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Ribet F, Bendes A, Fredolini C, Dobielewski M, Böttcher M, Beck O, Schwenk JM, Stemme G, Roxhed N. Microneedle Patch for Painless Intradermal Collection of Interstitial Fluid Enabling Multianalyte Measurement of Small Molecules, SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies, and Protein Profiling. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202564. [PMID: 36748807 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood sampling is a common practice to monitor health, but it entails a series of drawbacks for patients including pain and discomfort. Thus, there is a demand for more convenient ways to obtain samples. Modern analytical techniques enable monitoring of multiple bioanalytes in smaller samples, opening possibilities for new matrices, and microsampling technologies to be adopted. Interstitial fluid (ISF) is an attractive alternative matrix that shows good correlation with plasma concentration dynamics for several analytes and can be sampled in a minimally invasive and painless manner from the skin at the point-of-care. However, there is currently a lack of sampling devices compatible with clinical translation. Here, to tackle state-of-the-art limitations, a cost-effective and compact single-microneedle-based device designed to painlessly collect precisely 1.1 µL of dermal ISF within minutes is presented. The fluid is volume-metered, dried, and stably stored into analytical-grade paper within the microfluidic device. The obtained sample can be mailed to a laboratory, quantitatively analyzed, and provide molecular insights comparable to blood testing. In a human study, the possibility to monitor various classes of molecular analytes is demonstrated in ISF microsamples, including caffeine, hundreds of proteins, and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, some being detected in ISF for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ribet
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Annika Bendes
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), SciLifeLab, Solna, 17165, Sweden
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), SciLifeLab, Solna, 17165, Sweden
| | - Mikolaj Dobielewski
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Michael Böttcher
- MVZ Medizinische Labor Dessau Kassel GmbH, D-06847, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Olof Beck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), SciLifeLab, Solna, 17165, Sweden
| | - Göran Stemme
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Niclas Roxhed
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
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2
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Fiedorova K, Augustynek M, Kubicek J, Kudrna P, Bibbo D. Review of present method of glucose from human blood and body fluids assessment. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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3
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Zhao L, Zhang C, Abu‐Ershaid JM, Li M, Li Y, Naser Y, Dai X, Abbate MTA, Donnelly RF. Smart Responsive Microarray Patches for Transdermal Drug Delivery and Biological Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100996. [PMID: 34449129 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional drug delivery routes possess various disadvantages which make them unsuitable for certain population groups, or indeed unsuitable for drugs with certain physicochemical properties. As a result, a variety of alternative drug delivery routes have been explored in recent decades, including transdermal drug delivery. One of the most promising novel transdermal drug delivery technologies is a microarray patch (MAP), which can bypass the outermost skin barrier and deliver drugs directly into the viable epidermis and dermis. Unlike traditional MAPs which release loaded cargo simultaneously upon insertion into the skin, stimuli responsive MAPs based on biological stimuli are able to precisely release the drug in response to the need for additional doses. Thus, smart MAPs that are only responsive to certain external stimuli are highly desirable, as they provide safer and more efficient drug delivery. In addition to drug delivery, they can also be used for biological monitoring, which further expands their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- School of Pharmacy Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | | | - Mingshan Li
- School of Pharmacy Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Yaocun Li
- School of Pharmacy Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Yara Naser
- School of Pharmacy Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Xianbing Dai
- School of Pharmacy Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Marco T. A. Abbate
- School of Pharmacy Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
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4
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Zhang BL, Jin X, Sun LH, Guo XD. Needle-shaped glucose sensor based on polypyrrole doped with glucose oxidase. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Cappon G, Facchinetti A, Sparacino G, Georgiou P, Herrero P. Classification of Postprandial Glycemic Status with Application to Insulin Dosing in Type 1 Diabetes-An In Silico Proof-of-Concept. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19143168. [PMID: 31323886 PMCID: PMC6679291 DOI: 10.3390/s19143168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the daily management of type 1 diabetes (T1D), determining the correct insulin dose to be injected at meal-time is fundamental to achieve optimal glycemic control. Wearable sensors, such as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices, are instrumental to achieve this purpose. In this paper, we show how CGM data, together with commonly recorded inputs (carbohydrate intake and bolus insulin), can be used to develop an algorithm that allows classifying, at meal-time, the post-prandial glycemic status (i.e., blood glucose concentration being too low, too high, or within target range). Such an outcome can then be used to improve the efficacy of insulin therapy by reducing or increasing the corresponding meal bolus dose. A state-of-the-art T1D simulation environment, including intraday variability and a behavioral model, was used to generate a rich in silico dataset corresponding to 100 subjects over a two-month scenario. Then, an extreme gradient-boosted tree (XGB) algorithm was employed to classify the post-prandial glycemic status. Finally, we demonstrate how the XGB algorithm outcome can be exploited to improve glycemic control in T1D through real-time adjustment of the meal insulin bolus. The proposed XGB algorithm obtained good accuracy at classifying post-prandial glycemic status (AUROC = 0.84 [0.78, 0.87]). Consequently, when used to adjust, in real-time, meal insulin boluses obtained with a bolus calculator, the proposed approach improves glycemic control when compared to the baseline bolus calculator. In particular, percentage time in target [70, 180] mg/dL was improved from 61.98 (±13.89) to 67.00 (±11.54; p < 0.01) without increasing hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Cappon
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Facchinetti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Sparacino
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy
| | - Pantelis Georgiou
- Department of Electrical and Electronical Engineering, Imperial College London, London W5 5SA, UK
| | - Pau Herrero
- Department of Electrical and Electronical Engineering, Imperial College London, London W5 5SA, UK.
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6
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Ribet F, Stemme G, Roxhed N. Real-time intradermal continuous glucose monitoring using a minimally invasive microneedle-based system. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:101. [PMID: 30523421 PMCID: PMC6290652 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has the potential to greatly improve diabetes management. The aim of this work is to show a proof-of-concept CGM device which performs minimally invasive and minimally delayed in-situ glucose sensing in the dermal interstitial fluid, combining the advantages of microneedle-based and commercially available CGM systems. The device is based on the integration of an ultra-miniaturized electrochemical sensing probe in the lumen of a single hollow microneedle, separately realized using standard silicon microfabrication methods. By placing the sensing electrodes inside the lumen facing an opening towards the dermal space, real-time measurement purely can be performed relying on molecular diffusion over a short distance. Furthermore, the device relies only on passive capillary lumen filling without the need for complex fluid extraction mechanisms. Importantly, the transdermal portion of the device is 50 times smaller than that of commercial products. This allows access to the dermis and simultaneously reduces tissue trauma, along with being virtually painless during insertion. The three-electrode enzymatic sensor alone was previously proven to have satisfactory sensitivity (1.5 nA/mM), linearity (up to 14 mM), selectivity, and long-term stability (up to 4 days) in-vitro. In this work we combine this sensor technology with microneedles for reliable insertion in forearm skin. In-vivo human tests showed the possibility to correctly and dynamically track glycaemia over time, with approximately 10 min delay with respect to capillary blood control values, in line with the expected physiological lag time. The proposed device can thus reduce discomfort and potentially enable less invasive real-time CGM in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ribet
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Stemme
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niclas Roxhed
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Takeuchi K, Kim B. Functionalized microneedles for continuous glucose monitoring. NANO CONVERGENCE 2018; 5:28. [PMID: 30467645 PMCID: PMC6199201 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) have been established as promising medical devices as they are minimally invasive, cause less pain, and can be utilized for self-administration of drugs by patients. There has been rapid development in MNs for transdermal monitoring and diagnostic systems, following the active research on fabrication methods and applications for drug delivery. In this paper, recent investigations on bio-sensing using MNs are reviewed in terms of the applicability to continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), which is one of the main research focuses of medical engineering technologies. The trend of the functionalized MNs can be categorized as follows: (i) as a sensing probe, and (ii) as a biological fluid collector. MNs as in vivo sensors are mainly integrated or coated with conductive materials to have the function as electrodes. MNs as fluid collectors are given a certain geometrical design, such as a hollow and porous structure aided by a capillary action or negative pressure, to extract the interstitial fluids or blood for ex vivo analysis. For realization of CGMS with MNs, a long-term accurate measurement by the MN-based sensing probe or a fluidic connection between the MN-based fluid collector and the existing microfluidic measurement systems should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
| | - Beomjoon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
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8
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Heinemann L, Stuhr A, Brown A, Freckmann G, Breton MD, Russell S, Heinemann L. Self-measurement of Blood Glucose and Continuous Glucose Monitoring - Is There Only One Future? EUROPEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2018; 14:24-29. [PMID: 30349591 PMCID: PMC6182926 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2018.14.2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring glycaemic control in patients with diabetes has evolved dramatically over the past decades. The introduction of easy-to-use systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) utilising capillary blood samples has resulted in the availability of a wide range of systems, providing different measurement quality. Systems for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) – used mainly in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) – were made possible by the development of glucose sensors that measure glucose levels in the interstitial fluid (ISF) in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin. CGM readings might not correspond exactly to SMBG measurement results taken at the same time, especially during rapid changes in either blood glucose or ISF glucose levels. The mean absolute relative difference is the most popular method used for characterising the measurement performance of CGM systems. Unlike the International Organization for Standardization 15197:2013 criteria for SMBG systems, no accuracy standards for CGM systems exist. Measurement quality of CGM systems can vary based on several factors, limiting their safety and effective use in managing diabetes. Patients have to be trained adequately to make safe and efficient use of CGM systems (like with SMBG systems). Also, systems for CGM must be evaluated in terms of patient safety and the ability to provide accurate measurements regardless of the fluctuation of glucose levels. As new technological advancements in glucose monitoring are essential for improved management options of diabetes, such as automated insulin dosing systems, there is a need for a critical view of all such developments. It is likely that both, SMBG and CGM systems, will play important future roles in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Brown
- Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Neuss, Germany.,Ascensia Diabetes Care, NJ, US.,Head of Diabetes Technology and Digital Health Close Concerns, San Francisco, US.,MD, General Manager and Medical Director, Institute of Diabetes Technology Research and Development Company GmbH ULM University, Germany.,PhD, Associate Professor, Center for Diabetes Technologies, University of Virginia, US.,MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Diabetes Research Center, US.,CEO, Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Germany
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Neuss, Germany.,Ascensia Diabetes Care, NJ, US.,Head of Diabetes Technology and Digital Health Close Concerns, San Francisco, US.,MD, General Manager and Medical Director, Institute of Diabetes Technology Research and Development Company GmbH ULM University, Germany.,PhD, Associate Professor, Center for Diabetes Technologies, University of Virginia, US.,MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Diabetes Research Center, US.,CEO, Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Germany
| | - Marc D Breton
- Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Neuss, Germany.,Ascensia Diabetes Care, NJ, US.,Head of Diabetes Technology and Digital Health Close Concerns, San Francisco, US.,MD, General Manager and Medical Director, Institute of Diabetes Technology Research and Development Company GmbH ULM University, Germany.,PhD, Associate Professor, Center for Diabetes Technologies, University of Virginia, US.,MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Diabetes Research Center, US.,CEO, Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Germany
| | - Steven Russell
- Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Neuss, Germany.,Ascensia Diabetes Care, NJ, US.,Head of Diabetes Technology and Digital Health Close Concerns, San Francisco, US.,MD, General Manager and Medical Director, Institute of Diabetes Technology Research and Development Company GmbH ULM University, Germany.,PhD, Associate Professor, Center for Diabetes Technologies, University of Virginia, US.,MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Diabetes Research Center, US.,CEO, Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Germany
| | - Lutz Heinemann
- Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Neuss, Germany.,Ascensia Diabetes Care, NJ, US.,Head of Diabetes Technology and Digital Health Close Concerns, San Francisco, US.,MD, General Manager and Medical Director, Institute of Diabetes Technology Research and Development Company GmbH ULM University, Germany.,PhD, Associate Professor, Center for Diabetes Technologies, University of Virginia, US.,MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Diabetes Research Center, US.,CEO, Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Germany
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9
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Vettoretti M, Cappon G, Acciaroli G, Facchinetti A, Sparacino G. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Current Use in Diabetes Management and Possible Future Applications. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2018; 12:1064-1071. [PMID: 29783897 PMCID: PMC6134613 DOI: 10.1177/1932296818774078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent announcement of the production of new low-cost continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors, the approval of marketed CGM sensors for making treatment decisions, and new reimbursement criteria have the potential to revolutionize CGM use. After briefly summarizing current CGM applications, we discuss how, in our opinion, these changes are expected to extend CGM utilization beyond diabetes patients, for example, to subjects with prediabetes or even healthy individuals. We also elaborate on how the integration of CGM data with other relevant information, for example, health records and other medical device/wearable sensor data, will contribute to creating a digital data ecosystem that will improve our understanding of the etiology and complications of diabetes and will facilitate the development of data analytics for personalized diabetes management and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vettoretti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cappon
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giada Acciaroli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Facchinetti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sparacino
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Giovanni Sparacino, PhD, Department of Information Engineering University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6B, Padova, 35131, Italy.
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10
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Vettoretti M, Facchinetti A, Sparacino G, Cobelli C. Type-1 Diabetes Patient Decision Simulator for In Silico Testing Safety and Effectiveness of Insulin Treatments. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 65:1281-1290. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2746340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Zhang XD, Pechter D, Yang L, Ping X, Yao Z, Zhang R, Shen X, Li NX, Connick J, Nawrocki AR, Chakravarthy M, Li C. Decreased complexity of glucose dynamics preceding the onset of diabetes in mice and rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182810. [PMID: 28877180 PMCID: PMC5587227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a platform to measure blood glucose (BG) levels continuously in real time with high enough resolution to document their underlying fluctuations. Multiscale entropy (MSE) analysis has been proposed as a measure of time-series complexity, and when applied to clinical CGM data, MSE analysis revealed that diabetic patients have lower MSE complexity in their BG time series than healthy subjects. To determine if the clinical observations on complexity of glucose dynamics can be back-translated to relevant preclinical species used routinely in diabetes drug discovery, we performed CGM in both mouse (ob/ob) and rat (Zucker Diabetic Fatty, ZDF) models of diabetes. We demonstrate that similar to human data, the complexity of glucose dynamics is also decreased in diabetic mice and rats. We show that low complexity of glucose dynamics is not simply a reflection of high glucose values, but rather reflective of the underlying disease state (i.e. diabetes). Finally, we demonstrate for the first time that the complexity of glucose fluctuations in ZDF rats, as probed by MSE analysis, is decreased prior to the onset of overt diabetes, although complexity undergoes further decline during the transition to frank diabetes. Our study suggests that MSE could serve as a novel biomarker for the progression to diabetes and that complexity studies in preclinical models could offer a new paradigm for early differentiation, and thereby, selection of appropriate clinical candidate molecules to be tested in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Douglas Zhang
- Department of BARDS, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David Pechter
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Ping
- Department of Laboratories Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Zuliang Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiaolan Shen
- Department of Laboratories Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nina Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Connick
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Andrea R. Nawrocki
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Manu Chakravarthy
- Department of Translational Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Sharma S, Saeed A, Johnson C, Gadegaard N, Cass AEG. Rapid, low cost prototyping of transdermal devices for personal healthcare monitoring. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2017; 13:104-108. [PMID: 28424755 PMCID: PMC5384990 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The next generation of devices for personal healthcare monitoring will comprise molecular sensors to monitor analytes of interest in the skin compartment. Transdermal devices based on microneedles offer an excellent opportunity to explore the dynamics of molecular markers in the interstitial fluid, however good acceptability of these next generation devices will require several technical problems associated with current commercially available wearable sensors to be overcome. These particularly include reliability, comfort and cost. An essential pre-requisite for transdermal molecular sensing devices is that they can be fabricated using scalable technologies which are cost effective. We present here a minimally invasive microneedle array as a continuous monitoring platform technology. Method for scalable fabrication of these structures is presented. The microneedle arrays were characterised mechanically and were shown to penetrate human skin under moderate thumb pressure. They were then functionalised and evaluated as glucose, lactate and theophylline biosensors. The results suggest that this technology can be employed in the measurement of metabolites, therapeutic drugs and biomarkers and could have an important role to play in the management of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anwer Saeed
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Christopher Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Anthony EG Cass
- Department of Chemistry & Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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13
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Gehr B, Holder M, Kulzer B, Lange K, Liebl A, Sahm C, von Sengbusch S, Schlüter S, Siegmund T, Thurm U, Ziegler R, Freckmann G, Heinemann L. SPECTRUM. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2017; 11:284-289. [PMID: 27510443 PMCID: PMC5478015 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816661735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal usage of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) requires adequate training of the users. Providing patients with a CGM system without such a training usually doesn't lead to the intended improvement in metabolic control. METHODS In Germany we developed a structured training program ("SPECTRUM") to ensure a high quality standard for the use of CGM systems. RESULTS This program is suitably for patients of all age groups and is applicable to all CGM systems and all forms of insulin therapy. A curriculum was also developed so that training centers with less experience with CGM could become capable of offering comprehensive CGM training. CONCLUSIONS We believe that usage of such a program can be an important step forward in achieving more widespread acceptance and use of CGM systems. Translations in other languages and evaluation with a controlled clinical trial are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gehr
- m&i Fachklinik Bad Heilbrunn, Centre for Diabetes and Metabolism, Bad Heilbrunn, Germany
- Bernhard Gehr, MD, Fachklinik Bad Heilbrunn, Wörnerweg 30, D-83670 Bad Heilbrunn, Germany.
| | - Martin Holder
- Klinikum Stuttgart, Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kulzer
- Forschungsinstitut Diabetes-Akademie Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Karin Lange
- Hannover Medical School, Medical Psychology Unit, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Liebl
- m&i Fachklinik Bad Heilbrunn, Centre for Diabetes and Metabolism, Bad Heilbrunn, Germany
| | - Claudia Sahm
- Diabetologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Herrsching, Germany
| | | | | | - Thorsten Siegmund
- Klinik fuer Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel, Isar Klinikum Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Thurm
- Diabetologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Ziegler
- Diabetologische Schwerpunktpraxis fuer Kinder und Jugendliche, Muenster, Germany
| | - Guido Freckmann
- Institut fuer Diabetes-Technologie Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Krentz AJ, Hompesch M. Glucose: archetypal biomarker in diabetes diagnosis, clinical management and research. Biomark Med 2016; 10:1153-1166. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical utility of diabetes biomarkers can be considered in terms of diagnosis, management and prediction of long-term vascular complications. Glucose satisfies all of these requirements. Thresholds of hyperglycemia diagnostic of diabetes reflect inflections that confer a risk of developing long-term microvascular complications. Degrees of hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance) that lie below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes identify individuals at risk of progression to diabetes and/or development of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Self-measured glucose levels usefully complement hemoglobin A1c levels to guide daily management decisions. Continuous glucose monitoring provides detailed real-time data that is of value in clinical decision making, assessing response to new diabetes drugs and the development of closed-loop artificial pancreas technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Krentz
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Life Sciences, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK
- Profil Institute for Clinical Research, 855 3rd Avenue Suite 4400, Chula Vista, CA 91911, USA
| | - Marcus Hompesch
- Profil Institute for Clinical Research, 855 3rd Avenue Suite 4400, Chula Vista, CA 91911, USA
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15
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Schiaffini R, Liccardo D, Alisi A, Benevento D, Cappa M, Cianfarani S, Nobili V. Early Glucose Derangement Detected by Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Progression of Liver Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Independent Predictive Factor? Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 85:29-34. [PMID: 26613528 DOI: 10.1159/000441842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose derangement has been reported to increase oxidative stress, one of the most important factors underlying the progression of hepatic fibrosis in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To date, careful evaluation of the glucose profile in pediatric NAFLD has not been performed. METHODS A total of 30 severely obese children (15 males; mean age 12.87 ± 2.19 years) with biopsy-proven NAFLD were enrolled in this study from September to December 2013. All patients underwent anthropometric and laboratory evaluation, including the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). RESULTS Our study reveals some differences between OGTT and CGM in detecting NAFLD children with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). OGTT showed 2 (6.67%) patients with IFG and 1 (3.34%) with IGT, while CGM showed 5 (16.67%) patients with IFG and 6 (20%) with IGT. The daily blood glucose profile positively correlated with the baseline blood glucose (r = 0.39, p = 0.04) and the homeostatic model assessment (r = 0.56, p = 0.05). A positive correlation between hyperglycemia and liver fibrosis was found (r = 0.65, p < 0.05). Mean glucose values (F3-F4 group: 163.2 ± 35.92 mg/dl vs. F1 group: 136.58 ± 46.83 mg/dl and F2 group: 154.12 ± 22.51 mg/dl) and the difference between the minimum and maximum blood glucose levels (F3-F4 group: 110.21 ± 25.26 mg/dl vs. F1 group: 91.67 ± 15.97 mg/dl and F2 group: 92 ± 15.48 mg/dl) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the F3-F4 group compared to the F1 and F2 groups. CONCLUSION Glucose profile derangement as detected by CGM is associated with the severity of hepatic fibrosis in children with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Schiaffini
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bambino Gesx00F9; Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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16
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Battelino T, Liabat S, Veeze HJ, Castañeda J, Arrieta A, Cohen O. Routine use of continuous glucose monitoring in 10 501 people with diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2015; 32:1568-74. [PMID: 26042926 PMCID: PMC4744771 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse blood glucose control according to continuous glucose monitoring use in data from the CareLink database, and to identify factors associated with continuation of sensor use during sensor-augmented pump therapy. METHODS The analysis used data from 10 501 people with Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, of whom 7916 (61.7%) had used glucose sensors for ≥ 15 days during any 6-month period over a 2-year observation period. Data were analysed according to the extent of sensor use ( < 25%, 25-49%, 50-74% and ≥ 75% of the time). Time to discontinuation of sensor use was also analysed in new users of glucose sensors. RESULTS Compared with patients in the lowest sensor usage group and non-users, the highest glucose sensor usage group had significantly (P < 0.0001) lower mean blood glucose and blood glucose sd, were more likely to achieve a mean blood glucose concentration < 8.6 mmol/l, (odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.7; P < 0.0001), and had 50% fewer hypoglycaemic (blood glucose concentration < 2.8 mmol/l) episodes. Among new users, sensor use during the first month of therapy was an important predictor of subsequent discontinuation. Lack of full reimbursement was also significantly associated with early discontinuation, whereas measures of glycaemic control were predictive of discontinuation during long-term treatment. CONCLUSIONS The use of continuous glucose monitoring was significantly associated with reductions in hypoglycaemia and improved metabolic control during insulin pump therapy. Sensor use during the first month was strongly associated with long-term adherence; patient education and training may be helpful in achieving this.
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MESH Headings
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Canada
- Cohort Studies
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/economics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/economics
- Drug Resistance
- Europe
- Health Information Exchange
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemia/chemically induced
- Hypoglycemia/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/administration & dosage
- Insulin/adverse effects
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Insulin Infusion Systems/adverse effects
- Insurance, Health, Reimbursement
- Israel
- Monitoring, Ambulatory/economics
- Patient Compliance
- Practice Patterns, Physicians'
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- T Battelino
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Liabat
- Medtronic International Trading Sàrl, Tolochenaz, Switzerland
| | - H J Veeze
- Diabeter, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Castañeda
- Medtronic Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Arrieta
- Medtronic Bakken Research Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - O Cohen
- Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat Gan, Israel
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17
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Gu B, Burgess DJ. Prediction of dexamethasone release from PLGA microspheres prepared with polymer blends using a design of experiment approach. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:393-403. [PMID: 26325309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic drug release from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres typically exhibits a tri-phasic profile with a burst release phase followed by a lag phase and a secondary release phase. High burst release can be associated with adverse effects and the efficacy of the formulation cannot be ensured during a long lag phase. Accordingly, the development of a long-acting microsphere product requires optimization of all drug release phases. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether a blend of low and high molecular weight polymers can be used to reduce the burst release and eliminate/minimize the lag phase. A single emulsion solvent evaporation method was used to prepare microspheres using blends of two PLGA polymers (PLGA5050 (25 kDa) and PLGA9010 (113 kDa)). A central composite design approach was applied to investigate the effect of formulation composition on dexamethasone release from these microspheres. Mathematical models obtained from this design of experiments study were utilized to generate a design space with maximized microsphere drug loading and reduced burst release. Specifically, a drug loading close to 15% can be achieved and a burst release less than 10% when a composition of 80% PLGA9010 and 90 mg of dexamethasone is used. In order to better describe the lag phase, a heat map was generated based on dexamethasone release from the PLGA microsphere/PVA hydrogel composite coatings. Using the heat map an optimized formulation with minimum lag phase was selected. The microspheres were also characterized for particle size/size distribution, thermal properties and morphology. The particle size was demonstrated to be related to the polymer concentration and the ratio of the two polymers but not to the dexamethasone concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Diane J Burgess
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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18
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Designing an artificial pancreas architecture: the AP@home experience. Med Biol Eng Comput 2014; 53:1271-83. [PMID: 25430423 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-014-1231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The latest achievements in sensor technologies for blood glucose level monitoring, pump miniaturization for insulin delivery, and the availability of portable computing devices are paving the way toward the artificial pancreas as a treatment for diabetes patients. This device encompasses a controller unit that oversees the administration of insulin micro-boluses and continuously drives the pump based on blood glucose readings acquired in real time. In order to foster the research on the artificial pancreas and prepare for its adoption as a therapy, the European Union in 2010 funded the AP@home project, following a series of efforts already ongoing in the USA. This paper, authored by members of the AP@home consortium, reports on the technical issues concerning the design and implementation of an architecture supporting the exploitation of an artificial pancreas platform. First a PC-based platform was developed by the authors to prove the effectiveness and reliability of the algorithms responsible for insulin administration. A mobile-based one was then adopted to improve the comfort for the patients. Both platforms were tested on real patients, and a description of the goals, the achievements, and the major shortcomings that emerged during those trials is also reported in the paper.
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