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Alhadidi QM, Bahader GA, Arvola O, Kitchen P, Shah ZA, Salman MM. Astrocytes in functional recovery following central nervous system injuries. J Physiol 2024; 602:3069-3096. [PMID: 37702572 DOI: 10.1113/jp284197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults. Ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Depending on the context and type of injury, reactive astrocytes respond with diverse morphological, proliferative and functional changes collectively known as astrogliosis, which results in both pathogenic and protective effects. There is a large body of research on the negative consequences of astrogliosis following brain injuries. There is also growing interest in how astrogliosis might in some contexts be protective and help to limit the spread of the injury. However, little is known about how astrocytes contribute to the chronic functional recovery phase following traumatic and ischaemic brain insults. In this review, we explore the protective functions of astrocytes in various aspects of secondary brain injury such as oedema, inflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We also discuss the current knowledge on astrocyte contribution to tissue regeneration, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, dendrogenesis and axogenesis. Finally, we discuss diverse astrocyte-related factors that, if selectively targeted, could form the basis of astrocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies to better address currently untreatable CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim M Alhadidi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Yarmok University College, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Oiva Arvola
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Jorvi Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Zhao ZA, Yan L, Wen J, Satyanarayanan SK, Yu F, Lu J, Liu YU, Su H. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in vascular repair after traumatic brain injury: a narrative review. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad033. [PMID: 37675267 PMCID: PMC10478165 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts normal brain function and is associated with high morbidity and fatality rates. TBI is characterized as mild, moderate or severe depending on its severity. The damage may be transient and limited to the dura matter, with only subtle changes in cerebral parenchyma, or life-threatening with obvious focal contusions, hematomas and edema. Blood vessels are often injured in TBI. Even in mild TBI, dysfunctional cerebral vascular repair may result in prolonged symptoms and poor outcomes. Various distinct types of cells participate in vascular repair after TBI. A better understanding of the cellular response and function in vascular repair can facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we analyzed the mechanism of cerebrovascular impairment and the repercussions following various forms of TBI. We then discussed the role of distinct cell types in the repair of meningeal and parenchyma vasculature following TBI, including endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, pericytes, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia), neurons, myeloid cells (macrophages and monocytes) and meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, possible treatment techniques targeting these unique cell types for vascular repair after TBI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83# Wen-Hua Road, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Lingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yong U Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology in Health and Disease Institute, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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3
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Fang J, Wang Z, Miao CY. Angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1305-1321. [PMID: 36829053 PMCID: PMC10310733 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to its high disability and mortality rates, stroke has been the second leading cause of death worldwide. Since the pathological mechanisms of stroke are not fully understood, there are few clinical treatment strategies available with an exception of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Angiogenesis is an important protective mechanism that promotes neural regeneration and functional recovery during the pathophysiological process of stroke. Thus, inducing angiogenesis in the peri-infarct area could effectively improve hemodynamics, and promote vascular remodeling and recovery of neurovascular function after ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarize the cellular and molecular mechanisms affecting angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia registered in PubMed, and provide pro-angiogenic strategies for exploring the treatment of ischemic stroke, including endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors, cytokines, non-coding RNAs, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University / Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University / Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University / Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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4
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Gu Y, Zhou C, Piao Z, Yuan H, Jiang H, Wei H, Zhou Y, Nan G, Ji X. Cerebral edema after ischemic stroke: Pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:988283. [PMID: 36061592 PMCID: PMC9434007 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.988283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is associated with increasing morbidity and has become the main cause of death and disability worldwide. Cerebral edema is a serious complication arising from ischemic stroke. It causes an increase in intracranial pressure, rapid deterioration of neurological symptoms, and formation of cerebral hernia, and is an important risk factor for adverse outcomes after stroke. To date, the detailed mechanism of cerebral edema after stroke remains unclear. This limits advances in prevention and treatment strategies as well as drug development. This review discusses the classification and pathological characteristics of cerebral edema, the possible relationship of the development of cerebral edema after ischemic stroke with aquaporin 4, the SUR1-TRPM4 channel, matrix metalloproteinase 9, microRNA, cerebral venous reflux, inflammatory reactions, and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. It also summarizes research on new therapeutic drugs for post-stroke cerebral edema. Thus, this review provides a reference for further studies and for clinical treatment of cerebral edema after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Gu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Piao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honghua Yuan
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Wei
- Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxian Nan
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Guangxian Nan,
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Xunming Ji,
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The Provenance, Providence, and Position of Endothelial Cells in Injured Spinal Cord Vascular Pathology. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1519-1535. [PMID: 35945301 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes are present in all blood vessels. Their position confers an important role in controlling oxygen and nutrient transportation to the different organs. ECs can adopt different morphologies based on their need and functions. Both ECs and pericytes express different surface markers that help in their identification, but heterogeneity and overlapping between markers among different cells pose a challenge for their precise identification. Spatiotemporal association of ECs and pericytes have great importance in sprout formation and vessel stabilization. Any traumatic injury in CNS may lead to vascular damage along with neuronal damage. Hence, ECs-pericyte interaction by physical contact and paracrine molecules is crucial in recovering the epicenter region by promoting angiogenesis. ECs can transform into other types of cells through endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), promoting wound healing in the epicenter region. Various signaling pathways mediate the interaction of ECs with pericytes that have an extensive role in angiogenesis. In this review, we discussed ECs and pericytes surface markers, the spatiotemporal association and interaction of ECs-pericytes, and signaling associated with the pathology of traumatic SCI. Linking the brain or spinal cord-specific pathologies and human vascular pathology will pave the way toward identifying new therapeutic targets and developing innovative preventive strategies. Endothelial-pericyte interaction strategic for formation of functional neo-vessels that are crucial for neurological recovery.
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Ippolitov D, Arreza L, Munir MN, Hombach-Klonisch S. Brain Microvascular Pericytes—More than Bystanders in Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081263. [PMID: 35455945 PMCID: PMC9028330 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue contains the highest number of perivascular pericytes compared to other organs. Pericytes are known to regulate brain perfusion and to play an important role within the neurovascular unit (NVU). The high phenotypic and functional plasticity of pericytes make this cell type a prime candidate to aid physiological adaptations but also propose pericytes as important modulators in diverse pathologies in the brain. This review highlights known phenotypes of pericytes in the brain, discusses the diverse markers for brain pericytes, and reviews current in vitro and in vivo experimental models to study pericyte function. Our current knowledge of pericyte phenotypes as it relates to metastatic growth patterns in breast cancer brain metastasis is presented as an example for the crosstalk between pericytes, endothelial cells, and metastatic cells. Future challenges lie in establishing methods for real-time monitoring of pericyte crosstalk to understand causal events in the brain metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyyl Ippolitov
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (D.I.); (L.A.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Leanne Arreza
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (D.I.); (L.A.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Maliha Nuzhat Munir
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (D.I.); (L.A.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (D.I.); (L.A.); (M.N.M.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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7
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Dadgostar E, Rahimi S, Nikmanzar S, Nazemi S, Naderi Taheri M, Alibolandi Z, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR. Aquaporin 4 in Traumatic Brain Injury: From Molecular Pathways to Therapeutic Target. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:860-871. [PMID: 35088218 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known as an acute degenerative pathology of the central nervous system, and has been shown to increase brain aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression. Various molecular mechanisms affect AQP4 expression, including neuronal high mobility group box 1, forkhead box O3a, vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1 α) sirtuin 2, NF-κB, Malat1, nerve growth factor and Angiotensin II receptor type 1. In addition, inhibition of AQP4 with FK-506, MK-801 (indirectly by targeting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor), inactivation of adenosine A2A receptor, levetiracetam, adjudin, progesterone, estrogen, V1aR inhibitor, hypertonic saline, erythropoietin, poloxamer 188, brilliant blue G, HIF-1alpha inhibitor, normobaric oxygen therapy, astaxanthin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, sesamin, thaliporphine, magnesium, prebiotic fiber, resveratrol and omega-3, as well as AQP4 gene silencing lead to reduced edema upon TBI. This review summarizes current knowledge and evidence on the relationship between AQP4 and TBI, and the potential mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Rahimi
- School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shahin Nikmanzar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Nazemi
- Tracheal Disease Research Center (TDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Naderi Taheri
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Alibolandi
- Anatomical Science Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Effect of Pericytes on Cerebral Microvasculature at Different Time Points of Stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2021:5281182. [PMID: 34977241 PMCID: PMC8716223 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5281182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pericyte, as an important component of the blood-brain barrier, has received increasing attention in the study of cerebrovascular diseases. However, the mechanism of pericytes after the occurrence of cerebral ischemia is controversial. On the one hand, the expression of pericytes increases after cerebral ischemia, constricting the blood vessels to restrict blood supply and aggravating the damage caused by ischemia; on the other hand, pericytes participate in capillary angiogenesis in the ischemic area, which facilitates the repair of the ischemic injury area. The multifunctionality of pericytes is an important reason for this phenomenon, but the different time points of observation for the outcome indicators in each study are also an important factor that leads to the controversy of pericytes. Based on the review of a large database of original studies, the authors' team summarized the effects of pericytes on cerebral microvasculature at different time points after stroke, searched the possible markers, and explored possible therapeutic.
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9
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Eisenbaum M, Pearson A, Gratkowski A, Mouzon B, Mullan M, Crawford F, Ojo J, Bachmeier C. Influence of traumatic brain injury on extracellular tau elimination at the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:48. [PMID: 34702292 PMCID: PMC8549249 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive head trauma has been associated with the accumulation of tau species in the brain. Our prior work showed brain vascular mural cells contribute to tau processing in the brain, and that these cells progressively degenerate following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI). The current studies investigated the role of the cerebrovasculature in the elimination of extracellular tau from the brain, and the influence of r-mTBI on these processes. Following intracranial injection of biotin-labeled tau, the levels of exogenous labeled tau residing in the brain were elevated in a mouse model of r-mTBI at 12 months post-injury compared to r-sham mice, indicating reduced tau elimination from the brain following head trauma. This may be the result of decreased caveolin-1 mediated tau efflux at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), as the caveolin inhibitor, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, significantly reduced tau uptake in isolated cerebrovessels and significantly decreased the basolateral-to-apical transit of tau across an in vitro model of the BBB. Moreover, we found that the upstream regulator of endothelial caveolin-1, Mfsd2a, was elevated in r-mTBI cerebrovessels compared to r-sham, which coincided with a decreased expression of cerebrovascular caveolin-1 in the chronic phase following r-mTBI (> 3 months post-injury). Lastly, angiopoietin-1, a mural cell-derived protein governing endothelial Mfsd2a expression, was secreted from r-mTBI cerebrovessels to a greater extent than r-sham animals. Altogether, in the chronic phase post-injury, release of angiopoietin-1 from degenerating mural cells downregulates caveolin-1 expression in brain endothelia, resulting in decreased tau elimination across the BBB, which may describe the accumulation of tau species in the brain following head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA. .,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| | - Andrew Pearson
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Arissa Gratkowski
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA
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Barretto TA, Park E, Telliyan T, Liu E, Gallagher D, Librach C, Baker A. Vascular Dysfunction after Modeled Traumatic Brain Injury Is Preserved with Administration of Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Is Associated with Modulation of the Angiogenic Response. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2747-2762. [PMID: 33899499 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction arising from blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can adversely affect neuronal health and behavioral outcome. Pericytes and endothelial cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) function collectively to maintain strict regulation of the BBB through tight junctions. Secondary injury mechanisms, such as pro-angiogenic signals that contribute to pericyte loss, can prolong and exacerbate primary vascular injury. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) are a source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have been shown to reduce vascular dysfunction after neurotrauma. We hypothesized that the perivascular properties of HUCPVCs can reduce vascular dysfunction after modeled TBI by preserving the pericyte-endothelial interactions. Rats were subjected to a moderate fluid percussion injury (FPI) and intravenously infused with 1,500,000 HUCPVCs post-injury. At acute time points (24 h and 48 h) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis demonstrated that the gene expression of angiopoietin-2 was increased with FPI and reduced with HUCPVCs. Immunofluorescent assessment of RECA-1 (endothelial cells) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR-β) (pericytes) revealed that capillary and pericyte densities as well as the co-localization of the two cells were decreased with FPI and preserved with HUCPVC administration. These acute HUCPVC-mediated protective effects were associated with less permeability to Evan's blue dye and increased expression of the tight junction occludin, suggesting less vascular leakage. Further, at 4 weeks post-injury, HUCPVC administration was associated with reduced anxiety and decreased β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) accumulation. In summary, HUCPVCs promoted pericyte-endothelial barrier function that was associated with improved long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Barretto
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eugene Park
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamar Telliyan
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine Liu
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Clifford Librach
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Baker
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Baird A, Oelsner L, Fisher C, Witte M, Huynh M. A multiscale computational model of angiogenesis after traumatic brain injury, investigating the role location plays in volumetric recovery. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:3227-3257. [PMID: 34198383 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key protein involved in the process of angiogenesis. VEGF is of particular interest after a traumatic brain injury (TBI), as it re-establishes the cerebral vascular network in effort to allow for proper cerebral blood flow and thereby oxygenation of damaged brain tissue. For this reason, angiogenesis is critical in the progression and recovery of TBI patients in the days and weeks post injury. Although well established experimental work has led to advances in our understanding of TBI and the progression of angiogenisis, many constraints still exist with existing methods, especially when considering patient progression in the days following injury. To better understand the healing process on the proposed time scales, we develop a computational model that quickly simulates vessel growth and recovery by coupling VEGF and its interactions with its associated receptors to a physiologically inspired fractal model of the microvascular re-growth. We use this model to clarify the role that diffusivity, receptor kinetics and location of the TBI play in overall blood volume restoration in the weeks post injury and show that proper therapeutic angiogenesis, or vasculogenic therapies, could speed recovery of the patient as a function of the location of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Baird
- Applied Research Associates Inc., Advanced Modeling & Simulation Systems Directorate, 8537 Six Forks Rd, Raleigh, NC 27615, USA
| | - Laura Oelsner
- Varian Medical Systems, 3100 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Charles Fisher
- Applied Research Associates Inc., Advanced Modeling & Simulation Systems Directorate, 8537 Six Forks Rd, Raleigh, NC 27615, USA
| | - Matt Witte
- Applied Research Associates Inc., Advanced Modeling & Simulation Systems Directorate, 8537 Six Forks Rd, Raleigh, NC 27615, USA
| | - My Huynh
- Applied Research Associates Inc., Advanced Modeling & Simulation Systems Directorate, 8537 Six Forks Rd, Raleigh, NC 27615, USA
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12
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Li J, An Y, Wang JN, Yin XP, Zhou H, Wang YS. Curcumin targets vascular endothelial growth factor via activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and improves brain hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:423-431. [PMID: 32830149 PMCID: PMC7445479 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.5.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of curcumin on brain hypoxic-ischemic (HI) damage in neonatal rats and whether the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway is involved. Brain HI damage models were established in neonatal rats, which received the following treatments: curcumin by intraperitoneal injection before injury, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) by subcutaneous injection after injury, and VEGF by intracerebroventricular injection after injury. This was followed by neurological evaluation, hemodynamic measurements, histopathological assessment, TUNEL assay, flow cytometry, and western blotting to assess the expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, and VEGF. Compared with rats that underwent sham operation, rats with brain HI damage showed remarkably increased neurological deficits, reduced right blood flow volume, elevated blood viscosity and haematocrit, and aggravated cell damage and apoptosis; these injuries were significantly improved by curcumin pretreatment. Meanwhile, brain HI damage induced the overexpression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and VEGF, while curcumin pretreatment inhibited the expression of these proteins. In addition, IGF-1 treatment rescued the curcumin-induced down-regulated expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and VEGF, and VEGF overexpression counteracted the inhibitory effect of curcumin on brain HI damage. Overall, pretreatment with curcumin protected against brain HI damage by targeting VEGF via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Baoding, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yan An
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jia-Ning Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yin
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- Department of MR Room, Qingyuan District People''s Hospital, Baoding 071000, China
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Early Tranexamic Acid Administration After Traumatic Brain Injury Is Associated With Reduced Syndecan-1 and Angiopoietin-2 in Patients With Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2020; 35:317-323. [PMID: 32881765 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of early tranexamic acid (TXA) administration on circulating markers of endotheliopathy. SETTING Twenty trauma centers in the United States and Canada. PARTICIPANTS Patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) (MS-TBI) and intracranial hemorrhage who were not in shock (systolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg). DESIGN TXA (2 g) or placebo administered prior to hospital arrival, less than 2 hours postinjury. Blood samples and head computed tomographic scan collected upon arrival. Plasma markers measured using Luminex analyte platform. Differences in median marker levels evaluated using t tests performed on log-transformed variables. Comparison groups were TXA versus placebo and less than 45 minutes versus 45 minutes or more from time of injury to treatment administration. MAIN MEASURES Plasma levels of angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, syndecan-1, thrombomodulin, thrombospondin-2, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular adhesion molecule 1. RESULTS Demographics and Injury Severity Score were similar between the placebo (n = 129) and TXA (n = 158) groups. Levels of syndecan-1 were lower in the TXA group (median [interquartile range or IQR] = 254.6 pg/mL [200.7-322.0] vs 272.4 pg/mL [219.7-373.1], P = .05. Patients who received TXA less than 45 minutes postinjury had significantly lower levels of angiopoietin-2 (median [IQR] = 144.3 pg/mL [94.0-174.3] vs 154.6 pg/mL [110.4-209.8], P = .05). No differences were observed in remaining markers. CONCLUSIONS TXA may inhibit early upregulation of syndecan-1 and angiopoietin-2 in patients with MS-TBI, suggesting attenuation of protease-mediated vascular glycocalyx breakdown. The findings of this exploratory analysis should be considered preliminary and require confirmation in future studies.
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Mast Cell Activation, Neuroinflammation, and Tight Junction Protein Derangement in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4243953. [PMID: 32684835 PMCID: PMC7333064 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4243953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major health problems worldwide that causes death or permanent disability through primary and secondary damages in the brain. TBI causes primary brain damage and activates glial cells and immune and inflammatory cells, including mast cells in the brain associated with neuroinflammatory responses that cause secondary brain damage. Though the survival rate and the neurological deficiencies have shown significant improvement in many TBI patients with newer therapeutic options, the underlying pathophysiology of TBI-mediated neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive dysfunctions is understudied. In this study, we analyzed mast cells and neuroinflammation in weight drop-induced TBI. We analyzed mast cell activation by toluidine blue staining, serum chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), a mast cell and inflammation-associated protein, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and blood-brain barrier tight junction-associated claudin 5 and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein expression in the brains of TBI mice. Mast cell activation and its numbers increased in the brains of 24 h and 72 h TBI when compared with sham control brains without TBI. Mouse brains after TBI show increased CCL2, PAR-2, and VEGFR2 expression and derangement of claudin 5 and ZO-1 expression as compared with sham control brains. TBI can cause mast cell activation, neuroinflammation, and derangement of tight junction proteins associated with increased BBB permeability. We suggest that inhibition of mast cell activation can suppress neuroimmune responses and glial cell activation-associated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in TBI.
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Abrahamson EE, Ikonomovic MD. Brain injury-induced dysfunction of the blood brain barrier as a risk for dementia. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113257. [PMID: 32092298 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex and dynamic physiological interface between brain parenchyma and cerebral vasculature. It is composed of closely interacting cells and signaling molecules that regulate movement of solutes, ions, nutrients, macromolecules, and immune cells into the brain and removal of products of normal and abnormal brain cell metabolism. Dysfunction of multiple components of the BBB occurs in aging, inflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI, severe or mild repetitive), and in chronic degenerative dementing disorders for which aging, inflammation, and TBI are considered risk factors. BBB permeability changes after TBI result in leakage of serum proteins, influx of immune cells, perivascular inflammation, as well as impairment of efflux transporter systems and accumulation of aggregation-prone molecules involved in hallmark pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases with dementia. In addition, cerebral vascular dysfunction with persistent alterations in cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling contribute to brain ischemia, neuronal degeneration, and synaptic dysfunction. While the idea of TBI as a risk factor for dementia is supported by many shared pathological features, it remains a hypothesis that needs further testing in experimental models and in human studies. The current review focusses on pathological mechanisms shared between TBI and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of pathological protein aggregates, such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We discuss critical knowledge gaps in the field that need to be explored to clarify the relationship between TBI and risk for dementia and emphasize the need for longitudinal in vivo studies using imaging and biomarkers of BBB dysfunction in people with single or multiple TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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16
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Wang K, Jing Y, Xu C, Zhao J, Gong Q, Chen S. HIF-1α and VEGF Are Involved in Deferoxamine-Ameliorated Traumatic Brain Injury. J Surg Res 2019; 246:419-426. [PMID: 31630885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deferoxamine (DFX) has been reported to have neuroprotective effect. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of DFX and its effect on hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly divided into sham operation, TBI + DFX, and TBI + vehicle groups. The rats in the TBI + DFX group were intraperitoneally injected with DFX 2 and 6 h after injury, thereafter once every 12 h. The rats in the TBI + vehicle group were intraperitoneally injected with saline at the same time points. At 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after TBI, 6 rats in each group were euthanized, and the brains were harvested. The expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in the pericontusional area was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. TBI-induced apoptosis was investigated using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method. Three days after TBI, the density of microvessels was examined via immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS DFX treatment upregulated the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF after TBI. DFX treatment reduced apoptosis and improved the neurobehavioral score after TBI. The density of microvessels was higher in the TBI + DFX group than that in the TBI + vehicle group 3 d after TBI. CONCLUSIONS DFX can stimulate angiogenesis, inhibit apoptosis, and play a protective role after TBI. The protective effect of DFX may, at least in part, be through upregulating the expression of HIF-1α and its downstream target gene VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
| | - Yao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyuan Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Halstead MR, Geocadin RG. The Medical Management of Cerebral Edema: Past, Present, and Future Therapies. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1133-1148. [PMID: 31512062 PMCID: PMC6985348 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema is commonly associated with cerebral pathology, and the clinical manifestation is largely related to the underlying lesioned tissue. Brain edema usually amplifies the dysfunction of the lesioned tissue and the burden of cerebral edema correlates with increased morbidity and mortality across diseases. Our modern-day approach to the medical management of cerebral edema has largely revolved around, an increasingly artificial distinction between cytotoxic and vasogenic cerebral edema. These nontargeted interventions such as hyperosmolar agents and sedation have been the mainstay in clinical practice and offer noneloquent solutions to a dire problem. Our current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms driving cerebral edema is becoming much more advanced, with differences being identified across diseases and populations. As our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in neuronal injury continues to expand, so too is the list of targeted therapies in the pipeline. Here we present a brief review of the molecular mechanisms driving cerebral edema and a current overview of our understanding of the molecular targets being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Halstead
- Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology-Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA.
| | - Romergryko G Geocadin
- Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology-Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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18
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Abstract
Recent stroke research has shifted the focus to the microvasculature from neuron-centric views. It is increasingly recognized that a successful neuroprotection is not feasible without microvascular protection. On the other hand, recent studies on pericytes, long-neglected cells on microvessels have provided insight into the regulation of microcirculation. Pericytes play an essential role in matching the metabolic demand of nervous tissue with the blood flow in addition to regulating the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leukocyte trafficking across the BBB and angiogenesis. Pericytes appears to be highly vulnerable to injury. Ischemic injury to pericytes on cerebral microvasculature unfavorably impacts the stroke-induced tissue damage and brain edema by disrupting microvascular blood flow and BBB integrity. Strongly supporting this, clinical imaging studies show that tissue reperfusion is not always obtained after recanalization. Therefore, prevention of pericyte dysfunction may improve the outcome of recanalization therapies by promoting microcirculatory reperfusion and preventing hemorrhage and edema. In the peri-infarct tissue, pericytes are detached from microvessels and promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and hence positively effect stroke outcome. Expectedly, we will learn more about the place of pericytes in CNS pathologies including stroke and devise approaches to treat them in the next decades.
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19
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Cheng J, Korte N, Nortley R, Sethi H, Tang Y, Attwell D. Targeting pericytes for therapeutic approaches to neurological disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:507-523. [PMID: 30097696 PMCID: PMC6132947 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many central nervous system diseases currently lack effective treatment and are often associated with defects in microvascular function, including a failure to match the energy supplied by the blood to the energy used on neuronal computation, or a breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. Pericytes, an under-studied cell type located on capillaries, are of crucial importance in regulating diverse microvascular functions, such as angiogenesis, the blood–brain barrier, capillary blood flow and the movement of immune cells into the brain. They also form part of the “glial” scar isolating damaged parts of the CNS, and may have stem cell-like properties. Recent studies have suggested that pericytes play a crucial role in neurological diseases, and are thus a therapeutic target in disorders as diverse as stroke, traumatic brain injury, migraine, epilepsy, spinal cord injury, diabetes, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, glioma, radiation necrosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here we report recent advances in our understanding of pericyte biology and discuss how pericytes could be targeted to develop novel therapeutic approaches to neurological disorders, by increasing blood flow, preserving blood–brain barrier function, regulating immune cell entry to the CNS, and modulating formation of blood vessels in, and the glial scar around, damaged regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Rd, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Nils Korte
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ross Nortley
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Huma Sethi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Rd, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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20
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Abstract
Stroke is a cerebrovascular disorder that affects many people worldwide. In addition to the well-established functions of astrocytes and microglia in stroke pathogenesis, pericytes also play an important role in stroke progression and recovery. As perivascular multi-potent cells and an important component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), pericytes have been shown to exert a large variety of functions, including serving as stem/progenitor cells and maintaining BBB integrity. Here in this review, we summarize the roles of pericytes in stroke pathogenesis, with a focus on their effects in cerebral blood flow, BBB integrity, angiogenesis, immune responses, scar formation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gautam
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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21
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Yang S, Jin H, Zhu Y, Wan Y, Opoku EN, Zhu L, Hu B. Diverse Functions and Mechanisms of Pericytes in Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:892-905. [PMID: 28088914 PMCID: PMC5652032 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170112170226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Every year, strokes take millions of lives and leave millions of individuals living with permanent disabilities. Recently more researchers embrace the concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU), which encompasses neurons, endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, astrocyte, microglia, and the extracellular matrix. It has been well-documented that NVU emerged as a new paradigm for the exploration of mechanisms and therapies in ischemic stroke. To better understand the complex NVU and broaden therapeutic targets, we must probe the roles of multiple cell types in ischemic stroke. The aims of this paper are to introduce the biological characteristics of brain pericytes and the available evidence on the diverse functions and mechanisms involving the pericytes in the context of ischemic stroke. Methods: Research and online content related to the biological characteristics and pathophysiological roles of pericytes is review. The new research direction on the Pericytes in ischemic stroke, and the potential therapeutic targets are provided. Results: During the different stages of ischemic stroke, pericytes play different roles: 1) On the hyperacute phase of stroke, pericytes constriction and death may be a cause of the no-reflow phenomenon in brain capillaries; 2) During the acute phase, pericytes detach from microvessels and participate in inflammatory-immunological response, resulting in the BBB damage and brain edema. Pericytes also provide benefit for neuroprotection by protecting endothelium, stabilizing BBB and releasing neurotrophins; 3) Similarly, during the later recovery phase of stroke, pericytes also contribute to angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and thereby promote neurological recovery. Conclusion: This emphasis on the NVU concept has shifted the focus of ischemic stroke research from neuro-centric views to the complex interactions within NVU. With this new perspective, pericytes that are centrally positioned in the NVU have been widely studied in ischemic stroke. More work is needed to elucidate the beneficial and detrimental roles of brain pericytes in ischemic stroke that may serve as a basis for potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Elvis Nana Opoku
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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22
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Sweeney MD, Ayyadurai S, Zlokovic BV. Pericytes of the neurovascular unit: key functions and signaling pathways. Nat Neurosci 2017; 19:771-83. [PMID: 27227366 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are vascular mural cells embedded in the basement membrane of blood microvessels. They extend their processes along capillaries, pre-capillary arterioles and post-capillary venules. CNS pericytes are uniquely positioned in the neurovascular unit between endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. They integrate, coordinate and process signals from their neighboring cells to generate diverse functional responses that are critical for CNS functions in health and disease, including regulation of the blood-brain barrier permeability, angiogenesis, clearance of toxic metabolites, capillary hemodynamic responses, neuroinflammation and stem cell activity. Here we examine the key signaling pathways between pericytes and their neighboring endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons that control neurovascular functions. We also review the role of pericytes in CNS disorders including rare monogenic diseases and complex neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors. Finally, we discuss directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shiva Ayyadurai
- Systems Biology Group, CytoSolve Research Division, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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23
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Yin W, Clare K, Zhang Q, Volkow ND, Du C. Chronic cocaine induces HIF-VEGF pathway activation along with angiogenesis in the brain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175499. [PMID: 28448515 PMCID: PMC5407832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine induces vasoconstriction in cerebral vessels, which with repeated use can result in transient ischemic attacks and cerebral strokes. However, the neuroadaptations that follow cocaine's vasoconstricting effects are not well understood. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic cocaine exposure (2 and 4 weeks) on markers of vascular function and morphology in the rat brain. For this purpose we measured nitric oxide (NO) concentration in plasma, brain neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS or NOS1), HIF-1α, and VEGF expression in different brain regions, i.e., middle prefrontal cortex, somatosensory cortex, nucleus accumbens, and dorsal striatum, using ELISA or Western blot. Additionally, microvascular density in these brain regions was measured using immunofluorescence microscopy. We showed that chronic cocaine significantly affected NOS1, HIF-1α and VEGF expression, in a region- and cocaine treatment-time- dependent manner. Cerebral microvascular density increased significantly in parallel to these neurochemical changes. Furthermore, significant correlations were detected between VEGF expression and microvascular density in cortical regions (middle prefrontal cortex and somatosensory cortex), but not in striatal regions (nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum). These results suggest that following chronic cocaine use, as cerebral ischemia developed, NOS1, the regulatory protein to counteract blood vessel constriction, was upregulated; meanwhile, the HIF-VEGF pathway was activated to increase microvascular density (i.e., angiogenesis) and thus restore local blood flow and oxygen supply. These physiological responses were triggered presumably as an adaptation to minimize ischemic injury caused by cocaine. Therefore, effectively promoting such physiological responses may provide novel and effective therapeutic solutions to treat cocaine-induced cerebral ischemia and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Kevin Clare
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Qiujia Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Congwu Du
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
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24
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He L, Vanlandewijck M, Raschperger E, Andaloussi Mäe M, Jung B, Lebouvier T, Ando K, Hofmann J, Keller A, Betsholtz C. Analysis of the brain mural cell transcriptome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35108. [PMID: 27725773 PMCID: PMC5057134 DOI: 10.1038/srep35108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes, the mural cells of blood microvessels, regulate microvascular development and function and have been implicated in many brain diseases. However, due to a paucity of defining markers, pericyte identification and functional characterization remain ambiguous and data interpretation problematic. In mice carrying two transgenic reporters, Pdgfrb-eGFP and NG2-DsRed, we found that double-positive cells were vascular mural cells, while the single reporters marked additional, but non-overlapping, neuroglial cells. Double-positive cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and analyzed by RNA sequencing. To reveal defining patterns of mural cell transcripts, we compared the RNA sequencing data with data from four previously published studies. The meta-analysis provided a conservative catalogue of 260 brain mural cell-enriched gene transcripts. We validated pericyte-specific expression of two novel markers, vitronectin (Vtn) and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (Ifitm1), using fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We further analyzed signaling pathways and interaction networks of the pericyte-enriched genes in silico. This work provides novel insight into the molecular composition of brain mural cells. The reported gene catalogue facilitates identification of brain pericytes by providing numerous new candidate marker genes and is a rich source for new hypotheses for future studies of brain mural cell physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institute, Novum, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Raschperger
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institute, Novum, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maarja Andaloussi Mäe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bongnam Jung
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thibaud Lebouvier
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Hofmann
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Keller
- Division of Neurosurgery, Zürich University Hospital, Zürich University, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institute, Novum, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Winkler EA, Minter D, Yue JK, Manley GT. Cerebral Edema in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2016; 27:473-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Guo H, Zhou H, Lu J, Qu Y, Yu D, Tong Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor: an attractive target in the treatment of hypoxic/ischemic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:174-9. [PMID: 26981109 PMCID: PMC4774214 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.175067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral hypoxia or ischemia results in cell death and cerebral edema, as well as other cellular reactions such as angiogenesis and the reestablishment of functional microvasculature to promote recovery from brain injury. Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in the central nervous system after hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, and is involved in the process of brain repair via the regulation of angiogenesis, neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and cerebral edema, which all require vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. In this review, we focus on the role of the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway in the response to hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, and discuss potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Stokum JA, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral edema. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:513-38. [PMID: 26661240 PMCID: PMC4776312 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15617172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in molecular biology have led to a greater understanding of the individual proteins responsible for generating cerebral edema. In large part, the study of cerebral edema is the study of maladaptive ion transport. Following acute CNS injury, cells of the neurovascular unit, particularly brain endothelial cells and astrocytes, undergo a program of pre- and post-transcriptional changes in the activity of ion channels and transporters. These changes can result in maladaptive ion transport and the generation of abnormal osmotic forces that, ultimately, manifest as cerebral edema. This review discusses past models and current knowledge regarding the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Improved fracture healing in patients with concomitant traumatic brain injury: proven or not? Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:204842. [PMID: 25873754 PMCID: PMC4385630 DOI: 10.1155/2015/204842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 3 decades, scientific evidence advocates an association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and accelerated fracture healing. Multiple clinical and preclinical studies have shown an enhanced callus formation and an increased callus volume in patients, respectively, rats with concomitant TBI. Over time, different substances (cytokines, hormones, etc.) were in focus to elucidate the relationship between TBI and fracture healing. Until now, the mechanism behind this relationship is not fully clarified and a consensus on which substance plays the key role could not be attained in the literature. In this review, we will give an overview of current concepts and opinions on this topic published in the last decade and both clinical and pathophysiological theories will be discussed.
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Engelhardt S, Patkar S, Ogunshola OO. Cell-specific blood-brain barrier regulation in health and disease: a focus on hypoxia. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1210-30. [PMID: 24641185 PMCID: PMC3952799 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex vascular structure consisting of microvascular endothelial cells that line the vessel wall, astrocyte end-feet, pericytes, as well as the basal lamina. BBB cells act in concert to maintain the characteristic impermeable and low paracellular flux of the brain vascular network, thus ensuring a homeostatic neuronal environment. Alterations in BBB stability that occur during injury have dire consequences on disease progression and it is clear that BBB cell-specific responses, positive or negative, must make a significant contribution to injury outcome. Reduced oxygenation, or hypoxia, is a characteristic of many brain diseases that significantly increases barrier permeability. Recent data suggest that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), the master regulator of the hypoxic response, probably mediates many hypoxic effects either directly or indirectly via its target genes. This review discusses current knowledge of physiological cell-specific regulation of barrier function, their responses to hypoxia as well as consequences of hypoxic- and HIF-1-mediated mechanisms on barrier integrity during select brain diseases. In the final sections, the potential of current advances in targeting HIF-1 as a therapeutic strategy will be overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Engelhardt
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - S Patkar
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - O O Ogunshola
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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Dore-Duffy P. Pericytes and adaptive angioplasticity: the role of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1135:35-52. [PMID: 24510853 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The TNF superfamily member TWEAK has emerged as a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates many cellular functions that include immune/inflammatory activity, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and fate. TWEAK through its inducible receptor, FGF-inducible molecule 14 (Fn14), can induce both beneficial and deleterious activity that has a profound effect on cell survival. Thus it is highly likely that TWEAK and Fn14 expressed by cells of the neurovascular unit help regulate and maintain vascular and tissue homeostasis. In this chapter we discuss the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 signaling in the cerebral microvascular pericyte. Pericytes are a highly enigmatic population of microvascular cells that are important in regulatory pathways that modulate physiological angiogenesis in response to chronic mild hypoxic stress. A brief introduction will identify the microvascular pericyte. A more detailed discussion of pericyte TWEAK signaling during adaptive angioplasticity will follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dore-Duffy
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, Qu C, Chopp M. Erythropoietin mediates neurobehavioral recovery and neurovascular remodeling following traumatic brain injury in rats by increasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:619-32. [PMID: 22707988 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) improves functional recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we investigated the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) on EPO-induced therapeutic efficacy in rats after TBI. Young male Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral controlled cortical impact injury and then infused intracerebroventricularly with either a potent selective VEGFR2 inhibitor SU5416 or vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide. Animals from both groups received delayed EPO treatment (5,000 U/kg in saline) administered intraperitoneally daily at 1, 2, and 3 days post injury. TBI rats treated with saline administered intraperitoneally daily at 1, 2, and 3 days post injury served as EPO treatment controls. 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine was administered to label dividing cells. Spatial learning and sensorimotor function were assessed using a modified Morris water maze test and modified neurological severity score, respectively. Animals were sacrificed at 4 days post injury for measurement of VEGF and VEGFR2 or 35 days post injury for evaluation of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and neurogenesis. EPO treatment promoted sensorimotor and cognitive functional recovery after TBI. EPO treatment increased brain VEGF expression and phosphorylation of VEGFR2. EPO significantly increased cell proliferation, angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus after TBI. Compared to the vehicle, SU5416 infusion significantly inhibited phosphorylation of VEGFR2, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis as well as abolished functional recovery in EPO-treated TBI rats. These findings indicate the VEGF/VEGFR2 activation plays an important role in EPO-mediated neurobehavioral recovery and neurovascular remodeling after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202
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Moriyama Y, Takagi N, Hashimura K, Itokawa C, Tanonaka K. Intravenous injection of neural progenitor cells facilitates angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Brain Behav 2013; 3:43-53. [PMID: 23532762 PMCID: PMC3607146 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier we demonstrated that the injection of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) has therapeutic potential for the improvement of learning dysfunction after cerebral ischemia. However, it remained to be clarified how transplantation of NPCs can improve ischemia-induced dysfunction. In this study, we examined whether intravenous injection of NPCs after cerebral ischemia could enhance angiogenesis by affecting the expression of angiogenic factors. The injection of NPCs on day 7 after cerebral ischemia enhanced angiogenesis on day 28. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR2 were increased in expression by the NPC injection. The level of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), an angiogenic factor, but not that of Ang-2, which acts as an antagonist for the Ang-1 receptor, was also increased on day 28. In addition, the expression of Ang-1 receptor Tie2 was enhanced in brain capillaries. Furthermore, the amounts of tight junctional proteins, which are in the blood-brain barrier and whose expression occurs downstream of Ang-1/Tie2 signaling, were increased by the NPC injection. These results suggest that the NPC injection promoted angiogenesis through Ang-1/Tie2 and/or VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling in brain capillaries after cerebral ischemia. Such signaling might have the potential for causing vascular stabilization and maturation for a long period after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Moriyama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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Dore-Duffy P, Wang S, Mehedi A, Katyshev V, Cleary K, Tapper A, Reynolds C, Ding Y, Zhan P, Rafols J, Kreipke CW. Pericyte-mediated vasoconstriction underlies TBI-induced hypoperfusion. Neurol Res 2012; 33:176-86. [PMID: 21801592 DOI: 10.1179/016164111x12881719352372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endothelin-1 is a 21-amino acid peptide that together with specific receptors, A (ETrA) and B (ETrB) is induced following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and has been closely linked to regulation of cerebral vasospasm, oxidative stress, and hypoperfusion. Specific endothelin receptor antagonists have been shown to ameliorate early evidence of neuronal cell injury, activation of microglial cells, and hypoperfusion following TBI. The exact mechanism involved in TBI-induced hypoperfusion is still unclear; however, it is thought that endothelin-1 engagement of ETrA is primarily responsible for changes in blood flow. In this study we question the role of the microvascular pericyte in endothelin-1-mediated pathophysiology in TBI. METHODS Pericyte expression of endothelin-1, ETrA, and ETrB was examined in primary culture and in sham and impacted rat brain. Adult male rats were also given intracerebroventricular injections of ETrA (BQ-123) before being subjected to TBI using a closed head acceleration impact model. RESULTS Primary pericytes express both endothelin-1 and its receptors ETrA and ETrB. Following TBI, the number of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) positive pericytes located in microvessels is significantly increased by 4 hours post-traumatic impact. Increases in pericyte expression of alpha-SMA correlated with evidence of a reduction in both arteriolar and capillary diameter. Capillary endothelin-1, ETrA, and ETrB transcript and protein was also increased. Increased endothelin-1 expression was seen by 2-4 hours post-impact. Upregulation of receptors was observed by 4-8 hours and maximum by 24 hours. ETrA antagonists decreased the number of alpha-SMA(+) pericytes as well as changes in microvascular diameter. CONCLUSION These results suggest that decreased vasoconstriction following TBI may be due to an endothelin-1-induced pericyte-mediated regulation of microvessel blood flow following TBI. Furthermore, results suggest that ETrA antagonists ameliorate trauma induced hypoperfusion, in part, by inhibiting endothelin-1-mediated upregulation of alpha-SMA in pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dore-Duffy
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Bye N, Turnley AM, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Inflammatory regulators of redirected neural migration in the injured brain. Neurosignals 2012; 20:132-46. [PMID: 22456466 DOI: 10.1159/000336542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain injury following stroke or trauma induces the migration of neuroblasts derived from subventricular zone neural precursor cells (NPCs) towards the damaged tissue, where they then have the potential to contribute to repair. Enhancing the recruitment of new cells thus presents an enticing prospect for the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat brain injury; to this end, an understanding of the factors regulating this process is required. During the neuroinflammatory response to ischemic and traumatic brain injuries, a plethora of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are released in the damaged tissue, and recent work indicates that a variety of these are able to influence injury-induced migration. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of specific chemokines and growth factors towards stimulating NPC migration in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bye
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
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35
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Thau-Zuchman O, Shohami E, Alexandrovich AG, Leker RR. Combination of Vascular Endothelial and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 for Induction of Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 47:166-72. [PMID: 22246995 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Thau-Zuchman O, Shohami E, Alexandrovich AG, Leker RR. Subacute treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor after traumatic brain injury increases angiogenesis and gliogenesis. Neuroscience 2011; 202:334-41. [PMID: 22173016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is neuroprotective and induces neurogenesis and angiogenesis when given early after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the effects of VEGF administration in the subacute phase after TBI remain unknown. Mice were subjected to TBI and treated with vehicle or VEGF beginning 7 days later for an additional 7 days. The animals were injected with BrdU to label proliferating cells and examined with a motor-sensory scale at pre-determined time points. Mice were killed 90 days post injury and immunohistochemistry was used to study cell fates. Our results demonstrate that lesion volumes did not differ between the groups confirming the lack of neuroprotective effects in this paradigm. VEGF treatment led to significant increments in cell proliferation (1.9 fold increase vs. vehicle, P<0.0001) and angiogenesis in the lesioned cortex (1.7 fold increase vs. vehicle, P=0.0001) but most of the proliferating cells differentiated into glia and no mature newly-generated neurons were detected. In conclusion, VEGF induces gliogenesis and angiogenesis when given 7 days post TBI. However, treated mice had only insignificant motor improvements in this paradigm, suggesting that the bulk of the beneficial effects observed when VEGF is given early after TBI results from the neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Thau-Zuchman
- Department of Neurology and the Peritz and Chantal Scheinberg Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Helmy A, De Simoni MG, Guilfoyle MR, Carpenter KLH, Hutchinson PJ. Cytokines and innate inflammation in the pathogenesis of human traumatic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:352-72. [PMID: 21939729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing recognition that following traumatic brain injury, a cascade of inflammatory mediators is produced, and contributes to the pathological consequences of central nervous system injury. This review summarises the key literature from pre-clinical models that underlies our understanding of innate inflammation following traumatic brain injury before focussing on the growing evidence from human studies. In addition, the underlying molecular mediators responsible for blood brain barrier dysfunction have been discussed. In particular, we have highlighted the different sampling methodologies available and the difficulties in interpreting human data of this sort. Ultimately, understanding the innate inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury may provide a therapeutic avenue in the treatment of central nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Dore-Duffy P, Mehedi A, Wang X, Bradley M, Trotter R, Gow A. Immortalized CNS pericytes are quiescent smooth muscle actin-negative and pluripotent. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:18-27. [PMID: 21515289 PMCID: PMC3250068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite their identification more than 100 years ago by the French scientist Charles-Marie Benjamin Rouget, microvascular pericytes have proven difficult to functionally characterize, due in part to their relatively low numbers and the lack of specific cell markers. However, recent progress is beginning to shed light on the diverse biological functions of these cells. Pericytes are thought to be involved in regulating vascular homeostasis and hemostasis as well as serving as a local source of adult stem cells. To further define the properties of these intriguing cells, we have isolated pericytes from transgenic mice (Immortomouse®) harboring a temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 virus target T-gene. This Immortopericyte (IMP) conditional cell line is stable for long periods of time and, at 33°C in the presence of interferon gamma, does not differentiate. Under these conditions IMPs are alpha muscle actin-negative and exhibit a pluripotent phenotype, but can be induced to differentiate along both mesenchymal and neuronal lineages at 37°C. Alternatively, differentiation of wild type pericytes and IMPs can be induced directly from capillaries in culture. Finally, the addition of endothelial cells to purified IMP cultures augments their rate of self-renewal and differentiation, possibly in a cell-to-cell contact dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dore-Duffy
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Abstract
Pericytes were described in 1873 by the French scientist Charles-Marie Benjamin Rouget and were originally called Rouget cells. The Rouget cell was renamed some years later due to its anatomical location abluminal to the endothelial cell (EC) and luminal to parenchymal cells. In the brain, pericytes are located in precapillary arterioles, capillaries and postcapillary venules. They deposit elements of the basal lamina and are totally surrounded by this vascular component. Pericytes are important cellular constituents of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and actively communicate with other cells of the neurovascular unit such as ECs, astrocytes, and neurons. Pericytes are local regulatory cells that are important for the maintenance of homeostasis and hemostasis, and are a source of adult pluripotent stem cells. Further understanding of the role played by this intriguing cell may lead to novel targeted therapies for neurovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dore-Duffy
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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40
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Thau-Zuchman O, Shohami E, Alexandrovich AG, Leker RR. Vascular endothelial growth factor increases neurogenesis after traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1008-16. [PMID: 20068579 PMCID: PMC2949187 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of endogenous stem cells has been proposed as a novel form of therapy in a variety of neurologic disorders including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is expressed in the brain after TBI and serves as a potent activator of angiogenesis and neurogenesis. In this study, we infused exogenous VEGF into the lateral ventricles of mice for 7 days after TBI using mini-osmotic pumps to evaluate the effects on recovery and functional outcome. The results of our study show that VEGF significantly increases the number of proliferating cells in the subventricular zone and in the perilesion cortex. Fate analysis showed that most newborn cells differentiated into astrocytes and oligodendroglia and only a few cells differentiated into neurons. Functional outcome was significantly better in mice treated with VEGF compared with vehicle-treated animals after TBI. Injury size was significantly smaller at 90 days after TBI in VEGF-treated animals, suggesting additional neuroprotective effects of VEGF. In conclusion, VEGF significantly augments neurogenesis and angiogenesis and reduces lesion volumes after TBI. These changes are associated with significant improvement in recovery rates and functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orli Thau-Zuchman
- Department of Neurology, Peritz and Chantal Scheinberg Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Holley JE, Newcombe J, Whatmore JL, Gutowski NJ. Increased blood vessel density and endothelial cell proliferation in multiple sclerosis cerebral white matter. Neurosci Lett 2009; 470:65-70. [PMID: 20036712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is primarily considered an inflammatory demyelinating disease, however the role of vasculature in MS pathogenesis is now receiving much interest. MS lesions often develop along blood vessels and alterations in blood brain barrier structure and function, with associated changes in the basement membrane, are pathological features. Nevertheless, the possibility of angiogenesis occurring in MS has received little attention. In this study we used triple label enzyme immunohistochemistry to investigate blood vessel density and endothelial cell proliferation in MS samples (n=39) compared with control tissue to explore evidence of angiogenesis in MS. The results showed that in all MS samples examined blood vessel density increased compared with controls. The greatest increase was found in subacute lesions where numbers of positively stained vessels increased from 43.9+/-8.5% in controls to 84.2+/-13.3% (P=0.001). Furthermore, using an antibody against endoglin (CD105), a specific marker of proliferating endothelial cells, which are characteristic of angiogenesis, we have shown that vessels containing proliferating endothelial cells were more pronounced in all MS tissue examined (normal-appearing white matter, acute, subacute and chronic lesions, P>or=0.027) compared with control and this was greatest in the MS normal-appearing white matter (68.8+/-19.8% versus 10.58+/-6.4%, P=0.003). These findings suggest that angiogenesis may play a role in lesion progression, failure of repair and scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Holley
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.
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An analysis of regional microvascular loss and recovery following two grades of fluid percussion trauma: a role for hypoxia-inducible factors in traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:575-84. [PMID: 19088740 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Secondary hypoxic/ischemic injuries, stemming from reductions in cerebral blood flow are important contributing factors in progressive neuronal dysfunction after brain trauma. A greater preclinical understanding of how brain trauma leads to secondary hypoxia/ischemia is necessary in the development of posttraumatic brain injury (TBI) therapeutics. To this end, we examined the density of microvascular coverage in the injured and contralateral cortical hemispheres using two intensities of fluid percussion trauma in rats. A silicone microangiography technique showed a significant loss in microvascular density in 2 atmosphere (atm) (16.9+/-3.8%) and 3 atm (15.7+/-1.3%) injured animals relative to sham animals (29.9+/-2.5%; P<0.01). RECA-1 immunohistochemistry indicated that capillary changes involved a reduction in capillary number and diameter. Reduction in microvascular density was shown to be a diffuse phenomenon occurring up to 4 mm rostral and caudal to the injury epicenter. Recovery of microvasculature occurred by 2 weeks after injury only in the 2 atm injury group. Expression of HIF1alpha and increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression were observed in the ipsilateral hippocampus suggesting sufficiently impaired microcirculation resulting in the expression of hypoxic-response proteins. Collectively, the results indicate diffuse and heterogeneous microvascular alterations as well as endogenous expression of neuroprotective and neovascularization pathways after TBI.
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Adenoviral expression of vascular endothelial growth factor splice variants differentially regulate bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:458-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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