we developed and refined the test items employing a literature review, expert panel, and confusion matrix with a demographically diverse sample. Correctness criteria were determined using theory and prior research, and a progressive (degrees of correctness) paradigm was utilized to score the test. In Study 2, the CORE demonstrated high internal consistency and a confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional factor structure. The CORE showed evidence of convergence with established EU ability measures and divergent relationships with verbal intelligence and demographic characteristics, supporting its construct validity. Also, the CORE was associated with less relational conflict. In Study 3, the CORE was associated with more adaptive and less maladaptive coping and higher well-being on multiple indicators. A set of effects remained, accounting for variance from a widely used EU test, supporting the CORE's incremental validity. Theoretical and methodological contributions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Floman
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Marc A. Brackett
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Matthew L. LaPalme
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Annette R. Ponnock
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Sigal G. Barsade
- Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aidan Doyle
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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4
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Houlihan SD, Kleiman-Weiner M, Hewitt LB, Tenenbaum JB, Saxe R. Emotion prediction as computation over a generative theory of mind. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220047. [PMID: 37271174 PMCID: PMC10239682 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
From sparse descriptions of events, observers can make systematic and nuanced predictions of what emotions the people involved will experience. We propose a formal model of emotion prediction in the context of a public high-stakes social dilemma. This model uses inverse planning to infer a person's beliefs and preferences, including social preferences for equity and for maintaining a good reputation. The model then combines these inferred mental contents with the event to compute 'appraisals': whether the situation conformed to the expectations and fulfilled the preferences. We learn functions mapping computed appraisals to emotion labels, allowing the model to match human observers' quantitative predictions of 20 emotions, including joy, relief, guilt and envy. Model comparison indicates that inferred monetary preferences are not sufficient to explain observers' emotion predictions; inferred social preferences are factored into predictions for nearly every emotion. Human observers and the model both use minimal individualizing information to adjust predictions of how different people will respond to the same event. Thus, our framework integrates inverse planning, event appraisals and emotion concepts in a single computational model to reverse-engineer people's intuitive theory of emotions. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Cognitive artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Dae Houlihan
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Max Kleiman-Weiner
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke B. Hewitt
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua B. Tenenbaum
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Saxe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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5
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Zielinski MJ, Veilleux JC, Fradley MF, Skinner KD. Perceived emotion invalidation predicts daily affect and stressors. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:214-228. [PMID: 35135399 PMCID: PMC9357853 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2033973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Perceived emotion invalidation is linked to the development or worsening of a variety of emotional and physical health conditions. However, prior studies are largely cross-sectional and whether there are day-to-day effects of generally feeling invalidated is unknown. DESIGN We examined the relations between perceived emotion invalidation and momentary affect, average daily affect, and the experience of daily stressors among a sample of young adults using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). METHODS Participants (n = 86) completed measures of perceived emotion invalidation and emotional reactivity at baseline then completed one week of EMA including: (1) 7x/day reports of current affect and social context and (2) 1x/day index of experienced stressors and their intensity. RESULTS Higher perceived emotion invalidation predicted lower momentary positive affect. Perceived invalidation also interacted with social context such that higher emotion invalidation predicted greater negative affect when participants were with non-close others (i.e., co-workers, acquaintances). Only participants with high perceived emotional invalidation experienced increased stress alongside heightened daily negative affect. CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary evidence that feeling emotionally invalidated may predict affective experiences, including how emotions are momentarily experienced and how life stressors are interpreted when they are later reflected on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Zielinski
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jennifer C Veilleux
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Marley F Fradley
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kayla D Skinner
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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6
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Cho H, Kim S, Chiu W. Exercise Participation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Anxiety, Stress, and Precautionary Behavior. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:437. [PMID: 36354414 PMCID: PMC9687679 DOI: 10.3390/bs12110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding emotion is critical, as it influences behavioral responses. In particular, anxiety is one of the most significant factors affecting individuals' behavior during a pandemic situation. However, the effect of coronavirus anxiety on exercise behaviors has not been extensively explored in the extant literature. Therefore, this study examined the relationships among coronavirus anxiety, stress, precautionary behavior, and exercise participation. A total of 307 responses were collected from individuals who experienced the full length of the circuit breaker in Singapore. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results showed that coronavirus anxiety had positive effects on stress and precautionary behavior. In addition, precautionary behavior played a mediating role in the relationships among coronavirus anxiety, stress, and exercise participation. The findings of this study identify how COVID-19 affected exercise participation during that period and suggest strategies to promote exercise participation, which would benefit individuals and governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heetae Cho
- Department of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Weisheng Chiu
- Lee Shau Kee School of Business and Administration, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Wang Y, Tang Z, Zhang X, Yang L. Auditory and cross-modal attentional bias toward positive natural sounds: Behavioral and ERP evidence. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:949655. [PMID: 35967006 PMCID: PMC9372282 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.949655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, researchers have expanded the investigation into attentional biases toward positive stimuli; however, few studies have examined attentional biases toward positive auditory information. In three experiments, the present study employed an emotional spatial cueing task using emotional sounds as cues and auditory stimuli (Experiment 1) or visual stimuli (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3) as targets to explore whether auditory or visual spatial attention could be modulated by positive auditory cues. Experiment 3 also examined the temporal dynamics of cross-modal auditory bias toward positive natural sounds using event-related potentials (ERPs). The behavioral results of the three experiments consistently demonstrated that response times to targets were faster after positive auditory cues than they were after neutral auditory cues in the valid condition, indicating that healthy participants showed a selective auditory attentional bias (Experiment 1) and cross-modal attentional bias (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3) toward positive natural sounds. The results of Experiment 3 showed that N1 amplitudes were more negative after positive sounds than they were after neutral sounds, which further provided electrophysiological evidence that positive auditory information enhances attention at early stages in healthy adults. The results of the experiments performed in the present study suggest that humans exhibit an attentional bias toward positive natural sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Libing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Kron A, Weksler A. The Feelings of Goals Hypothesis: Emotional Feelings are Non-Conceptual, Non-Motoric Representations of Goals. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739221104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes and develops the feelings of goals hypothesis (FGH). It has two aims: first, to describe the evolutionary function of emotional feelings (EFs), and second, to describe the content and the format of EFs. According to FGH, the evolutionary function of EFs is to enable motoric flexibility. Specifically, EFs are a component of a psychological mechanism that permits differential motoric reactions to the same stimulus. Further, according to FGH, EF is a special type of mental representation with the content of an action goal, and with a non-motoric, non-conceptual format. This paper thoroughly clarifies the assumptions underlying FGH and discusses its theoretical implications and empirical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Kron
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Assaf Weksler
- Department of Philosophy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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9
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Lennie TM, Eerola T. The CODA Model: A Review and Skeptical Extension of the Constructionist Model of Emotional Episodes Induced by Music. Front Psychol 2022; 13:822264. [PMID: 35496245 PMCID: PMC9043863 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses contemporary advancements in the affective sciences (described together as skeptical theories) that can inform the music-emotion literature. Key concepts in these theories are outlined, highlighting their points of agreement and disagreement. This summary shows the importance of appraisal within the emotion process, provides a greater emphasis upon goal-directed accounts of (emotion) behavior, and a need to move away from discrete emotion “folk” concepts and toward the study of an emotional episode and its components. Consequently, three contemporary music emotion theories (BRECVEMA, Multifactorial Process Approach, and a Constructionist Account) are examined through a skeptical lens. This critique highlights the over-reliance upon categorization and a lack of acknowledgment of appraisal processes, specifically goal-directed appraisal, in examining how individual experiences of music emerge in different contexts. Based on this critique of current music-emotion models, we present our skeptically informed CODA model - Constructivistly-Organised Dimensional-Appraisal model. This model addresses skeptical limitations of existing theories, reinstates the role of goal-directed appraisal as central to what makes music relevant and meaningful to an individual in different contexts and brings together different theoretical frameworks into a single model. From the development of the CODA model, several hypotheses are proposed and applied to musical contexts. These hypotheses address theoretical issues such as acknowledging individual and contextual differences in emotional intensity and valence, as well as differentiating between induced and perceived emotions, and utilitarian and aesthetic emotions. We conclude with a sections of recommendations for future research. Altogether, this theoretical critique and proposed model points toward a positive future direction for music-emotion science. One where researchers can take forward testable predictions about what makes music relevant and meaningful to an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Lennie
- Department of Music, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas Eerola
- Department of Music, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus R. Scherer
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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11
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Leitão J, Burckhardt M, Vuilleumier P. Amygdala in Action: Functional Connectivity during Approach and Avoidance Behaviors. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 34:729-747. [PMID: 34860249 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Motivation is an important feature of emotion. By driving approach to positive events and promoting avoidance of negative stimuli, motivation drives adaptive actions and goal pursuit. The amygdala has been associated with a variety of affective processes, particularly the appraisal of stimulus valence that is assumed to play a crucial role in the generation of approach and avoidance behaviors. Here, we measured amygdala functional connectivity patterns while participants played a video game manipulating goal conduciveness through the presence of good, neutral, or bad monsters. As expected, good versus bad monsters elicited opposing motivated behaviors, whereby good monsters induced more approach and bad monsters triggered more avoidance. These opposing directional behaviors were paralleled by increased connectivity between the amygdala and medial brain areas, such as the OFC and posterior cingulate, for good relative to bad, and between amygdala and caudate for bad relative to good monsters. Moreover, in both conditions, individual connectivity strength between the amygdala and medial prefrontal regions was positively correlated with brain scores from a latent component representing efficient goal pursuit, which was identified by a partial least square analysis determining the multivariate association between amygdala connectivity and behavioral motivation indices during gameplay. At the brain level, this latent component highlighted a widespread pattern of amygdala connectivity, including a dorsal frontoparietal network and motor areas. These results suggest that amygdala-medial prefrontal interactions captured the overall subjective relevance of ongoing events, which could consecutively drive the engagement of attentional, executive, and motor circuits necessary for implementing successful goal-pursuit, irrespective of approach or avoidance directions.
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12
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Abstract
In the first part of the article, the central role of theory in emotion psychology is underscored and reasons are given why more theoretical psychology of emotion is needed. In the second part, nine tasks for the theoretical psychology of emotion are defined, by refining and extending three of the general tasks of theoretical psychology proposed 70 years ago by Sigmund Koch [Theoretical psychology, 1950: An overview. Psychological Review, 58(4), 295. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055768]. The nine tasks are: (1) Analysis, rational reconstruction and critique of existing emotion theories. (2) Comparison of different theories. (3) Systematization and integration of theories. (4) Reconstruction of the development of theories over time. (5) Analysis, reconstruction and critique of theory-data and data-theory inferences. (6) Analysis, reconstruction and critique of the complete set of arguments for and against specific emotion-theoretic assumption and whole theories. (7) Analysis, reconstruction and critique of measurement theories for emotions. (8) Development of new emotion theories and theories of emotion measurement. (9) Information about theoretical and methodological developments of interest to emotion psychology in other subdisciplines of psychology and in neighbouring sciences, and export of theories and methods to other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Reisenzein
- Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Leitão J, Meuleman B, Van De Ville D, Vuilleumier P. Computational imaging during video game playing shows dynamic synchronization of cortical and subcortical networks of emotions. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000900. [PMID: 33180768 PMCID: PMC7685507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotions are multifaceted phenomena affecting mind, body, and behavior. Previous studies sought to link particular emotion categories (e.g., fear) or dimensions (e.g., valence) to specific brain substrates but generally found distributed and overlapping activation patterns across various emotions. In contrast, distributed patterns accord with multi-componential theories whereby emotions emerge from appraisal processes triggered by current events, combined with motivational, expressive, and physiological mechanisms orchestrating behavioral responses. According to this framework, components are recruited in parallel and dynamically synchronized during emotion episodes. Here, we use functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate brain-wide systems engaged by theoretically defined components and measure their synchronization during an interactive emotion-eliciting video game. We show that each emotion component recruits large-scale cortico-subcortical networks, and that moments of dynamic synchronization between components selectively engage basal ganglia, sensory-motor structures, and midline brain areas. These neural results support theoretical accounts grounding emotions onto embodied and action-oriented functions triggered by synchronized component processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Leitão
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ben Meuleman
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Lajante M, Lux G. Perspective: Why Organizational Researchers Should Consider Psychophysiology When Investigating Emotion? Front Psychol 2020; 11:1705. [PMID: 32849027 PMCID: PMC7396599 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neuroscience is currently gaining wide acceptance in organization science and management studies, some important questions remain unanswered and may hinder the development of so-called organizational neuroscience. Specifically, it appears that the usefulness and the applications of neuroscience methods to organization science are still unclear. Hence, the paper addresses this by examining the role of psychophysiology in investigating implicit emotional experience in organizational behaviors and by discussing how concepts from affective sciences and psychophysiological methods could provide a more complete picture of emotion in organization. Finally, we discuss some important points that should be carefully considered before using psychophysiological measurements in organization science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lajante
- Department of Marketing, Ted Rogers School of Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gulliver Lux
- Accounting Department, ESG-UQAM, UQAM University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Bell L, McCloy R, Butler L, Vogt J. Motivational and Affective Factors Underlying Consumer Dropout and Transactional Success in eCommerce: An Overview. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1546. [PMID: 32714258 PMCID: PMC7351522 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that more than half of all online transactions are abandoned before completion. This paper investigates the psychological factors that influence online shopping behavior, with a view to improving transactional success rates. Through a review of the literature, we identify a range of factors which predict abandonment of online shopping, highlighting affective and motivational dimensions in addition to processing style and characteristics of the consumer, device, and product. We conclude that online purchasing and payment systems that boost consumers’ motivation to buy and prevent or attenuate negative affective states will demonstrate the greatest rates of transactional success. However, with rapid advancement in technology, continued research is needed to fully understand the potential impact on future online purchasing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Bell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel McCloy
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie Butler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Vogt
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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16
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Lange J, Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Kleef GA, Fischer AH. Toward an Integrative Psychometric Model of Emotions. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:444-468. [PMID: 32040935 PMCID: PMC7059206 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619895057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are part and parcel of the human condition, but their nature is debated. Three broad classes of theories about the nature of emotions can be distinguished: affect-program theories, constructionist theories, and appraisal theories. Integrating these broad classes of theories into a unifying theory is challenging. An integrative psychometric model of emotions can inform such a theory because psychometric models are intertwined with theoretical perspectives about constructs. To identify an integrative psychometric model, we delineate properties of emotions stated by emotion theories and investigate whether psychometric models account for these properties. Specifically, an integrative psychometric model of emotions should allow (a) identifying distinct emotions (central in affect-program theories), (b) between- and within-person variations of emotions (central in constructionist theories), and (c) causal relationships between emotion components (central in appraisal theories). Evidence suggests that the popular reflective and formative latent variable models-in which emotions are conceptualized as unobservable causes or consequences of emotion components-cannot account for all properties. Conversely, a psychometric network model-in which emotions are conceptualized as systems of causally interacting emotion components-accounts for all properties. The psychometric network model thus constitutes an integrative psychometric model of emotions, facilitating progress toward a unifying theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lange
- Psychology Research Institute, University of
Amsterdam
| | - Jonas Dalege
- Psychology Research Institute, University of
Amsterdam
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17
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Yitmen Ş, Verkuyten M. Support to Syrian refugees in Turkey: The roles of descriptive and injunctive norms, threat, and negative emotions. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Şenay Yitmen
- Ercomer, Social and Behavioral Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maykel Verkuyten
- Ercomer, Social and Behavioral Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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18
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19
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Gao C, Wedell DH, Green JJ, Jia X, Mao X, Guo C, Shinkareva SV. Temporal dynamics of audiovisual affective processing. Biol Psychol 2018; 139:59-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Kuppens P. Improving theory, measurement, and reality to advance the future of emotion research. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:20-23. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1536037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Dymond S, Bennett M, Boyle S, Roche B, Schlund M. Related to Anxiety: Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding and Experimental Psychopathology Research on Fear and Avoidance. Perspect Behav Sci 2018; 41:189-213. [PMID: 32004365 PMCID: PMC6701705 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-017-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have an unparalleled ability to engage in arbitrarily applicable relational responding (AARR). One of the consequences of this ability to spontaneously combine and relate events from the past, present, and future may, in fact, be a propensity to suffer. For instance, maladaptive fear and avoidance of remote or derived threats may actually perpetuate anxiety. In this narrative review, we consider contemporary AARR research on fear and avoidance as it relates to anxiety. We first describe laboratory-based research on the emergent spread of fear- and avoidance-eliciting functions in humans. Next, we consider the validity of AARR research on fear and avoidance and address the therapeutic implications of the work. Finally, we outline challenges and opportunities for a greater synthesis between behavior analysis research on AARR and experimental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dymond
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, Nauthólsvík, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Marc Bennett
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Lloyd Building, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sean Boyle
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Bryan Roche
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Michael Schlund
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Loeffler Building, Room 316, 121 Meyran Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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22
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Huang YA, Jastorff J, Van den Stock J, Van de Vliet L, Dupont P, Vandenbulcke M. Studying emotion theories through connectivity analysis: Evidence from generalized psychophysiological interactions and graph theory. Neuroimage 2018; 172:250-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to consider two of the most popular arguments offered in support of the view that emotions do not cause actions. One argument suggests that emotions come after actions and therefore cannot cause them ( argument from timing). The other argument suggests that emotions are not necessarily followed by actions and therefore cannot cause them ( argument from imperfect association). I argue that neither of these two arguments is compelling. At the same time, some of the concerns of causation skeptics can help us better understand what a theory of the causal connection between emotions and actions should explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scarantino
- Department of Philosophy and the Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, USA
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24
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Moors A, Boddez Y, De Houwer J. The Power of Goal-Directed Processes in the Causation of Emotional and Other Actions. EMOTION REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073916669595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Standard dual-process models in the action domain postulate that stimulus-driven processes are responsible for suboptimal behavior because they take them to be rigid and automatic and therefore the default. We propose an alternative dual-process model in which goal-directed processes are the default instead. We then transfer the dual- process logic from the action domain to the emotion domain. This reveals that emotional behavior is often attributed to stimulus-driven processes. Our alternative model submits that goal-directed processes could be the primary determinant of emotional behavior instead. We evaluate the type of empirical evidence required for validating our model and we consider implications of our model for behavior change, encouraging strategies focused on the expectancies and values of action outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Moors
- Centre for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Yannick Boddez
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan De Houwer
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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25
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Peng C, Nelissen RMA, Zeelenberg M. Reconsidering the roles of gratitude and indebtedness in social exchange. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:760-772. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1353484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Peng
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M. A. Nelissen
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Zeelenberg
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Marketing, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Kuppens P, Verduyn P. Emotion dynamics. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 17:22-26. [PMID: 28950968 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of emotion dynamics involves the study of the trajectories, patterns, and regularities with which emotions (or rather, the experiential, physiological, and behavioral elements that constitute an emotion) fluctuate across time, their underlying processes, and downstream consequences. Here, we formulate some of the basic principles underlying emotional change over time, discuss methods to study emotion dynamics, their relevance for psychological well-being, and a number of challenges and opportunities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Verduyn
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium; Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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27
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Saxe R, Houlihan SD. Formalizing emotion concepts within a Bayesian model of theory of mind. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 17:15-21. [PMID: 28950962 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity to others' emotions is foundational for many aspects of human life, yet computational models do not currently approach the sensitivity and specificity of human emotion knowledge. Perception of isolated physical expressions largely supplies ambiguous, low-dimensional, and noisy information about others' emotional states. By contrast, observers attribute specific granular emotions to another person based on inferences of how she interprets (or 'appraises') external events in relation to her other mental states (goals, beliefs, moral values, costs). These attributions share neural mechanisms with other reasoning about minds. Situating emotion concepts in a formal model of people's intuitive theories about other minds is necessary to effectively capture humans' fine-grained emotion understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Saxe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 43 Vassar St, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Sean Dae Houlihan
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 43 Vassar St, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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28
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Moors A. Integration of Two Skeptical Emotion Theories: Dimensional Appraisal Theory and Russell's Psychological Construction Theory. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2017.1235900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Moors
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School/Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
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30
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Weidman AC, Tracy JL. How to Study the Structure of Emotions? A Welcome Call to Action and a Pragmatic Proposal. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2017.1254612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Weidman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica L. Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Rowe AD. Feelings About Feedback: The Role of Emotions in Assessment for Learning. THE ENABLING POWER OF ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3045-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Abstract
The study of affect dynamics aims to discover the patterns and regularities with which emotions and affective experiences and components change across time, the underlying mechanisms involved, and their potential relevance for healthy psychological functioning. The intention of this special section is to serve as a mini handbook covering the contemporary state of research into affect dynamics. Contributions address theoretical viewpoints on the origins and functions of emotional change, methodological and modeling approaches, biological and social perspectives on affect dynamics, and the downstream consequences for well-being and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Abstract
In this commentary I focus on similarities, discrepancies, and problems in the four large theoretical perspectives on emotions presented in this issue. Focusing on the approaches’ ideas about the functionality of emotions, I will discuss limitations that call for (additional) smaller and more focused theories.
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34
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35
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Abstract
The authors of the articles in this special section discuss an array of psychological perspectives on emotion. The articles provide only a limited consideration of status and power processes, however, which play a larger role in sociological theories of emotion than in psychological ones. Here, I examine the ways in which the theories account for status and power and suggest opportunities for greater inclusion of these key facets of social structure.
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36
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Abstract
This commentary on four theoretical articles published in this issue of Emotion Review discusses the one big thing that links them all and raises some questions about the ontological status of the appraisal part of appraisal theories of emotion.
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37
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Abstract
It is time to abandon essentialism in emotional research: Our sociodynamic model (Mesquita & Boiger, 2014) proposes to study emotions as contextualized processes, rather than as states. This does not mean eschewing mental processes, but rather studying them dynamically and in open interaction with their environment. Our proposal is not to shift the focus of emotion studies to a different level. Rather, placing emotions in their social context renders their psychological qualities understandable and predictable. This is illustrated by some examples from my own cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batja Mesquita
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Abstract
We propose a sociodynamic model of emotions, in which emotions are seen as dynamic systems that emerge from the interactions and relationships in which they take place. Our model does not deny that emotions are biologically constrained, yet it takes seriously that emotions are situated in specific contexts. We conceive emotions as largely functional to the sociocultural environment in which they occur; this is so because sociocultural environments foster the emergence of emotions that positively contribute to social cohesion. The role of the social context includes actual, online shaping—affordances, constraints, and reward structures—and thus goes beyond merely providing the content of cognitive representations (e.g., goals, concepts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Batja Mesquita
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Boiger
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Buss DM. Comment: Evolutionary Criteria for Considering an Emotion “Basic”: Jealousy as an Illustration. EMOTION REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073914534481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern evolutionary psychology provides a cogent criterion for considering an emotion as “basic”: Whether the emotion evolved to solve an adaptive problem tributary to reproduction. Criteria such as distinctive universal signals, presence in other primates, or contribution to survival are not relevant, even though some basic emotions have these properties. Abundant evidence suggests that sexual jealousy is properly considered a basic emotion, even though it lacks a distinct expressive signature, contributes to adaptive problems of mating rather than survival, and may or may not be present in other primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Buss
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, USA
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40
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Abstract
Progress in emotions research requires understanding why debate about the general nature of emotions remains intractable. Much confusion arises from proposals that offer one of the four different kinds of biological explanation, without recognizing the need for other three. More arises from tacitly thinking of emotions as products of design, when they are actually organically complex products of natural selection. Finally, debate persists because of categorizing emotions by functions, instead of recognizing that each emotion was shaped by the adaptive challenges posed by a recurring situation. No general explanation of the kind usually sought for emotions exists, however progress is possible if we study emotions as organically complex partially differentiated constellations of changes that have been useful in certain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph M. Nesse
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Evolution, Medicine, & Public Health, Arizona State University, USA
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41
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Abstract
While it is common to think that neuroscientists are proponents of basic emotions theory, this is not necessarily the case. My ideas, for example are more aligned with cognitive than basic emotions theories.
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42
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Abstract
Commentary on four articles in a special issue on “theories of emotion,” comparing the theories with respect to five conceptual contrasts. The first four contrasts are essentialism versus nonessentialism, discriminative versus integrative theories, individual versus social focus, and instrumentalism versus scientific realism. Although scientific psychologists appear to have reached consensus in favor of nonessentialism and they freely use both realist and instrumentalist interpretations, there is no consensus on the other two contrasts. The final contrast explored addresses attitudes toward the use of philosophy in scientific theorizing, and whether philosophy is best kept in the background or brought into the foreground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zachar
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University Montgomery, USA
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43
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Abstract
This exchange provides an array of perspectives on the questions of what emotions are, how they function, and how they should be studied. While my approach is evolutionary and functionalist—viewing each distinct emotion as having evolved to serve a particular function (though not necessarily one entirely unique to that emotion)—this approach is not the only one needed to fully understand emotions. Furthermore, several of the accounts offered here might be effectively synthesized by accepting the importance of both universal evolutionary factors and sociocultural particulars in shaping emotion experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
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44
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Bossuyt E, Moors A, De Houwer J. Exploring the Relations between Regret, Self-agency, and the Tendency to Repair Using Experimental Methods and Structural Equation Modeling. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-014-0065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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