PTEN Tumor Suppressor Network in PI3K-Akt Pathway Control

microRNA 21 and long non-coding RNAs interplays underlie cancer pathophysiology: A narrative review

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a diverse group of functional RNA molecules that lack the ability to code for proteins. Despite missing this traditional role, ncRNAs have emerged as crucial regulators of various biological processes and have been implicated in the development and progression of many diseases, including cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two prominent classes of ncRNAs that have emerged as key players in cancer pathophysiology. In particular, miR-21 has been reported to exhibit oncogenic roles in various forms of human cancer, including prostate, breast, lung, and colorectal cancer. In this context, miR-21 overexpression is closely associated with tumor proliferation, growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance, whereas miR-21 inactivation is linked to the regression of most tumor-related processes. Accordingly, miR-21 is a crucial modulator of various canonical oncogenic pathways such as PTEN/PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, STAT, p53, MMP2, and MMP9. Moreover, interplays between lncRNA and miRNA further complicate the regulatory mechanisms underlying tumor development and progression. In this regard, several lncRNAs have been found to interact with miR-21 and, by functioning as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) or miRNA sponges, can modulate cancer tumorigenesis. This work presents and discusses recent findings highlighting the roles and pathophysiological implications of the miR-21-lncRNA regulatory axis in cancer occurrence, development, and progression. The data collected indicate that specific lncRNAs, such as MEG3, CASC2, and GAS5, are strongly associated with miR-21 in various types of cancer, including gastric, cervical, lung, and glioma. Indeed, these lncRNAs are well-known tumor suppressors and are commonly downregulated in different types of tumors. Conversely, by modulating various mechanisms and oncogenic signaling pathways, their overexpression has been linked with preventing tumor formation and development. This review highlights the significance of these regulatory pathways in cancer and their potential for use in cancer therapy as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Regulatory effects of statins on Akt signaling for prevention of cancers

Statins, which are primarily used as lipid-lowering drugs, have been found to exhibit anti-tumor effects through modulating and interfering with various signaling pathways. In observational studies, statin use has been associated with a significant reduction in the progression of various cancers, including colon, lung, prostate, pancreas, and esophagus cancer, as well as melanoma and B and T cell lymphoma. The mevalonate pathway, which is affected by statins, plays a crucial role in activating Rho, Ras, and Rab proteins, thereby impacting the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells. Statins block this pathway, leading to the inhibition of isoprenoid units, which are critical for the activation of these key proteins, thereby affecting cancer cell behavior. Additionally, statins affect MAPK and Cdk2, which in turn reduce the expression of p21 and p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Akt signaling plays a crucial role in key cancer cell features like proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis by activating multiple effectors in downstream pathways such as FOXO, PTEN, NF-κB, GSK3β, and mTOR. The PI3K/Akt signaling is necessary for many events in the metastatic pathway and has been implicated in the resistance to cytostatic drugs. The Akt/PTEN axis is currently attracting great interest for its role in carcinogenesis. Statins have been shown to activate the purinergic receptor P2X7 and affect Akt signaling, which may have important anti-cancer effects. Hence, targeting Akt shows promise as an effective approach to cancer prevention and therapy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on the specific impact of statins through Akt signaling in different types of cancer.

PTEN Loss Is Associated with Adverse Outcomes in the Setting of Salvage Radiation Therapy

BACKGROUND

Salvage radiation therapy (SRT) is a mainstay of treatment for biochemical relapse following radical prostatectomy; however, few studies have examined genomic biomarkers in this context.

OBJECTIVE

We characterized the prognostic impact of previously identified deleterious molecular phenotypes-loss of PTEN, ERG expression, and TP53 mutation-for patients undergoing SRT.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

We leveraged an institutional database of 320 SRT patients with available tissue and follow-up. Tissue microarrays were used for genetically validated immunohistochemistry assays.

INTERVENTION

All men underwent SRT with or without androgen deprivation therapy OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Univariable and multivariable Cox-proportional hazard models assessed the association of molecular phenotypes with biochemical recurrence-free (bRFS) and metastasis-free (MFS) survival after SRT.

RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS

Loss of PTEN (n = 123, 43%) and ERG expression (n = 118, 39%) were common in this cohort, while p53 overexpression (signifying TP53 missense mutation) was infrequent (n = 21, 7%). In univariable analyses, any loss of PTEN portended worse bRFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.86; 95% confidence interval 1.36-2.57) and MFS (HR 1.89; 1.21-2.94), with homogeneous PTEN loss being associated with the highest risk of MFS (HR 2.47; 1.54-3.95). Similarly, p53 overexpression predicted worse bRFS (HR 1.95; 1.14-3.32) and MFS (HR 2.79; 1.50-5.19). ERG expression was associated with worse MFS only (HR 1.6; 1.03-2.48). On the multivariable analysis adjusting for known prognostic features, homogeneous PTEN loss remained predictive of adverse bRFS (HR 1.82; 1.12-2.96) and MFS (HR 2.08; 1.06-4.86). The study is limited by its retrospective and single-institution design.

CONCLUSIONS

PTEN loss by immunohistochemistry is an independent adverse prognostic factor for bRFS and MFS in prostate cancer patients treated with SRT. Future trials will determine the optimal approach to treating SRT patients with adverse molecular prognostic features.

PATIENT SUMMARY

Loss of the PTEN tumor suppressor protein is associated with worse outcomes after salvage radiotherapy, independent of other clinical or pathologic patient characteristics.

Ornidazole Inhibits the Angiogenesis and Migration Abilities of Non-small Cell Lung

BACKGROUND

Around the world, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among all cancers. Despite advancements in new therapeutic approaches over the past few decades, the five-year survival rate still remains disappointing. The lack of effective anti-angiogenic and anti-migration drugs is the biggest obstacle to the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. Therefore, there is a need to develop new and effective therapeutic compounds targeting anti-angiogenic and anti-migration pathways for the treatment of lung cancer. Ornidazole is a nitroimidazole agent widely used in the treatment of parasitic infections such as trichomonas vaginalis, amebiasis and giardiasis. This study aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and anti-mitotic activities of the anti-parasitic drug Ornidazole in two human lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1299).

METHODS

We determined the effects of Ornidazole, on cell viability, apoptosis, migration, angiogenesis and metastatic ability against NSCLC in lung cancer cell lines. Its action on the mRNA and protein expression levels of VEGFA, VEGFR2, NRP1, Casp9, Casp3, Bax, Bcl-2, PIK3CA, AKT, MTOR, PTEN and FOX3A was assessed. Furthermore, in this study the effects on cell migration, cell viability and proliferation was evaluated through wound healing, MTT and Crystal violet assays.

RESULTS

This study demonstrated that Ornidazole effectively reduces cell viability and migration ability, inhibits angiogenesis and metastatic abilities in NSCLC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, these results may shed light on the treatment of NSCLC, and we suggest the anti-parasitic drug Ornidazole as a new agent with potential anti-angiogenic and anti-mitotic activity by interfering with the molecular pathways that trigger tumor angiogenesis and migration.

Low-frequency ERK and Akt activity dynamics are predictive of stochastic cell division events

Understanding the dynamics of intracellular signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2 (ERK) and Akt1/2 (Akt), in the context of cell fate decisions is important for advancing our knowledge of cellular processes and diseases, particularly cancer. While previous studies have established associations between ERK and Akt activities and proliferative cell fate, the heterogeneity of single-cell responses adds complexity to this understanding. This study employed a data-driven approach to address this challenge, developing machine learning models trained on a dataset of growth factor-induced ERK and Akt activity time courses in single cells, to predict cell division events. The most predictive models were developed by applying discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) to extract low-frequency features from the time courses, followed by using Ensemble Integration, a data integration and predictive modeling framework. The results demonstrated that these models effectively predicted cell division events in MCF10A cells (F-measure=0.524, AUC=0.726). ERK dynamics were found to be more predictive than Akt, but the combination of both measurements further enhanced predictive performance. The ERK model`s performance also generalized to predicting division events in RPE cells, indicating the potential applicability of these models and our data-driven methodology for predicting cell division across different biological contexts. Interpretation of these models suggested that ERK dynamics throughout the cell cycle, rather than immediately after growth factor stimulation, were associated with the likelihood of cell division. Overall, this work contributes insights into the predictive power of intra-cellular signaling dynamics for cell fate decisions, and highlights the potential of machine learning approaches in unraveling complex cellular behaviors.

A prismatic view of the epigenetic-metabolic regulatory axis in breast cancer therapy resistance

Epigenetic regulation established during development to maintain patterns of transcriptional expression and silencing for metabolism and other fundamental cell processes can be reprogrammed in cancer, providing a molecular mechanism for persistent alterations in phenotype. Metabolic deregulation and reprogramming are thus an emerging hallmark of cancer with opportunities for molecular classification as a critical preliminary step for precision therapeutic intervention. Yet, acquisition of therapy resistance against most conventional treatment regimens coupled with tumor relapse, continue to pose unsolved problems for precision healthcare, as exemplified in breast cancer where existing data informs both cancer genotype and phenotype. Furthermore, epigenetic reprograming of the metabolic milieu of cancer cells is among the most crucial determinants of therapeutic resistance and cancer relapse. Importantly, subtype-specific epigenetic-metabolic interplay profoundly affects malignant transformation, resistance to chemotherapy, and response to targeted therapies. In this review, we therefore prismatically dissect interconnected epigenetic and metabolic regulatory pathways and then integrate them into an observable cancer metabolism-therapy-resistance axis that may inform clinical intervention. Optimally coupling genome-wide analysis with an understanding of metabolic elements, epigenetic reprogramming, and their integration by metabolic profiling may decode missing molecular mechanisms at the level of individual tumors. The proposed approach of linking metabolic biochemistry back to genotype, epigenetics, and phenotype for specific tumors and their microenvironment may thus enable successful mechanistic targeting of epigenetic modifiers and oncometabolites despite tumor metabolic heterogeneity.

Effect of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway-based clustered nursing care combined with papaverine injection on vascular inflammation and vascular crisis after replantation of severed fingers

This research aimed to investigate the effect of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/AKT (protein kinase B)/mTOR (mammalian target protein of rapamycin) signaling pathway-based clustering care combined with papaverine injection on vascular inflammation and vascular crisis after finger amputation and replantation. 100 patients admitted in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from April 2022 to December 2022 for replantation of severed fingers were selected and divided into a control group (n = 50) and an observation group (n = 50) using the randomized grouping principle. The control group received a papaverine injection and general nursing care, the observation group received a papaverine injection and clustered care. The pain score; constipation incidence; replantation finger survival rate; physician, nurse, and patient satisfaction; serum inflammatory factors; vascular crisis parameters; and occurrence of adverse reactions were compared between the two patient groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect PI3K, AKT, and mTOR protein concentrations in the venous blood of the two groups, and statistical analysis of the data was performed. On postoperative day 7, the pain score and incidence of constipation in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05); the survival rate of reimplanted fingers in the observation group was 88.00%, which was higher than that in the control group 80.00% (P < 0.05); the satisfaction of doctors, nurses, and patients in the observation group was higher than that in the control group; the concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), blood flow resistance index (RI), and arterial pulsatility index (PI) in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, while the concentration of interleukin-10 (IL-10), vascular diameter, and Vm (mean blood flow velocity) were higher in the observation group than those in the control group; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The concentrations of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR proteins in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR proteins in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Overall, these findings suggest that clustered care combined with papaverine injection reduces vascular inflammatory symptoms and vascular crisis in the treatment of severed finger replantation through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

The Multifaceted Role of miR-21 in Pancreatic Cancers

With the lack of specific signs and symptoms, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is often diagnosed at late metastatic stages, resulting in poor survival outcomes. Among various biomarkers, microRNA-21 (miR-21), a small non-coding RNA, is highly expressed in PDAC. By inhibiting regulatory proteins at the 3' untranslated regions (UTR), miR-21 holds significant roles in PDAC cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, as well as cancer invasion, metastasis, and resistance therapy. We conducted a systematic search across major databases for articles on miR-21 and pancreatic cancer mainly published within the last decade, focusing on their diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and biological roles. This rigorous approach ensured a comprehensive review of miR-21's multifaceted role in pancreatic cancers. In this review, we explore the current understandings and future directions regarding the regulation, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of targeting miR-21 in PDAC. This exhaustive review discusses the involvement of miR-21 in proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis modulation, angiogenesis, and its role in therapy resistance. Also discussed in the review is the interplay between various molecular pathways that contribute to tumor progression, with specific reference to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Regulation of inflammatory response by LINC00346 via miR-25-3p-mediated modulation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway

Long intergenic non-coding RNA 346 (LINC00346) has been reported to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis and specific cancers by affecting signaling pathways. However, its function in inflammation has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, its expression pattern and function were determined in the human macrophage-like cell line THP-1. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment induced the expression of LINC00346. LPS-induced NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression were suppressed or enhanced by the overexpression or knockdown of LINC00346, respectively. Analyses using dual luciferase assay and decoy RNAs that could block RNA-RNA interactions indicated that LINC00346 improves phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression by sponging miR-25-3p. Subsequently, PTEN suppresses phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-mediated conversion of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) as well as consequent activation of protein kinase B (AKT) and NF-κB. Interestingly, database analysis revealed that the expression levels of LINC00346 and PTEN were simultaneously decreased in breast cancer tissues. Further analyses conducted using a breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, confirmed the functional relationship among LINC00346, miR-25-3p, and PTEN in LPS-induced activation of NF-κB. These results indicate that miR-25-3p-sponging activity of LINC00346 affects the balance between PTEN and PI3K as well as the downstream activation of AKT/NF-κB pathway in inflammatory conditions.

Insights into Clinical Disorders in Cowden Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome (PHTS) encompasses diverse clinical phenotypes, including Cowden syndrome (CS), Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), Proteus syndrome (PS), and Proteus-like syndrome. This autosomal dominant genetic predisposition with high penetrance arises from heterozygous germline variants in the PTEN tumour suppressor gene, leading to dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway, which promotes the overgrowth of multiple and heterogenous tissue types. Clinical presentations of CS range from benign and malignant disorders, affecting nearly every system within the human body. CS is the most diagnosed syndrome among the PHTS group, notwithstanding its weak incidence (1:200,000), for which it is considered rare, and its precise incidence remains unknown among other important factors. The literature is notably inconsistent in reporting the frequencies and occurrences of these disorders, adding an element of bias and uncertainty when looking back at the available research. In this review, we aimed to highlight the significant disparities found in various studies concerning CS and to review the clinical manifestations encountered in CS patients. Furthermore, we intended to emphasize the great significance of early diagnosis as patients will benefit from a longer lifespan while being unceasingly advised and supported by a multidisciplinary team.

Hyaluronic Acid Prevents Fusion of Brain Tumor-Derived Spheroids and Selectively Alters Their Gene Expression Profile

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a major glycosaminoglycan of the brain extracellular matrix, modulates cell behaviors through binding its receptor, Cd44. In this study, we assessed the influence of HA on high-grade brain tumors in vitro. The model comprised cell cultures derived from six rodent carcinogen-induced brain tumors, forming 3D spheroids prone to spontaneous fusion. Supplementation of the standard culture medium with 0.25% HA significantly inhibited the fusion rates, preserving the shape and size uniformity of spheroids. The 3D cultures were assigned to two groups; a Cd44lo group had a tenfold decreased relative expression of Cd44 than another (Cd44hi) group. In addition, these two groups differed by expression levels of Sox2 transcription factor; the correlation analysis revealed a tight negative association for Cd44 and Sox2. Transcriptomic responses of spheroids to HA exposure also depended on Cd44 expression levels, from subtle in Cd44lo to more pronounced and specific in Cd44hi, involving cell cycle progression, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation, and multidrug resistance genes. The potential HA-induced increase in brain tumor 3D models' resistance to anticancer drug therapy should be taken into account when designing preclinical studies using HA scaffold-based models. The property of HA to prevent the fusion of brain-derived spheroids can be employed in CNS regenerative medicine and experimental oncology to ensure the production of uniform, controllably fusing neurospheres when creating more accurate in vitro brain models.

Investigation on the mechanisms by which the herbal remedies induce anti-prostate cancer activity: uncovering the most practical natural compound

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most reported cancers among men worldwide. Targeting the essential proteins associated with PCa could be a promising method for cancer treatment. Traditional and herbal remedies (HRs) are the most practical approaches for PCa treatment. Here, the proteins and enzymes associated with PCa were determined based on the information obtained from the DisGeNET database. The proteins with a gene-disease association (GDA) score greater than 0.7 and the genes that have a disease specificity index (DSI) = 1 were selected as the target proteins. 28 HRs with anti-PCa activity as a traditional treatment for PCa were chosen as potential bioactive compounds. More than 500 compound-protein complexes were screened to find the top-ranked bioactives. The results were further evaluated using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and binding free energy calculations. The outcomes revealed that procyanidin B2 3,3'-di-O-gallate (B2G2), the most active ingredient of grape seed extract (GSE), can act as an agonist for PTEN. PTEN has a key role in suppressing PCa cells by applying phosphatase activity and inhibiting cell proliferation. B2G2 exhibited a considerable binding affinity to PTEN (11.643 kcal/mol). The MD results indicated that B2G2 could stabilize the key residues of the phosphatase domain of PTEN and increase its activity. Based on the obtained results, the active ingredient of GSE, B2G2, could play an agonist role and effectively increase the phosphatase activity of PTEN. The grape seed extract is a useful nutrition that can be used in men's diets to inhibit PCa in their bodies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Cellular and Exosomal MicroRNAs: Emerging Clinical Relevance as Targets for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis

Breast cancer accounts for the highest cancer cases globally, with 12% of occurrences progressing to metastatic breast cancer with a low survival rate and limited effective early intervention strategies augmented by late diagnosis. Moreover, a low concentration of prognostic and predictive markers hinders disease monitoring. Circulating and exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently shown a considerable interplay in breast cancer, standing out as effective diagnostic and prognostic markers. The primary functions are as gene regulatory agents at the genetic and epigenetic levels. An array of dysregulated miRNAs stimulates cancer-promoting mechanisms, activating oncogenes and controlling tumor-suppressing genes and mechanisms. Exosomes are vastly studied extracellular vesicles, carrying, and transporting cargo, including noncoding RNAs with premier roles in oncogenesis. Translocation of miRNAs from the circulation to exosomes, with RNA-binding proteins in stress-induced conditions, has shown significant cooperation in function to promote breast cancer. This review examines cellular and exosomal miRNA biogenesis and loading, the clinical implications of their dysregulation, their function in diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of breast cancer, and in regulating cancer signaling pathways. The influence of cellular and exosomal miRNAs presents clinical significance on breast cancer diagnosis, subtyping, staging, prediction, and disease monitoring during treatment, hence a potent marker for breast cancer.

Distinct early role of PTEN regulation during HCMV infection of monocytes

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of monocytes is essential for viral dissemination and persistence. We previously identified that HCMV entry/internalization and subsequent productive infection of this clinically relevant cell type is distinct when compared to other infected cells. We showed that internalization and productive infection required activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and integrin/c-Src, via binding of viral glycoprotein B to EGFR, and the pentamer complex to β1/β3 integrins. To understand how virus attachment drives entry, we compared infection of monocytes with viruses containing the pentamer vs. those without the pentamer and then used a phosphoproteomic screen to identify potential phosphorylated proteins that influence HCMV entry and trafficking. The screen revealed that the most prominent pentamer-biased phosphorylated protein was the lipid- and protein-phosphatase phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). PTEN knockdown with siRNA or PTEN inhibition with a PTEN inhibitor decreased pentamer-mediated HCMV entry, without affecting trimer-mediated entry. Inhibition of PTEN activity affected lipid metabolism and interfered with the onset of the endocytic processes required for HCMV entry. PTEN inactivation was sufficient to rescue pentamer-null HCMV from lysosomal degradation. We next examined dephosphorylation of a PTEN substrate Rab7, a regulator of endosomal maturation. Inhibition of PTEN activity prevented dephosphorylation of Rab7. Phosphorylated Rab7, in turn, blocked early endosome to late endosome maturation and promoted nuclear localization of the virus and productive infection.

Therapeutically targeting the unique disease landscape of pediatric high-grade gliomas

Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) are a rare yet devastating malignancy of the central nervous system's glial support cells, affecting children, adolescents, and young adults. Tumors of the central nervous system account for the leading cause of pediatric mortality of which high-grade gliomas present a significantly grim prognosis. While the past few decades have seen many pediatric cancers experiencing significant improvements in overall survival, the prospect of survival for patients diagnosed with pHGGs has conversely remained unchanged. This can be attributed in part to tumor heterogeneity and the existence of the blood-brain barrier. Advances in discovery research have substantiated the existence of unique subgroups of pHGGs displaying alternate responses to different therapeutics and varying degrees of overall survival. This highlights a necessity to approach discovery research and clinical management of the disease in an alternative subtype-dependent manner. This review covers traditional approaches to the therapeutic management of pHGGs, limitations of such methods and emerging alternatives. Novel mutations which predominate the pHGG landscape are highlighted and the therapeutic potential of targeting them in a subtype specific manner discussed. Collectively, this provides an insight into issues in need of transformative progress which arise during the management of pHGGs.

Advancements in dual-target inhibitors of PI3K for tumor therapy: Clinical progress, development strategies, prospects

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) modify lipids by the phosphorylation of inositol phospholipids at the 3'-OH position, thereby participating in signal transduction and exerting effects on various physiological processes such as cell growth, metabolism, and organism development. PI3K activation also drives cancer cell growth, survival, and metabolism, with genetic dysregulation of this pathway observed in diverse human cancers. Therefore, this target is considered a promising potential therapeutic target for various types of cancer. Currently, several selective PI3K inhibitors and one dual-target PI3K inhibitor have been approved and launched on the market. However, the majority of these inhibitors have faced revocation or voluntary withdrawal of indications due to concerns regarding their adverse effects. This article provides a comprehensive review of the structure and biological functions, and clinical status of PI3K inhibitors, with a specific emphasis on the development strategies and structure-activity relationships of dual-target PI3K inhibitors. The findings offer valuable insights and future directions for the development of highly promising dual-target drugs targeting PI3K.

Use of antioxidant nanoliposomes for co-delivery of PTEN plasmids and plumbagin to induce apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells

Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a challenging contributor to the global cancer and related mortality, and claims approximately 800,000 deaths each year. Dysregulation or loss of function mutations involving the tumor suppressor gene, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), has been well-characterized in various cancers to elicit anomalous cell proliferation and oncogenic transformation. However, the delivery and bioavailability of genes/drugs of interest to carcinomas remains a serious bottleneck behind the success of any anti-cancer formulation. In this study, we have engineered nanoliposomes containing PTEN plasmids, plumbagin, and antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles (Lipo-PTEN-Plum) to restore the PTEN expression and inhibit the AKT/PI3K pathway. The Lipo-PTEN-Plum was quasi-spherical in shape with ∼110 nm diameter and ∼64% plumbagin loading efficiency. The Lipo-PTEN-Plum was successfully internalized HepG2 cells, restore PTEN expression and inhibit PI3K/AKT pathway to induce death in cells grown in monolayer and in form of spheroids. Mechanistically, the formulation showed G2/M cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells. Other cellular events such as Caspase-7 overexpression and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), AKT (a serine/threonine protein kinase), PARP [Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases], and mTOR (Mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibition led to the apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells. The mRNA expression profile of PTEN, PI3K, AKT3, Caspase-7, PARP and mTOR proteins, primarily controlling the cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis, suggest that exogenous supply of PTEN could regulate the expression of oncogenic proteins and thus cancer progression.

Anti-Mullerian hormone attenuates both cyclophosphamide-induced damage and PI3K signalling activation, while rapamycin attenuates only PI3K signalling activation, in human ovarian cortex in vitro

STUDY QUESTION

What are the effects of cyclophosphamide exposure on the human ovary and can anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and rapamycin protect against these?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Exposure to cyclophosphamide compromises the health of primordial and transitional follicles in the human ovarian cortex and upregulates PI3K signalling, indicating both direct damage and increased follicular activation; AMH attenuates both of these chemotherapy-induced effects, while rapamycin attenuates only PI3K signalling upregulation.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Studies primarily in rodents demonstrate that cyclophosphamide causes direct damage to primordial follicles or that the primordial follicle pool is depleted primarily through excessive initiation of follicle growth. This increased follicular activation is mediated via upregulated PI3K signalling and/or reduced local levels of AMH production due to lost growing follicles. Furthermore, while rodent data show promise regarding the potential benefits of inhibitors/protectants alongside chemotherapy treatment to preserve female fertility, there is no information about the potential for this in humans.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Fresh ovarian cortical biopsies were obtained from 17 healthy women aged 21-41 years (mean ± SD: 31.8 ± 4.9 years) at elective caesarean section. Biopsies were cut into small fragments and cultured for 24 h with either vehicle alone (DMSO), the active cyclophosphamide metabolite 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) alone, 4-HC + rapamycin or 4-HC+AMH. Two doses of 4-HC were investigated, 0.2 and 2 μM in separate experiments, using biopsies from seven women (aged 27-41) and six women (aged 21-34), respectively. Biopsies from four women (aged 28-38) were used to investigate the effect of rapamycin or AMH only.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Histological analysis of ovarian tissue was undertaken for follicle staging and health assessment. Western blotting and immunostaining were used to assess activation of PI3K signalling by measuring phosphorylation of AKT and phosphorylated FOXO3A staining intensity, respectively.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Exposure to either dose of 4-HC caused an increase in the proportion of unhealthy primordial (P < 0.0001, both doses) and transitional follicles (P < 0.01 for low dose and P < 0.01 for high dose) compared to vehicle. AMH significantly reduced follicle damage by approximately half in both of the investigated doses of 4-HC (P < 0.0001), while rapamycin had no protective effect on the health of the follicles. Culture with AMH or rapamycin alone had no effect on follicle health. Activation of PI3K signalling following 4-HC exposure was demonstrated by both Western blotting data showing that 4-HC increased in AKT phosphorylation and immunostaining showing increased phosphorylated FOXO3A staining of non-growing oocytes. Treatment with rapamycin reduced the activation of PI3K signalling in experiments with low doses of 4-HC while culture with AMH reduced PI3K activation (both AKT phosphorylation and phosphorylated FOXO3A staining intensity) across both doses investigated.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

These in vitro studies may not replicate in vivo exposures. Furthermore, longer experiment durations are needed to determine whether the effects observed translate into irreparable deficits of ovarian follicles.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

These data provide a solid foundation on which to explore the efficacy of AMH in protecting non-growing ovarian follicles from gonadotoxic chemotherapies. Future work will require consideration of the sustained effects of chemotherapy treatment and potential protectants to ensure these agents do not impair the developmental competence of oocytes or lead to the survival of oocytes with accumulated DNA damage, which could have adverse consequences for potential offspring.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

This work was supported by grants from TENOVUS Scotland, the Academy of Medical Sciences (to R.R.), the Medical Research Council (G1100357 to R.A.A., MR/N022556/1 to the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health), and Merck Serono UK (to R.A.A.). R.R., H.L.S., N.S., and E.E.T. declare no conflicts of interest. R.A.A. reports grants and personal fees from Roche Diagnostics and Ferring Pharmaceuticals, and personal fees from IBSA and Merck outside the submitted work.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Divergent roles of the regulatory subunits of class IA PI3K

The regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), known as p85, is a critical component in the insulin signaling pathway. Extensive research has shed light on the diverse roles played by the two isoforms of p85, namely p85α and p85β. The gene pik3r1 encodes p85α and its variants, p55α and p50α, while pik3r2 encodes p85β. These isoforms exhibit various activities depending on tissue types, nutrient availability, and cellular stoichiometry. Whole-body or liver-specific deletion of pik3r1 have shown to display increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose homeostasis; however, skeletal muscle-specific deletion of p85α does not exhibit any significant effects on glucose homeostasis. On the other hand, whole-body deletion of pik3r2 shows improved insulin sensitivity with no significant impact on glucose tolerance. Meanwhile, liver-specific double knockout of pik3r1 and pik3r2 leads to reduced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. In the context of obesity, upregulation of hepatic p85α or p85β has been shown to improve glucose homeostasis. However, hepatic overexpression of p85α in the absence of p50α and p55α results in increased insulin resistance in obese mice. p85α and p85β have distinctive roles in cancer development. p85α acts as a tumor suppressor, but p85β promotes tumor progression. In the immune system, p85α facilitates B cell development, while p85β regulates T cell differentiation and maturation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the distinct functions attributed to p85α and p85β, highlighting their significance in various physiological processes, including insulin signaling, cancer development, and immune system regulation.

Amrubicin encapsulated PLGA NPs inhibits the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by activating PTEN and inducing apoptosis in TMZ-resistant Glioma

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a challenging malignancy due to its aggressive nature and the lack of efficacious therapeutic interventions. Nanotechnology-based approaches exhibit promise in GBM treatment; however, the successful translation of these strategies from preclinical models to clinical settings is hindered by inefficient nanoparticle clearance from vital organs. Addressing this concern, we investigated the therapeutic potential of amrubicin (AMR) encapsulated within poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (AMR-PLGA-NPs) in combating temozolomide (TMZ) resistant GBM. The study demonstrated that AMR-PLGA-NPs exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect on the cellular viability and migratory capacity of TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Furthermore, these nanoparticles exhibited considerable efficacy in downregulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis specifically in TMZ-resistant glioma cells and glioma stem-like cells through the activation of PTEN. Notably,in vivoexperimentation revealed the ability of AMR-PLGA-NPs to traverse biological barriers within murine models. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential therapeutic utility of AMR-PLGA-NPs as a versatile nanoplatform for addressing the formidable challenges posed by GBM, particularly in mitigating drug resistance mechanisms. The study substantiates the stability and safety profile of AMR-PLGA-NPs, positioning them as a promising avenue for combating drug resistance in GBM therapeutics.

Translation into Clinical Practice of the G1-G7 Molecular Subgroup Classification of Glioblastoma: Comprehensive Demographic and Molecular Pathway Profiling

Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant primary neoplasm of the central nervous system. In a recent breakthrough study on a prospective Discovery cohort, I proposed the first all-inclusive molecular classification of glioblastoma into seven subgroups, G1-G7, based on MAPK pathway activation. New data from a WHO-grade-4 diffuse glioma prospective Validation cohort offers, in this study, an integrated demographic-molecular analysis of a 213-patient Combined cohort. Despite cohort differences in the median age and molecular subgroup distribution, all the prospectively-acquired cases from the Validation cohort mapped into one of the G1-G7 subgroups defined in the Discovery cohort. A younger age of onset, higher tumor mutation burden and expanded G1/EGFR-mutant and G3/NF1 glioblastoma subgroups characterized the glioblastomas from African American/Black relative to Caucasian/White patients. The three largest molecular subgroups were G1/EGFR, G3/NF1 and G7/Other. The fourth largest subgroup, G6/Multi-RTK, was detailed by describing a novel gene fusion ST7-MET, rare PTPRZ1-MET, LMNA-NTRK1 and GOPC-ROS1 fusions and their overexpression mechanisms in glioblastoma. The correlations between the MAPK pathway G1-G7 subgroups and the PI3-kinase/PTEN, TERT, cell cycle G1 phase and p53 pathways defined characteristic subgroup pathway profiles amenable to personalized targeted therapy. This analysis validated the first all-inclusive molecular classification of glioblastoma, showed significant demographic and molecular differences between subgroups, and provided the first ethnic molecular comparison of glioblastoma.

Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-2 as a Prognostic Factor for COVID-19 Severity

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 is a regulator of anabolic pathways, which become inactivated in severe illness. Here, we measured the serum IGFBP-2 levels of COVID-19 patients with moderate and severe disease as well as healthy controls to identify the associations of serum IGFBP-2 levels with disease severity. Patients with severe COVID-19 had higher serum IGFBP-2 levels than those with moderate disease and healthy controls, who had similar levels. Non-survivors of COVID-19 tended to have elevated serum IGFBP-2 levels compared to survivors. Increased serum IGFBP-2 levels were observed in patients requiring dialysis and vasopressor therapy. Serum IGFBP-2 was positively correlated with procalcitonin in both patient groups. Bacterial co-infection in severe COVID-19 patients did not influence serum IGFBP-2 levels. Patients with liver cirrhosis and obesity, showing increased and decreased serum IGFBP-2 levels, respectively, were excluded from the study. The present analysis showed that higher serum IGFBP-2 levels are associated with increased disease severity in COVID-19 patients. The similarity in serum IGFBP-2 levels between patients with moderate COVID-19 and healthy controls suggests that elevated IGFBP-2 is associated with critical illness rather than SARS-CoV-2 infection itself.

miR-142: A Master Regulator in Hematological Malignancies and Therapeutic Opportunities

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA whose dysregulation is frequently associated with the onset and progression of human cancers. miR-142, an ultra-conserved miRNA with both active -3p and -5p mature strands and wide-ranging physiological targets, has been the subject of countless studies over the years. Due to its preferential expression in hematopoietic cells, miR-142 has been found to be associated with numerous types of lymphomas and leukemias. This review elucidates the multifaceted role of miR-142 in human physiology, its influence on hematopoiesis and hematopoietic cells, and its intriguing involvement in exosome-mediated miR-142 transport. Moreover, we offer a comprehensive exploration of the genetic and molecular landscape of the miR-142 genomic locus, highlighting its mutations and dysregulation within hematological malignancies. Finally, we discuss potential avenues for harnessing the therapeutic potential of miR-142 in the context of hematological malignancies.

MiR-630 Promotes Radioresistance by Induction of Anti-Apoptotic Effect via Nrf2-GPX2 Molecular Axis in Head-Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancer (HNC) ranks among the top ten prevalent cancers worldwide. Radiotherapy stands as a pivotal treatment component for HNC; however, radioresistance in cancerous cells often leads to local recurrence, becoming a substantial factor in treatment failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are compact, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs to inhibit protein translation. Although several studies have indicated that the dysregulation of miRNAs is intricately linked with malignant transformation, understanding this molecular family's role in radioresistance remains limited. This study determined the role of miR-630 in regulating radiosensitivity in HNC. We discovered that miR-630 functions as an oncomiR, marked by its overexpression in HNC patients, correlating with a poorer prognosis. We further delineated the malignant function of miR-630 in HNC cells. While it had a minimal impact on cell growth, the miR-630 contributed to radioresistance in HNC cells. This result was supported by decreased cellular apoptosis and caspase enzyme activities. Moreover, miR-630 overexpression mitigated irradiation-induced DNA damage, evidenced by the reduced levels of the γ-H2AX histone protein, a marker for double-strand DNA breaks. Mechanistically, the overexpression of miR-630 decreased the cellular ROS levels and initiated Nrf2 transcriptional activity, resulting in the upregulation of the antioxidant enzyme GPX2. Thus, this study elucidates that miR-630 augments radioresistance by inducing an anti-apoptotic effect via the Nrf2-GPX2 molecular axis in HNC. The modulation of miR-630 may serve as a novel radiosensitizing target for HNC.

Cancer and Autism: How PTEN Mutations Degrade Function at the Membrane and Isoform Expression in the Human Brain

Mutations causing loss of PTEN lipid phosphatase activity can promote cancer, benign tumors (PHTS), and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Exactly how they preferentially trigger distinct phenotypic outcomes has been puzzling. Here, we demonstrate that PTEN mutations differentially allosterically bias P loop dynamics and its connection to the catalytic site, affecting catalytic activity. NDD-related mutations are likely to sample conformations of the functional wild-type state, while sampled conformations for the strong, cancer-related driver mutation hotspots favor catalysis-primed conformations, suggesting that NDD mutations are likely to be weaker, and our large-scale simulations show why. Prenatal PTEN isoform expression data suggest exons 5 and 7, which harbor NDD mutations, as cancer-risk carriers. Since cancer requires more than a single mutation, our conformational and genomic analysis helps discover how same protein mutations can foster different clinical manifestations, articulates a role for co-occurring background latent driver mutations, and uncovers relationships of splicing isoform expression to life expectancy.

Preservation of fertility in female and male prepubertal patients diagnosed with cancer

Over the past two decades, the importance of fertility preservation has grown not only in the realm of medical and clinical patient care, but also in the field of basic and applied research in human reproduction. With advancements in cancer treatments resulting in higher rates of patient survival, it is crucial to consider the quality of life post-cure. Therefore, fertility preservation must be taken into account prior to antitumor treatments, as it can significantly impact a patient's future fertility. For postpubertal patients, gamete cryopreservation is the most commonly employed preservation strategy. However, for prepubertal patients, the situation is more intricate. Presently, ovarian tissue cryopreservation is the standard practice for prepubertal girls, but further scientific evidence is required in several aspects. Testicular tissue cryopreservation, on the other hand, is still experimental for prepubertal boys. The primary aim of this review is to address the strategies available for possible fertility preservation in prepubertal girls and boys, such as ovarian cryopreservation/transplantation, in vitro follicle culture and meiotic maturation, artificial ovary, transplantation of cryopreserved spermatogonia, and cryopreservation/grafting of immature testicular tissue and testicular organoids.

Alpha-Mangostin and its nano-conjugates induced programmed cell death in Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype

Acanthamoeba are free living amoebae that are the causative agent of keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Alpha-Mangostin (AMS) is a significant xanthone; that demonstrates a wide range of biological activities. Here, the anti-amoebic activity of α-Mangostin and its silver nano conjugates (AMS-AgNPs) were evaluated against pathogenic A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts in vitro. Amoebicidal assays showed that both AMS and AMS-AgNPs inhibited the viability of A. castellanii dose-dependently, with an IC50 of 88.5 ± 2.04 and 20.2 ± 2.17 μM, respectively. Both formulations inhibited A. castellanii-mediated human keratinocyte cell cytopathogenicity. Functional assays showed that both samples caused apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production, while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) cytochrome-c reductase in the cytosol. Whole transcriptome sequencing of A. castellanii showed the expression of 826 genes, with 447 genes being up-regulated and 379 genes being down-regulated post treatment. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the majority of genes were linked to apoptosis, autophagy, RAP1, AGE-RAGE and oxytocin signalling pathways. Seven genes (PTEN, H3, ARIH1, SDR16C5, PFN, glnA GLUL, and SRX1) were identified as the most significant (Log2 (FC) value 4) for molecular mode of action in vitro. Future in vivo studies with AMS and nanoconjugates are needed to realize the clinical potential of this work.

Metaplastic Carcinoma of the Axillary Breast With Heterologous Mesenchymal (Chondroid) Differentiation: A Difficult Case and Literature Review

Metaplastic breast carcinoma is an invasive carcinoma with a high differentiation rate of the neoplastic epithelium toward mesenchymal-like epithelium. It comprises of only less than 1% of all breast cancers. Although 80% to 90% of metaplastic breast carcinomas are triple-negative cancers, they usually have worse outcomes than other triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Metaplastic carcinoma is also often refractory to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Here, we reported a case of a 61-year-old female patient, presenting with a solitary and pedunculated mass in the right axillary tail breast tissue, whose biopsy revealed metaplastic breast carcinoma with chondroid differentiation. She had failed neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Although she received debulking surgery, the tumor regrew even faster before surgery. Despite receiving palliative chemotherapy, the patient died 11 weeks after surgery. This case draws attention to physicians that early recognition and surgery may be more beneficial than chemotherapy in combating metaplastic breast carcinoma.

Inhibition of PI3K Signaling Intensified the Antileukemic Effects of Pioglitazone: New Insight into the Application of PPARγ Stimulators in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Over the past two decades, molecular targeted therapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment due to lower side effects as well as higher anticancer effects. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor which plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and death and the efficacy of PPARγ ligands either as monotherapy or in combination with traditional chemotherapy drugs has been proved by recent studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of pioglitazone, a well-known PPARγ stimulator, in ALL-derived NALM6 cells by using trypan blue assay, MTT assay, and flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, to investigate the molecular mechanism action of pioglitazone in these cells, we assessed the possible alterations in the expression of some target genes which regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy system. Our result demonstrated that pioglitazone induced a remarkable antileukemic effect on NALM6 cells through a PTEN-mediated manner. Based on the fact that PI3K hyperactivation is one of the main properties of ALL cells, the effects of PI3K inhibition using CAL-101 on pioglitazone-induced cytotoxicity were evaluated by combinatorial experiments. Moreover, the result of cell cycle assay and qRT-PCR demonstrated that pioglitazone-CAL-101 induced antileukemic effect mainly through induction of p21 and p27-mediated G1 arrest. Additionally, our result showed that inhibition of proteasome and autophagy system, two main cellular processes, increased the antileukemic effects of the agents. Taken together, we suggest a novel therapeutic application for PPARγ stimulators as a single agent or in combination with PI3K inhibitors that should be clinically evaluated in ALL patients.

Lhermitte-Duclos disease: A systematic review

Background

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) is a rare tumor, with only about 300 reported cases. It often shows comorbidity with Cowden syndrome (CS); however, it can occur by itself. Radiologically, the "tiger-stripe" appearance is considered pathognomonic. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment. This report aims to describe the clinical and radiological characteristics of LDD and its relationship with CS according to age group.

Methods

PubMed electronic databases were searched in August 2022. The search terms included "Lhermitte- Duclos disease" and "dysplastic gangliocytoma," which yielded 297 and 103 research articles, respectively. The articles were collected and reviewed by three researchers.

Results

Out of 400 identified articles, we analyzed 302 reported cases. The mean age at presentation was 33.6 ± 16 years; 171 patients (56.6%) were female, and 123 (40.7%) were male. The most commonly reported symptom was headache (174 patients, 57.6%), followed by ataxia (109, 36.1%). In addition, 99 cases (32.8%) were associated with CS, and 60 (19.9%) had a confirmed phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutation. A tiger-stripe appearance was observed in 208 cases (58.7%); surgical resection was performed in 64.2% of the cases. Mortality and recurrence rates were 4.3% and 8.6%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between adult- and pediatric-onset LDD for the association with CS (P = 0.128).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that adult and pediatric LDD have major commonalities; however, further prospective studies are warranted.

Potential roles of NEDD4 and NEDD4L and their utility as therapeutic targets in high‑incidence adult male cancers (Review)

The term 'cancer' refers to >100 disorders that progressively manifest over time and are characterized by uncontrolled cell division. Although malignant growth can occur in virtually any human tissue, the underlying mechanisms underlying all forms of cancer are consistent. The International Agency for Research on Cancer's annual GLOBOCAN 2020 report provided an update on the global cancer incidence and mortality. Excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, the report predicts that there will be 19.3 million new cancer cases and >10 million cancer-related fatalities in 2023. Lung, prostate, and colon cancers are the most prevalent and lethal cancers in males. It was recognized that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are necessary for almost all cellular biological processes, as well as in cancer development and metastasis to other bodily organs. Thus, PTMs have a considerable impact on how proteins behave. Various PTMs may have harmful roles by affecting the hallmarks of cancer, metabolism and the regulation of the tumor microenvironment. PTMs and genetic changes/mutations are essential in carcinogenesis and cancer development. A pivotal PTM mechanism is protein ubiquitination. Of note, the rate-limiting stage of the protein ubiquitination cascade is hypothesized to be E3-ligase-mediated ubiquitination. Numerous studies revealed that the neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4 (NEDD4) E3 ligase is among the E3 ubiquitin ligases that have essential roles in cellular processes. It regulates protein degradation and substrate ubiquitination. In addition, it has been shown that NEDD4 primarily functions as an oncogene in various malignancies but can also act as a tumor suppressor in certain types of tumor. In the present review, the roles of NEDD4 as an anticancer protein in various high-incidence male malignancies and the significance of NEDD4 as a potential cancer therapeutic target are discussed. In addition, the targeting of NEDD4 as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human malignancies is explored.

New molecular targets in canine hemangiosarcoma-Comparative review and future of the precision medicine

Human angiosarcoma and canine hemangiosarcoma reveal similarities not only in their aggressive clinical behaviour, but especially in molecular landscape and genetic alterations involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. Currently, no satisfying treatment that allows for achieving long overall survival or even prolonged time to progression does not exist. Due to the progress that has been made in targeted therapies and precision medicine the basis for a new treatment design is to uncover mutations and their functions as possible targets to provide tailored drugs for individual cases. Whole exome or genome sequencing studies and immunohistochemistry brought in the last few years important discoveries and identified the most common mutations with probably crucial role in this tumour development. Also, despite a lack of mutation in some of the culprit genes, the cancerogenesis cause may be buried in main cellular pathways connected with proteins encoded by those genes and involving, for example, pathological angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to highlight the most promising molecular targets for precision oncology treatment from the veterinary perspective aided by the principles of comparative science. Some of the drugs are only undergoing laboratory in vitro studies and others entered the clinic in the management of other cancer types in humans, but those used in dogs with promising responses have been mentioned as priorities.

MiRNA-related metastasis in oral cancer: moving and shaking

Across the world, oral cancer is a prevalent tumor. Over the years, both its mortality and incidence have grown. Oral cancer metastasis is a complex process involving cell invasion, migration, proliferation, and egress from cancer tissue either by lymphatic vessels or blood vessels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential short non-coding RNAs, which can act either as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes to control cancer development. Cancer metastasis is a multi-step process, in which miRNAs can inhibit or stimulate metastasis at all stages, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion, and colonization, by targeting critical genes in these pathways. On the other hand, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), two different types of non-coding RNAs, can regulate cancer metastasis by affecting gene expression through cross-talk with miRNAs. We reviewed the scientific literature (Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed) for the period 2000-2023 to find reports concerning miRNAs and lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks, which control the spread of oral cancer cells by affecting invasion, migration, and metastasis. According to these reports, miRNAs are involved in the regulation of metastasis pathways either by directly or indirectly targeting genes associated with metastasis. Moreover, circRNAs and lncRNAs can induce or suppress oral cancer metastasis by acting as competing endogenous RNAs to inhibit the effect of miRNA suppression on specific mRNAs. Overall, non-coding RNAs (especially miRNAs) could help to create innovative therapeutic methods for the control of oral cancer metastases.

Intrinsic control of DRG sensory neuron diversification by Pten

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) modulates intracellular survival and differentiation signaling pathways downstream of neurotrophin receptors in the developing peripheral nervous system (PNS). Although well-studied in the context of brain development, our understanding of the in vivo role of PTEN in the PNS is limited to models of neuropathic pain and nerve injury. Here, we assessed how alterations in PTEN signaling affects the development of peripheral somatosensory circuits. We found that sensory neurons within the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in Pten heterozygous ( Pten Het ) mice exhibit defects in neuronal subtype diversification. Abnormal DRG differentiation in Pten Het mice arises early in development, with subsets of neurons expressing both progenitor and neuronal markers. DRGs in Pten Het mice show dysregulation of both mTOR and GSK-3β signaling pathways downstream of PTEN. Finally, we show that mice with an autism-associated mutation in Pten ( Pten Y68H/+ ) show abnormal DRG development. Thus, we have discovered a crucial role for PTEN signaling in the intrinsic diversification of primary sensory neuron populations in the DRG during development.

Cellular senescence in glioma

INTRODUCTION

Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor and is often associated with treatment resistance and poor prognosis. Standard treatment typically involves radiotherapy and temozolomide-based chemotherapy, both of which induce cellular senescence-a tumor suppression mechanism.

DISCUSSION

Gliomas employ various mechanisms to bypass or escape senescence and remain in a proliferative state. Importantly, senescent cells remain viable and secrete a large number of factors collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that, paradoxically, also have pro-tumorigenic effects. Furthermore, senescent cells may represent one form of tumor dormancy and play a role in glioma recurrence and progression.

CONCLUSION

In this article, we delineate an overview of senescence in the context of gliomas, including the mechanisms that lead to senescence induction, bypass, and escape. Furthermore, we examine the role of senescent cells in the tumor microenvironment and their role in tumor progression and recurrence. Additionally, we highlight potential therapeutic opportunities for targeting senescence in glioma.

Simufilam suppresses overactive mTOR and restores its sensitivity to insulin in Alzheimer's disease patient lymphocytes

Introduction: Implicated in both aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is overactive in AD brain and lymphocytes. Stimulated by growth factors such as insulin, mTOR monitors cell health and nutrient needs. A small molecule oral drug candidate for AD, simufilam targets an altered conformation of the scaffolding protein filamin A (FLNA) found in AD brain and lymphocytes that induces aberrant FLNA interactions leading to AD neuropathology. Simufilam restores FLNA's normal shape to disrupt its AD-associated protein interactions. Methods: We measured mTOR and its response to insulin in lymphocytes of AD patients before and after oral simufilam compared to healthy control lymphocytes. Results: mTOR was overactive and its response to insulin reduced in lymphocytes from AD versus healthy control subjects, illustrating another aspect of insulin resistance in AD. After oral simufilam, lymphocytes showed normalized basal mTOR activity and improved insulin-evoked mTOR activation in mTOR complex 1, complex 2, and upstream and downstream signaling components (Akt, p70S6K and phosphorylated Rictor). Suggesting mechanism, we showed that FLNA interacts with the insulin receptor until dissociation by insulin, but this linkage was elevated and its dissociation impaired in AD lymphocytes. Simufilam improved the insulin-mediated dissociation. Additionally, FLNA's interaction with Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of mTOR, was reduced in AD lymphocytes and improved by simufilam. Discussion: Reducing mTOR's basal overactivity and its resistance to insulin represents another mechanism of simufilam to counteract aging and AD pathology. Simufilam is currently in Phase 3 clinical trials for AD dementia.

Identification of Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Gene Signature Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Assisted Transcriptomics Analysis

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common female cancers. Clinical and histopathological information is collectively used for diagnosis, but is often not precise. We applied machine learning (ML) methods to identify the valuable gene signature model based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for BC diagnosis and prognosis.

METHODS

A cohort of 701 samples from 11 GEO BC microarray datasets was used for the identification of significant DEGs. Seven ML methods, including RFECV-LR, RFECV-SVM, LR-L1, SVC-L1, RF, and Extra-Trees were applied for gene reduction and the construction of a diagnostic model for cancer classification. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for prognostic signature construction. The potential biomarkers were confirmed via qRT-PCR and validated by another set of ML methods including GBDT, XGBoost, AdaBoost, KNN, and MLP.

RESULTS

We identified 355 DEGs and predicted BC-associated pathways, including kinetochore metaphase signaling, PTEN, senescence, and phagosome-formation pathways. A hub of 28 DEGs and a novel diagnostic nine-gene signature (COL10A, S100P, ADAMTS5, WISP1, COMP, CXCL10, LYVE1, COL11A1, and INHBA) were identified using stringent filter conditions. Similarly, a novel prognostic model consisting of eight-gene signatures (CCNE2, NUSAP1, TPX2, S100P, ITM2A, LIFR, TNXA, and ZBTB16) was also identified using disease-free survival and overall survival analysis. Gene signatures were validated by another set of ML methods. Finally, qRT-PCR results confirmed the expression of the identified gene signatures in BC.

CONCLUSION

The ML approach helped construct novel diagnostic and prognostic models based on the expression profiling of BC. The identified nine-gene signature and eight-gene signatures showed excellent potential in BC diagnosis and prognosis, respectively.

Age-Associated Resilience Against Ischemic Injury in Mice Exposed to Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of death and disability. Although stroke mainly affects aged individuals, animal research is mostly one on young rodents. Here, we examined the development of ischemic injury in young (9-12-week-old) and adult (72-week-old) C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice exposed to 30 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Post-ischemic reperfusion did not differ between young and adult mice. Ischemic injury assessed by infarct area and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity assessed by IgG extravasation analysis was smaller in adult compared with young mice. Microvascular viability and neuronal survival assessed by CD31 and NeuN immunohistochemistry were higher in adult than young mice. Tissue protection was associated with stronger activation of cell survival pathways in adult than young mice. Microglial/macrophage accumulation and activation assessed by F4/80 immunohistochemistry were more restricted in adult than young mice, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses were reduced by aging. By means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified a hitherto unknown proteome profile comprising the upregulation of glycogen degradation-related pathways and the downregulation of mitochondrial dysfunction-related pathways, which distinguished post-ischemic responses of the aged compared with the young brain. Our study suggests that aging increases the brain's resilience against ischemic injury.

Marein reduces lipid levels via modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to induce lipophagy

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The capitulum of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (CT, Xue-Ju in Chinese) is a precious medicine in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region of China. The Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. is used to prevent and treat dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, etc. Recent studies have shown that its extract has a pharmacological effect on hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aimed to systematically evaluate the lipid-lowering activity of CT through a mice model of hyperlipidemia and a human hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells model of lipid accumulation, and to investigate its main active components and mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Biochemical analysis of blood/liver lipids and liver histopathology were used to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (AECT) on hyperlipidemia mice. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to identify the main components in the AECT. Oil red O staining, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and determination of the total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were used to further study the effect and potential mechanism of the AECT main components on sodium oleate-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells.

RESULTS

We confirmed the lipid-lowering activity of the aqueous extract and further identified flavonoids as its main components. Among them, five Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. flavonoids mixture (FM) significantly reduced lipid droplet area, lipid content, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels, and elevated HDL-C levels in HepG2 cells induced by sodium oleate. Furthermore, they increased lipophagy in HepG2 lipid-accumulating cells, while decreasing the ratio of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR. Most importantly, marein may be a key component.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated that AECT, with flavonoids as the main component, can improve diet-induced hyperlipidemia in obese mice. Among the main five flavonoids, marein plays a key role in promoting lipophagy by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, resulting in a lipid-lowering effect.

Role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling in oncogenesis

The signalling system known as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is believed to be required for several biological activities involving cell proliferation. The serine-threonine kinase identified as mTOR recognises PI3K-AKT stress signals. It is well established in the scientific literature that the deregulation of the mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in cancer growth and advancement. This review focuses on the normal functions of mTOR as well as its abnormal roles in cancer development.

The targeted next-generation sequence revealed SMAD4, AKT1, and TP53 mutations from circulating cell-free DNA of breast cancer and its effect on protein structure - A computational approach

Breast cancer biomarkers that detect marginally advanced stages are still challenging. The detection of specific abnormalities, targeted therapy selection, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment effectiveness over time are all made possible by circulating free DNA (cfDNA) analysis. The proposed study will detect specific genetic abnormalities from the plasma cfDNA of a female breast cancer patient by sequencing a cancer-related gene panel (MGM455 - Oncotrack Ultima), including 56 theranostic genes (SNVs and small INDELs). Initially, we determined the pathogenicity of the observed mutations using PredictSNP, iStable, Align-GVGD, and ConSurf servers. As a next step, molecular dynamics (MD) was implemented to determine the functional significance of SMAD4 mutation (V465M). Lastly, the mutant gene relationships were examined using the Cytoscape plug-in GeneMANIA. Using ClueGO, we determined the gene's functional enrichment and integrative analysis. The structural characteristics of SMAD4 V465M protein by MD simulation analysis further demonstrated that the mutation was deleterious. The simulation showed that the native structure was more significantly altered by the SMAD4 (V465M) mutation. Our findings suggest that SMAD4 V465M mutation might be significantly associated with breast cancer, and other patient-found mutations (AKT1-E17K and TP53-R175H) are synergistically involved in the process of SMAD4 translocate to nuclease, which affects the target gene translation. Therefore, this combination of gene mutations could alter the TGF-β signaling pathway in BC. We further proposed that the SMAD4 protein loss may contribute to an aggressive phenotype by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway. Thus, breast cancer's SMAD4 (V465M) mutation might increase their invasive and metastatic capabilities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Black Tea Extract, via Modulation of TGF-β Pathway, Prevents Inorganic Arsenic-induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin in Swiss Albino Mice

Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and up-regulates TGF-β signalling. This promotes induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and causes the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of skin. Black tea is a popular beverage worldwide and an effective antioxidant. Chemopreventive potential of black tea extract (BTE) against iAs induced carcinogenicity has been explored here. The study aims to investigate the role of BTE in prevention of iAs-induced SCC of skin in Swiss albino mice via the modulation of TGF-β signalling and EMT. Mice were divided into (1) control, (2) iAs, (3) iAs+BTE, and (4) BTE groups and were administered iAs and BTE alone, or in combination for 330 days. Histological studies were performed to assess development of SCC. ROS generation was estimated by flowcytometry. Expression of TGF-β and downstream proteins belonging to suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways was assessed by immunoblotting. Expression of EMT markers was evaluated by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. After 330 days of iAs treatment, development of invasive SCC of skin probably due to excess ROS generation, elevation of TGF-β, downregulation of the Smad pathway, upregulation of PI3K-AKT and MAPK signalling molecules and induction of EMT was observed. All these modulations were found to be reversed by BTE, which inhibits iAs induced SCC of skin by quenching excess ROS, promoting Smad mediated TGF-β signalling, downregulating signalling intermediates of PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways and inhibiting EMT.

PTEN inhibitor VO-OHpic protects endplate chondrocytes against apoptosis and calcification via activating Nrf-2 signaling pathway

Cartilage endplate (CEP) degeneration and calcification is an important contributor to the onset and pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, the underlying mechanisms of CEP degeneration remain elusive, let alone according treatment strategies to prevent CEP degeneration. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene that promotes cell apoptosis, and recent studies indicated that PTEN is overexpressed in degenerated intervertebral disc. However, whether direct inhibition of PTEN attenuates CEP degeneration and IDD development remains largely unknown. In the present study, our in vivo experiments demonstrated that VO-OHpic could attenuate IDD progression and CEP calcification. We also found that VO-OHpic inhibited oxidative stress induced chondrocytes apoptosis and degeneration by activating Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, thus promoted parkin mediated mitophagy process and inhibited chondrocytes ferroptosis, alleviated redox imbalance and eventually improved cell survival. Nrf-2 siRNA transfection significantly reversed the protective effect of VO-OHpic on endplate chondrocytes. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that inhibition of PTEN with VO-OHpic attenuates CEP calcification and IDD progression. Moreover, VO-OHpic protects endplate chondrocytes against apoptosis and degeneration via activating Nrf-2/HO-1 mediated mitophagy process and ferroptosis inhibition. Our results suggest that VO-OHpic may be a potential effective medicine for IDD prevention and treatment.

Cutaneous Melanoma and Glioblastoma Multiforme Association—Case Presentation and Literature Review

The occurrence of both melanoma and glioma was first suggested by the observation of a familial association between these conditions, which was later confirmed by the description of the melanoma–astrocytoma syndrome, an extremely rare, inherited affliction in which people have an increased risk of developing melanoma and nervous system tumors. Taking into consideration the common embryologic precursor, the neuroectoderm, it was hypothesized that this syndrome is associated with a genetic disorder. While some families with germline CDKN2A mutations are prone to develop just melanomas, others develop both melanomas and astrocytomas or even other nervous-system neoplasms. Herein, we report the case of a 63-year-old male patient with no personal or family history of malignancy who had primary melanoma followed by glioblastoma. Our case report suggests that the occurrence of both melanoma and glioblastoma is most likely not coincidental but instead linked to genetic mutations of common embryologic precursors or signaling pathways.

Interfering with the Ubiquitin-Mediated Regulation of Akt as a Strategy for Cancer Treatment

The serine/threonine kinase Akt modulates the functions of numerous substrates, many of them being involved in cell proliferation and growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, resistance to hypoxia and migration. Akt is frequently deregulated in many types of human cancers, its overexpression or abnormal activation being associated with the increased proliferation and survival of cancer cells. A promising avenue for turning off the functionality of Akt is to either interfere with the K63-linked ubiquitination that is necessary for Akt membrane recruitment and activation or increase the K48-linked polyubiquitination that aims to target Akt to the proteasome for its degradation. Recent evidence indicates that targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system is effective for certain cancer treatments. In this review, the functions and roles of Akt in human cancer will be discussed, with a main focus on molecules and compounds that target various elements of the ubiquitination processes that regulate the activation and inactivation of Akt. Moreover, their possible and attractive implications for cancer therapy will be discussed.

How PTEN mutations degrade function at the membrane and life expectancy of carriers of mutations in the human brain

PTEN dysfunction, caused by loss of lipid phosphatase activity or deletion, promotes pathologies, cancer, benign tumors, and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Despite efforts, exactly how the mutations trigger distinct phenotypic outcomes, cancer or NDD, has been puzzling. It has also been unclear how to distinguish between mutations harbored by isoforms, are they cancer or NDDs-related. Here we address both. We demonstrate that PTEN mutations differentially allosterically bias P-loop dynamics and its connection to the catalytic site, affecting catalytic activity. NDD-related mutations are likely to sample conformations present in the wild-type, while sampled conformations sheltering cancer-related hotspots favor catalysis-prone conformations, suggesting that NDD mutations are weaker. Analysis of isoform expression data indicates that if the transcript has NDD-related mutations, alone or in combination with cancer hotspots, there is high prenatal expression. If no mutations within the measured days, low expression levels. Cancer mutations promote stronger signaling and cell proliferation; NDDs' are weaker, influencing brain cell differentiation. Further, exon 5 is impacted by NDD or non-NDD mutations, while exon 7 is exclusively impacted by NDD mutations. Our comprehensive conformational and genomic analysis helps discover how same allele mutations can foster different clinical manifestations and uncovers correlations of splicing isoform expression to life expectancy.

ORLNC1 Suppresses Cell Growth in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer via miRNA-296 Sponging

BACKGROUND

Accumulating research has demonstrated that aberrant levels of long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are related to cancer progression. The effects of ORLNC1 in HER2+ breast cancer have yet to be explored.

METHODS

Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of LncRNA ORLNC1 in HER+ breast cancer. CCK-8, wound healing and cell invasion assays were used to examine the effect of LncRNA ORLNC1 on HER+ breast cancer cells. Luciferase reporter assay was utilized to determine the regulatory relationship between LncRNA ORLNC1 and miR-296. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of PTEN. Xenograft mouse model was used to examine the effect of LncRNA ORLNC1 on tumor progression in vivo.

RESULTS

In this study, our findings revealed downregulation of ORLNC1 in HER2+ breast cancer specimens and cell lines. Low levels of ORLNC1 were related to poor prognosis and advanced cancer stage. Using gain- and loss-of-function assays, the ability of these tumor cells to proliferate was found to be inhibited by ORLNC1 in vitro and in vivo. Further analyses revealed that miR-296/PTEN axis is directly targeted by ORLNC1. Consequently, over-expression of miR-296 efficiently abrogated the upregulation of PTEN induced by ORLNC1, suggesting that ORLNC1 positively regulates PTEN expression by competitively binding to miR-296.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that lncRNA ORLNC1 acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating the miR-296/PTEN axis in HER2+ breast cancer.

The Essential Oil from Oliveria decumbens Vent. (Apiaceae) as Inhibitor of Breast Cancer Cell (MCF-7) Growth

Oliveria decumbens Vent. is an aromatic and medicinal plant traditionally used in Iran for the treatment of infections, gastrointestinal diseases, cancer, and inflammation. This research was aimed at investigating the pharmacological potential of O. decumbens essential oil (OEO) and its main compounds, focusing on OEO's cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. OEO was obtained by hydro-distillation, and the chemical constituents were identified using GC-MS. Thymol, carvacrol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene were the main OEO constituents. When MCF-7 cells were treated with OEO, the expressions of genes related to apoptosis (BIM and Bcl-2), tumor suppression (PTEN), and cell growth inhibition (AURKA), were evaluated using real-time PCR. Moreover, molecular docking was used for studying in silico the interaction of OEO principal compounds with PTEN and AURKA. The expression of AURKA was significantly reduced since the OEO treatment enhanced the expression of PTEN. Through in silico molecular docking, it was revealed that thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene can activate PTEN and thus inhibit AURKA. Additionally, the DNA fragmentation assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) double-staining assay, and real-time PCR highlighted the fact that the OEO treatment could activate apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation. Therefore, OEO is a viable candidate to be employed in the pharmaceutical industry, specifically as a possible agent for cancer therapy.

Exosomes as a Cell-free Therapy for Myocardial Injury Following Acute Myocardial Infarction or Ischemic Reperfusion

Exosomes, which contain miRNA, have been receiving growing attention in cardiovascular therapy because of their role in mediating cell-cell communication, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Several studies have suggested that miRNA derived from exosomes can be used to detect myocardial infarctions (MI) in patients. Basic research also suggests that exosomes could serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating acute myocardial infarction. Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with adverse cardiac events after acute MI. We aim to review the potential benefits and mechanisms of exosomes in treating MI and IR injury.