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Pandey D, Chauhan SC, Kashyap VK, Roy KK. Structural insights into small-molecule KRAS inhibitors for targeting KRAS mutant cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116771. [PMID: 39167893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral (KRAS) oncogene is the most frequently mutated isoform of RAS, associated with 85 % of RAS-driven cancers. KRAS functions as a signaling hub, participating in various cellular signaling pathways and regulating a wide range of important activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, metabolism, and migration. Despite being the most frequently altered oncogenic protein in solid tumors, over the past four decades, KRAS has historically been considered "undruggable" owing to a lack of pharmacologically targetable pockets within the mutant isoforms. However, improvements in drug design and development have culminated in the development of selective inhibitors for KRAS mutants. Recent developments have led to the successful targeting of the KRASG12C mutant through covalent inhibitors that exploit the unique cysteine residue introduced by the mutation at 12th position. These inhibitors bind covalently to C12, locking KRAS in its inactive GDP-bound state and preventing downstream signaling. Some of these inhibitors have shown encouraging results in KRASG12C mutant cancer patients but suffer from drug resistance, toxicity, and low therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there have been great advancements in the discovery of drugs that directly target the switch I (S-I), switch-II (S-II) and S-I/II interface sites of KRAS mutant proteins. These include KRASG12C inhibitors like AMG510 (Sotorasib) and MRTX849 (Adagrasib), which have got FDA approval for non-small cell lung cancer harboring the KRASG12C mutation. There is no approved drug for cancers harboring other KRAS mutations, although efforts have expanded to target other KRAS mutations and the Switch I/II interface, aiming to disrupt KRAS-driven oncogenic signaling. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies have been instrumental in optimizing the binding affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties of these inhibitors, leading to the development of promising therapeutic agents like Sotorasib and Adagrasib. This review provides an overview of the KRAS pathway, KRAS binding sites, strategies for direct and indirect inhibition using small molecules, and SAR based on the co-crystal structures of inhibitors with KRAS mutants which is expected to offer new hope for patients with KRAS-driven cancers through the development of new KRAS-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Division of Cancer Immunology and Microbiology, Medicine and Oncology Integrated Service Unit, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research (ST-CECR), McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Vivek K Kashyap
- Division of Cancer Immunology and Microbiology, Medicine and Oncology Integrated Service Unit, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research (ST-CECR), McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Kuldeep K Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
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2
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Park JE, Kirsch K, Lee H, Oliva P, Ahn JI, Ravishankar H, Zeng Y, Fox SD, Kirby SA, Badhwar P, Andresson T, Jacobson KA, Lee KS. Specific inhibition of an anticancer target, polo-like kinase 1, by allosterically dismantling its mechanism of substrate recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305037120. [PMID: 37603740 PMCID: PMC10629583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305037120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is considered an attractive target for anticancer therapy. Over the years, studies on the noncatalytic polo-box domain (PBD) of Plk1 have raised the expectation of generating highly specific protein-protein interaction inhibitors. However, the molecular nature of the canonical PBD-dependent interaction, which requires extensive water network-mediated interactions with its phospholigands, has hampered efforts to identify small molecules suitable for Plk1 PBD drug discovery. Here, we report the identification of the first allosteric inhibitor of Plk1 PBD, called Allopole, a prodrug that can disrupt intracellular interactions between PBD and its cognate phospholigands, delocalize Plk1 from centrosomes and kinetochores, and induce mitotic block and cancer cell killing. At the structural level, its unmasked active form, Allopole-A, bound to a deep Trp-Phe-lined pocket occluded by a latch-like loop, whose adjoining region was required for securely retaining a ligand anchored to the phospho-binding cleft. Allopole-A binding completely dislodged the L2 loop, an event that appeared sufficient to trigger the dissociation of a phospholigand and inhibit PBD-dependent Plk1 function during mitosis. Given Allopole's high specificity and antiproliferative potency, this study is expected to open an unexplored avenue for developing Plk1 PBD-specific anticancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Klara Kirsch
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Hobin Lee
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Paola Oliva
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jong Il Ahn
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Harsha Ravishankar
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Yan Zeng
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stephen D. Fox
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD21702
| | - Samuel A. Kirby
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Pooja Badhwar
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD21702
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Kyung S. Lee
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
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3
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Park JE, Lee H, Oliva P, Kirsch K, Kim B, Ahn JI, Alverez CN, Gaikwad S, Krausz KW, O’Connor R, Rai G, Simeonov A, Mock BA, Gonzalez FJ, Lee KS, Jacobson KA. Structural Optimization and Anticancer Activity of Polo-like Kinase 1 (Plk1) Polo-Box Domain (PBD) Inhibitors and Their Prodrugs. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:422-446. [PMID: 36926457 PMCID: PMC10012257 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a mitotic kinase whose activity is widely upregulated in various human cancers, is considered an attractive target for anticancer drug discovery. Aside from the kinase domain, the C-terminal noncatalytic polo-box domain (PBD), which mediates the interaction with the enzyme's binding targets or substrates, has emerged as an alternative target for developing a new class of inhibitors. Various reported small molecule PBD inhibitors exhibit poor cellular efficacy and/or selectivity. Here, we report structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on triazoloquinazolinone-derived inhibitors, such as 43 (a 1-thioxo-2,4-dihydrothieno[2,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-one) that effectively block Plk1, but not Plk2 and Plk3 PBDs, with improved affinity and drug-like properties. The range of prodrug moieties needed for thiol group masking of the active drugs has been expanded to increase cell permeability and mechanism-based cancer cell (L363 and HeLa) death. For example, a 5-thio-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazolyl prodrug 80, derived from 43, showed an improved cellular potency (GI50 4.1 μM). As expected, 80 effectively blocked Plk1 from localizing to centrosomes and kinetochores and consequently induced potent mitotic block and apoptotic cell death. Another prodrug 78 containing 9-fluorophenyl in place of the thiophene-containing heterocycle in 80 also induced a comparable degree of anti-Plk1 PBD effect. However, orally administered 78 was rapidly converted in the bloodstream to parent drug 15, which was shown be relatively stable toward in vivo oxidation due to its 9-fluorophenyl group in comparison to unsubstituted phenyl. Further derivatization of these inhibitors, particularly to improve the systemic prodrug stability, could lead to a new class of therapeutics against Plk1-addicted cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hobin Lee
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Paola Oliva
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Klara Kirsch
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Bora Kim
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jong Il Ahn
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Celeste N. Alverez
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center
for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Snehal Gaikwad
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert O’Connor
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ganesha Rai
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center
for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center
for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Beverly A. Mock
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kyung S. Lee
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Hing ZA, Walker JS, Whipp EC, Brinton L, Cannon M, Zhang P, Sher S, Cempre CB, Brown F, Smith PL, Agostinelli C, Pileri SA, Skinner JN, Williams K, Phillips H, Shaffer J, Beaver LP, Pan A, Shin K, Gregory CT, Ozer GH, Yilmaz SA, Harrington BK, Lehman AM, Yu L, Coppola V, Yan P, Scherle P, Wang M, Pitis P, Xu C, Vaddi K, Chen-Kiang S, Woyach J, Blachly JS, Alinari L, Yang Y, Byrd JC, Baiocchi RA, Blaser BW, Lapalombella R. Dysregulation of PRMT5 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia promotes progression with high risk of Richter's transformation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:97. [PMID: 36609611 PMCID: PMC9823097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Richter's Transformation (RT) is a poorly understood and fatal progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) manifesting histologically as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is implicated in lymphomagenesis, but its role in CLL or RT progression is unknown. We demonstrate herein that tumors uniformly overexpress PRMT5 in patients with progression to RT. Furthermore, mice with B-specific overexpression of hPRMT5 develop a B-lymphoid expansion with increased risk of death, and Eµ-PRMT5/TCL1 double transgenic mice develop a highly aggressive disease with transformation that histologically resembles RT; where large-scale transcriptional profiling identifies oncogenic pathways mediating PRMT5-driven disease progression. Lastly, we report the development of a SAM-competitive PRMT5 inhibitor, PRT382, with exclusive selectivity and optimal in vitro and in vivo activity compared to available PRMT5 inhibitors. Taken together, the discovery that PRMT5 drives oncogenic pathways promoting RT provides a compelling rationale for clinical investigation of PRMT5 inhibitors such as PRT382 in aggressive CLL/RT cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Hing
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Janek S Walker
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ethan C Whipp
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lindsey Brinton
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Cannon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pu Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven Sher
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Casey B Cempre
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fiona Brown
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Porsha L Smith
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Haematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano A Pileri
- European Institute of Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jordan N Skinner
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katie Williams
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hannah Phillips
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jami Shaffer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Larry P Beaver
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alexander Pan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kyle Shin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Charles T Gregory
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gulcin H Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Selen A Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bonnie K Harrington
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Amy M Lehman
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pearlly Yan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Min Wang
- Prelude Therapeutics, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | - Chaoyi Xu
- Prelude Therapeutics, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Kris Vaddi
- Prelude Therapeutics, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Selina Chen-Kiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Woyach
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James S Blachly
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lapo Alinari
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bradley W Blaser
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rosa Lapalombella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Dominkuš PP, Mesic A, Hudler P. PLK2 Single Nucleotide Variant in Gastric Cancer Patients Affects miR-23b-5p Binding. J Gastric Cancer 2022; 22:348-368. [PMID: 36316110 PMCID: PMC9633926 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2022.22.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chromosomal instability is a hallmark of gastric cancer (GC). It can be driven by single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in cell cycle genes. We investigated the associations between SNVs in candidate genes, PLK2, PLK3, and ATM, and GC risk and clinicopathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS The genotyping study included 542 patients with GC and healthy controls. Generalized linear models were used for the risk and clinicopathological association analyses. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The binding of candidate miRs was analyzed using a luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS The PLK2 Crs15009-Crs963615 haplotype was under-represented in the GC group compared to that in the control group (Pcorr=0.050). Male patients with the PLK2 rs963615 CT genotype had a lower risk of GC, whereas female patients had a higher risk (P=0.023; P=0.026). The PLK2 rs963615 CT genotype was associated with the absence of vascular invasion (P=0.012). The PLK3 rs12404160 AA genotype was associated with a higher risk of GC in the male population (P=0.015). The ATM Trs228589-Ars189037-Grs4585 haplotype was associated with a higher risk of GC (P<0.001). The ATM rs228589, rs189037, and rs4585 genotypes TA+AA, AG+GG, and TG+GG were associated with the absence of perineural invasion (P=0.034). In vitro analysis showed that the cancer-associated miR-23b-5p mimic specifically bound to the PLK2 rs15009 G allele (P=0.0097). Moreover, low miR-23b expression predicted longer 10-year survival (P=0.0066) in patients with GC. CONCLUSIONS PLK2, PLK3, and ATM SNVs could potentially be helpful for the prediction of GC risk and clinicopathological features. PLK2 rs15009 affects the binding of miR-23b-5p. MiR-23b-5p expression status could serve as a prognostic marker for survival in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Pužar Dominkuš
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aner Mesic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Petra Hudler
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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6
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Zhang C, Ni C, Lu H. Polo-Like Kinase 2: From Principle to Practice. Front Oncol 2022; 12:956225. [PMID: 35898867 PMCID: PMC9309260 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.956225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase (PLK) 2 is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that shares the n-terminal kinase catalytic domain and the C-terminal Polo Box Domain (PBD) with other members of the PLKs family. In the last two decades, mounting studies have focused on this and tried to clarify its role in many aspects. PLK2 is essential for mitotic centriole replication and meiotic chromatin pairing, synapsis, and crossing-over in the cell cycle; Loss of PLK2 function results in cell cycle disorders and developmental retardation. PLK2 is also involved in regulating cell differentiation and maintaining neural homeostasis. In the process of various stimuli-induced stress, including oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum, PLK2 may promote survival or apoptosis depending on the intensity of stimulation and the degree of cell damage. However, the role of PLK2 in immunity to viral infection has been studied far less than that of other family members. Because PLK2 is extensively and deeply involved in normal physiological functions and pathophysiological mechanisms of cells, its role in diseases is increasingly being paid attention to. The effect of PLK2 in inhibiting hematological tumors and fibrotic diseases, as well as participating in neurodegenerative diseases, has been gradually recognized. However, the research results in solid organ tumors show contradictory results. In addition, preliminary studies using PLK2 as a disease predictor and therapeutic target have yielded some exciting and promising results. More research will help people better understand PLK2 from principle to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyong Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuangye Ni
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Lu,
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7
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Ding Y, Liu H, Zhang C, Bao Z, Yu S. Polo-like kinases as potential targets and PLK2 as a novel biomarker for the prognosis of human glioblastoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2320-2334. [PMID: 35256538 PMCID: PMC8954957 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent malignant central nervous system (CNS) cancer is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). PLKs (polo-like kinases) are a kind of serine-threonine kinase that modulate DNA replication, mitosis, and stress responses. PLKs in GBM need to be better studied and examined in terms of their expression, function, along with prognostic significance. Using an existing publicly available data set, we evaluated the expression level and prognostic relevance of PLKs in GBM patients at the molecular level. The biological processes along with cascades of the screened gene were predicted using the functional enrichment of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. The data illustrated that PLK1/3/4 contents were greater in GBM tissues than in non-tumorous tissues, but PLK2/5 expression levels were lower. PLK2 expression was also linked to patient outcome in GBM. Our findings imply that PLKs might be useful molecular indicators as well as prospective treatment targets for GBM. A PLK2 inhibitor has been studied for the first time in a glioma cell in this work. In glioma cells, ON1231320 has anticancer effects. Finally, a summary of PLK inhibitors is presented, along with projections for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoshi Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Gao Y, Kabotyanski EB, Shepherd JH, Villegas E, Acosta D, Hamor C, Sun T, Montmeyor-Garcia C, He X, Dobrolecki LE, Westbrook TF, Lewis MT, Hilsenbeck SG, Zhang XHF, Perou CM, Rosen JM. Tumor suppressor PLK2 may serve as a biomarker in triple-negative breast cancer for improved response to PLK1 therapeutics. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:178-193. [PMID: 35156101 PMCID: PMC8827906 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase (PLK) family members play important roles in cell cycle regulation. The founding member PLK1 is oncogenic and preclinically validated as a cancer therapeutic target. Paradoxically, frequent loss of chromosome 5q11-35 which includes PLK2 is observed in basal-like breast cancer. In this study, we found that PLK2 was tumor suppressive in breast cancer, preferentially in basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. Knockdown of PLK1 rescued phenotypes induced by PLK2-loss both in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrated that PLK2 directly interacted with PLK1 at prometaphase through the kinase but not the polo-box domains of PLK2, suggesting PLK2 functioned at least partially through the interaction with PLK1. Furthermore, an improved treatment response was seen in both Plk2-deleted/low mouse preclinical and PDX TNBC models using the PLK1 inhibitor volasertib alone or in combination with carboplatin. Re-expression of PLK2 in an inducible PLK2-null mouse model reduced the therapeutic efficacy of volasertib. In summary, this study delineates the effects of chromosome 5q loss in TNBC that includes PLK2, the relationship between PLK2 and PLK1, and how this may render PLK2-deleted/low tumors more sensitive to PLK1 inhibition in combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elena B. Kabotyanski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Deanna Acosta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Clark Hamor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tingting Sun
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Verna & Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Xiaping He
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lacey E. Dobrolecki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas F. Westbrook
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Verna & Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael T. Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan G. Hilsenbeck
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiang H.-F. Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles M. Perou
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey M. Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Corresponding Author: Jeffrey M. Rosen, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 832-215-9503; E-mail:
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9
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Künzel SR, Hoffmann M, Weber S, Künzel K, Kämmerer S, Günscht M, Klapproth E, Rausch JS, Sadek MS, Kolanowski T, Meyer-Roxlau S, Piorkowski C, Tugtekin SM, Rose-John S, Yin X, Mayr M, Kuhlmann JD, Wimberger P, Grützmann K, Herzog N, Küpper JH, O’Reilly M, Kabir SN, Sommerfeld LC, Guan K, Wielockx B, Fabritz L, Nattel S, Ravens U, Dobrev D, Wagner M, El-Armouche A. Diminished PLK2 Induces Cardiac Fibrosis and Promotes Atrial Fibrillation. Circ Res 2021; 129:804-820. [PMID: 34433292 PMCID: PMC8487716 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan R. Künzel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K.)
| | - Maximilian Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Silvio Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Karolina Künzel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Susanne Kämmerer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Mario Günscht
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Erik Klapproth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Johanna S.E. Rausch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Mirna S. Sadek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Tomasz Kolanowski
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Stefanie Meyer-Roxlau
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
| | - Christopher Piorkowski
- Department of Rhythmology (C.P., M.W.), Clinic for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden GmbH, Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Sems M. Tugtekin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery (S.M.T.), Clinic for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden GmbH, Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel (S.R.-J.)
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- The James Black Centre, King’s College, University of London (X.Y., M.M.)
| | - Manuel Mayr
- The James Black Centre, King’s College, University of London (X.Y., M.M.)
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (M.M.)
| | - Jan Dominik Kuhlmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (J.D.K., P.W.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg (J.D.K., P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden (J.D.K., P.W., K.G.)
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (J.D.K., P.W.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg (J.D.K., P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden (J.D.K., P.W., K.G.)
| | - Konrad Grützmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden (J.D.K., P.W., K.G.)
| | - Natalie Herzog
- Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg (N.H., J.-H.K.)
| | | | - Molly O’Reilly
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham (M.O., S.N.K., L.C.S.)
| | - S. Nashitha Kabir
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham (M.O., S.N.K., L.C.S.)
| | - Laura C. Sommerfeld
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham (M.O., S.N.K., L.C.S.)
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg (L.F., L.C.S.)
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
- Department of Rhythmology (C.P., M.W.), Clinic for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden GmbH, Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden
- Department of Cardiac Surgery (S.M.T.), Clinic for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden GmbH, Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden
- Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel (S.R.-J.)
- The James Black Centre, King’s College, University of London (X.Y., M.M.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (J.D.K., P.W.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg (J.D.K., P.W.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden (J.D.K., P.W., K.G.)
- Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg (N.H., J.-H.K.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham (M.O., S.N.K., L.C.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden (B.W.)
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham (L.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.N., D.D.)
- Institut für Experimentelle Kardiovaskuläre Medizin, Universitäts Herzzentrum, Freiburg Bad Krotzingen, Freiburg im Breisgau (U.R.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen (S.N., D.D.)
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université (S.N.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine (D.D.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K.)
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (M.M.)
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg (L.F., L.C.S.)
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden (B.W.)
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham (L.F.)
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg (L.F., L.C.S.)
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.N., D.D.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen (S.N., D.D.)
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université (S.N.)
| | - Ursula Ravens
- Institut für Experimentelle Kardiovaskuläre Medizin, Universitäts Herzzentrum, Freiburg Bad Krotzingen, Freiburg im Breisgau (U.R.)
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (S.N., D.D.)
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen (S.N., D.D.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine (D.D.)
| | - Michael Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
- Department of Rhythmology (C.P., M.W.), Clinic for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden GmbH, Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (S.R.K., M.H., S.W., K.K., S.K., M.G., E.K., J.S.E.R., M.S.S., T.K., S.M.-R., K.G., M.W., A.E.-A.)
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10
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Hymel D, Tsuji K, Grant RA, Chingle RM, Kunciw DL, Yaffe MB, Burke TR. Design and synthesis of a new orthogonally protected glutamic acid analog and its use in the preparation of high affinity polo-like kinase 1 polo-box domain - binding peptide macrocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7843-7854. [PMID: 34346472 PMCID: PMC8456285 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01120k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeting protein - protein interactions (PPIs) has emerged as an important area of discovery for anticancer therapeutic development. In the case of phospho-dependent PPIs, such as the polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) polo-box domain (PBD), a phosphorylated protein residue can provide high-affinity recognition and binding to target protein hot spots. Developing antagonists of the Plk1 PBD can be particularly challenging if one relies solely on interactions within and proximal to the phospho-binding pocket. Fortunately, the affinity of phospho-dependent PPI antagonists can be significantly enhanced by taking advantage of interactions in both the phospho-binding site and hidden "cryptic" pockets that may be revealed on ligand binding. In our current paper, we describe the design and synthesis of macrocyclic peptide mimetics directed against the Plk1 PBD, which are characterized by a new glutamic acid analog that simultaneously serves as a ring-closing junction that provides accesses to a cryptic binding pocket, while at the same time achieving proper orientation of a phosphothreonine (pT) residue for optimal interaction in the signature phospho-binding pocket. Macrocycles prepared with this new amino acid analog introduce additional hydrogen-bonding interactions not found in the open-chain linear parent peptide. It is noteworthy that this new glutamic acid-based amino acid analog represents the first example of extremely high affinity ligands where access to the cryptic pocket from the pT-2 position is made possible with a residue that is not based on histidine. The concepts employed in the design and synthesis of these new macrocyclic peptide mimetics should be useful for further studies directed against the Plk1 PBD and potentially for ligands directed against other PPI targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hymel
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Robert A Grant
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ramesh M Chingle
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dominique L Kunciw
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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11
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Goroshchuk O, Kolosenko I, Kunold E, Vidarsdottir L, Pirmoradian M, Azimi A, Jafari R, Palm-Apergi C. Thermal proteome profiling identifies PIP4K2A and ZADH2 as off-targets of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor volasertib. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21741. [PMID: 34143546 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100457rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is an important cell cycle kinase and an attractive target for anticancer treatments. An ATP-competitive small molecular PLK1 inhibitor, volasertib, has reached phase III in clinical trials in patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia as a combination treatment with cytarabine. However, severe side effects limited its use. The origin of the side effects is unclear and might be due to insufficient specificity of the drug. Thus, identifying potential off-targets to volasertib is important for future clinical trials and for the development of more specific drugs. In this study, we used thermal proteome profiling (TPP) to identify proteome-wide targets of volasertib. Apart from PLK1 and proteins regulated by PLK1, we identified about 200 potential volasertib off-targets. Comparison of this result with the mass-spectrometry analysis of volasertib-treated cells showed that phosphatidylinositol phosphate and prostaglandin metabolism pathways are affected by volasertib. We confirmed that PIP4K2A and ZADH2-marker proteins for these pathways-are, indeed, stabilized by volasertib. PIP4K2A, however, was not affected by another PLK1 inhibitor onvansertib, suggesting that PIP4K2A is a true off-target of volasertib. Inhibition of these proteins is known to impact both the immune response and fatty acid metabolism and could explain some of the side effects seen in volasertib-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Goroshchuk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Elena Kunold
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidarsdottir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Pirmoradian
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alireza Azimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rozbeh Jafari
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Caroline Palm-Apergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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12
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Kressin M, Fietz D, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Modelling the Functions of Polo-Like Kinases in Mice and Their Applications as Cancer Targets with a Special Focus on Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1176. [PMID: 34065956 PMCID: PMC8151477 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) belong to a five-membered family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases (PLK1-5) that play differentiated and essential roles as key mitotic kinases and cell cycle regulators and with this in proliferation and cellular growth. Besides, evidence is accumulating for complex and vital non-mitotic functions of PLKs. Dysregulation of PLKs is widely associated with tumorigenesis and by this, PLKs have gained increasing significance as attractive targets in cancer with diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential. PLK1 has proved to have strong clinical relevance as it was found to be over-expressed in different cancer types and linked to poor patient prognosis. Targeting the diverse functions of PLKs (tumor suppressor, oncogenic) are currently at the center of numerous investigations in particular with the inhibition of PLK1 and PLK4, respectively in multiple cancer trials. Functions of PLKs and the effects of their inhibition have been extensively studied in cancer cell culture models but information is rare on how these drugs affect benign tissues and organs. As a step further towards clinical application as cancer targets, mouse models therefore play a central role. Modelling PLK function in animal models, e.g., by gene disruption or by treatment with small molecule PLK inhibitors offers promising possibilities to unveil the biological significance of PLKs in cancer maintenance and progression and give important information on PLKs' applicability as cancer targets. In this review we aim at summarizing the approaches of modelling PLK function in mice so far with a special glimpse on the significance of PLKs in ovarian cancer and of orthotopic cancer models used in this fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kressin
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (K.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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13
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Cao F, Xia X, Fan Y, Liu Q, Song J, Zhang Q, Guo Y, Yao S. Knocking down of Polo-like kinase 2 inhibits cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in human glioma cells. Life Sci 2021; 270:119084. [PMID: 33482186 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) belongs to a family of serine/threonine kinases, and it is involved in tumorigenesis. The present study aimed to explore the potential clinical significance of PLK2 in the development of gliomas. MAIN METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect the expression of PLK2 in glioma tissues. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. KEY FINDINGS PLK2 expression gradually increased with the degree of glioma malignancy. High PLK2 expression was associated with a poor prognosis in glioma. Short hairpin RNAs targeting PLK2 (shPLK2) inhibited the viability and induced apoptosis of glioma cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Ring finger protein 180 (RNF180), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, interacted with PLK2 and induced the ubiquitination of PLK2. Overexpression of PLK2 in glioma cells significantly inhibited RNF180 upregulation-induced cell apoptosis. The expression level of RNF180 gradually decreased with the degree of glioma malignancy. SIGNIFICANCE Knocking down of PLK2 may suppress the glioma development through cancer cell proliferation inhibition and cell apoptosis promotion. Furthermore, RNF180 may mediate the ubiquitination of PLK2. The present findings may help improve the clinical management of glioma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Xiangping Xia
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Yinchun Fan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Jiancheng Song
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Radiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China..
| | - Shengtao Yao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
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14
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Raab CA, Raab M, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Non-mitotic functions of polo-like kinases in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188467. [PMID: 33171265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of mitotic protein kinases are currently being developed as non-neurotoxic alternatives of microtubule-targeting agents (taxanes, vinca alkaloids) which provide a substantial survival benefit for patients afflicted with different types of solid tumors. Among the mitotic kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases, the Aurora kinases, the kinesin spindle protein and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) have emerged as attractive targets of cancer therapeutics. The functions of mammalian PLK1-5 are traditionally linked to the regulation of the cell cycle and to the stress response. Especially the key role of PLK1 and PLK4 in cellular growth and proliferation, their overexpression in multiple types of human cancer and their druggability, make them appealing targets for cancer therapy. Inhibitors for PLK1 and PLK4 are currently being tested in multiple cancer trials. The clinical success of microtubule-targeting agents is attributed not solely to the induction of a mitotic arrest in cancer cells, but also to non-mitotic effects like targeting intracellular trafficking on microtubules. This raises the question whether new cancer targets like PLK1 and PLK4 regulate critical non-mitotic functions in tumor cells. In this article we summarize the important roles of PLK1-5 for the regulation of non-mitotic signaling. Due to these functions it is conceivable that inhibitors for PLK1 or PLK4 can target interphase cells, which underscores their attractive potential as cancer drug targets. Moreover, we also describe the contribution of the tumor-suppressors PLK2, PLK3 and PLK5 to cancer cell signaling outside of mitosis. These observations highlight the urgent need to develop highly specific ATP-competitive inhibitors for PLK4 and for PLK1 like the 3rd generation PLK-inhibitor Onvansertib to prevent the inhibition of tumor-suppressor PLKs in- and outside of mitosis. The remarkable feature of PLKs to encompass a unique druggable domain, the polo-box-domain (PBD) that can be found only in PLKs offers the opportunity for the development of inhibitors that target PLKs exclusively. Beyond the development of mono-specific ATP-competitive PLK inhibitors, the PBD as drug target will support the design of new drugs that eradicate cancer cells based on the mitotic and non-mitotic function of PLK1 and PLK4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
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15
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Alverez CN, Park JE, Toti KS, Xia Y, Krausz KW, Rai G, Bang JK, Gonzalez FJ, Jacobson KA, Lee KS. Identification of a New Heterocyclic Scaffold for Inhibitors of the Polo-Box Domain of Polo-like Kinase 1. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14087-14117. [PMID: 33175530 PMCID: PMC7769008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a mitotic-specific target widely deregulated in various human cancers, polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) has been extensively explored for anticancer activity and drug discovery. Although multiple catalytic domain inhibitors were tested in preclinical and clinical studies, their efficacies are limited by dose-limiting cytotoxicity, mainly from off-target cross reactivity. The C-terminal noncatalytic polo-box domain (PBD) of Plk1 has emerged as an attractive target for generating new protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Here, we identified a 1-thioxo-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5(1H)-one scaffold that efficiently inhibits Plk1 PBD but not its related Plk2 and Plk3 PBDs. Structure-activity relationship studies led to multiple inhibitors having ≥10-fold higher inhibitory activity than the previously characterized Plk1 PBD-specific phosphopeptide, PLHSpT (Kd ∼ 450 nM). In addition, S-methyl prodrugs effectively inhibited mitotic progression and cell proliferation and their metabolic stability was determined. These data describe a novel class of small-molecule inhibitors that offer a promising avenue for future drug discovery against Plk1-addicted cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste N Alverez
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kiran S Toti
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Yangliu Xia
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ganesha Rai
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jeong K Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kyung S Lee
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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16
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Alafate W, Xu D, Wu W, Xiang J, Ma X, Xie W, Bai X, Wang M, Wang J. Loss of PLK2 induces acquired resistance to temozolomide in GBM via activation of notch signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:239. [PMID: 33176854 PMCID: PMC7657349 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal type of primary brain tumor with a median survival less than 15 months. Despite the recent improvements of comprehensive strategies, the outcomes for GBM patients remain dismal. Accumulating evidence indicates that rapid acquired chemoresistance is the major cause of GBM recurrence thus leads to worse clinical outcomes. Therefore, developing novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for chemoresistant GBM is crucial for long-term cures. Methods Transcriptomic profiles of glioblastoma were downloaded from gene expression omnibus (GEO) and TCGA database. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed and candidate gene PLK2 was selected for subsequent validation. Clinical samples and corresponding data were collected from our center and measured using immunohistochemistry analysis. Lentiviral transduction and in vivo xenograft transplantation were used to validate the bioinformatic findings. GSEA analyses were conducted to identify potential signaling pathways related to PLK2 expression and further confirmed by in vitro mechanistic assays. Results In this study, we identified PLK2 as an extremely suppressed kinase-encoding gene in GBM samples, particularly in therapy resistant GBM. Additionally, reduced PLK2 expression implied poor prognosis and TMZ resistance in GBM patients. Functionally, up-regulated PLK2 attenuated cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis of GBM cells. Besides, exogenous overexpression of PLK2 reduced acquired TMZ resistance of GBM cells. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis indicated that PLK2 was negatively correlated with Notch signaling pathway in GBM. Mechanically, loss of PLK2 activated Notch pathway through negative transcriptional regulation of HES1 and degradation of Notch1. Conclusion Loss of PLK2 enhances aggressive biological behavior of GBM through activation of Notch signaling, indicating that PLK2 could be a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for chemoresistant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahafu Alafate
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongze Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianyang Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xudong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanfu Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China. .,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China. .,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Cunningham CE, MacAuley MJ, Vizeacoumar FS, Abuhussein O, Freywald A, Vizeacoumar FJ. The CINs of Polo-Like Kinase 1 in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102953. [PMID: 33066048 PMCID: PMC7599805 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many alterations specific to cancer cells have been investigated as targets for targeted therapies. Chromosomal instability is a characteristic of nearly all cancers that can limit response to targeted therapies by ensuring the tumor population is not genetically homogenous. Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1) is often up regulated in cancers and it regulates chromosomal instability extensively. PLK1 has been the subject of much pre-clinical and clinical studies, but thus far, PLK1 inhibitors have not shown significant improvement in cancer patients. We discuss the numerous roles and interactions of PLK1 in regulating chromosomal instability, and how these may provide an avenue for identifying targets for targeted therapies. As selective inhibitors of PLK1 showed limited clinical success, we also highlight how genetic interactions of PLK1 may be exploited to tackle these challenges. Abstract Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is overexpressed near ubiquitously across all cancer types and dysregulation of this enzyme is closely tied to increased chromosomal instability and tumor heterogeneity. PLK1 is a mitotic kinase with a critical role in maintaining chromosomal integrity through its function in processes ranging from the mitotic checkpoint, centrosome biogenesis, bipolar spindle formation, chromosome segregation, DNA replication licensing, DNA damage repair, and cytokinesis. The relation between dysregulated PLK1 and chromosomal instability (CIN) makes it an attractive target for cancer therapy. However, clinical trials with PLK1 inhibitors as cancer drugs have generally displayed poor responses or adverse side-effects. This is in part because targeting CIN regulators, including PLK1, can elevate CIN to lethal levels in normal cells, affecting normal physiology. Nevertheless, aiming at related genetic interactions, such as synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) interactions of PLK1 instead of PLK1 itself, can help to avoid the detrimental side effects associated with increased levels of CIN. Since PLK1 overexpression contributes to tumor heterogeneity, targeting SDL interactions may also provide an effective strategy to suppressing this malignant phenotype in a personalized fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E. Cunningham
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
- Correspondence: (C.E.C.); (A.F.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +1-(306)-327-7864 (C.E.C.); +1-(306)-966-5248 (A.F.); +1-(306)-966-7010 (F.J.V.)
| | - Mackenzie J. MacAuley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
| | - Frederick S. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
| | - Omar Abuhussein
- College of Pharmacy, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada;
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
- Correspondence: (C.E.C.); (A.F.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +1-(306)-327-7864 (C.E.C.); +1-(306)-966-5248 (A.F.); +1-(306)-966-7010 (F.J.V.)
| | - Franco J. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (M.J.M.); (F.S.V.)
- College of Pharmacy, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada;
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.E.C.); (A.F.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +1-(306)-327-7864 (C.E.C.); +1-(306)-966-5248 (A.F.); +1-(306)-966-7010 (F.J.V.)
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18
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Zeng Y, Li N, Liu W, Zeng M, Cheng J, Huang J. Analyses of expressions and prognostic values of Polo-like kinases in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2447-2460. [PMID: 32627077 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite great advances in its early diagnosis and treatment, lung cancer is still an intractable disease and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths and morbidity in the world. The family of Polo-like kinases (PLKs) consists of five serine/threonine kinases, which have been reported to participate in various human diseases. However, the expression and prognostic value of each PLK in human lung cancer have not been fully understood. This study analyzed mRNA expression and prognostic value of different PLKs in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS First, mRNA expression of PLKs in patients with NSCLC from the Oncomine and the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database was investigated. Then, a Kaplan-Meier plotter was employed for survival analysis. The sequence alteration for PLKs was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the cBioPortal database. Additionally, we analyzed the association among different PLKs using the LinkedOmics database. Finally, the enrichment analysis of PLKs was achieved using the DAVID database. RESULTS The mRNA expression levels of PLK1 and PLK4 were significantly overexpressed, while mRNA expression level of PLK3 was underexpressed in patients with NSCLC. mRNA expressions of PLK1 and PLK4 were significantly and positively related to the tumor stage of NSCLC. Increased expressions of PLK1, PLK4, and PLK5 and decreased expression of PLK2 were attributed to limited overall survival time in NSCLC. PLK1 was positively correlated with PLK4 via the LinkedOmics database. CONCLUSIONS PLKs are relevant targets for NSCLC treatment, especially PLK1 and PLK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 12# Minyou Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, 2# Wenming Eastern Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanhong Li
- Pathological Diagnosis and Research Center, Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, 57# Renmin avenue South, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, 2# Wenming Eastern Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 12# Minyou Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Zeng
- First Clinical School of Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, 2# Wenming Eastern Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfen Cheng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 12# Minyou Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Huang
- Pathological Diagnosis and Research Center, Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, 57# Renmin avenue South, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, 2# Wenming Eastern Road, Xiashan, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Quan R, Wei L, Hou L, Wang J, Zhu S, Li Z, Lv M, Liu J. Proteome Analysis in a Mammalian Cell line Reveals that PLK2 is Involved in Avian Metapneumovirus Type C (aMPV/C)-Induced Apoptosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040375. [PMID: 32231136 PMCID: PMC7232392 DOI: 10.3390/v12040375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C) causes an acute respiratory disease that has caused serious economic losses in the Chinese poultry industry. In the present study, we first explored the protein profile in aMPV/C-infected Vero cells using iTRAQ quantitative proteomics. A total of 921 of 7034 proteins were identified as significantly altered by aMPV/C infection. Three selected proteins were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Bioinformatics GO analysis revealed multiple signaling pathways involving cell cycle, endocytosis, and PI3K-Akt, mTOR, MAPK and p53 signaling pathways, which might participate in viral infection. In this analysis, we found that PLK2 expression was upregulated by aMPV/C infection and investigated whether it contributed to aMPV/C-mediated cellular dysfunction. Suppressing PLK2 attenuated aMPV/C-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and p53-dependent apoptosis and reduced virus release. These results in a mammalian cell line suggest that high PLK2 expression correlates with aMPV/C-induced apoptosis and viral replication, providing new insight into the potential avian host cellular response to aMPV/C infection and antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jue Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 86-10-51503671; Fax: 86-10-51503498
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20
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Xie XL, Zhu HX, Li YM, Chen DT, Fan TY. Differential expression of AURKA/PLK4 in quiescence and senescence of osteosarcoma U2OS cells. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:884-894. [PMID: 32200684 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1731054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify co-expressed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in quiescence and senescence of osteosarcoma (OS) U2OS cells and investigate their biological functions. GSE94805 from Gene Expression Omnibus database was extracted, involving 12 samples of OS U2OS cells (4 quiescence, 4 senescence, and 4 control samples). After analysis of DEGs by limma package, VENN analysis was performed to identify co-expressed DEGs in quiescence and senescent. The Cytoscape software was used to construct an interactive network of co-expressed DEGs. Finally, box-plot was drawn for the co-expressed DEGs in sub-network. Besides, the relation literatures were selected in GenCLiP database for the co-expressed DEGs. Seven hundred and forty-three DEGs (255 up-regulated genes, 488 down-regulated genes) were obtained in quiescence and 2135 DEGs (1189 up-regulated genes, 946 down-regulated genes) in senescence. Through VENN analysis, 448 DEGs (131 up-regulated genes, 317 down-regulated genes) were co-expressed in quiescent and senescence. In the co-expressed DEGs network, 896 nodes (448 nodes in quiescent, 448 nodes in senescent) were obtained. Finally, 16 co-expressed DEGs were obtained in the sub-network analysis, in which Aurora kinase A (AURKA) and polo-like kinase (PLK4) had been reported in OS. AURKA and PLK4 might be the key genes in quiescence and senescence of OS U2OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liang Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Ta Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-You Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Goroshchuk O, Vidarsdottir L, Björklund AC, Hamil AS, Kolosenko I, Dowdy SF, Palm-Apergi C. Targeting Plk1 with siRNNs in primary cells from pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2688. [PMID: 32060361 PMCID: PMC7021816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) accounts for nearly one fifth of all childhood cancers and current challenges in B-ALL treatment include resistance, relapse and late-onset side effects due to the chemotherapy. To overcome these hurdles, novel therapies need to be investigated. One promising target is Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a key regulator of the cell cycle. In this study, the Plk family expression is investigated in primary peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells from ten pediatric B-ALL patients. For the first time, short interfering RiboNucleic Neutrals (siRNNs) that enter cells without a transfection reagent are used to target Plk1 mRNA in primary cells from pediatric B-ALL patients. Our results show that the expression of Plk1 and Plk4 is significantly higher in pediatric B-ALL patients compared to healthy donors. Moreover, treatment of primary peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells from pediatric B-ALL patients, cultured ex vivo, with Plk1-targeting siRNNs results in cleavage of Plk1 mRNA. Importantly, the Plk1 knockdown is specific and does not affect other Plk members in contrast to many small molecule Plk1 inhibitors. Thus, Plk1 is a potential therapeutic target in pediatric B-ALL and selective targeting of Plk1 can be achieved by the use of siRNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Goroshchuk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidarsdottir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Björklund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander S Hamil
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Caroline Palm-Apergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Abdelfatah S, Fleischer E, Klinger A, Wong VKW, Efferth T. Identification of inhibitors of the polo-box domain of polo-like kinase 1 from natural and semisynthetic compounds. Invest New Drugs 2020; 38:1-9. [PMID: 30877426 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PLK1 has an important role in the regulation of cell cycle and represents an important target for cancer treatment. This enzyme belongs to the Polo-like kinases family, which is characterized by a regulatory domain named Polo-box domain (PBD). Rather than regular kinase inhibitors, this domain provides high selectivity to PLK1. Here, we report on four novel PLK1 PBD inhibitors identified by cytotoxicity screening and fluorescence polarization assay of a chemical library of natural and semisynthetic compounds. These compounds revealed two- to three-fold higher selectivity to the PDB of PLK1 than to those of the related family members, PLK2 and PLK3. These four substances inhibited tumor cell growth of sensitive CCRF-CEM and multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cells. The tested compounds increased the apoptotic cell fraction, which indicates apoptosis as a major mechanism of cell death. Cell cycle analysis showed compound (5) arrested the cell cycle of CCRF-CEM cells in the G2/M phase, while the other three molecules ((compound (3), compound (4), and compound (6)) exerted pronounced cytotoxicity with an increase of cells in the sub-G1 population. Molecular docking was performed for the understanding of ligand-protein interaction, the tested candidates showed strong binding affinity to PLK1 PBD. In conclusion, we identified four new chemical scaffolds that may serve as lead compounds for the development of selective PLK1 inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Zhou B, Ho SS, Greer SU, Spies N, Bell JM, Zhang X, Zhu X, Arthur JG, Byeon S, Pattni R, Saha I, Huang Y, Song G, Perrin D, Wong WH, Ji HP, Abyzov A, Urban AE. Haplotype-resolved and integrated genome analysis of the cancer cell line HepG2. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3846-3861. [PMID: 30864654 PMCID: PMC6486628 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HepG2 is one of the most widely used human cancer cell lines in biomedical research and one of the main cell lines of ENCODE. Although the functional genomic and epigenomic characteristics of HepG2 are extensively studied, its genome sequence has never been comprehensively analyzed and higher order genomic structural features are largely unknown. The high degree of aneuploidy in HepG2 renders traditional genome variant analysis methods challenging and partially ineffective. Correct and complete interpretation of the extensive functional genomics data from HepG2 requires an understanding of the cell line’s genome sequence and genome structure. Using a variety of sequencing and analysis methods, we identified a wide spectrum of genome characteristics in HepG2: copy numbers of chromosomal segments at high resolution, SNVs and Indels (corrected for aneuploidy), regions with loss of heterozygosity, phased haplotypes extending to entire chromosome arms, retrotransposon insertions and structural variants (SVs) including complex and somatic genomic rearrangements. A large number of SVs were phased, sequence assembled and experimentally validated. We re-analyzed published HepG2 datasets for allele-specific expression and DNA methylation and assembled an allele-specific CRISPR/Cas9 targeting map. We demonstrate how deeper insights into genomic regulatory complexity are gained by adopting a genome-integrated framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steve S Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephanie U Greer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Noah Spies
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - John M Bell
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xianglong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph G Arthur
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seunggyu Byeon
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Reenal Pattni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ishan Saha
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yiling Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giltae Song
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Dimitri Perrin
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Wing H Wong
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hanlee P Ji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Alexej Abyzov
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexander E Urban
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Tashia and John Morgridge Faculty Scholar, Stanford Child Health Research Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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24
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Abdelfatah S, Berg A, Huang Q, Yang LJ, Hamdoun S, Klinger A, Greten HJ, Fleischer E, Berg T, Wong VK, Efferth T. MCC1019, a selective inhibitor of the Polo-box domain of Polo-like kinase 1 as novel, potent anticancer candidate. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1021-1034. [PMID: 31649851 PMCID: PMC6804483 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase (PLK1) has been identified as a potential target for cancer treatment. Although a number of small molecules have been investigated as PLK1 inhibitors, many of which showed limited selectivity. PLK1 harbors a regulatory domain, the Polo box domain (PBD), which has a key regulatory function for kinase activity and substrate recognition. We report on 3-bromomethyl-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (designated: MCC1019) as selective PLK1 inhibitor targeting PLK1 PBD. Cytotoxicity and fluorescence polarization-based screening were applied to a library of 1162 drug-like compounds to identify potential inhibitors of PLK1 PBD. The activity of compound MC1019 against the PLK1 PBD was confirmed using fluorescence polarization and microscale thermophoresis. This compound exerted specificity towards PLK1 over PLK2 and PLK3. MCC1019 showed cytotoxic activity in a panel of different cancer cell lines. Mechanistic investigations in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells revealed that MCC1019 induced cell growth inhibition through inactivation of AKT signaling pathway, it also induced prolonged mitotic arrest—a phenomenon known as mitotic catastrophe, which is followed by immediate cell death via apoptosis and necroptosis. MCC1019 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a murine lung cancer model without affecting body weight or vital organ size, and reduced the growth of metastatic lesions in the lung. We propose MCC1019 as promising anti-cancer drug candidate.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- ABC, avidin-biotin complex
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- BUBR1, budding uninhibited by benzimidazole-related 1
- CDC2, cell division cycle protein 2 homolog
- CDC25, cell division cycle 25
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- Cell cycle
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DAPKs, death-associated protein kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FOXO, forkhead box O
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α
- IC50, 50% inhibition concentration
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- Kd, the dissociation constant
- LC3, light chain 3
- MFP, M phase promoting factor
- MST, microscale thermophoresis
- MTD, maximal tolerance dose
- Mono-targeted therapy
- Nec-1, necrostatin 1
- Necroptosis
- PARP-1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1
- PBD, Polo box domain
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLK1
- PLK1, Polo-like kinase
- Polo box domain
- Polo-like kinase
- SAC, spindle assembly checkpoint
- Spindle damage
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Angela Berg
- Leipzig University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Li Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Sami Hamdoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Henry J. Greten
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
| | | | - Thorsten Berg
- Leipzig University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Vincent K.W. Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 6131 3925751; fax: +49 6131 23752.
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25
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Bhujbal SP, Keretsu S, Cho SJ. A Combined Molecular Docking and 3D‐QSAR Studies on Tetrahydropteridin Derivatives as PLK2 Antagonists. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Pandurang Bhujbal
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Medicine, Chosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
| | - Seketoulie Keretsu
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Medicine, Chosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Medicine, Chosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
- Department of Cellular·Molecular MedicineCollege of Medicine, Chosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
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26
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Liu W, Zha Z, Wang H. Upregulation of microRNA‐27a inhibits synovial angiogenesis and chondrocyte apoptosis in knee osteoarthritis rats through the inhibition of PLK2. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22972-22984. [PMID: 31134620 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Zhuqing Zha
- Department of Orthopedics, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Weihai Central Hospital Weihai Shandong China
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27
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Abdelfatah S, Berg A, Böckers M, Efferth T. A selective inhibitor of the Polo-box domain of Polo-like kinase 1 identified by virtual screening. J Adv Res 2019; 16:145-156. [PMID: 30899597 PMCID: PMC6412170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a member of the Polo-like kinase family, plays an important regulatory role in mitosis and cell cycle progression. PLK1 overexpression is correlated with tumourigenesis and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Therefore, the identification of novel compounds that inhibit PLK1 would provide attractive therapeutic approaches. Although some PLK1 kinase inhibitors have been developed, their application has been limited by off-target effects. PLK1 contains a regulatory domain named the Polo-box domain (PBD), which is characteristic only for the Polo-like kinase family. This domain represents an alternative therapeutic target with higher selectivity for PLK1. In this study, we applied in silico virtual drug screening, fluorescence polarization and microscale thermophoresis to identify new scaffolds targeting the PBD of PLK1. One compound, 3-{[(1R,9S)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-oxo-7,11-diazatricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2,4-dien-11-yl]methyl}benzonitrile (designated compound (1)), out of a total of 30,793 natural product derivatives, inhibited the PLK1 PBD with high selectivity (IC50: 17.9 ± 0.5 µM). This compound inhibited the growth of cultured leukaemia cells (CCRF-CEM and CEM/ADR5000) and arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, which is characteristic for PLK1 inhibitors. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that treatment with compound (1) disrupted spindle formation due to the aberrant localization of PLK1 during the mitotic process, leading to G2/M arrest and ultimately cell death. In conclusion, compound (1) is a selective PLK1 inhibitor that inhibits cancer cell growth. It represents a chemical scaffold for the future synthesis of new selective PLK1 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Angela Berg
- Leipzig University, Institute of Organic Chemistry Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madeleine Böckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
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28
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Goroshchuk O, Kolosenko I, Vidarsdottir L, Azimi A, Palm-Apergi C. Polo-like kinases and acute leukemia. Oncogene 2019; 38:1-16. [PMID: 30104712 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukemia is a common malignancy among children and adults worldwide and many patients suffer from chronic health issues using current therapeutic approaches. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of novel and more specific therapies with fewer side effects. The family of Polo-like kinases (Plks) is a group of five serine/threonine kinases that play an important role in cell cycle regulation and are critical targets for therapeutic invention. Plk1 and Plk4 are novel targets for cancer therapy as leukemic cells often express higher levels than normal cells. In contrast, Plk2 and Plk3 are considered to be tumor suppressors. Several small molecule inhibitors have been developed for targeting Plk1 inhibition. Despite reaching phase III clinical trials, one of the ATP-competitive Plk1 inhibitor, volasertib, did not induce an objective clinical response and even caused lethal side effects in some patients. In order to improve the specificity of the Plk1 inhibitors and reduce off-target side effects, novel RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapies have been developed. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of action of the Plk family members in acute leukemia, describe preclinical studies and clinical trials involving Plk-targeting drugs and discuss novel approaches in Plk targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Goroshchuk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Vidarsdottir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alireza Azimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Palm-Apergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Renziehausen A, Wang H, Rao B, Weir L, Nigro CL, Lattanzio L, Merlano M, Vega-Rioja A, del Carmen Fernandez-Carranco M, Hajji N, Matin R, Harwood C, Li S, Sim VR, O’Neill K, Evans A, Thompson A, Szlosarek P, Fleming C, Stebbing J, Proby C, Tzakos AG, Syed N, Crook T. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) mediates bifunctional growth regulation in melanoma and is a novel target for therapeutic intervention. Oncogene 2018; 38:2320-2336. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Xie Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Chen J. Polo-like kinase 2 promotes chemoresistance and predicts limited survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1401-1414. [PMID: 29568868 PMCID: PMC5873899 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignances worldwide. Chemoresistance remains a major issue in the field of CRC treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of polo-like kinase 2 (Plk2) in chemoresistance in CRC. The associations between Plk2 and clinicopathological factors, as well as chemotherapeutic benefit were analyzed with a publicly available CRC dataset. The correlation between Plk2 expression and chemosensitivity was further confirmed in CRC cells. Moreover, knockdown and exogenous overexpression experiments of Plk2 were carried out to uncover the potential role of Plk2 in regulating the chemoresistance of CRC cells. We found that the expression of Plk2 was significantly associated with proximally located tumors. In addition, it was found that high expression ofPlk2 was associated with deficient mismatch repair status, B-raf serine/threonine kinase proto-oncogeneand Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog mutations. By contrast, tumor protein 53 mutation was correlated with a low expression level of Plk2. A higher expression level of Plk2 significantly predicted a poorer outcome in patients with CRC. However, the prognostic significance was only observed in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy. In CRC cells, higher levels of Plk2 were associated with increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Knocking down the expression of Plk2 resulted in elevated cellular apoptosis induced by oxaliplatin. By contrast, exogenous overexpression of Plk2 exerted an anti-apoptotic effect and enhanced the resistance of CRC cells to chemotherapeutic agents. In conclusion, a high expression of Plk2 was associated with chemoresistant traits of CRC through inhibiting apoptosis. These results suggested that Plk2 may serve as a predictive marker for chemoresistance and a novel target in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen City, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen City, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Qiubo Li
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen City, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen City, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
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31
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Matthew EM, Yang Z, Peri S, Andrake M, Dunbrack R, Ross E, El-Deiry WS. Plk2 Loss Commonly Occurs in Colorectal Carcinomas but not Adenomas: Relationship to mTOR Signaling. Neoplasia 2018; 20:244-255. [PMID: 29448085 PMCID: PMC5849802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plk2 is a target of p53. Our previous studies demonstrated that with wild-type p53, Plk2 impacts mTOR signaling in the same manner as TSC1, and Plk2-deficient tumors grew larger than control. Other investigators have demonstrated that Plk2 phosphorylates mutant p53 in a positive feedback loop. We investigated Plk2’s tumor suppressor functions in relationship to mTOR signaling. Archival specimens from 12 colorectal adenocarcinomas were stained for markers including Plk2, phosphorylated mTOR (serine 2448) and ribosomal S6 (Serine 235/236). We show that Plk2 is expressed in normal colon, with a punctate staining pattern in supranuclear cytoplasm. In colorectal adenocarcinoma, Plk2 demonstrates complete or partial loss of expression. Strong expression of phosphorylated mTOR is observed in the invasive front. Phosphorylated S6 expression partially correlates with phosphorylated mTOR expression but appears more diffuse in some cases. p53 and Ki67 expression is diffuse, in the subset of cases examined. In order to determine whether Plk2 is lost prior to the development of invasive cancer, 8 colon polyps from 6 patients were evaluated for Plk2 expression. All polyps are positive for Plk2. A Cancer Genome Atlas search identified Plk2 mutations to be infrequent in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Neither Plk2 methylation (in the gene body) nor copy number variations correlated with changes in mRNA expression levels. Loss of Plk2 expression along with accentuated expression of phosphorylated mTOR and phosphorylated S6 at the invasive front in some colorectal carcinomas is consistent with previous findings that an interaction between Plk2 and TSC1 / mTOR signaling molecules plays a role in tumor suppression. Plk2 protein expression is lost at the same stage in colorectal carcinogenesis as p53. The p53 dependence of Plk2 loss and tumor suppressor function in relationship to mTOR signaling may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Matthew
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033; Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Medical Oncology and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111.
| | - Zhaohai Yang
- Department of Pathology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033.
| | - Suraj Peri
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111.
| | - Mark Andrake
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111.
| | - Roland Dunbrack
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111.
| | - Eric Ross
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111.
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033; Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Medical Oncology and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111.
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32
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Liu F, Zhang S, Zhao Z, Mao X, Huang J, Wu Z, Zheng L, Wang Q. MicroRNA-27b up-regulated by human papillomavirus 16 E7 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis by targeting polo-like kinase2 in cervical cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19666-79. [PMID: 26910911 PMCID: PMC4991410 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection with high-risk human papillomavirus is linked to cervical cancer, nevertheless, the role of miRNAs regulated by HPV oncogenes in cancer progression remain largely unknown. Here, we knocked down endogenous E6/E7 in HPV16-positive CaSki cell lines, screened differences in miRNA expression profile with control using miRNA array. 38 miRNAs were down-regulated and 6 miRNAs were up-regulated in the E6/E7 silenced CaSki cells (>2-fold changes with P <0.05). The levels of miR-27b, miR-20a, miR-24, miR-93, and miR-106b were verified by qPCR in E6/E7 silenced CaSki and SiHa cells. MiR-27b, up-regulated by E7, promoted CaSki and SiHa cell proliferation and invasion, inhibit paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Dual-luciferase experiment confirmed miR-27b down-regulated its target gene PLK2 through the “seed regions”. The tumor suppressor PLK2 inhibited SiHa cell proliferation, reduced cell viability, and promoted paclitaxel/cisplatin -induced apoptosis. Furthermore, DGCR8 was found to mediate the up-regulation of miR-27b by HPV16 E7. Our study demonstrated that HPV16 E7 could increase DGCR8 to promote the generation of miR-27b, which accelerated cell proliferation and inhibited paclitaxel-induced cell apoptosis through down-regulating PLK2. These findings provide an insight into the interaction network of viral oncogene, miR-27b and PLK2, and support the potential strategies using antisense nucleic acid of miR-27b for therapy of cervical cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Shimeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Shekou People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xinru Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinlan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zixian Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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33
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Kolosenko I, Edsbäcker E, Björklund AC, Hamil AS, Goroshchuk O, Grandér D, Dowdy SF, Palm-Apergi C. RNAi prodrugs targeting Plk1 induce specific gene silencing in primary cells from pediatric T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. J Control Release 2017; 261:199-206. [PMID: 28684168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of childhood leukemia survivors reveal an alarmingly high incidence of chronic health disabilities after treatment, therefore, more specific therapies need to be developed. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a key player in mitosis and a target for drug development as it is upregulated in multiple cancer types. Small molecules targeting Plk1 are mainly ATP-competitors and, therefore, are known to elicit side effects due to lack of specificity. RNA interference (RNAi) is known for its high catalytic activity and target selectivity; however, the biggest barrier for its introduction into clinical use is its delivery. RNAi prodrugs are modified, self-delivering short interfering Ribonucleic Neutrals (siRNNs), cleaved by cytoplasmic enzymes into short interfering Ribonucleic Acids (siRNAs) once inside cells. In this study we aimed to investigate the potential of siRNNs as therapeutic tools in T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) using T-ALL cell lines and patient-derived samples. We demonstrate for the first time that RNAi prodrugs (siRNNs) targeting Plk1, can enter pediatric T-ALL patient cells without a transfection reagent and induce Plk1 knockdown on both protein and mRNA levels resulting in G2/M-arrest and apoptosis. We also show that siRNNs targeting Plk1 generate less toxicity in normal cells compared to the small molecule Plk1 inhibitor, BI6727, suggesting a potentially good therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Elin Edsbäcker
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Björklund
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Alexander S Hamil
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Oksana Goroshchuk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Dan Grandér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Caroline Palm-Apergi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
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Shen T, Li Y, Chen Z, Liang S, Guo Z, Wang P, Wu Q, Ba G, Fu Q. CHOP negatively regulates Polo-like kinase 2 expression via recruiting C/EBPα to the upstream-promoter in human osteosarcoma cell line during ER stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:207-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Park JE, Hymel D, Burke TR, Lee KS. Current progress and future perspectives in the development of anti-polo-like kinase 1 therapeutic agents. F1000Res 2017; 6:1024. [PMID: 28721210 PMCID: PMC5497816 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11398.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant levels of side effects are often associated with their use, microtubule-directed agents that primarily target fast-growing mitotic cells have been considered to be some of the most effective anti-cancer therapeutics. With the hope of developing new-generation anti-mitotic agents with reduced side effects and enhanced tumor specificity, researchers have targeted various proteins whose functions are critically required for mitotic progression. As one of the highly attractive mitotic targets, polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) has been the subject of an extensive effort for anti-cancer drug discovery. To date, a variety of anti-Plk1 agents have been developed, and several of them are presently in clinical trials. Here, we will discuss the current status of generating anti-Plk1 agents as well as future strategies for designing and developing more efficacious anti-Plk1 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David Hymel
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kyung S Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Chen Y, Zhang J, Li D, Jiang J, Wang Y, Si S. Identification of a novel Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor that specifically blocks the functions of Polo-Box domain. Oncotarget 2017; 8:1234-1246. [PMID: 27902479 PMCID: PMC5352051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a promising target for cancer therapy due to its essential role in cell division. In addition to a highly conserved kinase domain, Plk1 also contains a Polo-Box domain (PBD), which is essential for Plk1's subcellular localization and mitotic functions. We adopted a fluorescence polarization assay and identified a new Plk1 PBD inhibitor T521 from a small-molecule compound library. T521 specifically inhibits the PBD of Plk1, but not those of Plk2-3. T521 exhibits covalent binding to some lysine residues of Plk1 PBD, which causes significant changes in the secondary structure of Plk1 PBD. Using a cell-based assay, we showed that T521 impedes the interaction between Plk1 and Bub1, a mitotic checkpoint protein. Moreover, HeLa cells treated with T521 exhibited dramatic mitotic defects. Importantly, T521 suppresses the growth of A549 cells in xenograft nude mice. Taken together, we have identified a novel Plk1 inhibitor that specifically disrupts the functions of Plk1 PBD and shows anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Shuyi Si
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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Plk2 promotes tumor growth and inhibits apoptosis by targeting Fbxw7/Cyclin E in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:457-466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nucera S, Giustacchini A, Boccalatte F, Calabria A, Fanciullo C, Plati T, Ranghetti A, Garcia-Manteiga J, Cittaro D, Benedicenti F, Lechman ER, Dick JE, Ponzoni M, Ciceri F, Montini E, Gentner B, Naldini L. miRNA-126 Orchestrates an Oncogenic Program in B Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:905-921. [PMID: 27300437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)-126 is a known regulator of hematopoietic stem cell quiescence. We engineered murine hematopoiesis to express miRNA-126 across all differentiation stages. Thirty percent of mice developed monoclonal B cell leukemia, which was prevented or regressed when a tetracycline-repressible miRNA-126 cassette was switched off. Regression was accompanied by upregulation of cell-cycle regulators and B cell differentiation genes, and downregulation of oncogenic signaling pathways. Expression of dominant-negative p53 delayed blast clearance upon miRNA-126 switch-off, highlighting the relevance of p53 inhibition in miRNA-126 addiction. Forced miRNA-126 expression in mouse and human progenitors reduced p53 transcriptional activity through regulation of multiple p53-related targets. miRNA-126 is highly expressed in a subset of human B-ALL, and antagonizing miRNA-126 in ALL xenograft models triggered apoptosis and reduced disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Nucera
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Giustacchini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Boccalatte
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Fanciullo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Plati
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ranghetti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Jose Garcia-Manteiga
- Centre for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Cittaro
- Centre for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Eric R Lechman
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; Pathology Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy; Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Hu ZB, Liao XH, Xu ZY, Yang X, Dong C, Jin AM, Lu H. PLK2 phosphorylates and inhibits enriched TAp73 in human osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Med 2015; 5:74-87. [PMID: 26625870 PMCID: PMC4708894 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TAp73, a member of the p53 tumor suppressor family, can substitute for p53 function, especially in p53‐null and p53‐mutant cells. However, TAp73 enrichment and phosphorylation change its transcriptional activity. Previously, we found that the antitumor function of TAp73 was reactivated by dephosphorylation. Polo‐like kinase 2 (PLK2) plays an important role in bone development. Using a biological information database and phosphorylation prediction software, we hypothesized that PLK2 phosphorylates TAp73 and inhibits TAp73 function in osteosarcomas. Actually,we determined that PLK2 physically binds to and phosphorylates TAp73 when TAp73 protein abundance is up‐regulated by cisplatin. PLK2‐phosphorylated TAp73 at residue Ser48 within the TA domain; phosphorylation of TAp73 was abolished by mutating this residue. Moreover, PLK2 inhibition combined with cisplatin treatment in osteosarcoma Saos2 cells up‐regulated p21 and puma mRNA expression to a greater extent than cisplatin treatment alone. Inhibiting PLK2 in TAp73‐enriched Saos2 cells resulted in inhibited cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, G1 phase arrest, and decreased cell invasion. However, these changes did not occur in TAp73 knockdown Saos2 cells. In conclusion, these findings reveal a novel PLK2 function in the phosphorylation of TAp73, which prevents TAp73 activity in osteosarcoma cells. Thereby, this research provides an insight into the clinical treatment of malignant tumors overexpressing TAp73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Bo Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Xiao Hong Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Zun Ying Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - An Min Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhu Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510665, China
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Hu Z, Xu Z, Liao X, Yang X, Dong C, Luk K, Jin A, Lu H. Polo-like kinase 2 acting as a promoter in human tumor cells with an abundance of TAp73. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3475-88. [PMID: 26640387 PMCID: PMC4662374 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s90302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TAp73, a member of the p53 tumor suppressor family, is frequently overexpressed in malignant tumors in humans. TAp73 abundance and phosphorylation modification result in variations in transcriptional activity. In a previous study, we found that the antitumor function of TAp73 was reactivated by dephosphorylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) displayed a close relationship with the p53 family in affecting the fate of cells. Herein, we investigate the hypothesis that PLK2 phosphorylates TAp73 and inhibits TAp73 function. Materials and methods Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and osteosarcoma cell lines were used as natural models of the different expression levels of TAp73. Phosphorylation predictor software Scansite 3.0 and the predictor GPS-polo 1.0 were used to analyze the phosphorylation sites. Coimmunoprecipitation, phosphor-tag Western blot, metabolic labeling, and indirect immunofluorescence assays were used to determine the interactions between PLK2 and TAp73. TAp73 activity was assessed by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, which we used to detect P21 and PUMA, both downstream genes of TAp73. The physiological effects of PLK2 cross talk with TAp73 on cell cycle progress and apoptosis were observed by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays. Results PLK2 binds to and phosphorylates TAp73. PLK2 phosphorylates TAp73 at residue Ser48 and prohibits TAp73 translocation to the nucleus. Additionally, PLK2 inhibition combined with a DNA-damaging drug upregulated p21 and PUMA mRNA expression to a greater extent than DNA-damaging drug treatment alone. Inhibiting PLK2 in TAp73-enriched cells strengthened the effects of the DNA-damaging drug on both G1 phase arrest and apoptosis. Pretreatment with TAp73-siRNA weakened these effects. Conclusion These findings reveal a novel PLK2 function (catalyzed phosphorylation of TAp73) which suppresses TAp73 functions. PLK2 promotes the survival of human tumor cells, a novel insight into the workings of malignant tumors characterized by TAp73 overexpression, and one that could speed the development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengBo Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - ZunYing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoHong Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - KuaDi Luk
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - AnMin Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of the Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China ; Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Kim JH, Ku B, Lee KS, Kim SJ. Structural analysis of the polo-box domain of human Polo-like kinase 2. Proteins 2015; 83:1201-8. [PMID: 25846005 PMCID: PMC7720676 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are the key regulators of cell cycle progression, the members of which share a kinase domain and a polo-box domain (PBD) that serves as a protein-binding module. While Plk1 is a promising target for antitumor therapy, Plk2 is regarded as a tumor suppressor even though the two Plks commonly recognize the S-pS/T-P motif through their PBD. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the PBD of Plk2 at 2.7 Å. Despite the overall structural similarity with that of Plk1 reflecting their high sequence homology, the crystal structure also contains its own features including the highly ordered loop connecting two subdomains and the absence of 310 -helices in the N-terminal region unlike the PBD of Plk1. Based on the three-dimensional structure, we furthermore could model its interaction with two types of phosphopeptides, one of which was previously screened as the optimal peptide for the PBD of Plk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Kim
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Kyung S. Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
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Ward A, Sivakumar G, Kanjeekal S, Hamm C, Labute BC, Shum D, Hudson JW. The deregulated promoter methylation of the Polo-like kinases as a potential biomarker in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:2123-33. [PMID: 25347426 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.971407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of Polo-like kinase (PLK) transcription via promoter methylation results in perturbations at the protein level, which has been associated with oncogenesis. Our objective was to further characterize the methylation profile for PLK1-4 in bone marrow aspirates displaying blood neoplasms as well as in cells grown in vitro. Clinically, we have determined that more than 70% of lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/leukemia bone marrow extracts display a hypermethylated PLK4 promoter region in comparison to the normal. Decreased PLK4 protein expression due to promoter hypermethylation was negatively correlated with JAK2 overexpression, a common occurrence in hematological malignancies. In vitro examination of the PLKs under biologically relevant condition of 5% O2 revealed that the highly conserved PLKs respond to lower oxygen tension at both the DNA and the protein level. These findings suggest that PLK promoter methylation status correlates with disease and tumorigenesis in blood neoplasms and could serve as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ward
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor , Windsor, ON , Canada
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Kazazian K, Brashavitskaya O, Zih FSW, Berger-Richardson D, Xu RSZ, Pacholczyk K, Macmillan J, Swallow CJ. Polo-Like Kinases in Colorectal Cancer: Potential for Targeted Therapy. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-015-0275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Liu X. Targeting Polo-Like Kinases: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Cancer Treatment. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:185-95. [PMID: 26055176 PMCID: PMC4486469 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are a family of serine-threonine kinases that regulate multiple intracellular processes including DNA replication, mitosis, and stress response. Plk1, the most well understood family member, regulates numerous stages of mitosis and is overexpressed in many cancers. Plk inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation, including phase III trials of volasertib, a Plk inhibitor, in acute myeloid leukemia and rigosertib, a dual inhibitor of Plk1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways, in myelodysplastic syndrome. Other Plk inhibitors, including the Plk1 inhibitors GSK461364A, TKM-080301, GW843682, purpurogallin, and poloxin and the Plk4 inhibitor CFI-400945 fumarate, are in earlier clinical development. This review discusses the biologic roles of Plks in cell cycle progression and cancer, and the mechanisms of action of Plk inhibitors currently in development as cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Liu
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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45
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Ehlers A, Florian S, Schumacher F, Meinl W, Lenze D, Hummel M, Heise T, Seidel A, Glatt H, Lampen A. The glucosinolate metabolite 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl alcohol induces a gene expression profile in mouse liver similar to the expression signature caused by known genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:685-97. [PMID: 25559983 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Breakdown products of certain glucosinolates induce detoxifying enzymes and demonstrate preventive activities against chemically induced tumourigenesis in animal models. However, other breakdown products are genotoxic. 1-Methoxy-3-indolylmethyl alcohol (1-MIM-OH) is mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian cells upon activation by sulphotransferases and forms DNA adducts in mouse tissues. This effect is enhanced in mice transgenic for human sulphotransferases 1A1/2 (FVB/N-hSULT1A1/2). Therefore, we explored gene expression changes induced by 1-MIM-OH in mouse liver. METHODS AND RESULTS FVB/N-hSULT1A1/2 mice were orally treated with 1-MIM-OH for 21 or 90 days, leading to high levels of hepatic 1-MIM-DNA adducts. Genome-wide expression analyses demonstrated no influence on detoxifying enzymes, but up-regulation of many mediators of the tumour suppressor p53 and down-regulation of Fhit and other long genes. While this p53 response might indicate protection, it was unable to prevent the accumulation of DNA adducts. However, various epidemiological studies reported inverse associations between the intake of cruciferous vegetables and cancer. This association may be due to the presence of other glucosinolates with tumour-preventing influences possibly outweighing adverse effects of some metabolites. CONCLUSION 1-MIM-OH is a genotoxic substance inducing a gene expression profile similar to the expression signature caused by known genotoxic hepatocarcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Ehlers
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Shan HM, Shi Y, Quan J. Identification of green tea catechins as potent inhibitors of the polo-box domain of polo-like kinase 1. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:158-63. [PMID: 25196850 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) plays crucial functions in multiple stages of mitosis and is considered to be a potential drug target for cancer therapy. The functions of PLK1 are mediated by its N-terminal kinase domain and C-terminal polo-box domain (PBD). Most inhibitors targeting the kinase domain of PLK1 have a selectivity issue because of a high degree of structural conservation within kinase domains of all protein kinases. Here, we combined virtual and experimental screenings to identify green tea catechins as potent inhibitors of the PLK1 PBD. Initially, (-)-epigallocatechin, one of the main components of green tea polyphenols, was found to significantly block the binding of fluorescein-labeled phosphopeptide to the PBD at a concentration of 10 μm. Next, additional catechins were evaluated for their dose-dependent inhibition of the PBD and preliminary structure-activity relationships were derived. Cellular analysis further showed that catechins interfere with the proper subcellular localization of PLK1, lead to cell-cycle arrest in the S and G2M phases, and induce growth inhibition of several human cancer cell types, such as breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), lung adenocarcinoma (A549), and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa). Our data provides new insight into understanding the anticancer activities of green tea catechins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Shan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055 (China)
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Liu LY, Wang W, Zhao LY, Guo B, Yang J, Zhao XG, Song TS, Huang C, Xu JR. Silencing of polo-like kinase 2 increases cell proliferation and decreases apoptosis in SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3033-8. [PMID: 25501818 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo‑like kinase 2 (PLK2) is a serine/threonine protein kinase, which has vital roles during mitosis and the centrosome cycle. In acute myeloblastic leukemia and hepatocarcinogenesis, PLK2 acts as a tumor suppressor; however, the function of PLK2 in gastric cancer remains to be elucidated. In the present study, PLK2 was overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues and three types of gastric cancer cells, SGC‑7901, MKN‑45 and BGC‑823. Transfection of SGC‑7901 gastric cancer cells with small interfering (si)RNA against PLK2 exerted no effect on the ratio of cells at different stages of the cell cycle compared with that of the untransfected and control siRNA‑transfected cells. In addition, silencing of PLK2 significantly enhanced the growth of SGC‑7901 cells through inhibiting apoptosis. Furthermore, apoptosis‑associated genes Bax and caspase 3 were found to be downregulated at the protein level. In conclusion, these results suggested that PLK2 may act as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer, therefore indicating its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ying Liu
- Center Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ling Yu Zhao
- Center Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bo Guo
- Center Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Juan Yang
- Center Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ge Zhao
- Center Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tu Sheng Song
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chen Huang
- Center Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ji Ru Xu
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Tian Y, Fu S, Qiu GB, Xu ZM, Liu N, Zhang XW, Chen S, Wang Y, Sun KL, Fu WN. MicroRNA-27a promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis by targeting PLK2 in laryngeal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:678. [PMID: 25239093 PMCID: PMC4177177 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background miRNA-27a has been confirmed as an important regulator in carcinogenesis and other pathological processes. Whether and how it plays a role in the laryngeal carcinoma is unknown. Methods Mature miRNA-27a expression in laryngeal cancer was detected by qRT-PCR. Gain-of-function studies using mature miR-27a were performed to investigate cell proliferation and apoptosis in the Hep2 cells. In silico database analysis and luciferase reporter assay were applied to predict and validate the direct target, respectively. Loss-of-function assays were performed to investigate the functional significance of the miR-27a target gene. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to evaluate mRNA and protein levels of the target, respectively. Results miR-27a was significantly up-regulated in the laryngeal tumor tissues compared to the adjacent non-tumor tissues. In silico database analysis result revealed that PLK2 is a potential target of miR-27a. luciferase reporter assay result showed the direct inhibition of miR-27a on PLK2-3′UTR. In the cases with miR-27a up-regulation, PLK2 protein expression level was significantly lower in cancer tissues than that in the adjacent non-tumor tissues, which showed a negative correlation with miR-27a expression level. Both miR-27a and knockdown of PLK2 caused the increase of the cell viability and colony formation and inhibition of the late apoptosis in the Hep2 cell lines. Moreover, miR-27a but not PLK2 also repressed the early apoptosis in the Hep2 cells. Additionally, no alteration of the Hep2 cell cycle induced by miR-27a was detected. Conclusions miR-27a acts as an oncogene in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma through down-regulation of PLK2 and may provide a novel clue into the potential mechanism of LSCC oncogenesis or serve as a useful biomarker in diagnosis and therapy in laryngeal cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-678) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guang-Bin Qiu
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
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Craig SN, Wyatt MD, McInnes C. Current assessment of polo-like kinases as anti-tumor drug targets. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:773-89. [PMID: 24819909 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.918100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polo-like kinase (PLK)1 is the most studied of the PLK family and is a serine/threonine kinase that plays pivotal roles in many aspects of mitosis and hence its deregulation is prevalent in various malignant tumor types. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the relevancy of PLK1 and other PLK members as oncology targets in light of known roles of these kinases and the observed phenotypic consequence of downregulating their activity, depending on how they are targeted. Furthermore, they also discuss the pathways mutated in cancer that have been shown to enhance sensitivity toward PLK1 inhibitors in the context of tumor types that possess these molecular defects. They also summarize preclinical and clinical investigations that have been undertaken for both ATP and non-ATP competitive inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION PLKs 2, 3 and 5 are primarily linked with tumor suppressor functions and as PLK1 is the most validated anticancer drug target, selective inhibitors for its activities are most likely to result in effective therapeutics with reduced side effects. In this regard, the polo box domain can be targeted to generate selective inhibitors of PLK1 while preventing inhibition of kinases outside of this family. Recent studies confirming the synthetic lethality of other molecular defects with PLK1 can be exploited to obtain tumor selective apoptosis in p53, KRAS and PTEN mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N Craig
- University of South Carolina, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences , Columbia, SC, 29208 , USA +1 803 576 5684 ;
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Ward A, Hudson JW. p53-Dependent and cell specific epigenetic regulation of the polo-like kinases under oxidative stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87918. [PMID: 24498222 PMCID: PMC3909268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The polo-like kinase (PLKs) family, consisting of five known members, are key regulators of important cell cycle processes, which include mitotic entry, centrosome duplication, spindle assembly, and cytokinesis. The PLKs have been implicated in a variety of cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with PLK1 typically overexpressed and PLKs 2-5 often downregulated. Altered expression of the PLKs in malignancy is often correlated with aberrant promoter methylation. Epigenetic marks are dynamic and can be modified in response to external environmental stimuli. The aim of our study was to determine if oxidative stress, a common feature of solid tumours, would induce changes to the promoter methylation of the PLKs resulting in changes in expression. We examined the promoter methylation status via MSP and subsequent expression levels of the PLK family members under exposure to hypoxic conditions or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, murine embryonic fibroblasts exposed to hypoxia and ROS displayed significant hypermethylation of Plk1 and Plk4 promoter regions post treatment. Corresponding proteins were also depleted by 40% after treatment. We also examined the HCC-derived cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B and found that for PLK1 and PLK4, the increase in hypermethylation was correlated with the presence of functional p53. In p53 wild-type cells, HepG2, both PLK1 and PLK4 were repressed with treatment, while in the p53 null cell line, Hep3B, PLK4 protein was elevated in the presence of hypoxia and ROS. This was also the case for ROS-treated, p53 null, osteosarcoma cells, Saos-2, where the PLK4 promoter became hypomethylated and protein levels were elevated. Our data supports a model in which the PLKs are susceptible to epigenetic changes induced by microenvironmental cues and these modifications may be p53-dependent. This has important implications in HCC and other cancers, where epigenetic alterations of the PLKs could contribute to tumourigenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ward
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - John W. Hudson
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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