1
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Zhang Y, Manni ML, Casanova JL, Ogishi M, Williams JV. PD-1 signaling in neonates restrains CD8 + T cell function and protects against respiratory viral immunopathology. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:476-490. [PMID: 38176655 PMCID: PMC11180597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections, including human metapneumovirus (HMPV), remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates and infants. However, the mechanisms behind the increased sensitivity to those respiratory viral infections in neonates are poorly understood. Neonates, unlike adults, have several anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the lung, including elevated baseline expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a ligand for the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). We thus hypothesized that neonates would rely on PD-1:PD-L1 signaling to restrain antiviral CD8 responses. To test this, we developed a neonatal primary HMPV infection model using wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) and Pdcd1-/- (lacking PD-1) mice. HMPV-infected neonatal mice had increased PD-L1/PD-L2 co-expression on innate immune cells but a similar number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and upregulation of PD-1 to that of adult B6 mice. Neonatal CD8+ T cells had reduced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), granzyme B, and interleukin-2 production compared with B6 adults. Pdcd1-/- neonatal CD8+ T cells had markedly increased production of IFN-γ and granzyme B compared with B6 neonates. Pdcd1-/- neonates had increased acute pathology with HMPV or influenza. Pdcd1-/- neonates infected with HMPV had long-term changes in pulmonary physiology with evidence of immunopathology and a persistent CD8+ T-cell response with increased granzyme B production. Using single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing from a child lacking PD-1 signaling, a similar activated CD8+ T-cell signature with increased granzyme B expression was observed. These data indicate that PD-1 signaling critically limits CD8+ T-cell effector functions and prevents immunopathology in response to neonatal respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivia B Parks
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Scientist Training Program, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle L Manni
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Masato Ogishi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John V Williams
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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Ravi D, Ntinopoulou E, Guetta N, Weier M, Vogel V, Spellerberg B, Sendi P, Gremlich S, Roger T, Giannoni E. Dysregulated monocyte-derived macrophage response to Group B Streptococcus in newborns. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268804. [PMID: 38035076 PMCID: PMC10682703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a leading pathogen of neonatal sepsis. The host-pathogen interactions underlying the progression to life-threatening infection in newborns are incompletely understood. Macrophages are first line in host defenses against GBS, contributing to the initiation, amplification, and termination of immune responses. The goal of this study was to compare the response of newborn and adult monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to GBS. Methods Monocytes from umbilical cord blood of healthy term newborns and from peripheral blood of healthy adult subjects were cultured with M-CSF to induce MDMs. M-CSF-MDMs, GM-CSF- and IFNγ-activated MDMs were exposed to GBS COH1, a reference strain for neonatal sepsis. Results GBS induced a greater release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-23 in newborn compared to adult MDMs, while IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, TNF, RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-8/CXCL8 were released at similar levels. MDM responses to GBS were strongly influenced by conditions of activation and were distinct from those to synthetic bacterial lipopeptides and lipopolysaccharides. Under similar conditions of opsonization, newborn MDMs phagocytosed and killed GBS as efficiently as adult MDMs. Discussion Altogether, the production of excessive levels of Th1- (IL-12p70), Th17-related (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines is consistent with a dysregulated response to GBS in newborns. The high responsiveness of newborn MDMs may play a role in the progression of GBS infection in newborns, possibly contributing to the development of life-threatening organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denho Ravi
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erato Ntinopoulou
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nessim Guetta
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Weier
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Verena Vogel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Parham Sendi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Gremlich
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Giannoni
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Blengio F, Hocini H, Richert L, Lefebvre C, Durand M, Hejblum B, Tisserand P, McLean C, Luhn K, Thiebaut R, Levy Y. Identification of early gene expression profiles associated with long-lasting antibody responses to the Ebola vaccine Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113101. [PMID: 37691146 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease is a severe hemorrhagic fever with a high fatality rate. We investigate transcriptome profiles at 3 h, 1 day, and 7 days after vaccination with Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo. 3 h after Ad26.ZEBOV injection, we observe an increase in genes related to antigen presentation, sensing, and T and B cell receptors. The highest response occurs 1 day after Ad26.ZEBOV injection, with an increase of the gene expression of interferon-induced antiviral molecules, monocyte activation, and sensing receptors. This response is regulated by the HESX1, ATF3, ANKRD22, and ETV7 transcription factors. A plasma cell signature is observed on day 7 post-Ad26.ZEBOV vaccination, with an increase of CD138, MZB1, CD38, CD79A, and immunoglobulin genes. We have identified early expressed genes correlated with the magnitude of the antibody response 21 days after the MVA-BN-Filo and 364 days after Ad26.ZEBOV vaccinations. Our results provide early gene signatures that correlate with vaccine-induced Ebola virus glycoprotein-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Blengio
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Hakim Hocini
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Laura Richert
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France; University Bordeaux, Department of Public Health, INSERM Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Inria SISTM, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'Information Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Lefebvre
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Mélany Durand
- University Bordeaux, Department of Public Health, INSERM Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Inria SISTM, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'Information Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Boris Hejblum
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France; University Bordeaux, Department of Public Health, INSERM Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Inria SISTM, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'Information Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascaline Tisserand
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Chelsea McLean
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, B.V. Archimediesweg, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, B.V. Archimediesweg, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France; University Bordeaux, Department of Public Health, INSERM Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Inria SISTM, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'Information Médicale, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service Immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France.
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4
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Bergeron HC, Hansen MR, Tripp RA. Interferons-Implications in the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2179. [PMID: 37764023 PMCID: PMC10535750 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are an assemblage of signaling proteins made and released by various host cells in response to stimuli, including viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2 are major causes of respiratory disease that induce or antagonize IFN responses depending on various factors. In this review, the role and function of type I, II, and III IFN responses to respiratory virus infections are considered. In addition, the role of the viral proteins in modifying anti-viral immunity is noted, as are the specific IFN responses that underly the correlates of immunity and protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.C.B.); (M.R.H.)
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5
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Williams JV. Neonatal Immune Responses to Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863149. [PMID: 35493465 PMCID: PMC9047724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, infants, and young children. These early life infections present a formidable immunologic challenge with a number of possibly conflicting goals: simultaneously eliminate the acute pathogen, preserve the primary gas-exchange function of the lung parenchyma in a developing lung, and limit long-term sequelae of both the infection and the inflammatory response. The latter has been most well studied in the context of childhood asthma, where multiple epidemiologic studies have linked early life viral infection with subsequent bronchospasm. This review will focus on the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and rhinovirus (RV) and examine the protective and pathogenic host responses within the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Olivia B. Parks
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John V. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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6
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Callaway PC, Farrington LA, Feeney ME. Malaria and Early Life Immunity: Competence in Context. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634749. [PMID: 33679787 PMCID: PMC7933008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood vaccines have been the cornerstone tool of public health over the past century. A major barrier to neonatal vaccination is the “immaturity” of the infant immune system and the inefficiency of conventional vaccine approaches at inducing immunity at birth. While much of the literature on fetal and neonatal immunity has focused on the early life propensity toward immune tolerance, recent studies indicate that the fetus is more immunologically capable than previously thought, and can, in some circumstances, mount adaptive B and T cell responses to perinatal pathogens in utero. Although significant hurdles remain before these findings can be translated into vaccines and other protective strategies, they should lend optimism to the prospect that neonatal and even fetal vaccination is achievable. Next steps toward this goal should include efforts to define the conditions for optimal stimulation of infant immune responses, including antigen timing, dose, and route of delivery, as well as antigen presentation pathways and co-stimulatory requirements. A better understanding of these factors will enable optimal deployment of vaccines against malaria and other pathogens to protect infants during their period of greatest vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perri C Callaway
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lila A Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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7
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Control of IFN-I responses by the aminopeptidase IRAP in neonatal C57BL/6 alveolar macrophages during RSV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:949-962. [PMID: 33846534 PMCID: PMC8221999 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, in whom, the sensing of RSV by innate immune receptors and its regulation are still poorly described. However, the severe bronchiolitis following RSV infection in neonates has been associated with a defect in type I interferons (IFN-I) production, a cytokine produced mainly by alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection in adults. In the present study, neonatal C57BL/6 AMs mobilized very weakly the IFN-I pathway upon RSV infection in vitro and failed to restrain virus replication. However, IFN-I productions by neonatal AMs were substantially increased by the deletion of Insulin-Responsive AminoPeptidase (IRAP), a protein previously involved in the regulation of IFN-I production by dendritic cells. Moreover, neonatal IRAPKO AMs showed a higher expression of IFN-stimulated genes than their wild-type C57BL/6 counterpart. Interestingly, depletion of IRAP did not affect adult AM responses. Finally, we demonstrated that newborn IRAPKO mice infected with RSV had more IFN-I in their lungs and eliminated the virus more efficiently than WT neonates. Taken together, early-life susceptibility to RSV infection may be related to an original age-dependent suppressive function of IRAP on the IFN-I driven-antiviral responses in neonatal AMs.
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8
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Immune-Microbiota Interplay and Colonization Resistance in Infection. Mol Cell 2020; 78:597-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Teixeira FME, Pietrobon AJ, Oliveira LDM, Oliveira LMDS, Sato MN. Maternal-Fetal Interplay in Zika Virus Infection and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:175. [PMID: 32117303 PMCID: PMC7033814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the organization of complex tolerance mechanisms occurs to assure non-rejection of the semiallogeneic fetus. Pregnancy is a period of vulnerability to some viral infections, mainly during the first and second trimesters, that may cause congenital damage to the fetus. Recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has gained great notoriety due to the occurrence of congenital ZIKV syndrome, characterized by fetal microcephaly, which results from the ability of ZIKV to infect placental cells and neural precursors in the fetus. Importantly, in addition to the congenital effects, studies have shown that perinatal ZIKV infection causes a number of disorders, including maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. In this paper, we contextualize the immunological aspects involved in the maternal-fetal interface and vulnerability to ZIKV infection, especially the alterations resulting in perinatal outcomes. This highlights the need to develop protective maternal vaccine strategies or interventions that are capable of preventing fetal or even neonatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Julia Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luanda Mara da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Odorizzi PM, Jagannathan P, McIntyre TI, Budker R, Prahl M, Auma A, Burt TD, Nankya F, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Musinguzi K, Naluwu K, Kakuru A, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. In utero priming of highly functional effector T cell responses to human malaria. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/463/eaat6176. [PMID: 30333241 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat6176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in infants and children. Some studies have reported that exposure to malaria antigens in utero results in the development of tolerance, which could contribute to poor immunity to malaria in early life. However, the effector T cell response to pathogen-derived antigens encountered in utero, including malaria, has not been well characterized. Here, we assessed the frequency, phenotype, and function of cord blood T cells from Ugandan infants born to mothers with and without placental malaria. We found that infants born to mothers with active placental malaria had elevated frequencies of proliferating effector memory fetal CD4+ T cells and higher frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that produced inflammatory cytokines. Fetal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from placental malaria-exposed infants exhibited greater in vitro proliferation to malaria antigens. Malaria-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation correlated with prospective protection from malaria during childhood. These data demonstrate that placental malaria is associated with the generation of proinflammatory malaria-responsive fetal T cells. These findings add to our current understanding of fetal immunity and indicate that a functional and protective pathogen-specific T cell response can be generated in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Odorizzi
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | | | - Tara I McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Rachel Budker
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Mary Prahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Ann Auma
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Trevor D Burt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Esther Sikyomu
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abel Kakuru
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Moses R Kamya
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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11
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Feeney ME. The immune response to malaria in utero. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:216-229. [PMID: 31553066 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria causes tremendous early childhood morbidity and mortality, providing an urgent impetus for the development of a vaccine that is effective in neonates. However, the infant immune response to malaria may be influenced by events that occur well before birth. Placental malaria infection complicates one quarter of all pregnancies in Africa and frequently results in exposure of the fetus to malaria antigens in utero, while the immune system is still developing. Some data suggest that in utero exposure to malaria may induce immunologic tolerance that interferes with the development of protective immunity during childhood. More recently, however, a growing body of evidence suggests that fetal malaria exposure can prime highly functional malaria-specific T- and B-cells, which may contribute to postnatal protection from malaria. In utero exposure to malaria also impacts the activation and maturation of fetal antigen presenting cells and innate lymphocytes, which could have implications for global immunity in the infant. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how various components of the fetal immune system are altered by in utero exposure to malaria, discuss factors that may tilt the critical balance between tolerance and adaptive immunity, and consider the implications of these findings for malaria prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Feeney
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Branco ACCC, Pereira NZ, Yoshikawa FSY, Oliveira LMDS, Teixeira FME, Oliveira LDM, Pietrobon AJ, Torrealba MP, de Lima JF, Duarte AJDS, Sato MN. Proinflammatory profile of neonatal monocytes induced by microbial ligands is downmodulated by histamine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13721. [PMID: 31548589 PMCID: PMC6757139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the neonatal period is characterized by relative immunological immaturity, an inflammatory response due to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation is observed. Histamine may be one of the factors playing a role in restraining inflammation during the early stages of life. Therefore, we evaluated the responsiveness of human cord blood cells to TLR4 agonists and the immunomodulatory function of histamine in the inflammatory response. Compared with adults, mononuclear cells (MNCs) from newborns (NBs) exhibit impaired production of IFN-γ-inducible chemokines, such as CXCL10 and CXCL9, upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Notably, LPS induced a 5-fold increase in CCL2 secretion in NBs. Evaluation of the effect of histamine on LPS-induced CCL2 secretion showed an inhibitory effect in the majority of adults, whereas this effect was detectable in all NBs. Histamine receptor (HR) blockage revealed partial involvement of H1R, H2R and H4R in LPS-induced CCL2 inhibition in MNCs from both NBs and adults. As monocytes are the main type of mononuclear cell that produces CCL2, we evaluated genes related to TLR signaling upon LPS stimulation. Monocytes from NBs showed up-regulation of genes associated with JAK/STAT/NF-κB and IFN signaling. Some differentially expressed genes encoding proinflammatory factors were preferentially detected in LPS-activated monocytes from NBs, and markedly down-regulated by histamine. The immunomodulatory role of histamine on CCL2 and CXCL8 was detected at the transcript and protein levels. Our findings show that NBs have enhanced CCL2 responsiveness to LPS, and that histamine acts in immune homeostasis during the neonatal period to counterbalance the robustness of TLR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cláudia Calvielli Castelo Branco
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nátalli Zanete Pereira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Seiti Yamada Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luanda Mara da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Julia Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Passos Torrealba
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josenilson Feitosa de Lima
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Sureshchandra S, Marshall NE, Messaoudi I. Impact of pregravid obesity on maternal and fetal immunity: Fertile grounds for reprogramming. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1035-1050. [PMID: 31483523 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0619-181r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal pregravid obesity results in several adverse health outcomes during pregnancy, including increased risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, placental abruption, and complications at delivery. Additionally, pregravid obesity and in utero exposure to high fat diet have been shown to have detrimental effects on fetal programming, predisposing the offspring to adverse cardiometabolic, endocrine, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. More recently, a deeper appreciation for the modulation of offspring immunity and infectious disease-related outcomes by maternal pregravid obesity has emerged. This review will describe currently available animal models for studying the impact of maternal pregravid obesity on fetal immunity and review the data from clinical and animal model studies. We also examine the burden of pregravid obesity on the maternal-fetal interface and the link between placental and systemic inflammation. Finally, we discuss future studies needed to identify key mechanistic underpinnings that link maternal inflammatory changes and fetal cellular reprogramming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicole E Marshall
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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14
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Brennan K, O'Leary BD, Mc Laughlin D, Kinlen D, Molloy EJ, Cody D, Paran S, McAuliffe FM, Hogan AE, Doyle SL. Nucleic acid cytokine responses in obese children and infants of obese mothers. Cytokine 2019; 119:152-158. [PMID: 30909151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Almost a third of Irish children are now overweight and the country ranks 58th out of 200 countries for its proportion of overweight youths. With the rising obesity epidemic, and the impaired immune responses of this population, it is vital to understand the effects that obesity has on the immune system and to design future therapeutics, adjuvants and vaccines with overweight and obese populations in mind. Many current vaccines use adjuvants that have been found to be less effective at stimulating the immune response in children compared with adults and there is now substantial effort to design paediatric-focused adjuvants. Additionally, vaccine responses have been shown to be less effective in obese populations indicating that this is a particularly vulnerable population. We have recently identified cytosolic nucleic acids (CNAs), as novel candidate adjuvants for childhood vaccines. Here we investigated whether immune responses to these candidate adjuvants were adversely affected in infants born to overweight or obese mothers, and in overweight and obese children. Type I Interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) are vital for driving innate and adaptive immune responses. We found that childhood obesity conferred no significant adverse effect on CNA-induced Type I IFN responses when compared with lean children. Similarly, Type I IFN responses were intact in the cord blood of babies delivered from overweight and obese mothers, when compared with lean mothers. There was also no significant impact of obesity on CNA-induced TNFα responses in children or from cord blood of infants born to overweight/obese mothers. In all cases, there was a tendency towards decreased production of innate cytokine Type I Interferon and TNFα, however there was no significant negative correlation. Interestingly, high maternal BMI showed weak and moderate positive correlation with IL-12p70 and IFNγ, respectively, in response to CNA stimulation. This study demonstrates that future adjuvants can be tailored for these populations through the use of activators of CNA sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiva Brennan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bobby D O'Leary
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danielle Mc Laughlin
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - David Kinlen
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Declan Cody
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Sri Paran
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; Education and Research Centre and Conway Institute, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sarah L Doyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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15
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McKenna S, Burey T, Sandoval J, Nguyen L, Castro O, Gudipati S, Gonzalez J, El Kasmi KC, Wright CJ. Immunotolerant p50/NFκB Signaling and Attenuated Hepatic IFNβ Expression Increases Neonatal Sensitivity to Endotoxemia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2210. [PMID: 30319651 PMCID: PMC6168645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The current paradigm suggests that neonatal susceptibility to infection is explained by an innate immune response that is functionally immature. Recent studies in adults have questioned a therapeutic role for IFNβ in sepsis; however, the role of IFNβ in mediating neonatal sensitivity to sepsis is unknown. We evaluated the transcriptional regulation and expression of IFNβ in early neonatal (P0) and adult murine models of endotoxemia (IP LPS, 5 mg/kg). We found that hepatic, pulmonary, and serum IFNβ expression was significantly attenuated in endotoxemic neonates when compared to similarly exposed adults. Furthermore, endotoxemia induced hepatic p65/NFκB and IRF3 activation exclusively in adults. In contrast, endotoxemia induced immunotolerant p50/NFκB signaling in neonatal mice without evidence of IRF3 activation. Consistent with impaired IFNβ expression and attenuated circulating serum levels, neonatal pulmonary STAT1 signaling and target gene expression was significantly lower than adult levels. Using multiple in vivo approaches, the source of hepatic IFNβ expression in endotoxemic adult mice was determined to be the hepatic macrophage, and experiments in RAW 264.7 cells confirmed that LPS-induced IFNβ expression was NFκB dependent. Finally, treating neonatal mice with IFNβ 2 h after endotoxemia stimulated pulmonary STAT1 signaling and STAT1 dependent gene expression. Furthermore, IFNβ treatment of endotoxemic neonatal animals resulted in significantly improved survival following exposure to lethal endotoxemia. In conclusion, endotoxemia induced IFNβ expression is attenuated in the early neonatal period, secondary to impaired NFκB-p65/IRF3 signaling. Pre-treatment with IFNβ decreases neonatal sensitivity to endotoxemia. These results support further study of the role of impaired IFNβ expression and neonatal sensitivity to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McKenna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Taylor Burey
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeryl Sandoval
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Leanna Nguyen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Odalis Castro
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Suma Gudipati
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jazmin Gonzalez
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Karim C El Kasmi
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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16
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Esteve-Solé A, Luo Y, Vlagea A, Deyà-Martínez Á, Yagüe J, Plaza-Martín AM, Juan M, Alsina L. B Regulatory Cells: Players in Pregnancy and Early Life. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072099. [PMID: 30029515 PMCID: PMC6073150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and early infancy represent two very particular immunological states. During pregnancy, the haploidentical fetus and the pregnant women develop tolerance mechanisms to avoid rejection; then, just after birth, the neonatal immune system must modulate the transition from the virtually sterile but haploidentical uterus to a world full of antigens and the rapid microbial colonization of the mucosa. B regulatory (Breg) cells are a recently discovered B cell subset thought to play a pivotal role in different conditions such as chronic infections, autoimmunity, cancer, and transplantation among others in addition to pregnancy. This review focuses on the role of Breg cells in pregnancy and early infancy, two special stages of life in which recent studies have positioned Breg cells as important players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Esteve-Solé
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yiyi Luo
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alexandru Vlagea
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ángela Deyà-Martínez
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Yagüe
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana María Plaza-Martín
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manel Juan
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Alsina
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Schneider A, Weier M, Herderschee J, Perreau M, Calandra T, Roger T, Giannoni E. IRF5 Is a Key Regulator of Macrophage Response to Lipopolysaccharide in Newborns. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1597. [PMID: 30050534 PMCID: PMC6050365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in newborns. The high susceptibility of newborns to infection has been associated with a limited capacity to mount protective immune responses. Monocytes and macrophages are involved in the initiation, amplification, and termination of immune responses. Depending on cues received from their environment, monocytes differentiate into M1 or M2 macrophages with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties, respectively. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences in monocyte to macrophage differentiation and polarization between newborns and adults. Monocytes from umbilical cord blood of healthy term newborns and from peripheral blood of adult healthy subjects were exposed to GM-CSF or M-CSF to induce M1 or M2 macrophages. Newborn monocytes differentiated into M1 and M2 macrophages with similar morphology and expression of differentiation/polarization markers as adult monocytes, with the exception of CD163 that was expressed at sevenfold higher levels in newborn compared to adult M1 macrophages. Upon TLR4 stimulation, newborn M1 macrophages produced threefold to sixfold lower levels of TNF than adult macrophages, while production of IL-1-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-23 was at similar levels as in adults. Nuclear levels of IRF5, a transcription factor involved in M1 polarization, were markedly reduced in newborns, whereas the NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways were not altered. In line with a functional role for IRF5, adenoviral-mediated IRF5 overexpression in newborn M1 macrophages restored lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF production. Altogether, these data highlight a distinct immune response of newborn macrophages and identify IRF5 as a key regulator of macrophage TNF response in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina Schneider
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Weier
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacobus Herderschee
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Calandra
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Giannoni
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Brennan K, O'Leary BD, Mc Laughlin D, Breen EP, Connolly E, Ali N, O'Driscoll DN, Ozaki E, Mahony R, Mulfaul K, Ryan AM, Ni Chianain A, McHugh A, Molloy EJ, Hogan AE, Paran S, McAuliffe FM, Doyle SL. Type 1 IFN Induction by Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Is Intact in Neonatal Mononuclear Cells, Contrasting Starkly with Neonatal Hyporesponsiveness to TLR Ligation Due to Independence from Endosome-Mediated IRF3 Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1131-1143. [PMID: 29980613 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two million infants die each year from infectious diseases before they reach 12 mo; many of these diseases are vaccine preventable in older populations. Pattern recognition receptors represent the critical front-line defense against pathogens. Evidence suggests that the innate immune system does not fully develop until puberty, contributing to impaired response to infection and impaired vaccine responses in neonates, infants, and children. The activity of the pattern recognition receptor family of cytosolic nucleic acid (CNA) sensors in this pediatric population has not been reported. We show that in direct contrast to weak TLR-induced type I IFN in human cord blood mononuclear cells, cord blood mononuclear cells are capable of initiating a potent response to CNA, inducing both antiviral type I IFN and, unexpectedly, proinflammatory TNF-α. A deficiency in Rab11-GTPase endosome formation and consequent lack of IRF3 activation in neonatal monocytes is at least in part responsible for the marked disparity in TLR-induced IFN production between neonatal and adult monocytes. CNA receptors do not rely on endosome formation, and therefore, these responses remain intact in neonates. Heightened neonatal responses to CNA challenge are maintained in children up to 2 y of age and, in marked contrast to TLR4/9 agonists, result in IL-12p70 and IFN-γ generation. CNA sensors induce robust antiviral and proinflammatory pathways in neonates and children and possess great potential for use as immunostimulants or vaccine adjuvants for targeted neonatal and pediatric populations to promote cell-mediated immunity against invasive infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiva Brennan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Danielle Mc Laughlin
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Eamon P Breen
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emma Connolly
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nusrat Ali
- National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Ema Ozaki
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Mahony
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kelly Mulfaul
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aoife M Ryan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | | | | | - Eleanor J Molloy
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,Education and Research Centre and Conway Institute, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and
| | - Sri Paran
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah L Doyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; .,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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19
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Vreman S, Auray G, Savelkoul HFJ, Rebel A, Summerfield A, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N. Neonatal porcine blood derived dendritic cell subsets show activation after TLR2 or TLR9 stimulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:361-370. [PMID: 29555549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the innate immune response in vitro to determine porcine neonate responses with Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 ligand (Pam3Cys) or TLR9 ligand (CpG) and compared these with adults. We identified the same phenotypically defined dendritic cell (DC) subsets and DC proportions in porcine neonate and adult blood by flow cytometry, which were plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs): CD14-CD4+CD172a+CADM1-) and conventional DCs (cDCs), being further divided into a cDC1 (CD14-CD4-CD172alowCADM1+) and a cDC2 (CD14-CD4-CD172a+CADM1+) subset. With neonatal cells, the TLR2 ligand induced a stronger TNF expression in monocytes and pDCs, and a stronger CD80/86 upregulation in cDC1, when compared to adult cells. Furthermore, in neonatal mononuclear cells TLR9 ligand was more potent at inducing IL12p40 mRNA expression. These results indicate clear responses of porcine neonatal antigen presenting cells after TLR2 and TLR9 stimulation, suggesting that corresponding ligands could be promising candidates for neonatal adjuvant application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vreman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 29703, 2502 LS, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Gael Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhausern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research P.O. Box 338, 6700 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Rebel
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 29703, 2502 LS, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhausern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Stockhofe-Zurwieden
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 29703, 2502 LS, The Hague, The Netherlands
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20
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Restori KH, Srinivasa BT, Ward BJ, Fixman ED. Neonatal Immunity, Respiratory Virus Infections, and the Development of Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 29915592 PMCID: PMC5994399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens in the first months of life. Although maternal antibodies acquired transplacentally protect full-term neonates from many systemic pathogens, infections at mucosal surfaces still occur with great frequency, causing significant morbidity and mortality. At least part of this elevated risk is attributable to the neonatal immune system that tends to favor T regulatory and Th2 type responses when microbes are first encountered. Early-life infection with respiratory viruses is of particular interest because such exposures can disrupt normal lung development and increase the risk of chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma. The immunologic mechanisms that underlie neonatal host-virus interactions that contribute to the subsequent development of asthma have not yet been fully defined. The goals of this review are (1) to outline the differences between the neonatal and adult immune systems and (2) to present murine and human data that support the hypothesis that early-life interactions between the immune system and respiratory viruses can create a lung environment conducive to the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Restori
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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21
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Abstract
The early stages of life are associated with increased susceptibility to infection, which is in part due to an ineffective immune system. In the context of infection, the immune system must be stimulated to provide efficient protection while avoiding insufficient or excessive activation. Yet, in early life, age-dependent immune regulation at molecular and cellular levels contributes to a reduced immunological fitness in terms of pathogen clearance and response to vaccines. To enable microbial colonization to be tolerated at birth, epigenetic immune cell programming and early life-specific immune regulatory and effector mechanisms ensure that vital functions and organ development are supported and that tissue damage is avoided. Advancement in our understanding of age-related remodelling of immune networks and the consequent tuning of immune responsiveness will open up new possibilities for immune intervention and vaccine strategies that are designed specifically for early life.
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Wang ZS, Liu YL, Mi N, Duan DY. Intracellular DNA sensing pathway of cGAS-cGAMP is decreased in human newborns and young children. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:76-85. [PMID: 28412547 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Newborns are highly susceptible to DNA virus infections, which may result from the characteristics of neonatal innate immune systems. Here we analyzed for the first time the development of innate immune sensing and signaling of intracellular DNA virus infection in human newborns and young children. Both mRNA and protein expression of cGAS, an intracellular DNA sensor, were shown to be significantly reduced in neonatal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, cGAS expression in neonatal PBMCs could be induced upon herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or interferon-α (IFNα) stimulation. Furthermore, production of the second messenger cGAMP and activation of the transcriptional factor IRF3 was severely decreased in neonatal cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) or PBMCs compared with adults. In contrast, the downstream signaling STING-TBK1-IRF3 appeared to be functional in neonatal PBMCs, as demonstrated by the fact that IRF3 phosphorylation and IFNβ production in these cells could be activated by cGAMP. Intriguingly, decreased expression of cGAS in neonatal cells can be rescued by DNA demethylation, with concomitant enhancement in IFNβ induction by HSV-1. Thus, cGAS restoration or STING stimulation by small molecules during infancy might improve the age-dependent susceptibility to DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Sheng Wang
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Lu Liu
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Mi
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Yun Duan
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, No 292, South Kaixuan Rd., Shangqiu 476100, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Cappelletti M, Presicce P, Lawson MJ, Chaturvedi V, Stankiewicz TE, Vanoni S, Harley IT, McAlees JW, Giles DA, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Rueda CM, Senthamaraikannan P, Sun X, Karns R, Hoebe K, Janssen EM, Karp CL, Hildeman DA, Hogan SP, Kallapur SG, Chougnet CA, Way SS, Divanovic S. Type I interferons regulate susceptibility to inflammation-induced preterm birth. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91288. [PMID: 28289719 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is a leading worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Maternal inflammation induced by microbial infection is a critical predisposing factor for PTB. However, biological processes associated with competency of pathogens, including viruses, to induce PTB or sensitize for secondary bacterial infection-driven PTB are unknown. We show that pathogen/pathogen-associated molecular pattern-driven activation of type I IFN/IFN receptor (IFNAR) was sufficient to prime for systemic and uterine proinflammatory chemokine and cytokine production and induction of PTB. Similarly, treatment with recombinant type I IFNs recapitulated such effects by exacerbating proinflammatory cytokine production and reducing the dose of secondary inflammatory challenge required for induction of PTB. Inflammatory challenge-driven induction of PTB was eliminated by defects in type I IFN, TLR, or IL-6 responsiveness, whereas the sequence of type I IFN sensing by IFNAR on hematopoietic cells was essential for regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production. Importantly, we also show that type I IFN priming effects are conserved from mice to nonhuman primates and humans, and expression of both type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines is upregulated in human PTB. Thus, activation of the type I IFN/IFNAR axis in pregnancy primes for inflammation-driven PTB and provides an actionable biomarker and therapeutic target for mitigating PTB risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation
| | - Matthew J Lawson
- Division of Immunobiology.,Molecular, Cellular and Biochemical Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Simone Vanoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel A Giles
- Division of Immunobiology.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebekah Karns
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation
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Odorizzi PM, Feeney ME. Impact of In Utero Exposure to Malaria on Fetal T Cell Immunity. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:877-888. [PMID: 27614925 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated malaria, including placental malaria, causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, it has been suggested that in utero exposure of the fetus to malaria antigens may negatively impact the developing immune system and result in tolerance to malaria. Here, we review our current knowledge of fetal immunity to malaria, focusing on the dynamic interactions between maternal malaria infection, placental development, and the fetal immune system. A better understanding of the long-term impact of in utero malaria exposure on the development of natural immunity to malaria, immune responses to other childhood pathogens, and vaccine immunogenicity is urgently needed. This may guide the implementation of novel chemoprevention strategies during pregnancy and facilitate the push toward malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Odorizzi
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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25
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The expression and function of human CD300 receptors on blood circulating mononuclear cells are distinct in neonates and adults. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32693. [PMID: 27595670 PMCID: PMC5011699 DOI: 10.1038/srep32693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates are more susceptible to infections than adults. This susceptibility is thought to reflect neonates' qualitative and quantitative defects in the adaptive and innate immune responses. Differential expression of cell surface receptors may result in altered thresholds of neonatal immune cell activation. We determined whether the expression and function of the lipid-binding CD300 family of receptors are different on neonatal immune cells compared to adult immune cells. A multiparametric flow cytometry analysis was performed to determine the expression of CD300 receptors on adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells and neonatal cord blood mononuclear cells. The expression of the CD300a inhibitory receptor was significantly reduced on cells from the newborn adaptive immune system, and neonatal antigen presenting cells exhibited a different CD300 receptors expression pattern. We also found differential LPS-mediated regulation of CD300 receptors expression on adult monocytes compared to cord blood monocytes, and that CD300c and CD300e-mediated activation was quantitatively different in neonatal monocytes. This is the first complete study examining the expression of CD300 receptors on human neonatal immune cells compared with adult immune cells. Significant differences in the expression and function of CD300 receptors may help to explain the peculiarities and distinctness of the neonatal immune responses.
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Kollmann TR, Marchant A. Towards Predicting Protective Vaccine Responses in the Very Young. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:523-534. [PMID: 27344245 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain a major cause of death in infancy. Vaccination is a proven-effective strategy to reduce the risk of infectious diseases. However, important gaps remain in our understanding of vaccine responses in early life. Systems vaccinology has provided new insight into mechanisms and predictors of vaccine responses. However, systems vaccinology has not yet been systematically applied to infants younger than 12 months of age. Here, we review the knowledge gained from systems vaccinology studies of vaccines that are licensed for administration to infants. We propose that systems vaccinology should be applied to age-specific studies focused on protection, to derive the necessary insight for optimal design of vaccines for the very young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias R Kollmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
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Kumar SKM, Bhat BV. Distinct mechanisms of the newborn innate immunity. Immunol Lett 2016; 173:42-54. [PMID: 26994839 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ontogeny of immunity during early life is of high importance as it shapes the immune system for the entire course of life. The microbiome and the environment contribute to the development of immunity in newborns. As immune responses in newborns are predominantly less experienced they are increasingly susceptible to infections. Though the immune cells in newborns are in 'naïve' state, they have been shown to mount adult-like responses in several circumstances. The innate immunity plays a vital role in providing protection during the neonatal period. Various stimulants have been shown to enhance the potential and functioning of the innate immune cells in newborns. They are biased against the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and this makes them susceptible to wide variety of intracellular pathogens. The adaptive immunity requires prior antigenic experience which is very limited in newborns. This review discusses in detail the characteristics of innate immunity in newborns and the underlying developmental and functional mechanisms involved in the immune response. A better understanding of the immunological milieu in newborns could help the medical fraternity to find novel methods for prevention and treatment of infection in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kingsley Manoj Kumar
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry 605006, India.
| | - B Vishnu Bhat
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry 605006, India.
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28
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High expression levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor sustain the innate immune responses of neonates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E997-1005. [PMID: 26858459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514018113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vulnerability to infection of newborns is associated with a limited ability to mount efficient immune responses. High concentrations of adenosine and prostaglandins in the fetal and neonatal circulation hamper the antimicrobial responses of newborn immune cells. However, the existence of mechanisms counterbalancing neonatal immunosuppression has not been investigated. Remarkably, circulating levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory immunoregulatory cytokine expressed constitutively, were 10-fold higher in newborns than in children and adults. Newborn monocytes expressed high levels of MIF and released MIF upon stimulation with Escherichia coli and group B Streptococcus, the leading pathogens of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Inhibition of MIF activity or MIF expression reduced microbial product-induced phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases and secretion of cytokines. Recombinant MIF used at newborn, but not adult, concentrations counterregulated adenosine and prostaglandin E2-mediated inhibition of ERK1/2 activation and TNF production in newborn monocytes exposed to E. coli. In agreement with the concept that once infection is established high levels of MIF are detrimental to the host, treatment with a small molecule inhibitor of MIF reduced systemic inflammatory response, bacterial proliferation, and mortality of septic newborn mice. Altogether, these data provide a mechanistic explanation for how newborns may cope with an immunosuppressive environment to maintain a certain threshold of innate defenses. However, the same defense mechanisms may be at the expense of the host in conditions of severe infection, suggesting that MIF could represent a potential attractive target for immune-modulating adjunctive therapies for neonatal sepsis.
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Enioutina EY, Constance JE, Stockmann C, Linakis MW, Yu T, Rower JE, Balch AH, Sherwin CM. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the use of antivirals in neonates. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1861-78. [PMID: 26535960 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal patients, because of the inability of their immune system to properly respond to microbial challenge, are highly susceptible to viral infections. Immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibody and antiviral drugs are used for prophylaxis and treatment of viral diseases in neonates. Neonates and, especially, preterm infants differ in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion from adults and older children. AREAS COVERED This review will evaluate deficiencies of neonatal immune responses to microbial challenge that predispose newborns to viral infections, clinical manifestations and the treatment of viral diseases in neonates. We focus on published studies describing antiviral drug pharmacokinetics in neonates and make recommendations on the dosing of these drugs, allowing achievement of maximal clinical benefits in neonates. EXPERT OPINION While some efforts were undertaken to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiviral drugs, much more needs to be done. Current data indicate that the pharmacokinetics of antiviral drugs may vary significantly depending on gestational age, maturation processes of drug-metabolizing enzymes and renal clearance. Specifics of pharmacokinetics of antiviral drugs need to be taken into consideration when they are prescribed to neonates and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Enioutina
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA.,b Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology , University of Utah School of Medicine , 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City , UT 84112 , USA
| | - Jonathan E Constance
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Chris Stockmann
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Matthew W Linakis
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Tian Yu
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Joseph E Rower
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Alfred H Balch
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
| | - Catherine M Sherwin
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City , UT 84108 , USA
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Lissner MM, Thomas BJ, Wee K, Tong AJ, Kollmann TR, Smale ST. Age-Related Gene Expression Differences in Monocytes from Human Neonates, Young Adults, and Older Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132061. [PMID: 26147648 PMCID: PMC4493075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of age-related differences in the innate and adaptive immune systems have been proposed to contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection of human neonates and older adults. The emergence of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) provides an opportunity to obtain an unbiased, comprehensive, and quantitative view of gene expression differences in defined cell types from different age groups. An examination of ex vivo human monocyte responses to lipopolysaccharide stimulation or Listeria monocytogenes infection by RNA-seq revealed extensive similarities between neonates, young adults, and older adults, with an unexpectedly small number of genes exhibiting statistically significant age-dependent differences. By examining the differentially induced genes in the context of transcription factor binding motifs and RNA-seq data sets from mutant mouse strains, a previously described deficiency in interferon response factor-3 activity could be implicated in most of the differences between newborns and young adults. Contrary to these observations, older adults exhibited elevated expression of inflammatory genes at baseline, yet the responses following stimulation correlated more closely with those observed in younger adults. Notably, major differences in the expression of constitutively expressed genes were not observed, suggesting that the age-related differences are driven by environmental influences rather than cell-autonomous differences in monocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Lissner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon J. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Wee
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ann-Jay Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (TRK); (STS)
| | - Stephen T. Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TRK); (STS)
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31
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Lemoine S, Jaron B, Tabka S, Ettreiki C, Deriaud E, Zhivaki D, Le Ray C, Launay O, Majlessi L, Tissieres P, Leclerc C, Lo-Man R. Dectin-1 activation unlocks IL12A expression and reveals the TH1 potency of neonatal dendritic cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1355-68.e1-15. [PMID: 25865351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life is characterized by a high susceptibility to infection and a TH2-biased CD4 T-cell response to vaccines. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are currently being implemented as new vaccine adjuvants for TH1 activation, but their translation to the field of pediatric vaccines is facing the impairment of neonatal innate TLR responses. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze C-type lectin receptor pathways as an alternative or a coactivator to TLRs for neonatal dendritic cell activation for TH1 polarization. METHODS Neonatal monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were exposed to various combinations of TLR agonists with or without Dectin-1 agonist. IL-12 and IL-23 responses were analyzed at the transcriptional and protein levels after stimulation. The intracellular pathways triggered by combined TLR plus Dectin-1 stimulation was determined by using pharmacologic inhibitors. The capacity of neonatal moDCs to differentiate naive CD4 TH cells was evaluated in cocultures with heterologous neonatal naive T cells. Curdlan was finally tested as an adjuvant within a subunit tuberculosis vaccine in neonatal mice. RESULTS Simultaneous coactivation through Dectin-1 and TLRs induced robust secretion of IL-12p70 by neonatal moDCs by unlocking transcriptional control on the p35 subunit of IL-12. Both the spleen tyrosine kinase and Raf-1 pathways were involved in this process, allowing differentiation of neonatal naive T cells toward IFN-γ-producing TH1 cells. In vivo a Dectin-1 agonist as adjuvant was sufficient to induce TH1 responses after vaccination of neonatal mice. CONCLUSION Coactivation of neonatal moDCs through Dectin-1 allows TLR-mediated IL-12p70 secretion and TH1 polarization of neonatal T cells. Dectin-1 agonists represent a promising TH1 adjuvant for pediatric vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lemoine
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1041, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Jaron
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1041, Paris, France
| | - Sabrine Tabka
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1041, Paris, France
| | - Chourouk Ettreiki
- Unité de Réanimation Pédiatrique et Médecine Néonatale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Groupe Equipe Endotoxine, Structures et Activité, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR 8621, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Edith Deriaud
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1041, Paris, France
| | - Dania Zhivaki
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1041, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Camille Le Ray
- APHP, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternité Port Royal, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Odile Launay
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; INSERM CIC1417, Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Tissieres
- Unité de Réanimation Pédiatrique et Médecine Néonatale, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Groupe Equipe Endotoxine, Structures et Activité, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR 8621, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Claude Leclerc
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1041, Paris, France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM U1041, Paris, France.
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Landwehr-Kenzel S, Henneke P. Interaction of Streptococcus agalactiae and Cellular Innate Immunity in Colonization and Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:519. [PMID: 25400631 PMCID: PMC4212683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS) is highly adapted to humans, where it is a normal constituent of the intestinal and vaginal flora. Yet, GBS has highly invasive potential and causes excessive inflammation, sepsis, and death at the beginning of life, in the elderly and in diabetic patients. Thus, GBS is a model pathobiont that thrives in the healthy host, but has not lost its potential virulence during coevolution with mankind. It remains incompletely understood how the innate immune system contains GBS in the natural niches, the intestinal and genital tracts, and which molecular events underlie breakdown of mucocutaneous resistance. Newborn infants between days 7 and 90 of life are at risk of a particularly striking sepsis manifestation (late-onset disease), where the transition from colonization to invasion and dissemination, and thus from health to severe sepsis is typically fulminant and not predictable. The great majority of late-onset sepsis cases are caused by one clone, GBS ST17, which expresses HvgA as a signature virulence factor and adhesin. In mice, HvgA promotes the crossing of both the mucosal and the blood–brain barrier. Expression levels of HvgA and other GBS virulence factors, such as pili and toxins, are regulated by the upstream two-component control system CovR/S. This in turn is modulated by acidic epithelial pH, high glucose levels, and during the passage through the mouse intestine. After invasion, GBS has the ability to subvert innate immunity by mechanisms like glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase-dependent induction of IL-10 and β-protein binding to the inhibitory phagocyte receptors sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 5 and 14. On the host side, sensing of GBS nucleic acids and lipopeptides by both Toll-like receptors and the inflammasome appears to be critical for host resistance against GBS. Yet, comprehensive models on the interplay between GBS and human immune cells at the colonizing site are just emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Landwehr-Kenzel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany ; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany ; Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany ; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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Ndure J, Flanagan KL. Targeting regulatory T cells to improve vaccine immunogenicity in early life. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:477. [PMID: 25309517 PMCID: PMC4161046 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human newborns and infants are bombarded with multiple pathogens on leaving the sterile intra-uterine environment, and yet have suboptimal innate immunity and limited immunological memory, thus leading to increased susceptibility to infections in early life. They are thus the target age group for a host of vaccines against common bacterial and viral pathogens. They are also the target group for many vaccines in development, including those against tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and HIV infection. However, neonatal and infant responses too many vaccines are suboptimal, and in the case of the polysaccharide vaccines, it has been necessary to develop the alternative conjugated formulations in order to induce immunity in early life. Immunoregulatory factors are an intrinsic component of natural immunity necessary to dampen or control immune responses, with the caveat that they may also decrease immunity to infections or lead to chronic infection. This review explores the key immunoregulatory factors at play in early life, with a particular emphasis on regulatory T cells (Tregs). It goes on to explore the role that Tregs play in limiting vaccine immunogenicity, and describes animal and human studies in which Tregs have been depleted in order to enhance vaccine responses. A deeper understanding of the role that Tregs play in limiting or controlling vaccine-induced immunity would provide strategies to improve vaccine immunogenicity in this critical age group. New adjuvants and drugs are being developed that can transiently suppress Treg function, and their use as part of human vaccination strategies against infections is becoming a real prospect for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorjoh Ndure
- Infant Immunology Group, Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Laboratories Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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De Kleer I, Willems F, Lambrecht B, Goriely S. Ontogeny of myeloid cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:423. [PMID: 25232355 PMCID: PMC4153297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) represent a subgroup of leukocytes, collectively called myeloid cells. During the embryonic development of mammalians, myelopoiesis occurs in a stepwise fashion that begins in the yolk sac and ends up in the bone marrow (BM). During this process, these early monocyte progenitors colonize various organs such as the brain, liver, skin, and lungs and differentiate into resident macrophages that will self-maintain throughout life. DCs are constantly replenished from BM precursors but can also arise from monocytes in inflammatory conditions. In this review, we summarize the different types of myeloid cells and discuss new insights into their early origin and development in mice and humans from fetal to adult life. We specifically focus on the function of monocytes, macrophages, and DCs at these different developmental stages and on the intrinsic and environmental influences that may drive these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismé De Kleer
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Willems
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Bart Lambrecht
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, University of Ghent , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
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Dihydroartemisinin inhibits activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway and production of type I interferon in spleen cells from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:266-72. [PMID: 25027631 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by various immunological abnormalities. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a metabolite of artemisinin, has been recently reported to exhibit immunosuppressive properties. The present study aims to determine the effects of DHA on spleen cell activation triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and investigate the effects of DHA on LPS-induced activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/interferon regulatory factor (IRF) signaling pathway. Spleen cells from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice were isolated, prepared and cultured. Cells were treated with LPS alone or LPS with DHA, and spleen cell proliferation was analyzed using MTS assay. Protein expressions of TLR4, IRF3, and IRF7 were analyzed by Western blot. IRF3 phosphorylation was also determined. Gene expression levels of IFN-α and IFN-β were measured using real-time PCR, and protein levels in cells' supernatants were determined by ELISA. DHA was found to inhibit LPS-induced spleen cell proliferation, decrease LPS-induced protein expression of TLR4, and inhibit IRF3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, LPS significantly induced IRF3 expression and slightly increased IRF7 expression in the nucleus of spleen cells, which was accompanied by enhanced IFN-α and IFN-β production. DHA inhibited the effects of LPS in spleen cells of MRL/lpr mice. Taken together, the data obtained reveal that DHA inhibits LPS-induced cell activation possibly by suppressing the TLR4/IRF/IFN pathway in spleen cells of MRL/lpr mice. These data suggest that DHA has the potential therapeutic utility for the treatment of SLE.
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An alphavirus-based adjuvant enhances serum and mucosal antibodies, T cells, and protective immunity to influenza virus in neonatal mice. J Virol 2014; 88:9182-96. [PMID: 24899195 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00327-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neonatal immune responses to infection and vaccination are biased toward TH2 at the cost of proinflammatory TH1 responses needed to combat intracellular pathogens. However, upon appropriate stimulation, the neonatal immune system can induce adult-like TH1 responses. Here we report that a new class of vaccine adjuvant is especially well suited to enhance early life immunity. The GVI3000 adjuvant is a safe, nonpropagating, truncated derivative of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus that targets dendritic cells (DCs) in the draining lymph node (DLN) and produces intracellular viral RNA without propagating to other cells. RNA synthesis strongly activates the innate immune response so that in adult animals, codelivery of soluble protein antigens induces robust humoral, cellular, and mucosal responses. The adjuvant properties of GVI3000 were tested in a neonatal BALB/c mouse model using inactivated influenza virus (iFlu). After a single immunization, mice immunized with iFlu with the GVI3000 adjuvant (GVI3000-adjuvanted iFlu) had significantly higher and sustained influenza virus-specific IgG antibodies, mainly IgG2a (TH1), compared to the mice immunized with antigen only. GVI3000 significantly increased antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, primed mucosal immune responses, and enhanced protection from lethal challenge. As seen in adult mice, the GVI3000 adjuvant increased the DC population in the DLNs, caused activation and maturation of DCs, and induced proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the DLNs soon after immunization, including gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). In summary, the GVI3000 adjuvant induced an adult-like adjuvant effect with an influenza vaccine and has the potential to improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of new and existing neonatal vaccines. IMPORTANCE The suboptimal immune responses in early life constitute a significant challenge for vaccine design. Here we report that a new class of adjuvant is safe and effective for early life immunization and demonstrate its ability to significantly improve the protective efficacy of an inactivated influenza virus vaccine in a neonatal mouse model. The GVI3000 adjuvant delivers a truncated, self-replicating viral RNA into dendritic cells in the draining lymph node. Intracellular RNA replication activates a strong innate immune response that significantly enhances adaptive antibody and cellular immune responses to codelivered antigens. A significant increase in protection results from a single immunization. Importantly, this adjuvant also primed a mucosal IgA response, which is likely to be critical for protection during many early life infections.
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Hu X, Yu Y, Eugene Chin Y, Xia Q. The role of acetylation in TLR4‐mediated innate immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:611-4. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Hu
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | - Yingnian Yu
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
| | | | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangChina
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Carreno BM, Becker-Hapak M, Huang A, Chan M, Alyasiry A, Lie WR, Aft RL, Cornelius LA, Trinkaus KM, Linette GP. IL-12p70-producing patient DC vaccine elicits Tc1-polarized immunity. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3383-94. [PMID: 23867552 DOI: 10.1172/jci68395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic administration of IL-12p70 has demonstrated clinical activity in cancer patients, but dose-limiting toxicities have hindered its incorporation in vaccine formulations. Here, we report on the immunological and clinical outcomes upon vaccination with CD40L/IFN-γ-matured, IL-12p70-producing DCs. METHODS 7 HLA-A*0201+ newly diagnosed stage IV melanoma patients were immunized against the gp100 melanoma antigen using autologous peptide-pulsed, CD40L/IFN-γ-matured DCs. PBMCs were taken weekly for immune monitoring by tetramer analysis and functional assays. CT imaging was performed at baseline, week 9, and week 18 for clinical assessment using RECIST. RESULTS 6 of 7 treated patients developed sustained T cell immunity to all 3 melanoma gp100 antigen-derived peptides. 3 of the 6 immunological responders developed confirmed clinical responses (1 complete remission >4 years, 2 partial response). Importantly, DC vaccine-derived IL-12p70 levels positively correlated with time to progression (P = 0.019, log-rank), as did T-cytotoxic 1 (Tc1) immunity, as assessed by IFN-γ/IL-13 and IFN-γ/IL-5 ratios (P = 0.035 and P = 0.030, respectively, log-rank). In contrast, a pathway-specific defect in IL-12p35 transcription was identified upon CD40L/IFN-γ activation in clinical nonresponder patient DCs, and gp100-specific T cells from these patients displayed a Tc2 phenotype. Incorporation of TLR3 and TLR8 agonists into the CD40L/IFN-γ activation protocol corrected the IL-12p70 production defect in DCs derived from clinical nonresponder patients. CONCLUSION These findings underscore the essential role of IL-12p70 in the development of therapeutic type 1 antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in humans with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz M Carreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Vanden Driessche K, Persson A, Marais BJ, Fink PJ, Urdahl KB. Immune vulnerability of infants to tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:781320. [PMID: 23762096 PMCID: PMC3666431 DOI: 10.1155/2013/781320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges faced by the infant immune system is learning to distinguish the myriad of foreign but nonthreatening antigens encountered from those expressed by true pathogens. This balance is reflected in the diminished production of proinflammatory cytokines by both innate and adaptive immune cells in the infant. A downside of this bias is that several factors critical for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are significantly restricted in infants, including TNF, IL-1, and IL-12. Furthermore, infant T cells are inherently less capable of differentiating into IFN- γ -producing T cells. As a result, infected infants are 5-10 times more likely than adults to develop active tuberculosis (TB) and have higher rates of severe disseminated disease, including miliary TB and meningitis. Infant TB is a fundamentally different disease than TB in immune competent adults. Immunotherapeutics, therefore, should be specifically evaluated in infants before they are routinely employed to treat TB in this age group. Modalities aimed at reducing inflammation, which may be beneficial for adjunctive therapy of some forms of TB in older children and adults, may be of no benefit or even harmful in infants who manifest much less inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Vanden Driessche
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Persson
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Ben J. Marais
- Sydney Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4100, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Pamela J. Fink
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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The immunologic basis for severe neonatal herpes disease and potential strategies for therapeutic intervention. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:369172. [PMID: 23606868 PMCID: PMC3626239 DOI: 10.1155/2013/369172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infect a large proportion of the world's population. Infection is life-long and can cause periodic mucocutaneous symptoms, but it only rarely causes life-threatening disease among immunocompetent children and adults. However, when HSV infection occurs during the neonatal period, viral replication is poorly controlled and a large proportion of infants die or develop disability even with optimal antiviral therapy. Increasingly, specific differences are being elucidated between the immune system of newborns and those of older children and adults, which predispose to severe infections and reflect the transition from fetal to postnatal life. Studies in healthy individuals of different ages, individuals with primary or acquired immunodeficiencies, and animal models have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms that control HSV infection and how these may be impaired during the neonatal period. This paper outlines our current understanding of innate and adaptive immunity to HSV infection, immunologic differences in early infancy that may account for the manifestations of neonatal HSV infection, and the potential of interventions to augment neonatal immune protection against HSV disease.
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Belderbos ME, Levy O, Meyaard L, Bont L. Plasma-mediated immune suppression: a neonatal perspective. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:102-13. [PMID: 23173652 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma is a rich mixture of immune regulatory factors that shape immune cell function. This immunomodulatory role of plasma is especially important in neonates. To maintain in utero feto-maternal tolerance and to allow for microbial colonization after birth, the neonatal immune system is biased against pro-inflammatory responses while favoring immune suppression. Therefore, the neonatal period provides a unique opportunity to study the physiologic mechanisms regulating the immune system. Several recent studies in neonates have identified plasma factors that play a key role in immune regulation. Insight into immune regulation by neonatal and adult plasma may have clinical implications, because plasma is easily accessible, affordable, and widely available. Herein, we review plasma-mediated immune regulation, with specific focus on neonatal plasma. We discuss how immune suppression is a key function of plasma and provide a systematic overview of the published literature regarding plasma-derived immune suppressive proteins, lipids, purines, and sugars. Finally, we outline how immune regulation by these factors, which are particularly abundant in neonatal plasma, may eventually be used to treat immune-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
Newborns are at increased risk of infection due to genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Herein we examine the roles of the neonatal innate immune system in host defense against bacterial and viral infections. Full-term newborns express a distinct innate immune system biased toward T(H)2-/T(H)17-polarizing and anti-inflammatory cytokine production with relative impairment in T(H)1-polarizing cytokine production that leaves them particularly vulnerable to infection with intracellular pathogens. In addition to these distinct features, preterm newborns also have fragile skin, impaired T(H)17-polarizing cytokine production, and deficient expression of complement and of antimicrobial proteins and peptides (APPs) that likely contribute to susceptibility to pyogenic bacteria. Ongoing research is identifying APPs, including bacterial/permeability-increasing protein and lactoferrin, as well as pattern recognition receptor agonists that may serve to enhance protective newborn and infant immune responses as stand-alone immune response modifiers or vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L Wynn
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Ofer Levy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital; Boston MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Abstract
Given the "inborn" nature of the innate immune system, it is surprising to find that innate immune function does in fact change with age. Similar patterns of distinct Toll-like-receptor-mediated immune responses come to light when one contrasts innate immune development at the beginning of life with that toward the end of life. Importantly, these developmental patterns of innate cytokine responses correlate with clinical patterns of susceptibility to disease: A heightened risk of suffering from excessive inflammation is often detected in prematurely born infants, disappears over the first few months of life, and reappears toward the end of life. In addition, risk periods for particular infections in early life reemerge in older adults. The near-mirror-image patterns that emerge in contrasts of early versus late innate immune ontogeny emphasize changes in host-environment interactions as the underlying molecular and teleologic drivers.
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Preexposure to CpG protects against the delayed effects of neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2012; 86:10456-61. [PMID: 22811525 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01082-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infection in early life is associated with recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. Neonatal immune responses tend to be skewed toward T helper 2 (Th2) responses, which may contribute to the development of a pathogenic recall response to respiratory infection. Since neonatal Th2 skewing can be modified by stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, we investigated the effect of exposure to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (TLR9 ligands) prior to neonatal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in mice. CpG preexposure was protective against enhanced disease during secondary adult RSV challenge, with a reduction in viral load and an increase in Th1 responses. A similar Th1 switch and reduction in disease were observed if CpG was administered in the interval between neonatal infection and challenge. In neonates, CpG pretreatment led to a transient increase in expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) and CD80 on CD11c-positive cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by NK cells after RSV infection, suggesting that the protective effects may be mediated by antigen-presenting cells (APC) and NK cells. We conclude that the adverse effects of early-life respiratory viral infection on later lung health might be mitigated by conditions that promote TLR activation in the infant lung.
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Lin SJ, Yan DC, Lee YC, Hsiao HS, Lee PT, Liang YW, Kuo ML. Umbilical cord blood immunology: relevance to stem cell transplantation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 42:45-57. [PMID: 22134956 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-011-8289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of its easier accessibility and less severe graft-versus-host disease, umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been increasingly used as an alternative to bone marrow for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Naiveté of UCB lymphocytes, however, results in delayed immune reconstitution and infection-related mortality in transplant recipients. This review updates the phenotypic and functional deficiencies of various immune cell populations in UCB compared with their adult counterparts and discusses clinical implications and possible therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Matsuyama T, Nakayasu C, Fujiwara A, Kurita J, Takano T, Ito T, Sano M. Ontogeny of anti-viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) immunity in developing Japanese flounder. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:313-322. [PMID: 22402275 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the ability of developing Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to acquire protective immunity after exposure to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). Juveniles measuring 9.8 cm average body length were not susceptible to infection with VHSV at 20 °C, while the smaller fish were susceptible. Mortality was not observed after secondary infection at 15 °C in the 9.8 cm cohort that had previously been exposed to the virus at 20 °C, while the smaller fish were susceptible to secondary infection. The expression of interferon (IFN)-related genes was shown to be better developed in larger fish upon virus infection and basal expression levels of the virus recognition proteins were higher in larger fish. Virus-specific antibody was detected in the larger fish, but not in smaller fish. These data indicate that the largest juvenile (9.8 cm) acquired immunity against VHSV infection at the first virus challenge, but smaller fish did not. The anti-viral immune system in the Japanese flounder matures when juveniles reach approximately 10 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomasa Matsuyama
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Aquatic Animal Health Division, Minami-Ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan.
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Rodriguez P, Carlier Y, Truyens C. Activation of cord blood myeloid dendritic cells by Trypanosoma cruzi and parasite-specific antibodies, proliferation of CD8+ T cells, and production of IFN-γ. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:157-69. [PMID: 22037700 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, induces in congenitally infected fetuses a strong, adult-like parasite-specific CD8(+) T cell response producing IFN-γ (Hermann et al. in Blood 100:2153-2158, 2002). This suggests that the parasite is able to overcome the immaturity of neonatal antigen presenting cells, an issue which has not been previously addressed. We therefore investigated in vitro the ability of T. cruzi to activate cord blood DCs and compared its effect to that on adult cells. We show that T. cruzi induces phenotypic maturation of cord blood CD11c(+) myeloid DCs (mDCs), by enhancing surface expression of CD40, CD80, and CD83, and that parasite-specific IgG purified from cord blood of neonates born to T. cruzi-infected mothers amplify such expression. CD83, considered as the best marker of mature DCs, reaches higher level on cord blood than on adult mDCs. Allo-stimulation experiments showed that T. cruzi-activated cord blood mononuclear cells enriched in DCs (eDCs) stimulate proliferation of cord blood and adult CD3(+) T cells to a similar extent. Of note, T. cruzi-activated eDCs from cord blood trigger more potent proliferation of CD8(+) than CD8(-) (mainly CD4(+)) adult T cells, a feature not observed with adult eDCs. T cell proliferation is associated with IFN-γ release and down-regulation of IL-13 production. These data show that T. cruzi potently activates human cord blood mDCs and endows eDCs to trigger CD8(+) T cell proliferation and favor type 1 immune response. Interestingly, maternal antibodies can strengthen the development of mature DCs that might contribute to overcome the immunological immaturity associated with early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodriguez
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), 808 Route de Lennik, CP 616, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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Diesner SC, Förster-Waldl E, Olivera A, Pollak A, Jensen-Jarolim E, Untersmayr E. Perspectives on immunomodulation early in life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012; 23:210-23. [PMID: 22299601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune system early in life is characterized by immature activation and function of immune cells and a preponderance of Th2 cytokines. Together with other factors such as genetics and epigenetics, these immature immune responses might prone newborns susceptible to severe infections as well as allergic diseases. Immunomodulation therapy may have potential as therapeutic strategy against those disorders and might have implication in early-life interventions in the future. In this review, we will focus on two immunomodulatory substance classes, Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and sphingolipids, which are the focus of extensive research to date. Both TLRs and sphingolipid receptors have a very distinct distribution pattern and function on immune cells. Therefore, they can potentially modulate and balance immune responses, which might be in particular beneficial for the immaturity of the immune response early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C Diesner
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
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Werneke SW, Schilte C, Rohatgi A, Monte KJ, Michault A, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, Fontanet A, Albert ML, Lenschow DJ. ISG15 is critical in the control of Chikungunya virus infection independent of UbE1L mediated conjugation. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002322. [PMID: 22028657 PMCID: PMC3197620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that has caused significant disease in the Indian Ocean region since 2005. During this outbreak, in addition to fever, rash and arthritis, severe cases of CHIKV infection have been observed in infants. Challenging the notion that the innate immune response in infants is immature or defective, we demonstrate that both human infants and neonatal mice generate a robust type I interferon (IFN) response during CHIKV infection that contributes to, but is insufficient for, the complete control of infection. To characterize the mechanism by which type I IFNs control CHIKV infection, we evaluated the role of ISG15 and defined it as a central player in the host response, as neonatal mice lacking ISG15 were profoundly susceptible to CHIKV infection. Surprisingly, UbE1L⁻/⁻ mice, which lack the ISG15 E1 enzyme and therefore are unable to form ISG15 conjugates, displayed no increase in lethality following CHIKV infection, thus pointing to a non-classical role for ISG15. No differences in viral loads were observed between wild-type (WT) and ISG15⁻/⁻ mice, however, a dramatic increase in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was observed in ISG15⁻/⁻ mice, suggesting that the innate immune response to CHIKV contributes to their lethality. This study provides new insight into the control of CHIKV infection, and establishes a new model for how ISG15 functions as an immunomodulatory molecule in the blunting of potentially pathologic levels of innate effector molecules during the host response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. Werneke
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Clementine Schilte
- Department of Immunology, Unité Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U818, Paris, France
| | - Anjali Rohatgi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristen J. Monte
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alain Michault
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | | | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthew L. Albert
- Department of Immunology, Unité Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U818, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (DJL); (MLA)
| | - Deborah J. Lenschow
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJL); (MLA)
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Commentary: why are young healthy term infants protected against respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:785-6. [PMID: 21577175 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31821fef9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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