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Rackemann LJ, Hamilton K, Keech JJ. Evaluation of an implementation intentions intervention for managing university student stress. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3318. [PMID: 37724051 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
University students consistently report high levels of stress, which has been associated with a range of adverse outcomes. Promoting adaptive coping behaviours, such as problem-focused coping for managing university stress, is therefore a timely area of investigation. Current coping intervention approaches target reasoned cognitive processes; however, recent research has suggested that automatic processes are more strongly associated with problem-focused coping behaviour. The current study examined the effect of an implementation intentions intervention, a technique that can support behaviour to be performed automatically by facilitating continued repetition of a plan, on problem-focused coping behaviour under stress and stress-related outcomes. Following a pilot study (N = 21), a preregistered randomized controlled trial was conducted with university students (N = 154) using an online survey. Participants completed baseline measures of problem-focused coping behaviour, behavioural automaticity, behavioural intentions, action planning, perceived stress, procrastination, and psychological wellbeing; before receiving the intervention or control condition stimuli, and then at a 2-week follow-up. Behavioural intention and action planning were also measured immediately post-intervention. The intervention had a significant medium-sized effect on action planning for problem-focused coping, but no other significant effects were detected. Exploratory assessment of plan quality revealed medium-sized correlations between plan quality and changes in problem-focused coping behaviour. Findings indicate that implementation intentions may be a promising approach for increasing planning for the use of problem-focused coping. Indicators of plan quality found to be associated with changes in problem-focused coping provide valuable avenues for intervention optimisation in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J Rackemann
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kyra Hamilton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jacob J Keech
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ahuvia IL, Schleider JL, Kneeland ET, Moser JS, Schroder HS. Depression self-labeling in U.S. college students: Associations with perceived control and coping strategies. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:202-210. [PMID: 38286232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on mental illness labeling has demonstrated that self-labeling (identifying with a mental illness label, e.g., "I have depression") is associated with internalized stigma, maladaptive responses to that stigma, and lower quality of life. However, research has not yet examined the link between self-labeling and how individuals cope with emotional distress. It is important to understand this relationship because adaptive and maladaptive methods of coping can lead to positive and negative mental illness outcomes. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined the link between depression self-labeling, depression symptoms, and three constructs related to depression self-management (perceived control over depression, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and help-seeking beliefs) in a large (N = 1423) sample of U.S. college students. RESULTS Approximately one-fifth of students (22.2 %) self-labeled as having depression, while 39.0 % were estimated to meet diagnostic criteria for MDD. After controlling for depression symptom severity, self-labeling was associated with lower levels of perceived control over depression (p = .002), more catastrophizing (p = .013), less perspective taking, refocusing, reappraisal, and planning (ps < 0.05), and more positive help-seeking attitudes towards medication (p < .001) but not therapy. LIMITATIONS Results are non-causal and may not generalize to non-college populations. CONCLUSIONS Self-labeling may inform how individuals cope with emotional distress, with the potential for positive and negative effects on clinical outcomes. This is consistent with well-established research on self-labeling with regards to stigma, but extends this research in important new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L Schleider
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | | | | | - Hans S Schroder
- University of Michigan Medical School, United States of America
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Pinder JB, Ahuvia IL, Chen S, Schleider JL. Beliefs about depression relate to active and avoidant coping in high-symptom adolescents. J Affect Disord 2024; 346:299-302. [PMID: 37977300 PMCID: PMC10782878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceptions of personal attributes as less malleable are associated with more severe depression symptoms and less active coping in youth. Perceptions of depression itself as relatively fixed have been linked to more severe depression symptoms; however, it is not known how beliefs about depression relate to active and avoidant coping behaviors in particular. METHODS We gathered information about beliefs about depression and activation and avoidance behaviors among 104 adolescents with high depression symptoms. The primary depression belief examined was prognostic pessimism, or the belief that depression is relatively permanent. We calculated correlations between this belief and activation and avoidance/rumination behaviors. RESULTS Prognostic pessimism was negatively correlated with behavioral activation scores (r = -0.31; p = .001), and was positively correlated with behavioral avoidance/rumination scores (r = 0.30; p = .002). LIMITATIONS This data was cross-sectional, and relied on self-report measures of depression beliefs and behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents who believe that depression is relatively permanent might feel less motivated to engage in effortful activation behaviors, instead favoring avoidance. These results may help elucidate the ways in which malleability beliefs relate to mental health outcomes among adolescents, and highlight prognostic pessimism as a potential treatment target for reducing depressogenic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno B Pinder
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America.
| | - Isaac L Ahuvia
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
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Parada S, Rubio B, Taschini E, Laqueille X, El Youbi M, Paris P, Angerville B, Dervaux A, Verlhiac JF, Legrand E. Creating a psychosocial intervention combining growth mindset and implementation intentions (GMII) to reduce alcohol consumption: A mixed method approach. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297647. [PMID: 38300928 PMCID: PMC10833520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This work aimed at creating a psychosocial intervention based on growth mindset theory and implementation intention strategies, in order to reduce alcohol consumption among users in the general population, and the clinical population of individuals with alcohol use disorder. A mixed method approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods among both populations. Four focus groups were first conducted to extract arguments in favor of a malleable view of alcohol consumption (study 1A), situations that trigger the desire to drink alcohol, as well as strategies used by people to counteract this need (study 1B). Data were analyzed using reflective thematic analysis in line with the scientific literature on alcohol consumption. The results were used to create a questionnaire scoring the relevance of each argument, situation and strategy (study 2). The 20 best scored arguments, situations and strategies were selected to create the intervention. The created intervention consisted in a popularized scientific article describing alcohol consumption as malleable, including the selected arguments and followed by two internalization exercises. Then, a volitional help sheet included the selected situations and solutions was presented, allowing forming up to three plans. The discussion focused on the added value of the created material compared to pre-existing tools in the literature, and presents plans to test the intervention in a future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Parada
- Parisian laboratory of social psychology (LAPPS), University Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Bérengère Rubio
- Clinical, psychanalitical and developmental laboratory (CLIPSYD), University Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Elsa Taschini
- Addictology department, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Paris
- Addictology department, Dreux Hospital, Dreux, France
| | | | - Alain Dervaux
- University Paris-Saclay/EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Jean-François Verlhiac
- Parisian laboratory of social psychology (LAPPS), University Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Eve Legrand
- Parisian laboratory of social psychology (LAPPS), University Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
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Rune KT, Keech JJ. Is it time to stock up? Understanding panic buying during the COVID-19 pandemic. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2023.2180299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina T. Rune
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Jacob J. Keech
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Zhang M, Li WJ, Zhang L, Jia N, You X, Zhen Z, Kong F. Relation of emotion malleability beliefs to subjective well-being: A short-term longitudinal study. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:1391-1405. [PMID: 36913916 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has shown that emotion malleability beliefs are positively related to subjective well-being, but less is known about the longitudinal relationship between both variables. The present study used a two-wave longitudinal design to examine the temporal directionality of the relationship in a sample of Chinese adults. Using cross-lagged models, we found that emotion malleability beliefs predicted all three dimensions of subjective well-being (i.e. positive affect, life satisfaction, and negative affect) 2 months later. However, we did not detect any reverse or reciprocal effect between emotion malleability beliefs and subjective well-being. In addition, emotion malleability beliefs still predicted life satisfaction and positive affect after controlling for the effect of the cognitive or emotional component of subjective well-being. Our study provided primary evidence for the temporal directionality of the association between emotion malleability beliefs and subjective well-being. Implications and suggestions for future research were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Jie Li
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linting Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Jia
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zonglei Zhen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Kong
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Fischer ER, Fox C, Yoon KL. Growth mindset and responses to acute stress. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:1153-1159. [PMID: 37357848 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2226856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with high levels of growth mindsets believe that attributes are malleable. Although links between acute stress responses and growth mindsets of thought, emotion, and behaviour are central to the conceptualisation of psychological disorders and their treatment, such links have yet to be examined. Undergraduate participants (N = 135) completed a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and their salivary cortisol and anxiety were assessed throughout the session. Hierarchical linear models revealed that higher growth mindset of behaviour was associated with lower cortisol levels at 25-min after the TSST onset (i.e. peak cortisol stress reactivity) in men, but not in women. Considering one's gender may be critical in understanding the relationship between growth mindset and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cosette Fox
- Department of Psychology, Holy Cross College, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - K Lira Yoon
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Henshaw E, Kennedy S, Lourie A, James D, Folivi F. Growth mindset of anxiety and avoidant coping as mediators of anxiety across the first year of college: A longitudinal survey of college students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Psychol Res 2023; 11:75190. [PMID: 37405313 PMCID: PMC10317515 DOI: 10.52965/001c.75190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mediating role of growth mindset of anxiety beliefs and avoidant coping behaviors in predicting changes in anxiety across the first year of college, drawing from a sample of first year students managing the transition to college under the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions (Fall 2020-Fall 2021). Methods Self-report online surveys (n=122) were administered to first year students at four timepoints: the beginning (August 2020; T1), and follow up surveys at two months (October 2020; T2), three months (November 2020; T3) and twelve months (August 2021; T4). Results Path analysis indicate that growth mindset of anxiety and avoidant coping partially mediate the relationship between baseline anxiety and later anxiety outcomes. Discussion These findings have implications for mental health interventions designed to alter health attributions and mindset.
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Schroder HS, Devendorf A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Framing depression as a functional signal, not a disease: Rationale and initial randomized controlled trial. Soc Sci Med 2023; 328:115995. [PMID: 37301109 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Depression is often framed as a disease or dysfunctional syndrome, yet this framing has unintended negative consequences including increased stigma. Here, we consider an alternative messaging framework - that depression serves an adaptive function. We describe the historical development of popular messages about depression and draw from the fields of evolutionary psychiatry and social cognition to describe the alternative framework that depression is a "signal" that serves a purpose. We then present data from a pre-registered, online randomized-controlled study in which participants with self-reported depression histories viewed a series of videos that explained depression as a "disease like any other" with known biopsychosocial risk factors (BPS condition), or as a signal that serves an adaptive function (Signal condition). In the entire sample (N = 877), three of the six hypotheses were supported: The Signal condition led to less self-stigma, greater offset efficacy, and more adaptive beliefs about depression. Exploratory analyses revealed these Signal effects were stronger among females (N = 553), who also showed a greater growth mindset of depression after the Signal explanation. Results suggest that framing depression as an adaptive signal can benefit patients and avoid harmful consequences of popular etiological presentations. We conclude that alternative framings of depression are worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Schroder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, United States.
| | - Andrew Devendorf
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, United States
| | - Brian J Zikmund-Fisher
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, United States; Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, United States
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Kneeland ET, Kisley MA. Lay perspectives on emotion: past, present, and future research directions. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2023; 47:295-307. [PMID: 37234068 PMCID: PMC10109230 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-023-10015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Empirical research has demonstrated that individuals vary widely in how they view their emotions. We call the viewpoints that individuals have towards their emotions emotion perspectives. While many subdisciplines of psychology, such as social psychology and clinical psychology, have studied this topic, research thus far can be siloed, despite overlap in terms and constructs. The goal of the current special issue and this introduction is to describe the state of research on emotion perspectives, highlight common themes in streams of emotion perspective research, and present future directions for investigation. The first portion of this introduction to the special issue provides a basic review of emotion perspective research, spotlighting topics such as emotion beliefs, emotion mindsets, lay theories of emotion, and attitudes toward emotion. The second portion of the introduction presents themes that cut across papers in the special issue, with a discussion of future research directions throughout. The goal of this introduction and special issue is to serve as a guide for greater integration in emotion perspective research and to provide a roadmap for emotion perspective research moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T. Kneeland
- Department of Psychology, Science Center, Amherst College, 25 East Drive, Amherst, MA 01002 USA
| | - Michael A. Kisley
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, USA
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Trautner M, Schwinger M. How are incremental theories about studying motivation related to effective motivation regulation? LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Beliefs about the ability to control specific emotions. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhu S, Wong PWC. What matters for adolescent suicidality: Depressive symptoms or fixed mindsets? Examination of cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between fixed mindsets and suicidal ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2022; 52:932-942. [PMID: 35686883 PMCID: PMC9796128 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fixed mindsets or beliefs about the non-malleability of self-attributes are linked to a wide range of negative psychological outcomes. Its association with suicidal ideation (SI) among young people has not been explored. OBJECTIVES To examine the association of fixed mindsets of depression, anxiety, and stress and SI; and its mediating role underlying the association between depression and SI. METHODS A sample of 1393 adolescents (Mage = 13.04, SD = 0.85, 640 boys) from 11 middle schools voluntarily participated in a two-wave longitudinal study before and during the COVID-19 pandemic with a 9-month interval. RESULTS Both depressive symptoms and fixed mindsets were positively and significantly associated with concurrent and future suicidality, after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic status and previous SI. Participants with stronger fixed mindsets were more likely to have SI than those with only depressive symptoms. Also, fixed mindsets mediated the association between depressive symptoms and SI in both cross-sectional and longitudinal models. CONCLUSION The current study provides empirical evidence of the effects of fixed mindsets and SI and the mediating role of fixed mindset between depressive symptoms and SI among young people. Interventions to foster a growth mindset may enhance hope and reduce suicidality among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhu
- Department of Applied Social SciencesThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloonHong Kong SARChina
| | - Paul W. C. Wong
- Department of Social Work and Social AdministrationThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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Erb EM, Busseri MA. Examining the Double-Edged Sword Effects of Lay Theories of Mental Health on Perceptions and Treatment of Others with Mental Health Problems. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2022.41.4.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: We examined the implications of viewing mental health problems as changeable through personal effort (incremental lay theory), fixed due to genetics (entity lay theory), or manageable through perseverance on perceptions of others with mental health problems. METHOD: In two preregistered studies, samples of online American participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: manageable, incremental (changeable), entity (fixed), or control, and completed self-report measures of onset responsibility, offset efficacy, blame, stigma, willingness to help, and perceived likelihood of success of interventions aimed at helping those with mental health problems. RESULTS: In both studies, the manipulation had a significant effect on each outcome except willingness to help. Compared to the entity (fixed) condition, individuals in the incremental (changeable) condition reported significantly higher offset efficacy and perceived likelihood of success, but also higher onset responsibility and blame. Results for the manageable condition were similar to the incremental (changeable) condition but individuals in the manageable condition also reported lower responsibility (Study 1) as well as lower blame and stigma (Study 2). DISCUSSION: This work informs the ‘double-edged sword’ effects of holding incremental (changeable) or entity (fixed) lay theories concerning mental health problems. Findings also provide evidence that viewing mental health problems as manageable may reduce some of the negative and boost the positive implications associated with incremental (changeable) and entity (fixed) lay theories.
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Keech JJ, Hamilton K. An integrated dual-process model for coping behaviour. Stress Health 2022; 38:591-601. [PMID: 34921495 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stress management interventions have traditionally aimed to change coping behaviour with little attention to mechanisms that drive behaviour change. We sought to test an integrated dual-process model, accounting for reasoned and automatic processes, for predicting problem-focussed coping behaviour. The study adopted a two-wave prospective correlational design with a 1-week follow-up. University students aged 17-25 (N = 272) completed survey measures online. At Time 1, participants completed self-report measures of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, intention, behavioural automaticity, and past problem-focussed coping behaviour. At Time 2, participants completed follow-up measures of behavioural automaticity and problem-focussed coping behaviour. Structural equation modelling testing the hypothesised dual-process model exhibited a good fit to the data, accounting for 50.0% and 45.4% of the variance in intentions and problem-focussed coping behaviour, respectively. Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and past behaviour directly predicted intention. Intention, past behaviour, and behavioural automaticity directly predicted problem-focussed coping behaviour. Past behaviour also indirectly predicted problem-focussed coping behaviour via behavioural automaticity. Results suggest that problem-focussed coping behaviour tends to be regulated by reasoned psychological processes, and more strongly by automatic psychological processes. Future research aiming to increase problem-focussed coping should utilise behaviour change methods known to influence these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Keech
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia.,School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kyra Hamilton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA
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Parada S, Legrand E, Taschini E, Laqueille X, Verlhiac JF. Dweck’s Mindset Theory Applied to Addictions: a Scoping Review. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lurie LA, Hangen EJ, Rosen ML, Crosnoe R, McLaughlin KA. Reduced growth mindset as a mechanism linking childhood trauma with academic performance and internalizing psychopathology. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022:105672. [PMID: 35610110 PMCID: PMC10028502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high prevalence of childhood adversity and well-documented associations with poor academic achievement and psychopathology, effective, scalable interventions remain largely unavailable. Existing interventions targeting growth mindset-the belief that personal characteristics are malleable-have been shown to improve academic achievement and symptoms of psychopathology in youth. OBJECTIVE The present study examines growth mindset as a potential modifiable mechanism underlying the associations of two dimensions of childhood adversity-threat and deprivation-with academic achievement and internalizing psychopathology. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 408 youth aged 10-18 years drawn from one timepoint of two longitudinal studies of community-based samples recruited to have diverse experiences of childhood adversity. METHOD Experiences of threat and deprivation were assessed using a multi-informant, multi-method approach. Youth reported on growth mindset of intelligence and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Parents provided information about youths' academic performance. RESULTS Both threat and deprivation were independently associated with lower growth mindset, but when accounting for co-occurring adversities, only the association between threat and lower growth mindset remained significant. Lower growth mindset was associated with worse academic performance and greater symptoms of both anxiety and depression. Finally, there was a significant indirect effect of experiences of threat on both lower academic performance and greater symptoms of anxiety through lower growth mindset. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that growth mindset could be a promising target for efforts aimed at mitigating the impact of childhood adversity on academic achievement and psychopathology given the efficacy of existing brief, scalable growth mindset interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Lurie
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.
| | | | - Maya L Rosen
- Harvard University, United States; Smith College, United States
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Conroy D. Mental imagery interventions to promote face covering use among UK university students and employees during the COVID-19 pandemic: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:51. [PMID: 35042564 PMCID: PMC8764318 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has witnessed wide-ranging efforts to minimize the spread of the virus and to protect those most vulnerable to becoming unwell following viral infection. Core COVID-19 preventive measures include social distancing, regular hand washing, and wearing face coverings in public places. Understanding links between social cognitive factors relating to beliefs/skills is important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, as this can suggest which factors might be targeted via behaviour change interventions to promote adherence to COVID-19 preventative behaviours. In this context, mental imagery exercises-self-directed imagining of an anticipated outcome or processes linked to a defined behaviour/activity-offer a well-evidenced, relatively simple behaviour change intervention. In the mental imagery invention reported in this protocol, individuals will be randomly assigned to one of four separate conditions (outcome imagery, process imagery, outcome and process imagery, control). METHODS The primary objective of this randomized controlled study is to assess the effectiveness of a mental imagery intervention on wearing face coverings, as a defined core COVID-19 preventative behaviour. Participants will consist of UK university students and university employees of any age. Participants will be randomized to complete an 'outcome imagery' or a 'process imagery' exercise, both exercises (i.e. a combined condition) or neither exercise (i.e. a control condition). A total of 260 individuals will be recruited into the study. Outcomes for all study condition arms will be assessed at baseline (Time 1), immediately post-intervention (Time 2), and at 1-month follow-up (Time 3). The primary outcome is frequency of wearing face covering, as reported at T2 and T3. Secondary outcomes include intervention effects on face covering attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioural control and barrier self-efficacy at T2 and T3. Putative moderators of intervention effects are conscientiousness, narcissism and 'light triad' personality traits. DISCUSSION This trial will contribute toward the currently sparse evidence base concerning behaviour change techniques designed to promote COVID-19 preventative behaviours among UK university students and university employees. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine) NCT04583449 . Retrospectively registered on 20 October 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Conroy
- School of Social Sciences and Professions, London Metropolitan University, Tower Building, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK.
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19
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Lewis KM, Donnellan MB, Ribeiro JS, Trzesniewski K. Evaluating evidence for a global mindset factor across multiple ability domains. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Zimmermann M, Bledsoe C, Papa A. Initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on college student mental health: A longitudinal examination of risk and protective factors. Psychiatry Res 2021; 305:114254. [PMID: 34763271 PMCID: PMC8556872 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The spread of the novel coronavirus has led to unprecedented changes in daily living. College students (N = 205) completed a battery of questionnaires in April of 2020, after having completed similar measures 8, 5, and 2 months prior as part of a larger study. A repeated measures ANOVA suggested significantly greater depression and anxiety symptom severity during the pandemic than any other time during the 2019-2020 academic year. Two-thirds reported a level of distress above clinical cutoffs on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7. Pre-existing depression and anxiety symptom severity was associated with greater psychological distress during the pandemic. One quarter of students reported using substances to cope with the pandemic. Static and modifiable factors associated with psychological distress and controlling for pre-existing psychological distress were examined. Cognitive and behavioral avoidance, online social engagement, and problematic Internet use were associated with greater risk. Women and Latinx participants were more likely to experience elevated distress during the pandemic, even when controlling for distress prior to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Zimmermann
- University of Nevada Reno, Department of Psychology, 1664N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States.
| | - Casandra Bledsoe
- University of Nevada Reno, Department of Psychology, 1664N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
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21
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Puusepp I, Linnavalli T, Huuskonen M, Kukkonen K, Huotilainen M, Kujala T, Laine S, Kuusisto E, Tirri K. Mindsets and Neural Mechanisms of Automatic Reactions to Negative Feedback in Mathematics in Elementary School Students. Front Psychol 2021; 12:635972. [PMID: 34421704 PMCID: PMC8377164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientific research regarding mindsets is so far scarce, especially among children. Moreover, even though research indicates the importance of domain specificity of mindsets, this has not yet been investigated in neuroscientific studies regarding implicit beliefs. The purpose of this study was to examine general intelligence and math ability mindsets and their relations to automatic reactions to negative feedback in mathematics in the Finnish elementary school context. For this, event-related potentials of 97 elementary school students were measured during the completion of an age-appropriate math task, where the participants received performance-relevant feedback throughout the task. Higher growth mindset was marginally associated with a larger P300 response and significantly associated with a smaller later peaking negative-going waveform. Moreover, with the domain-specific experimental setting, we found a higher growth mindset regarding math ability, but not general intelligence, to be associated with these brain responses elicited by negative feedback regarding errors in math. This suggests that it might be important to address domain-specific and even academic-domain-specific beliefs in addition to general mindsets in research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ita Puusepp
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Linnavalli
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Huuskonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karoliina Kukkonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Huotilainen
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teija Kujala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Laine
- Viikki Normal School, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Kuusisto
- Faculty of Education and Culture, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Tirri
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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23
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Gandhi AU, Dawood S, Schroder HS. Empathy Mind-Set Moderates the Association Between Low Empathy and Social Aggression. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP1679-1697NP. [PMID: 29284331 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517747604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Empathy plays an important role in creating and maintaining adaptive interpersonal relationships. Accordingly, existing studies often report a negative correlation between empathy and interpersonal aggression. However, findings are sometimes inconsistent, and concerns have been raised about the size of the overall effect. Here, we examined the potential moderating role of empathy mind-sets-beliefs about the malleability of empathy. We hypothesized that the association between low empathy and aggression would be especially strong if individuals also believed that their levels of empathy were unchangeable (i.e., they endorsed a fixed mind-set about empathy); in contrast, a belief that empathy was malleable may weaken the association. Results supported this hypothesis, such that individuals with low levels of empathy were less likely to report aggression-social aggression in particular-if they also believed that empathy was changeable. These results point to a role for beliefs about the malleability of empathy as an important moderator and may point to ways to enhance empathy interventions by targeting mind-sets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans S Schroder
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
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24
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Perkins AM, Bowers G, Cassidy J, Meiser-Stedman R, Pass L. An enhanced psychological mindset intervention to promote adolescent wellbeing within educational settings: A feasibility randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77:946-967. [PMID: 33450060 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized controlled trial feasibility study aimed to investigate a single-session mindset intervention, incorporating third-wave constructs, within educational settings as a universal tool to promote emotional wellbeing. METHOD Eighty adolescents (age M = 16.63) were randomized to the 30-min computer intervention or a usual curriculum waitlist. Outcome measures were administered at baseline, posttreatment, 4-week, and 8-week follow-ups. RESULTS Student feedback about the intervention and trial procedure was mainly positive. Participants engaged with the intervention content and data were suggestive of possible small-large intervention effects for targeted mechanisms of personality mindset and psychological flexibility. Between-group differences over time across wellbeing outcomes of self-compassion, self-esteem, low mood, and anxiety also yielded some promising results, though assessments of reliable change were less clear. No harm was reported. CONCLUSIONS The intervention and study design were deemed feasible, though areas for improvement were noted. A full-scale trial to determine effectiveness is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amorette M Perkins
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Gemma Bowers
- Children, Families and Young People's Service, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Joseph Cassidy
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Richard Meiser-Stedman
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Laura Pass
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
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25
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Stern M, Hertel S. Profiles of Parents' Beliefs About Their Child's Intelligence and Self-Regulation: A Latent Profile Analysis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:610262. [PMID: 33362670 PMCID: PMC7756061 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.610262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined parents' implicit theories of intelligence and self-regulation from a person-centered perspective using latent profile analysis. First, we explored whether different belief profiles exist. Second, we examined if the emergent belief profiles (1) differ by demographic variables (e.g., age, education, child's self-regulation) and (2) are related to parents' failure beliefs, goal orientation (i.e., learning goals, performance-approach goals, performance-avoidance goals), and co-regulatory strategies (i.e., mastery-oriented and helpless-oriented strategies). Data were collected from N = 137 parents of preschoolers who answered an online survey comprising their implicit theories about the malleability and relevance of the domains (a) intelligence and (b) self-regulation. We identified three belief profiles: profile 1 (9% of the sample) displayed an entity theory, profile 2 (61% of the sample) showed a balanced pattern of both domains of implicit theories, and profile 3 (30% of the sample) was characterized by high incremental self-regulation theories. Analyses showed that parents differed significantly in education and their perception of child self-regulatory competence depending on profile membership, with parents in profile 1 having the lowest scores compared to parents of the other profiles. Differences in parents' failure beliefs, goal orientation, and co-regulatory strategies were also found depending on profile membership. Parents in profile 3 reported failure-is-enhancing mindsets, and mastery-oriented strategies significantly more often than parents in profiles 1 and 2. The results provide new insights into the interplay of important domains of implicit theories, and their associations with parents' failure beliefs, goal orientation, and co-regulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Stern
- Institute of Education Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Hertel
- Institute of Education Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Hertel S, Karlen Y. Implicit theories of self-regulated learning: Interplay with students' achievement goals, learning strategies, and metacognition. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 91:972-996. [PMID: 33368151 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implicit theories are important belief systems that influence an individual's motivation and behaviour. In academic contexts, domain-general implicit theories of ability (e.g., intelligence) and their relation to self-regulated learning (SRL) have been examined. AIMS In this study, we followed a domain-specific approach and first introduced scales to assess students' implicit theories of the malleability and of the relevance of SRL. Second, we investigated how implicit theories of SRL are related to students' SRL. Third, we examined the relationship of implicit theories of SRL with students' demographics and personality traits. SAMPLE Participants were students from a medium-sized university in Germany (N = 254) aged M = 23.85 years. METHODS Data on students' demographics and personality traits, implicit theories of intelligence (INT), achievement goals, and learning strategies were collected with well-established measures. In addition, students' implicit theories of SRL and their declarative metacognitive knowledge about SRL were assessed with measures developed within this study. Confirmatory factor analyses and regression analyses were performed. RESULTS The two postulated dimensions of implicit theories of SRL were supported. As expected, implicit theories of SRL were more strongly related to students' achievement goals, learning strategies, and metacognitive knowledge than implicit theories of INT. Moreover, implicit theories of SRL were mostly unrelated to students' demographics and personality traits. CONCLUSION The results emphasize that domain-specific implicit theories of SRL contribute substantially to the explanation of students' SRL. Thus, further research on SRL should consider domain-specific implicit theories of SRL in addition to implicit theories of INT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Hertel
- Institute of Education Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yves Karlen
- School of Education, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, Switzerland
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27
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Schroder HS. Mindsets in the clinic: Applying mindset theory to clinical psychology. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 83:101957. [PMID: 33401130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Beliefs about the malleability of attributes, also known as mindsets, have been studied for decades in social-personality psychology and education. Here, I review the many applications of mindset theory to clinical psychology and psychotherapy. First, I review social psychological and cognitive neuroscience evidence that mindsets and mindset-related messages are, to a large extent, focused on emotional tolerance. Specifically, the growth mindset, or the belief that attributes are malleable, encourages confronting and tolerating anxiety, frustration, and disappointment in healthy and adaptive ways that promote resilience, whereas the fixed mindset and related messages discourage the experience of these emotions and often leads to helplessness. Second, I review the emerging research on the anxiety mindset and discuss its relevance to clinical work. A model is proposed illustrating connections between mindsets, emotion regulation strategies, treatment preferences, and outcomes. Case examples are used to illustrate practical applications. I conclude that mindsets can inform psychotherapy, research, and public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Schroder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, USA.
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28
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Kunz LK, Scheibe S, Wisse B, Boerner K, Zemlin C. Dementia as Fixed or Malleable: Development and Validation of the Dementia Mindset Scale. Innov Aging 2020; 4:igaa023. [PMID: 32968698 PMCID: PMC7494239 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Care professionals differ in how they experience and respond to dementia caregiving. To explain such differences, we developed a new measure: the Dementia Mindset Scale. This scale captures the extent to which care professionals view dementia as stable and fixed (akin to the biomedical perspective) or as flexible and malleable (akin to the person-centered approach). Research Design and Methods We conducted four studies to develop the scale. We tested items for comprehensibility, assessed the scale's factorial structure and psychometric properties, and investigated its predictive validity for care professionals' well-being. Results A new scale with a two-factor structure-distinguishing a malleable dementia mindset from a fixed dementia mindset-was developed. Results showed good convergent and divergent validity. Moreover, the dementia mindsets predicted aspects of job-related well-being in care professionals. Discussion and Implications The scale allows for the assessment of individual differences in how care professionals see dementia. This insight can be used to improve interventions aimed at enhancing care professionals' well-being and quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena K Kunz
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Scheibe
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Wisse
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Management and Marketing, Durham University, UK
| | - Kathrin Boerner
- Department of Gerontology, McCormack Graduate School, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - Claudia Zemlin
- Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany.,Dementia Care Unit, Vitanas GmbH & Co. KGaA, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Kneeland ET, Goodman FR, Dovidio JF. Emotion Beliefs, Emotion Regulation, and Emotional Experiences in Daily Life. Behav Ther 2020; 51:728-738. [PMID: 32800301 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One potential factor that could influence how individuals with at least moderate symptoms of depression cope with upsetting events in their daily lives is the beliefs that these individuals hold about whether emotions are malleable or fixed. The current study adopted an experience sampling approach to examine how the beliefs about emotion's malleability related to daily positive and negative affect and daily emotion regulation efforts among individuals with at least moderate symptoms of depression (N = 84). Results demonstrated that individuals having at least moderate symptoms of depression who held more malleable beliefs about emotions reported decreased negative affect both overall during the day and specifically in response to daily upsetting events. Additionally, these individuals who held more malleable beliefs about their emotions also reported more daily use of cognitive reappraisal to regulate their emotions in response to upsetting daily events. Results from the current study extend previous work examining the relationship between emotion malleability beliefs, emotional experiences, and emotion regulation to examine these relationships in people who are moderately depressed as they navigate the emotional landscape of their daily lives.
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30
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Zimmermann M, Hmaidan R, Preiser B, Papa A. The Influence of Implicit Theories of Depression on Treatment-Relevant Attitudes. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Heslin PA, Keating LA, Ashford SJ. How being in learning mode may enable a sustainable career across the lifespan. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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May T, Pratt TC. Treating Offenders with Substance Abuse Problems: Implicit Beliefs about Addiction and Failed Drug Tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23774657.2020.1728203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa May
- Harris County Community Supervision and Corrections Department, Houston, USA
| | - Travis C. Pratt
- Harris County Community Supervision and Corrections Department, University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute, Cincinnati, USA
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33
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Zhu S, Zhuang Y, Cheung SH. Domain Specificity or Generality: Assessing the Chinese Implicit Theories Scale of Six Fundamental Psychological Attributes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:142. [PMID: 32116943 PMCID: PMC7027355 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Implicit theories have been widely studied in different domains; however, it is still debatable whether these theories are domain-specific or domain-general. Using the Implicit Theories Scale (ITS) about six fundamental psychological attributes, i.e., intelligence, personality, cognition, feeling, behavior, and emotion, we examined domain specificity versus generality using a factor analytic approach; in addition, we investigated associations between implicit theories about these domains and related psychological attributes. In four sequential studies, we translated a Chinese version of the ITS (Study 1), tested inter-item correlations within and between subscales (Studies 1–4), and conducted exploratory factor analysis (Studies 2 and 3) and confirmatory factor analysis (Studies 3 and 4). We tested associations between implicit theory domains and coping, resilience, grit, and school performance (Studies 3 and 4). Results showed that the six ITS subscales were independent, while the implicit theories about cognition, feeling, behavior, and emotion shared a common component. The implicit theories of intelligence and personality were independent and did not share a common component. The six domains presented different patterns of association with psychological variables. Overall, our results suggest that implicit theories are both domain-specific and domain-general. Future studies are needed to examine the mechanism underlying the domain specificity and generality of implicit theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanqiong Zhuang
- Department of Sociology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sing-Hang Cheung
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Contributions of fixed mindsets and hopelessness to anxiety and depressive symptoms: A commonality analysis approach. J Affect Disord 2020; 261:245-252. [PMID: 31669923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fixed mindsets (beliefs that personal traits are unchangeable) show consistent associations with internalizing symptoms. However, the mindset-internalizing symptom link has previously been studied in isolation of other maladaptive cognitions that relate to internalizing symptoms. Thus, the unique contributions of mindsets to internalizing symptoms remains unclear. METHOD We used commonality analysis (CA), which yields unique and shared effects of independent variables on an outcome, to assess unique contributions of emotion and anxiety mindsets to anxiety and depression symptoms, relative to the contributions of hopelessness. Participants in two online studies (Ns=200, 430) self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms, hopelessness, and emotion and anxiety mindsets. RESULTS In Study 1, neither mindset type contributed unique variance to depression or anxiety beyond the contribution of hopelessness. In Study 2, emotion mindsets again explained no unique symptom variance. Anxiety mindsets uniquely contributed 2.0% and 6.5% of depression and anxiety variance, respectively-but far larger proportions of symptom variance (20.0%-60.9%) were contributed by hopelessness alone, variance shared by hopelessness and anxiety mindsets, and variance shared among hopelessness, anxiety mindsets, and emotion mindsets. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design precludes causal conclusions, and the non-referred adult samples may limit generalizability. DISCUSSION Mindsets contributed little unique variance to internalizing symptoms beyond hopelessness. Interventions teaching growth mindsets have been shown to reduce internalizing problem in past studies. However, these interventions might not necessarily operate by shaping mindsets; rather, they may affect symptom change by shaping closely-linked maladaptive cognitions-like hopelessness-with stronger ties to internalizing distress.
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35
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Burnette JL, Knouse LE, Vavra DT, O'Boyle E, Brooks MA. Growth mindsets and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 77:101816. [PMID: 32163802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated if growth mindsets-the belief in the malleable nature of human attributes-are negatively related to psychological distress and if they are positively related to treatment value and active coping. In the meta-analysis, we included articles published between 1988 and 2019, written in English, that reported on mindsets as well as a qualifying dependent variable and included information required to calculate an effect size. With a random effects approach, meta-analytic results (k = 72 samples, N = 17,692) demonstrated that mindsets relate, albeit with minimal effects, to distress, treatment and coping. Specifically, there is a negative relation between growth mindsets and psychological distress (r = -0.220), a positive relation between growth mindsets and treatment value (r = 0.137) and a positive relation between growth mindsets and active coping (r = 0.207). Differences in mindset domain, assessment method of mindsets and timing of assessments moderated effects. There were not differences based on operationalization of psychological distress outcome or sample characteristics (i.e., developmental stage, diagnostic status, ethnicity). We discuss theoretical and practical applications of the findings.
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36
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Lindgren KP, Burnette JL, Hoyt CL, Peterson KP, Neighbors C. Growth Mindsets of Alcoholism Buffer Against Deleterious Effects of Drinking Identity on Problem Drinking Over Time. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:233-243. [PMID: 31709565 PMCID: PMC6980889 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explicit (self-report) and implicit (indirect) measures of identification with drinking alcohol-drinking identity-are associated with drinking outcomes cross-sectionally and longitudinally. A key next step is to identify moderators. The current study evaluated a promising moderator: mindsets of alcoholism. Believing people can change (growth mindset) is associated with adaptive outcomes in domains such as mental health, but research is scant regarding mindsets related to problematic drinking. We evaluated whether individuals' alcoholism mindsets moderated the drinking identity to drinking relation as part of a larger, longitudinal web-based study of heavy drinkers. METHODS A total of 422 US college graduates (59% women) who were heavy drinkers completed measures assessing drinking identity, mindsets, and drinking outcomes (consumption, problems, and risk of alcohol use disorder). Drinking outcomes were assessed at 2 subsequent assessments occurring 4 and 8 months after the initial assessment. RESULTS Drinking identity was positively associated with drinking outcomes, and drinking outcomes reduced following college graduation. Alcoholism mindsets were significantly and negatively correlated with all drinking outcomes. Mindsets were only conditionally associated with drinking behaviors over time in models that evaluated mindsets, drinking identity measures, and their interaction. Mindsets moderated the relationship between drinking identity and changes in drinking behaviors, but the relation was specific to explicit drinking identity and consumption. Among participants with stronger drinking identity, those who had stronger (vs. weaker) growth mindsets reported reduction in consumption over time. CONCLUSIONS Growth mindsets of alcoholism appear adaptive for college graduate heavy drinkers with a stronger drinking identity. Mindsets are amenable to interventions; targeting them may be useful in heavy-drinking college graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Lindgren
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeni L. Burnette
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Crystal L. Hoyt
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kirsten P. Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Failing and feeling bad: how we think about experiencing negative emotions during setbacks. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-019-09789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The role of implicit theories in students' grit, achievement goals, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and achievement in the context of a long-term challenging task. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2019.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Parental Motivational Perseverance Predicts Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms: An Intergenerational Analysis with Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 49:212-227. [PMID: 31332604 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents' depressive symptoms are affected by a number of factors including life stress, gender, socio-economic status, and parental depression symptoms. However, little is known about whether adolescent depressive symptoms are also affected by parental motivational characteristics. The current study explores the relationship between parental motivational perseverance (i.e., parents' persistency in the face of setbacks and difficulties) and children's depressive symptoms during the adolescence, given the critical role of perseverance in psychological well-being. The predictive utility of two motivational characteristics relevant to perseverance: parents' growth mindset (i.e., one's belief about the malleability of human competence) and grit (i.e., perseverance for long term goals) were examined. Four hundred pairs of Japanese parents (82% mothers) and their adolescent children (50% females; average age at the time of the first assessment = 14.05 years; SD = 0.84) independently completed surveys measuring their growth mindset, grit, and depressive symptoms at two time points (approximately one year apart; attrition rate = 25%). The Actor-Partner Independence Model, a statistical model that accounts for inter-dependence between dyads (e.g., parents and children), was used to examine how parental motivational perseverance predicts the long-term change in their offspring's depressive symptoms. The results showed that parental grit led to the decrease in adolescents' depressive symptoms through the changes in adolescents' grit. On the other hand, parental growth mindset directly predicted the adolescents' depressive symptoms, and this was not mediated by the adolescents' growth mindset. These findings underscore the importance of parental motivational characteristics in regards to adolescents' depressive symptoms.
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Schroder HS, Callahan CP, Gornik AE, Moser JS. The Fixed Mindset of Anxiety Predicts Future Distress: A Longitudinal Study. Behav Ther 2019; 50:710-717. [PMID: 31208681 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mindsets, or beliefs about the malleability of self-attributes such as intelligence and personality, have been linked to a wide range of outcomes in educational and social psychology. There has been recent interest in exploring this construct in clinical psychological contexts. To that end, research has shown that the fixed mindset of anxiety-the belief that anxiety is fixed and unchangeable-is related to a variety of psychological distress symptoms, emotion regulation strategies, and treatment preferences. One outstanding question is whether the fixed mindset of anxiety predicts future psychological symptoms. To address this question, the current longitudinal study assessed weekly distress and anxiety mindset across 5 weeks. We found that fixed mindset of anxiety is predictive of future weekly distress, even after controlling for the previous week's distress, sex, socioeconomic status, baseline depression symptoms, and presence of psychiatric diagnosis. These findings add evidence to an emerging conceptual framework in which the fixed mindset of anxiety represents an important risk factor for the onset of future psychological problems.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lay belief systems about the malleability of human attributes have been shown to impact behavior change in multiple domains. Addiction mindset-i.e., beliefs about the permanence (vs. malleability) of addiction - may affect cigarette smokers' ability to quit, but this has never been examined. OBJECTIVES The aims of the present research were to develop a measure of addiction mindset (study 1) and examine its associations with various psychological aspects of quitting smoking (study 2). METHODS In Study 1, using factor analysis of current smokers' and nonsmokers' (n = 600) responses to 22 items designed to measure addiction mindset, we developed a reliable six-item Addiction Mindset Scale (AMS). In Study 2, adult smokers (n = 200) completed the AMS, and measures of a number of psychological processes related to smoking. RESULTS Higher scores on the AMS, indicative of the belief that addiction is malleable (referred to as a growth mindset), were positively and significantly associated with greater motivation to quit, greater commitment to quitting, greater self-efficacy to abstain, less attribution of failure to lack of ability to change addiction, and fewer self-reported barriers to cessation (all p's < .05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show a relationship between the beliefs about the permanence of addiction and psychological processes relevant to quitting smoking. The findings underscore the potential of future research exploring how addiction mindsets relate to successful smoking cessation as well as other types of addictive behavior and how they can be applied to change people's behavior.
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Zhang Z, Xu Y. Implicit theories of shyness in American and Chinese children. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Psychology; University of Hawai'i at Manoa; Honolulu Hawai'i USA
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Rattan A, Ozgumus E. Embedding mindsets in context: Theoretical considerations and opportunities for studying fixed-growth lay theories in the workplace. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2020.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schroder HS, Kneeland ET, Silverman AL, Beard C, Björgvinsson T. Beliefs About the Malleability of Anxiety and General Emotions and Their Relation to Treatment Outcomes in Acute Psychiatric Treatment. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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O'Keefe PA, Dweck CS, Walton GM. Implicit Theories of Interest: Finding Your Passion or Developing It? Psychol Sci 2018; 29:1653-1664. [PMID: 30188804 DOI: 10.1177/0956797618780643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
People are often told to find their passion, as though passions and interests are preformed and must simply be discovered. This idea, however, has hidden motivational implications. Five studies examined implicit theories of interest-the idea that personal interests are relatively fixed (fixed theory) or developed (growth theory). Whether assessed or experimentally induced, a fixed theory was more likely to dampen interest in areas outside people's existing interests (Studies 1-3). Individuals endorsing a fixed theory were also more likely to anticipate boundless motivation when passions were found, not anticipating possible difficulties (Study 4). Moreover, when it became difficult to engage in a new interest, interest flagged significantly more for people induced to hold a fixed rather than a growth theory of interest (Study 5). Urging people to find their passion may lead them to put all their eggs in one basket but then to drop that basket when it becomes difficult to carry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A O'Keefe
- 1 Division of Social Sciences, Yale-NUS College.,2 Department of Management and Organisation, NUS Business School, National University of Singapore
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Lee HY, Jamieson JP, Miu AS, Josephs RA, Yeager DS. An Entity Theory of Intelligence Predicts Higher Cortisol Levels When High School Grades Are Declining. Child Dev 2018; 90:e849-e867. [PMID: 29992534 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Grades often decline during the high school transition, creating stress. The present research integrates the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat with the implicit theories model to understand who shows maladaptive stress responses. A diary study measured declines in grades in the first few months of high school: salivary cortisol (N = 360 students, N = 3,045 observations) and daily stress appraisals (N = 499 students, N = 3,854 observations). Students who reported an entity theory of intelligence (i.e., the belief that intelligence is fixed) showed higher cortisol when grades were declining. Moreover, daily academic stressors showed a different lingering effect on the next day's cortisol for those with different implicit theories. Findings support a process model through which beliefs affect biological stress responses during difficult adolescent transitions.
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Gunderson EA, Park D, Maloney EA, Beilock SL, Levine SC. Reciprocal relations among motivational frameworks, math anxiety, and math achievement in early elementary school. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2017.1421538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daeun Park
- Chungbuk National University, South Korea
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Sung G, Park Y, Choi TK, Park SW. Implicit theories and depression in clinical and non-clinical samples: The mediating role of experiential avoidance. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yeager DS. Dealing with Social Difficulty During Adolescence: The Role of Implicit Theories of Personality. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2017; 11:196-201. [PMID: 28983325 PMCID: PMC5624341 DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Social difficulty during adolescence contributes to internalizing problems (e.g., depression, stress) and spurs cycles of aggression and retaliation. In this article, I review how implicit theories of personality-beliefs about whether people can change their socially relevant characteristics-can help explain why some adolescents respond to social difficulty in these ways while others do not. Believing an entity theory of personality-the belief that people cannot change-causes people to blame their own and others' traits for social difficulty, and predicts more extreme affective, physiological, and behavioral responses (e.g., depression, aggression). Interventions that teach an incremental theory of personality-the belief that people can change-can reduce problematic reactions to social difficulty. I discuss why interventions to alter implicit theories improve adolescents' responses to conflict and propose suggestions for research.
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