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Nguyen TVT, Konu D, Forbes S. Investigating solitude as a tool for downregulation of daily arousal using ecological momentary assessments. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38757772 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research explored arousal levels as a motivating factor for solitude-seeking. We hypothesized that solitude becomes more desirable when high-arousal emotions were heightened and individual differences in extraversion and neuroticism would moderate this pattern. METHOD We tracked individuals' hourly experiences throughout a day. We assessed their high-arousal positive (e.g., excitement) and negative emotions (e.g., tension), whether they were alone or with others, and their preferred situation at the time of the signal. We gathered 4338 surveys from 362 participants, with 103 participants completing all hourly surveys. RESULTS Preference for and incidence of solitude changed throughout the day. Contrary to our hypotheses, lagged analyses did not indicate high-arousal emotions predicting reports of being alone an hour later. However, individuals were more likely to express a preference for solitude while experiencing high-arousal negative emotions, and less so while experiencing positive emotions. Younger individuals display stronger preference for solitude during experiences of high-arousal negative emotions. Extraversion and neuroticism did not moderate these patterns. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the distinctive appeal of solitude as a space for young adults to deal with negative emotions. We discussed how these findings are connected to existing literature and implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delali Konu
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Samuel Forbes
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
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2
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Ghandchi A, Golbabaei S, Borhani K. Effects of two different social exclusion paradigms on ambiguous facial emotion recognition. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:296-314. [PMID: 38678446 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2285862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Social exclusion is an emotionally painful experience that leads to various alterations in socio-emotional processing. The perceptual and emotional consequences that may arise from experiencing social exclusion can vary depending on the paradigm used to manipulate it. Exclusion paradigms can vary in terms of the severity and duration of the leading exclusion experience, thereby classifying it as either a short-term or long-term experience. The present study aimed to study the impact of exclusion on socio-emotional processing using different paradigms that caused experiencing short-term and imagining long-term exclusion. Ambiguous facial emotions were used as socio-emotional cues. In study 1, the Ostracism Online paradigm was used to manipulate short-term exclusion. In study 2, a new sample of participants imagined long-term exclusion through the future life alone paradigm. Participants of both studies then completed a facial emotion recognition task consisting of morphed ambiguous facial emotions. By means of Point of Subjective Equivalence analyses, our results indicate that the experience of short-term exclusion hinders recognising happy facial expressions. In contrast, imagining long-term exclusion causes difficulties in recognising sad facial expressions. These findings extend the current literature, suggesting that not all social exclusion paradigms affect socio-emotional processing similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Ghandchi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroosh Golbabaei
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatereh Borhani
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Stavrova O, Ehlebracht D, Ren D. Cynical people desire power but rarely acquire it: Exploring the role of cynicism in leadership attainment. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:226-252. [PMID: 37910018 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Do cynical individuals have a stronger desire for power and are they more likely to acquire power at work? The negative consequences of cynicism-for cynics themselves and the people around them-render the examination of these questions particularly important. We first examined the role of cynicism in power motives. Results showed that more cynical individuals have a greater desire for power to avoid exploitation by others (and less so to exploit others; Study 1) and score higher on dominance (but not prestige or leadership) motives (Study 2). The subsequent two studies examined the role of cynicism in power attainment at work. A study of virtual teams (Study 3) showed that more cynical individuals were less likely to emerge as group leaders, and a prospective study of ~9000 employees followed for up to 10 years (Study 4) showed that cynicism predicted a lower likelihood of attaining a leadership position in organizations. Taken together, more (vs. less) cynical individuals have a stronger power-in particular, dominance-motive but they are not more successful at power acquisition. These findings inform the literature on cynicism and power and highlight the importance of cynical worldviews for leadership attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Stavrova
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Pang C, Wang TY, Lin J. Being close or being alone: How Social ostracism affects solitude preference. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38687197 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Social ostracism refers to the phenomenon of being excluded from social interactions and not being accepted by society. While previous research has examined its impact on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, few studies have investigated how individuals respond to ostracism by seeking solitude. Therefore, our study aims to explore the association between social ostracism and solitude seeking as well as the potential psychological mechanisms involved. We conducted three studies involving 488 Chinese students (59% female) and found that (a) long-term ostracism experiences positively correlated with preference for solitude, (b) short-term ostracism did not immediately lead to solitude seeking but increased the desire to establish new connections with others and (c) hostile assessment and negative emotions played a chain mediation role in the relationship between social ostracism and solitude seeking. These findings provide new insights and empirical evidence for understanding the relationship between social ostracism and solitude-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Pang
- Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR
| | - Tulips Yiwen Wang
- Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR
| | - Jiali Lin
- Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR
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Wang D, Zhou M, Hu Y. The Relationship Between Harsh Parenting and Smartphone Addiction Among Adolescents: Serial Mediating Role of Depression and Social Pain. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:735-752. [PMID: 38410380 PMCID: PMC10896639 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s438014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose With the increasing prevalence of smart phones, adolescent smartphone addiction has garnered significant attention from researchers. Previous studies have revealed that smartphone addiction is associated with various internalization and externalization problems. Therefore, this present study aims to investigate the risk factors contributing to adolescent smartphone addiction. Methods Study 1 recruited a sample of 540, 690, and 470 Chinese students aged between 10-17 years for exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and predictive validity analysis of the social pain scale. Study 2 utilized data from a sample of 718 Chinese students aged between 10-17 years to examine the measurement model used revised social pain scale, smartphone addiction scale, harsh parenting scale, and depression sub-scale. Results The present study revealed that (1)The Social Pain Scale had good applicability in Chinese adolescents; (2) There were significant, positive correlations among harsh parenting, smartphone addiction, depression and social pain; (3) Social pain and depression played a partially serial mediating role in the relationship between harsh parenting and smartphone addiction, and similarly the relationship between paternal harsh parenting and smartphone addiction, while a completely serial mediating role in the relationship between maternal harsh parenting and smartphone addiction. Conclusion This study provides a direct path (improving parenting style) and an indirect path (reducing social pain to reduce depression) regarding interventions for adolescents with smartphone addiction, and establishes a basis for improving the situation of adolescent smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixin Hu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Ren D, Loh WW, Chung JM, Brandt MJ. Person-specific priorities in solitude. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38279643 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People value solitude in varying degrees. Theories and studies suggest that people's appreciation of solitude varies considerably across persons (e.g., an introverted person may value solitude more than an extraverted person), and solitude experiences (i.e., on average, people may value some functions of solitude, e.g., privacy, more than other functions, e.g., self-discovery). What are the unique contributions of these two sources? METHOD We surveyed a quota-based sample of 501 US residents about their perceived importance of a diverse set of 22 solitude functions. RESULTS Variance component analysis reveals that both sources contributed to the variability of perceived importance of solitude (person: 22%; solitude function: 15%). Crucially, individual idiosyncratic preferences (person-by-solitude function interaction) had a substantial impact (46%). Further analyses explored the role of personality traits, showing that different functions of solitude hold varying importance for different people. For example, neurotic individuals prioritize emotion regulation, introverted individuals value relaxation, and conscientious individuals find solitude important for productivity. CONCLUSIONS People value solitude for idiosyncratic reasons. Scientific inquiries on solitude must consider the fit between a person's characteristics and the specific functions a solitary experience affords. This research suggests that crafting or enhancing positive solitude experiences requires a personalized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Ren
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Wei Loh
- Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanne M Chung
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark J Brandt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Borg ME, Willoughby T. When is Solitude Maladaptive for Adolescents? A Comprehensive Study of Sociability and Characteristics of Solitude. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:2647-2660. [PMID: 37665481 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Research examining the link between solitude and psychosocial adjustment among adolescents has lacked a comprehensive, person-centered examination of differential patterns of both solitude and sociability. The current study surveyed 1071 adolescents (Mage = 12.48, SD = 1.71, 49.86% female, age range = 10-16 years). Using latent-profile analysis, four groups were identified with differential patterns of characteristics of solitude (i.e., enjoyment, motivations, preference, frequency) and sociability. Results indicated that worse psychosocial adjustment across time points was associated with membership in the PFS-NonSociable group (characterized by high enjoyment, preference, and frequency of solitude; low sociability) compared to all other groups. Findings suggest that solitude for adolescents appears to be linked to worse psychosocial adjustment only if accompanied by a lack of sociability.
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Zeigler-Hill V, Vonk J, Fatfouta R. Does narcissus prefer to be alone? Narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 38014712 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations that narcissistic personality traits had with the preference for solitude. BACKGROUND Preference for solitude may be impacted by various characteristics. Narcissism may be one such characteristic given its association with specific motivations for engagement with other individuals (e.g., status attainment). METHOD We examined whether the associations that narcissism had with the preference for solitude were moderated by perceived attainment of status or instability of status. RESULTS Across three studies (N = 627/479/675), extraverted narcissism had the expected aversion to solitude. Antagonistic narcissism and neurotic narcissism did not have consistent associations with the preference for solitude across these studies, nor did the perceived attainment of status consistently moderate the links between narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude. However, perceived instability of status moderated the associations that extraverted narcissism and antagonistic narcissism had with the preference for solitude. More specifically, the more stable status was perceived to be, the greater the aversion to solitude for those high in extraverted narcissism and the greater the preference for solitude for those high in antagonistic narcissism. CONCLUSIONS This pattern of results suggests that the motivations underlying preferences for solitude differ depending on particular narcissistic traits that predict whether one is more concerned with maintaining, gaining, or losing status. These results build upon what is known about the connections that narcissism has with the preference for solitude.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Vonk
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Ramzi Fatfouta
- Department of Psychology, University of Applied Sciences for Media, Communication and Management, Potsdam, Germany
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Huang C, Butterworth JW, Finley AJ, Angus DJ, Sedikides C, Kelley NJ. There is a party in my head and no one is invited: Resting-state electrocortical activity and solitude. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 37577862 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE What are the motivational underpinnings of solitude? We know from self-report studies that increases in solitude are associated with drops in approach motivation and rises in avoidance motivation, but only when solitude is experienced as non-self-determined (i.e., non-autonomous). However, the extent to which individual differences in solitude relate to neurophysiological markers of approach-avoidance motivation derived from resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) is unknown. These markers are Frontal Alpha Asymmetry, beta suppression, and midline Posterior versus Frontal EEG Theta Activity. METHOD We assessed the relation among individual differences in the reasons for solitude (i.e., preference for solitude, motivation for solitude), approach-avoidance motivation, and resting-state EEG markers of approach-avoidance motivation (N = 115). RESULTS General preference for solitude was negatively related to approach motivation, observed in both self-reported measures and EEG markers of approach motivation. Self-determined solitude was positively related to both self-reported approach motivation and avoidance motivation in the social domain (i.e., friendship). Non-self-determined solitude was negatively associated with self-reported avoidance motivation. CONCLUSION This research was a preliminary attempt to address the neurophysiological underpinnings of solitude in the context of motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Huang
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - James W Butterworth
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anna J Finley
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas J Angus
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicholas J Kelley
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Meral EO, Ren D, van Osch Y, van Dijk E, van Beest I. Do targets of ostracism truthfully communicate their emotional reactions to sources? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 237:103956. [PMID: 37295274 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ostracism triggers negative emotions such as sadness, anger, and hurt feelings. Do targets of ostracism truthfully share their emotions with the sources of ostracism? Drawing on past research on social-functional accounts of emotions and interpersonal emotion regulation, we investigated the possibility that targets may misrepresent their emotions (i.e., gaming emotions). We conducted three experiments (N = 1058; two pre-registered) using an online ball-tossing game, in which participants were randomly assigned to be included or ostracized. Consistent with the literature, we found that ostracized individuals were more hurt, sad, and angry than included individuals. However, we found little and inconsistent evidence that ostracized (vs included) individuals misrepresented their emotional reactions to the sources. Further, Bayesian analyses offered more support against misrepresentation of emotions. These findings suggest that targets of ostracism truthfully communicated their social pain to the sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem O Meral
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dongning Ren
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eric van Dijk
- Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ilja van Beest
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Stavrova O, Ren D. Alone in a Crowd: Is Social Contact Associated with Less Psychological Pain of Loneliness in Everyday Life? JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2023; 24:1841-1860. [PMID: 37293324 PMCID: PMC10157120 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-023-00661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
People are often advised to engage in social contact to cope with the experience of loneliness and improve well-being. But are the moments of loneliness actually more bearable when spent in other people's company? In this research, we proposed and tested two conflicting theoretical accounts regarding the role of social contact: social contact is associated with a stronger (the amplifying account) or with a weaker (the buffering account) negative effect of loneliness on psychological well-being. Analyses of three datasets collected using ecological momentary assessments (Nindividuals = 3,035) revealed that the negative association between loneliness and well-being was stronger when participants were with others than alone, consistent with the amplifying account. Further, when participants experienced high levels of loneliness, being with others was associated with the same or with even a lower level of well-being than being alone. These findings suggest that simply spending time with others (vs. alone) is not associated with a reduced burden of loneliness and may even backfire. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10902-023-00661-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Stavrova
- Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5000 LE, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Dongning Ren
- Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5000 LE, Tilburg, Netherlands
- Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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Zhu W, Lu D, Li C, Tian X, Bai X. Longitudinal associations between ostracism, anger rumination, and social aggression. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Choi Y, Pauly T, Zambrano Garza E, Broen T, Gerstorf D, Hoppmann CA. Having time to oneself in times of extended togetherness: Solitude experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:217-237. [PMID: 36135342 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated how time to oneself (solitude) is experienced under conditions of extended togetherness with household members during the pandemic. Both structural (living arrangements) and qualitative characteristics (relationship quality and conflict) were examined for their association with solitude desire and daily solitude-affect links. We expected that people living with others and those with more high-quality as well as those with more conflictual relationships would report better affect quality when experiencing solitude. A Canadian adult lifespan sample (N = 141; Mage = 38.43 years, SDage = 17.51; 81% female; 73% White; data collected from April to August 2020) provided information on household size and relationship characteristics and completed repeated daily life assessments of solitude desire, solitude, and affect. Findings show that living arrangements were not associated with an increased desire for solitude or better affect quality from solitude. Individuals reporting higher relationship quality and individuals reporting more conflict showed more favorable affect quality on days when they had time in solitude than individuals reporting lower quality relationships and lower conflict. Findings add to the growing solitude literature by delineating who seeks and benefits from solitude, and under what conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseok Choi
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Theresa Pauly
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Zambrano Garza
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tiana Broen
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane A Hoppmann
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Peng S, Ruan X, Tao D, Xuan B. Influence of Social Exclusion on Cool and Hot Inhibitory Control in Chinese College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2433. [PMID: 36767798 PMCID: PMC9916102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Social exclusion can affect nearly every aspect of a person's mental health, both on an emotional and cognitive level. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether cool or hot inhibitory control capacity varied under social exclusion. More precisely, participants who had experienced and not experienced social exclusion were compared to explore the influence of social exclusion on cool and hot inhibitory controls. Social exclusion was induced through the use of a Cyberball game, and participants were divided into an exclusion group and an inclusion group. The number Stroop task and emotional face Stroop task were used to measure the cool and hot inhibitory control, respectively. In the cool Stroop task, participants had to refrain from reading printed digits to identify the number of items presented in the array. In the hot Stroop task, participants had to inhibit the meaning of the word to identify the emotion displayed on the face. Reaction time, accuracy, and Stroop interference were analyzed to compare the inhibitory control between the exclusion group and the inclusion group. The results showed an extension of the response time in the exclusion group compared to the inclusion group. We found a higher interference effect in the number of Stroop tasks in the exclusion group than that in the inclusion group, but it was not significant in the emotional face Stroop task. The results suggest that the cognitive and emotional basis of inhibitory control may differ during social exclusion. The present findings expand our understanding of how social exclusion affects cool and hot inhibitory controls and their internal psychological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Peng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xinhui Ruan
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Dan Tao
- School of Early Childhood Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Bin Xuan
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
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15
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Why do minority students feel they don’t fit in? Migration background and parental education differentially predict social ostracism and belongingness. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221142781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Minority students’ belongingness on campus has become an emergent topic in psychological research. Past research has particularly focused on belonging uncertainty as a potential explanation for impaired belongingness in minority students. While this represents an important perspective, we argue that students of certain minority groups may also be more likely to be confronted with actual ostracism experiences on campus. Using structural equation modelling, we investigated associations between minority status, ostracism, and belongingness in an aggregated sample derived from two longitudinal survey studies ( n = 973 students) with two time points (beginning of the first and of the second semester) at a German university. We show that student characteristics that are likely more visible (migration background with family ties to the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, or Latin America) are linked to impaired belongingness both directly as well as indirectly through experiences of ostracism. In contrast, student characteristics that are less visible (such as parental education level) are directly associated with impaired belongingness but not with experiences of ostracism. Furthermore, we found that a migration background from the aforementioned regions indirectly predicted students’ well-being, dropout intentions, and actual dropout via the experience of ostracism and subsequent impaired belongingness. For parental education level, we only found indirect effects on students’ well-being via impaired belongingness. Our findings suggest that in addition to the existing focus on belonging uncertainty, there is a need to focus psychological research and educational practice on ostracism experiences that ethnic minority students face at university.
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Close and distant relationships exclusion: A study of individual coping tendencies towards excluder and non-excluder. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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McVarnock A, Cheng T, Polakova L, Coplan RJ. Are you alone? Measuring solitude in childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1179677. [PMID: 37151973 PMCID: PMC10156970 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1179677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review was to provide an overview of how solitude has been operationally defined and measured since the year 2000 in psychological studies of children, adolescents, and emerging adults. After applying exclusionary criteria, our review of the extant literature identified n = 19 empirical studies, which we grouped into three broad methodological categories: (1) experiments/manipulations (n = 5); (2) retrospective reports (n = 7); and (3) experience sampling measures (experience sampling methodology; n = 7). A review of these studies indicated considerable variation in how solitude is operationalized and measured. There is also a notable lack of studies measuring solitude in childhood. Implications for 'what matters' when assessing solitude are discussed, and we provide a series of suggestions for helping this research area move forward.
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Is Conspicuous Consumption Influenced by Cyber-Ostracism? A Moderated Mediation Model. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 13:bs13010006. [PMID: 36661578 PMCID: PMC9854768 DOI: 10.3390/bs13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study starts from the cyber-ostracism experience that often occurs during social media use. Based on compensatory control theory, we explore the mechanism by which cyber-ostracism affects consumers' conspicuous consumption through the sense of control and also explore the moderating role of social media use intensity and implicit personality. This study used a sample of 407 social media users in China to verify the relationship between variables. The findings show that: there is a significant positive effect of cyber-ostracism on conspicuous consumption; sense of control plays a mediating role in the relationship between cyber-ostracism and conspicuous consumption; social media use intensity negatively moderates the relationship between cyber-ostracism and sense of control, and implicit personality moderates the relationship between sense of control and conspicuous consumption. The findings of the study help to reveal the formation mechanism of social media users' conspicuous consumption, which has important theoretical significance and practical value for establishing correct consumption concepts in the social media context.
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Social pain by non-social agents: Exclusion hurts and provokes punishment even if the excluding source is a computer. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 230:103753. [PMID: 36166852 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has shown that being excluded by computer-agents in experimental exclusion paradigms threatens individuals' basic needs to a similar extent as being excluded by humans. It is less clear, however, why this similarity between computer and human exclusion occurs, and whether it applies only to reactions immediately after the exclusion event (reflexive stage), or also to reactions that occur further downstream (e.g., reflective stage). Four studies (N = 1048) with three different exclusion paradigms provide several key insights: First, the similarity between computer and human exclusion is robust and pervasive, as Bayesian analyses provide consistent support that the source of exclusion (human vs. computer) does not affect reflexive need satisfaction. Second, this similarity also extends to reflective reactions and punishing behavior. Finally, the present studies extend our knowledge about the processes underlying this similarity by uncovering the role of anthropomorphism. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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20
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Swets JA, Cox CR. Aloneliness predicts relational anger and aggression toward romantic partners. Aggress Behav 2022; 48:512-523. [PMID: 35819254 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aloneliness is the negative psychological state characterized by dissatisfaction with one's lack of solitude, which is connected to well-being deficits (e.g., depression, stress). From an I3 theory perspective, we expected that aloneliness could predict anger and partner-directed aggression among persons in romantic relationships, who must, by nature of their partnership, dedicate time to their romantic partners. In Studies 1a and 1b (N = 554), trait aloneliness positively correlated with trait anger, aggression, and violence, but more strongly among persons in relationships (vs. single persons). In Study 2, aloneliness was experimentally primed among 93 undergraduates in relationships. When aloneliness was salient (vs. a control), participants reported higher anger and used more pins in a partner-representative voodoo doll. These results suggest that solitude is an inhibiting factor against anger and, potentially, the perpetration of partner-directed aggression. Although subsequent work in this area is needed, we add evidence showing the importance of individual differences in the need for solitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Swets
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Cathy R Cox
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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21
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Nguyen TVT, Weinstein N, Ryan RM. Who enjoys solitude? autonomous functioning (but not introversion) predicts self-determined motivation (but not preference) for solitude. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267185. [PMID: 35613084 PMCID: PMC9132342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the solitude literature, two discrete constructs reflect different perspectives on how time spent alone is motivated. Self-determined motivation for solitude reflects wanting time alone to find enjoyment and gain meaningful benefits from it, whereas preference for solitude concerns wanting time for oneself over others' company regardless of reasons for why time alone is wanted. We investigated two personality characteristics: introversion from Big-Five personality theory and dispositional autonomy from self-determination theory. In two diary studies university students completed personality measures and reported about their experiences with time spent alone over a period of seven days. Across both studies, contrary to popular belief that introverts spend time alone because they enjoy it, results showed no evidence that introversion is predictive of either preference or motivation for solitude. Dispositional autonomy-the tendency to regulate from a place of self-congruence, interest, and lack of pressure-consistently predicted self-determined motivation for solitude but was unrelated to preference for solitude. These findings provided evidence supporting the link between valuing time spent alone with individual differences in the capacity to self-regulate in choiceful and authentic way.
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22
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Wenting F, Lijia W, Cuixin G. The Influence of Social Exclusion Types on Individuals' Willingness to Word-of-Mouth Recommendation. Front Psychol 2022; 13:862003. [PMID: 35496144 PMCID: PMC9051444 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.862003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the pace of modern life accelerates, social exclusion occurs more and more frequently in interpersonal interactions. The type of social exclusion can lead to different psychological needs of individuals, and, thus, affects the tendency of word-of-mouth (WOM) recommendation. There are three experiments in this research. Experiment 1 explores the influence of social exclusion types on the willingness of WOM recommendation. The result shows that being rejected increases individuals' willingness to WOM recommendations while being ignored decreases individuals' willingness. Experiment 2 explores the internal psychological mechanism of the influence of social exclusion types on WOM recommendation behavior and proves the mediating role of psychological needs (affiliative-focused needs; power/provocation need). In experiment 3, the moderating effect of product attributes (scarcity/popularity) on the main effect is analyzed. This research is the first to explore the influence of social exclusion types on individuals' willingness to WOM recommendations, which enriches the research on social exclusion in the field of WOM recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wenting
- Gemmological Institute, Research Center for Psychological and Health Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Lijia
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, Institute of Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Gao Cuixin
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, Institute of Advanced Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Gao Cuixin
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23
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Shi L, Li H, Huang L, Hou Y, Song L. Does Cyberostracism Reduce Prosocial Behaviors? The Protective Role of Psychological Resilience. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074388. [PMID: 35410069 PMCID: PMC8998944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the negative consequences of cyberostracism on prosocial behaviors, we developed a coping strategy based on psychological resilience, and revealed its effectiveness in combating the adverse effects of cyberostracism on prosocial behavior through two studies. Study 1 demonstrated that psychological resilience could mitigate the negative impact of cyberostracism on prosocial behaviors through experimental manipulation. By targeting continuously ostracized people with low resilience for an online self-help resilience intervention program, Study 2 confirmed that psychological resilience was effective in alleviating the detrimental effects of cyberostracism. These studies not only help us to recognize the negative effects of cyberostracism, but also extend Williams’ temporal need–threat model of ostracism in the context of online ostracism. As emerging technologies represent a promising new approach to intervention delivery, the most valuable contribution of this study is that we developed an online self-help psychological resilience intervention program that showed encouraging therapeutic effects and advantages for assisting in caring for a larger population of people who are at elevated risk for being cyberostracized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Shi
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Hao Li
- Plateau Brain Science Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China;
- Institute of Oxygen Supply, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
- Institute of education, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
- School of psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lianqiong Huang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Yubo Hou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.S.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Lili Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (L.S.)
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24
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Zhu Y, Zhang D. Workplace Ostracism and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Chain Mediating Role of Anger and Turnover Intention. Front Psychol 2021; 12:761560. [PMID: 34955982 PMCID: PMC8692575 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.761560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the mediating effect of anger and turnover intention on the relationship between workplace ostracism and counterproductive work behaviors. A two-stage follow-up survey of 426 employees born after 1990 was conducted using the Workplace Ostracism Scale, Counterproductive Work Behaviors Scale, Trait Anger subscale of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and Turnover Intention Scale. Workplace ostracism was found to be significantly positively correlated with anger, turnover intention, and counterproductive work behaviors. Furthermore, anger and turnover intention both separately and serially mediated the relationship between workplace ostracism and counterproductive work behaviors. This study confirms the chain mediating effect of anger and turnover intention on the relationship between workplace ostracism and counterproductive work behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingge Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Denghao Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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25
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Wirth JH, Sacco DF, Brown M, Okdie BM. “I hate to be a burden!”: Experiencing feelings associated with ostracism due to one's poor performance burdening the group. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Wirth
- Department of Psychology The Ohio State University at Newark Newark OH USA
| | - Donald F. Sacco
- School of Psychology The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS USA
| | - Mitch Brown
- Department of Psychological Science University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA
| | - Bradley M. Okdie
- Department of Psychology The Ohio State University at Newark Newark OH USA
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26
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Williams KD, Eckhardt CI, Maloney MA. Attending to the Ignored. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE-JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Ostracism – being excluded and ignored – has received considerable attention in social psychology in the past few decades. Experimental evidence suggests that negative psychological reactions to ostracism are robust and widespread. Initially, ostracism is detected quickly as painful and reduces the satisfaction of four fundamental needs: belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence. When ostracism is experienced occasionally, individuals tend to respond and cope by trying to fortify the threatened needs, either by attempting to improve their inclusionary status (fortifying belonging and self-esteem by being more likable, agreeable, and pliable), by exerting more control and attention (by becoming more provocative, noticeable, but also sometimes more aggressive and violent), or by reducing future episodes of ostracism by seeking solitude. Persistent or long-term exposure to ostracism results in decreased coping attempts, and higher rates of alienation, depression, learned helplessness, and unworthiness. In this article, we integrate these findings with clinical theory and practice, seeking to apply experimental results to therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kipling D. Williams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Molly A. Maloney
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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27
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Klein SA, Rudert SC. If they don't care, I won't share: Feeling unrelated to one's in‐group increases selfishness instead of behavior for the greater good. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina A. Klein
- Research Center for Environmental Economics Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Selma C. Rudert
- Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology University of Koblenz‐Landau Landau Germany
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28
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Hochard KD, Hulbert-Williams L, Ashcroft S, McLoughlin S. Acceptance and values clarification versus cognitive restructuring and relaxation: A randomized controlled trial of ultra-brief non-expert-delivered coaching interventions for social resilience. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Doolaard FT, Noordewier MK, Lelieveld GJ, van Beest I, van Dijk E. Go on without me: When underperforming group members prefer to leave their group. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Adams KE, Tyler JM. Regulatory focus and social reconnection following social exclusion. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:331-336. [PMID: 33138731 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1839004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Promotion- and prevention-focused people are differentially sensitive to situational gains and losses, thus we reasoned that people's state regulatory focus following social exclusion should influence whether a social reconnection opportunity is perceived as safe (i.e., will exclusion persist or abate). To create an exclusion condition, all participants believed that other ostensible participants read their personal essay and chose not to work with them (i.e., all participants were excluded). Following the exclusion, participants rated how much they wanted to work with a new partner whose personality was depicted as a safe or unsafe reconnection opportunity. We expected and found that participants who held a prevention focus were willing to work with the partner, but only when the opportunity was perceived as safe. By comparison, participants who held a promotion focus were willing to work with the partner regardless of the opportunity's safety. The relationship between social reconnection safety and regulatory focus and its effect on social reconnection efforts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Tyler
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University
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31
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Zimmerman CA, Carter‐Sowell AR, Ganesan A. Confrontation as an interpersonal response to ostracism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla A. Zimmerman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
- Department of Psychology Colorado State University—Pueblo Pueblo CO USA
| | | | - Asha Ganesan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
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32
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Arslan G, Coşkun M. Social Exclusion, Self-Forgiveness, Mindfulness, and Internet Addiction in College Students: a Moderated Mediation Approach. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:2165-2179. [PMID: 33716585 PMCID: PMC7939101 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction is a growingly prevalent behavioral addiction that causes numerous psychosocial problems. Investigating the causes and consequences of Internet addiction is fundamental to comprehend and prevent it. Therefore, the current study provided protective and promotive factors for undesired effects of social exclusion on Internet addiction. The study examined a moderated mediation model to test whether mindfulness moderated the mediating role of self-forgiveness in the association between social exclusion and Internet addiction among young adults. The participants of the present study included 358 undergraduate students attending a state university in Turkey. They ranged in age from 20 to 28 years (M = 21.89, SD = 1.95). The participants comprised 206 (57.5%) female and 152 (42.5%) male college young adults. Overall, the study findings indicated that self-forgiveness mediated the relationship between social exclusion and Internet addiction, and mindfulness moderated the mediating role of self-forgiveness in this association. Contending with negative outcomes of social exclusion and Internet addiction, and mitigating and buffering roles of self-forgiveness and mindfulness provide important implications to design prevention and intervention services for reducing Internet-related addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökmen Arslan
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Coşkun
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
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33
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Relatedness frustration and compensatory behaviors in social networking sites among Chinese college students: Role of self-control failure. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Ford MB. Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic as a predictor of daily psychological, social, and health-related outcomes. The Journal of General Psychology 2020; 148:249-271. [PMID: 33355034 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2020.1860890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, striking public health measures have been implemented to encourage physical distancing in order to slow the spread of disease. However, the impact of these measures on health and wellbeing is not well understood. In the current study a daily diary methodology was used to investigate the effects of social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic on a variety of outcomes with 230 undergraduate students. Participants completed an online diary for 3 days, reporting on daily social distancing behaviors, psychological wellbeing/resources, social/interpersonal connection with others, health behaviors, and health outcomes. Overall, daily social distancing (close adherence to social distancing guidelines) was associated with decreases in psychological wellbeing/resources, less social/interpersonal connection with others (including technology-mediated communication), fewer positive health behaviors, and increased reports of stress-related physical illness symptoms. Discussion centers on implications of these findings as well as the importance of identifying ways to mitigate the effects of these necessary but costly measures on health and wellbeing.
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35
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Ren D, Evans AM. Leaving the Loners Alone: Dispositional Preference for Solitude Evokes Ostracism. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:1294-1308. [PMID: 33135544 PMCID: PMC8258721 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220968612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
What are the interpersonal consequences of seeking solitude? Leading theories in developmental research have proposed that having a general preference for solitude may incur significant interpersonal costs, but empirical studies are still lacking. In five studies (total N = 1,823), we tested whether target individuals with a higher preference for solitude were at greater risk for ostracism, a common, yet extremely negative, experience. In studies using self-reported experiences (Study 1) and perceptions of others’ experiences (Study 2), individuals with a stronger preference for solitude were more likely to experience ostracism. Moreover, participants were more willing to ostracize targets with a high (vs. low) preference for solitude (Studies 3 and 4). Why do people ostracize solitude-seeking individuals? Participants assumed that interacting with these individuals would be aversive for themselves and the targets (Study 5; preregistered). Together, these studies suggest that seeking time alone has important (and potentially harmful) interpersonal consequences.
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36
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Stavrova O, Ren D. Is More Always Better? Examining the Nonlinear Association of Social Contact Frequency With Physical Health and Longevity. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550620961589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Frequent social contact has been associated with better health and longer life. It remains unclear though whether there is an optimal contact frequency, beyond which contact is no longer positively associated with health and longevity. The present research explored this question by examining nonlinear associations of social contact frequency with health and longevity. Study 1 ( N ∼ 350,000) demonstrated that once the frequency of social contact reached a moderate level (monthly or weekly), its positive association with health flattened out. Study 2 ( N ∼ 50,000) extended these findings to longitudinal and mortality data: Although low contact frequency was associated with poor health and low survival rates, increasing the frequency of social interactions beyond a moderate level (monthly or weekly) was no longer associated with better health and longevity and, in some cases, was even related to worse health and increased mortality risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Stavrova
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, the Netherland
| | - Dongning Ren
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, the Netherland
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37
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Yang Y, Wang L, Passmore HA, Zhang J, Zhu L, Cai H. Viewing nature scenes reduces the pain of social ostracism. The Journal of Social Psychology 2020; 161:197-215. [PMID: 32633650 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1784826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a series of four studies (Ns = 245, 135, 155, 222), we explored the effects of viewing nature scenes on promoting recovery from ostracism. We first manipulated experiences of ostracism, then randomly assigned participants to view photos of either nature, urban scenes, or neutral objects. Across all four studies, participants who viewed nature photos reported significantly lower levels of state social pain, along with significantly higher levels of affect balance and self-esteem. Moreover, when asked to look back and recall how they felt at the time of being ostracized, participants who viewed nature photos reported significantly higher levels of retrospective satisfaction of basic emotional needs than did participants in control conditions. An internal meta-analysis revealed an effect size of d = 0.58. These studies are the first, to our knowledge, to provide experimental evidence of how exposure to nature can alleviate the pain of social ostracism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lishen Wang
- Education College, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Holli-Anne Passmore
- Nature Connectedness Group, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Concordia University of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lifang Zhu
- Mental Health Education & Counseling Centre, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Huajian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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38
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Ren D, Wesselmann ED, van Beest I. Seeking Solitude After Being Ostracized: A Replication and Beyond. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:426-440. [PMID: 32515281 PMCID: PMC7897794 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220928238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Individuals may respond to ostracism by either behaving prosocially or antisocially. A recent paper provides evidence for a third response: solitude seeking, suggesting that ostracized individuals may ironically engage in self-perpetuating behaviors which exacerbate social isolation. To examine this counterintuitive response to ostracism, we conceptually replicated the original paper in three studies (N = 1,118). Ostracism experiences were associated with preference for solitude across four samples (Study 1), and being ostracized increased participants’ desires for solitude (Studies 2 and 3). Extending beyond the original paper, we demonstrated that only the experience of being ostracized, but not ostracizing others or the feeling of conspicuousness, triggered the desire for solitude. Diverging from the original paper, trait extraversion did not moderate the effect of ostracism on solitude desires. Taken together, the current research provides additional and stronger empirical evidence that solitude seeking is a common response to ostracism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Ren
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilja van Beest
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
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39
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When socially excluded people prefer moralizing to anti- and prosocial behavior: Support for a goal-directed account. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Chu C, Hammock EAD, Joiner TE. Unextracted plasma oxytocin levels decrease following in-laboratory social exclusion in young adults with a suicide attempt history. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 121:173-181. [PMID: 31835187 PMCID: PMC6939138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion is associated with greater suicide risk and more needs to be known about the biological processes contributing to this association. Oxytocin, a neuropeptide that regulates social interactions, may protect against the negative effects of exclusion by motivating social engagement. Oxytocin levels and desire for social engagement increase when non-psychiatric controls experience acute social exclusion. However, among individuals with borderline personality disorder and chronic depression, oxytocin levels decrease following exclusion. Both of these psychiatric illnesses are associated with high rates of suicidal behavior. No research has examined changes in oxytocin following social exclusion among individuals at risk for suicide. This quasi-experimental study examined differences in oxytocin levels and perceptions of social connectedness following an in-laboratory, acute social exclusion task among (a) individuals with no depression or suicide attempt histories, (b) individuals with current depression symptoms, and (c) individuals with current depression symptoms and suicide attempt histories. Young adults (N = 100) completed self-report measures and provided blood samples before and after an acute social exclusion task (Cyberball). Oxytocin was quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mixed-design ANCOVAs were used to evaluate changes in unextracted and extracted oxytocin levels, desire for emotional support, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness. Among suicide attempters, unextracted oxytocin levels decreased and desire for emotional support did not significantly change following exclusion. Among depressed and healthy controls, desire for emotional support increased and unextracted oxytocin levels did not significantly change. No significant changes in extracted oxytocin levels, thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness emerged. Further research is needed to determine if dysregulated oxytocin-related processes biologically predispose individuals with suicide attempt histories to greater social disconnection and suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Chu
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Thomas E Joiner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Belanger AL, Joshi MP, Fuesting MA, Weisgram ES, Claypool HM, Diekman AB. Putting Belonging in Context: Communal Affordances Signal Belonging in STEM. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 46:1186-1204. [PMID: 31928327 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219897181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sense of belonging in a particular context is cued not only by the people in the role but by the affordances of the role-that is, the opportunities for goal pursuit. We investigate this role-based belonging in four studies documenting that the perceived affordances of social roles inform sense of belonging and convey known benefits of belonging. Perceiving more communal opportunities in naturalistic science, technology, engineering, and mathematic (STEM) settings was associated with heightened belonging in those roles (Studies 1-2). Experimentally manipulating collaborative activities in a science lab increased anticipated belonging in the lab and fostered interest, particularly among women (Study 3). Finally, mentally simulating communal affordances in a role promoted recovery from belonging threat: Considering communal opportunities in STEM facilitated recovery of STEM-specific belonging after recalling exclusion in STEM (Study 4). Investigations of role-based belonging offer the potential for both theoretical and practical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Belanger
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,University of Wisconsin-Platteville, USA
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42
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Jiang T, Chen Z. Meaning in life accounts for the association between long-term ostracism and depressive symptoms: The moderating role of self-compassion. The Journal of Social Psychology 2019; 160:535-547. [PMID: 31739765 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2019.1693951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
According to the temporal need-threat model, ostracism results in three stages of responses. Research on the responses to ostracism has predominantly focused on the first two stages, and the literature needs further empirical evidence on responses to long-term ostracism. We conducted two studies to better understand the association between long-term ostracism and depressive symptoms. Study 1 found a positive association between long-term ostracism and depressive symptoms. More importantly, Study 1 found the threatened sense of meaning in life partially mediates the relationship. Study 2 further found that self-compassion, a positive and healthy trait, weakens the relationship between long-term ostracism and depressive symptoms. More specifically, self-compassion moderates the relationship between the threatened sense of meaning in life and depressive symptoms. Our findings not only further our understanding about the negative consequences of long-term ostracism but also suggest a possible way to mitigate depressive symptoms associated with long-term ostracism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonglin Jiang
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
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Seeking more solitude: Conceptualization, assessment, and implications of aloneliness. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Jiang T, Chen Z. Relative deprivation: A mechanism for the ostracism–aggression link. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rudert SC, Ruf S, Greifeneder R. Whom to punish? How observers sanction norm‐violating behavior in ostracism situations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Sunami N, Nadzan MA, Jaremka LM. The bi‐dimensional rejection taxonomy: Organizing responses to interpersonal rejection along antisocial–prosocial and engaged–disengaged dimensions. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Bierle I, Becker JC, Ikegami T. Coping with unpleasant group memberships in Japan and Germany: Cultural differences in disidentification, confrontation and emotion regulation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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48
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DeSouza ER, Wesselmann ED, Taschetto LR, Rosa GC, Rosa CFF, Yunes MAM, da Silva GF, Fernandes G. Investigating Ostracism and Racial Microaggressions Toward Afro-Brazilians. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798419864001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined two forms of social exclusion toward Afro-Brazilians commonly found in the United States, ostracism and racial microaggressions. We utilized a mixed-method (quantitative-experimental and qualitative) approach to investigate ostracism and a qualitative focus group approach to study racial microaggressions. In Study 1 ( n = 29), we experimentally investigated ostracism through a recall paradigm in which participants wrote about being either included or ostracized. An independent t test showed that participants in the ostracized condition reported significantly worse psychological outcomes than those in the included condition ( p < .001). We coded participants’ written responses by whether they included attributions of racial bias by experimental condition. A Pearson chi-square analysis ( p = .017) revealed that racial bias was mentioned in 75% of the cases in the ostracized condition. Studies 2a and 2b ( ns = 6 and 8, respectively) consisted of two focus groups in different regions of Brazil that asked participants about their experiences with racial microaggressions. We found similarities to previous microaggression categories identified in the United States, extending our understanding of how microaggressions evoke feelings of social exclusion, which also occur when someone is ostracized.
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Ferris LJ, Jetten J, Hornsey MJ, Bastian B. Feeling Hurt: Revisiting the Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268019857936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain overlap theory has generated decades of controversy and still receives considerable research attention. A major advance has been the revelation that social and physical pain activate similar neural regions, providing suggestive evidence of a “piggybacked” alarm system that coevolved to detect social exclusion. Recent developments, however, have brought neural evidence for pain overlap into question. We analyze these developments from a social psychological perspective and identify the need for a reformulated approach. To meet this need, we provide a framework that a priori predicts generalized overlap and specific divergence across a range of biopsychosocial domains. The framework points to a functional pattern for similarities and differences, which can be utilized to generate testable hypotheses so that the field can move forward. To demonstrate the utility and promise of the framework, we identify key hypotheses relating to attention, motivation, and responses to pain, and review research relevant to these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Ferris
- The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Brock Bastian
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Meagher BR. Ecologizing Social Psychology: The Physical Environment as a Necessary Constituent of Social Processes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019; 24:3-23. [PMID: 31142181 DOI: 10.1177/1088868319845938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in social psychology point to increased interest in extending current theories by better incorporating the body (e.g., embodied cognition) and the broader interpersonal context (e.g., situations). However, despite being a critical component in early social theorizing, the physical environment remains in large part underdeveloped in most research programs. In this article, I outline an ecological framework for understanding the person-environment relationship. After introducing this perspective, I describe how this approach helps reveal the critical role played by the physical environment in a variety of social processes, including childhood development, interpersonal relationships, and social identity. Finally, I review a topic in environmental psychology that has received little attention among social psychologists: territories. I provide an ecological perspective on how the design, use, and personalization of this type of environment guide and constrain regulatory processes involving social behavior, identity expression, and emotional experience.
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