1
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Kögl T, Chang HF, Staniek J, Chiang SC, Thoulass G, Lao J, Weißert K, Dettmer-Monaco V, Geiger K, Manna PT, Beziat V, Momenilandi M, Tu SM, Keppler SJ, Pattu V, Wolf P, Kupferschmid L, Tholen S, Covill LE, Ebert K, Straub T, Groß M, Gather R, Engel H, Salzer U, Schell C, Maier S, Lehmberg K, Cornu TI, Pircher H, Shahrooei M, Parvaneh N, Elling R, Rizzi M, Bryceson YT, Ehl S, Aichele P, Ammann S. Patients and mice with deficiency in the SNARE protein SYNTAXIN-11 have a secondary B cell defect. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20221122. [PMID: 38722309 PMCID: PMC11082451 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SYNTAXIN-11 (STX11) is a SNARE protein that mediates the fusion of cytotoxic granules with the plasma membrane at the immunological synapses of CD8 T or NK cells. Autosomal recessive inheritance of deleterious STX11 variants impairs cytotoxic granule exocytosis, causing familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 4 (FHL-4). In several FHL-4 patients, we also observed hypogammaglobulinemia, elevated frequencies of naive B cells, and increased double-negative DN2:DN1 B cell ratios, indicating a hitherto unrecognized role of STX11 in humoral immunity. Detailed analysis of Stx11-deficient mice revealed impaired CD4 T cell help for B cells, associated with disrupted germinal center formation, reduced isotype class switching, and low antibody avidity. Mechanistically, Stx11-/- CD4 T cells exhibit impaired membrane fusion leading to reduced CD107a and CD40L surface mobilization and diminished IL-2 and IL-10 secretion. Our findings highlight a critical role of STX11 in SNARE-mediated membrane trafficking and vesicle exocytosis in CD4 T cells, important for successful CD4 T cell-B cell interactions. Deficiency in STX11 impairs CD4 T cell-dependent B cell differentiation and humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kögl
- Institute for Immunology, Center for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hsin-Fang Chang
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Julian Staniek
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center— University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Samuel C.C. Chiang
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, and Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudrun Thoulass
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Lao
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Weißert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viviane Dettmer-Monaco
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Geiger
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul T. Manna
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vivien Beziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mana Momenilandi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Szu-Min Tu
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Selina J. Keppler
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Varsha Pattu
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wolf
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurence Kupferschmid
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Tholen
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura E. Covill
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Ebert
- Institute for Immunology, Center for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Center for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Groß
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Gather
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helena Engel
- Institute for Immunology, Center for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center— University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Maier
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana I. Cornu
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Center for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dr. Shahrooei Laboratory, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roland Elling
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty for Medicine, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center— University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yenan T. Bryceson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Broegelmann Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Aichele
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Ammann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Lu J, Zhou H, Chen Y, Xia X, Yang J, Ma J, Tian J, Wang S. Tfh cell-derived small extracellular vesicles exacerbate the severity of collagen-induced arthritis by enhancing B-cell responses. J Autoimmun 2024; 146:103235. [PMID: 38696926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Soluble components secreted by Tfh cells are critical for the germinal center responses. In this study, we investigated whether Tfh cells could regulate the B-cell response by releasing small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Our results showed that Tfh cells promote B-cell differentiation and antibody production through sEVs and that CD40L plays a crucial role in Tfh-sEVs function. In addition, increased Tfh-sEVs were found in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Adoptive transfer of Tfh cells significantly exacerbated the severity of CIA; however, the effect of Tfh cells on exacerbating the CIA process was significantly diminished after inhibiting sEVs secretion. Moreover, the levels of plasma Tfh-like-sEVs and CD40L expression on Tfh-like-sEVs in RA patients were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects. In summary, Tfh cell-derived sEVs can enhance the B-cell response, and exacerbate the procession of autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xueli Xia
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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3
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van Os BW, Vos WG, Bosmans LA, van Tiel CM, Toom MD, Beckers L, Admiraal M, Hoeksema MA, de Winther MP, Lutgens E. CD40L modulates CD4 + T-cell activation through receptor for activated C kinase 1. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350520. [PMID: 37683186 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the co-stimulatory ligand CD40L has shown beneficial effects in many experimental models of autoimmune disease and inflammation. Here, we show that CD40L deficiency in T cells in mice causes a reduction of CD4+ T-cell activation and specifically a strong reduction in IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells. In vitro, we could not reproduce this antigen presenting cell-dependent effects, but found that T-cell CD40L affects cell death and proliferation. We identified receptor of activated C kinase, the canonical PKC binding partner and known to drive proliferation and apoptosis, as a mediator of CD40L reverse signaling. Furthermore, we found that CD40L clustering stabilizes IFN-γ mediated Th1 polarization through STAT1, a known binding partner of receptor of activated C kinase. Together this highlights the importance of both CD40L forward and reverse signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram W van Os
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Winnie G Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura A Bosmans
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia M van Tiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Myrthe den Toom
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda Beckers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Merel Admiraal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno P de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Immunity and Infection, Inflammatory diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Poloni C, Schonhofer C, Ivison S, Levings MK, Steiner TS, Cook L. T-cell activation-induced marker assays in health and disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:491-503. [PMID: 36825901 PMCID: PMC10952637 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced marker (AIM) assays have proven to be an accessible and rapid means of antigen-specific T-cell detection. The method typically involves short-term incubation of whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells with antigens of interest, where autologous antigen-presenting cells process and present peptides in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Recognition of peptide-MHC complexes by T-cell receptors then induces upregulation of activation markers on the T cells that can be detected by flow cytometry. In this review, we highlight the most widely used activation markers for assays in the literature while identifying nuances and potential downfalls associated with the technique. We provide a summary of how AIM assays have been used in both discovery science and clinical studies, including studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunity. This review primarily focuses on AIM assays using human blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples, with some considerations noted for tissue-derived T cells and nonhuman samples. AIM assays are a powerful tool that enables detailed analysis of antigen-specific T-cell frequency, phenotype and function without needing to know the precise antigenic peptides and their MHC restriction elements, enabling a wider analysis of immunity generated following infection and/or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Poloni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Cole Schonhofer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Sabine Ivison
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Megan K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Laura Cook
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical SchoolUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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5
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Rogers KJ, Richards PT, Zacharias ZR, Stunz LL, Vijay R, Butler NS, Legge KL, Bishop GA, Maury W. CD40 Signaling in Mice Elicits a Broad Antiviral Response Early during Acute Infection with RNA Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1353. [PMID: 37376652 PMCID: PMC10305536 DOI: 10.3390/v15061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical in the pathogenesis of a diverse group of viral pathogens, both as targets of infection and for eliciting primary defense mechanisms. Our prior in vitro work identified that CD40 signaling in murine peritoneal macrophages protects against several RNA viruses by eliciting IL-12, which stimulates the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Here, we examine the role of CD40 signaling in vivo. We show that CD40 signaling is a critical, but currently poorly appreciated, component of the innate immune response using two distinct infectious agents: mouse-adapted influenza A virus (IAV, PR8) and recombinant VSV encoding the Ebola virus glycoprotein (rVSV-EBOV GP). We find that stimulation of CD40 signaling decreases early IAV titers, whereas loss of CD40 elevated early titers and compromised lung function by day 3 of infection. Protection conferred by CD40 signaling against IAV is dependent on IFN-γ production, consistent with our in vitro studies. Using rVSV-EBOV GP that serves as a low-biocontainment model of filovirus infection, we demonstrate that macrophages are a CD40-expressing population critical for protection within the peritoneum and T-cells are the key source of CD40L (CD154). These experiments reveal the in vivo mechanisms by which CD40 signaling in macrophages regulates the early host responses to RNA virus infection and highlight how CD40 agonists currently under investigation for clinical use may function as a novel class of broad antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai J. Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (K.J.R.); (P.T.R.); (L.L.S.); (R.V.); (N.S.B.); (K.L.L.); (G.A.B.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Paige T. Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (K.J.R.); (P.T.R.); (L.L.S.); (R.V.); (N.S.B.); (K.L.L.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Zeb R. Zacharias
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (K.J.R.); (P.T.R.); (L.L.S.); (R.V.); (N.S.B.); (K.L.L.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (K.J.R.); (P.T.R.); (L.L.S.); (R.V.); (N.S.B.); (K.L.L.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Noah S. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (K.J.R.); (P.T.R.); (L.L.S.); (R.V.); (N.S.B.); (K.L.L.); (G.A.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kevin L. Legge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (K.J.R.); (P.T.R.); (L.L.S.); (R.V.); (N.S.B.); (K.L.L.); (G.A.B.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (K.J.R.); (P.T.R.); (L.L.S.); (R.V.); (N.S.B.); (K.L.L.); (G.A.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (K.J.R.); (P.T.R.); (L.L.S.); (R.V.); (N.S.B.); (K.L.L.); (G.A.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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6
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Martinez RJ, Breed ER, Worota Y, Ashby KM, Vobořil M, Mathes T, Salgado OC, O’Connor CH, Kotenko SV, Hogquist KA. Type III interferon drives thymic B cell activation and regulatory T cell generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220120120. [PMID: 36802427 PMCID: PMC9992806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220120120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of thymic B cells is critical for their licensing as antigen presenting cells and resulting ability to mediate T cell central tolerance. The processes leading to licensing are still not fully understood. By comparing thymic B cells to activated Peyer's patch B cells at steady state, we found that thymic B cell activation starts during the neonatal period and is characterized by TCR/CD40-dependent activation, followed by immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) without forming germinal centers. Transcriptional analysis also demonstrated a strong interferon signature, which was not apparent in the periphery. Thymic B cell activation and CSR were primarily dependent on type III IFN signaling, and loss of type III IFN receptor in thymic B cells resulted in reduced thymocyte regulatory T cell (Treg) development. Finally, from TCR deep sequencing, we estimate that licensed B cells induce development of a substantial fraction of the Treg cell repertoire. Together, these findings reveal the importance of steady-state type III IFN in generating licensed thymic B cells that induce T cell tolerance to activated B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Elise R. Breed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Yosan Worota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Katherine M. Ashby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Matouš Vobořil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Tailor Mathes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Oscar C. Salgado
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Christine H. O’Connor
- Research Informatics Solutions, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Group, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Sergei V. Kotenko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
- Center for Cell Signaling, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
| | - Kristin A. Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN55455
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7
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Unger LW, Muckenhuber M, Mahr B, Schwarz C, Pilat N, Granofszky N, Regele H, Wekerle T. Chronic CD40L blockade is required for long-term cardiac allograft survival with a clinically relevant CTLA4-Ig dosing regimen. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1060576. [PMID: 36569922 PMCID: PMC9773869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In de-novo kidney transplantation, the CTLA4-Ig fusion protein belatacept is associated with improved graft function but also an increased risk of acute rejection compared to calcineurin inhibitor therapy. The combination with a second costimulation blocker could potentially improve outcome while avoiding calcineurin inhibitor toxicity. The aim of this study was to define the conditions under which the combination of CTLA4-Ig and CD40L blockade leads to rejection-free permanent graft survival in a stringent murine heart transplantation model. Methods Naïve wild-type or CD40L (CD154) knock-out mice received a fully mismatched BALB/c cardiac allograft. Selected induction and maintenance protocols for CTLA4-Ig and blocking αCD40L monoclonal antibodies (mAB) were investigated. Graft survival, rejection severity and donor-specific antibody (DSA) formation were assessed during a 100-day follow-up period. Results and Discussion Administering αCD40L mAb as monotherapy at the time of transplantation significantly prolonged heart allograft survival but did not further improve the outcome when given in addition to chronic CTLA4-Ig therapy (which prolongs graft survival to a median of 22 days). Likewise, chronic αCD40L mAb therapy (0.5mg) combined with perioperative CTLA4-Ig led to rejection in a proportion of mice and extensive histological damage, despite abrogating DSA formation. Only the permanent interruption of CD40-CD40L signaling by using CD40L-/- recipient mice or by chronic αCD40L administration synergized with chronic CTLA4-Ig to achieve long-term allograft survival with preserved histological graft integrity in all recipients without DSA formation. The combination of α-CD40L and CTLA4-Ig works most effectively when both therapeutics are administered chronically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas W. Unger
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Muckenhuber
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Mahr
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwarz
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Pilat
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Granofszky
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Regele
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Thomas Wekerle,
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8
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McDaniel MM, Chawla AS, Jain A, Meibers HE, Saha I, Gao Y, Jain V, Roskin K, Way SS, Pasare C. Effector memory CD4 + T cells induce damaging innate inflammation and autoimmune pathology by engaging CD40 and TNFR on myeloid cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabk0182. [PMID: 35061504 PMCID: PMC9036191 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abk0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine storm and sterile inflammation are common features of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and T cell-targeted cancer immunotherapies. Although blocking individual cytokines can mitigate some pathology, the upstream mechanisms governing overabundant innate inflammatory cytokine production remain unknown. Here, we have identified a critical signaling node that is engaged by effector memory T cells (TEM) to mobilize a broad proinflammatory program in the innate immune system. Cognate interactions between TEM and myeloid cells led to induction of an inflammatory transcriptional profile that was reminiscent, yet entirely independent, of classical pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation. This PRR-independent "de novo" inflammation was driven by preexisting TEM engagement of both CD40 and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) on myeloid cells. Cytokine toxicity and autoimmune pathology could be completely rescued by ablating these pathways genetically or pharmacologically in multiple models of T cell-driven inflammation, indicating that TEM instruction of the innate immune system is a primary driver of associated immunopathology. Thus, we have identified a previously unknown trigger of cytokine storm and autoimmune pathology that is amenable to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. McDaniel
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Amanpreet Singh Chawla
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Aakanksha Jain
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Hannah E. Meibers
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Irene Saha
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Yajing Gao
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Viral Jain
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Krishna Roskin
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220,Corresponding Author:
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9
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CD40-CD154: A perspective from type 2 immunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101528. [PMID: 34810089 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD154 (CD40 ligand) is central in immunology, participating in CD4+ T cell priming by dendritic cells (DC), CD4+ T cell help to B cells and classical macrophage activation by CD4+ T cells. However, its role in the Th2 side of immunology including helminth infection remains incompletely understood. Contrary to viral and bacterial stimuli, helminth products usually do not cause CD40 up-regulation in DC, and exogenous CD40 ligation drives Th2-biased systems towards Th1. On the other hand, CD40 and CD154 are necessary for induction of most Th2 responses. We attempt to reconcile these observations, mainly by proposing that (i) CD40 up-regulation in DC in Th2 systems is mostly induced by alarmins, (ii) the Th2 to Th1 shift induced by exogenous CD40 ligation is related to the capacity of such ligation to enhance IL-12 production by myeloid cells, and (iii) signals elicited by endogenous CD154 available in Th2 contexts and by exogenous CD40 ligation are probably different. We stress that CD40-CD154 is important beyond cognate cellular interactions. In such a context, we argue that the proliferation response of B-cells to IL-4 plus CD154 reflects a Th2-specific mechanism for polyclonal B-cell amplification and IgE production at infection sites. Finally, we argue that CD154 is a general immune activation signal across immune polarization including Th2, and propose that competition for CD154 at tissue sites may provide negative feedback on response induction at each site.
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10
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Liu D, Yan J, Sun J, Liu B, Ma W, Li Y, Shao X, Qi H. BCL6 controls contact-dependent help delivery during follicular T-B cell interactions. Immunity 2021; 54:2245-2255.e4. [PMID: 34464595 PMCID: PMC8528402 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BCL6 is required for development of follicular T helper (Tfh) cells to support germinal center (GC) formation. However, it is not clear what unique functions programmed by BCL6 can explain its absolute essentiality in T cells for GC formation. We found that ablation of one Bcl6 allele did not appreciably alter early T cell activation and follicular localization but inhibited GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance. BCL6 impinged on Tfh calcium signaling and also controlled Tfh entanglement with and CD40L delivery to B cells. Amounts of BCL6 protein and nominal frequencies of Tfh cells markedly changed within hours after strengths of T-B cell interactions were altered in vivo, while CD40L overexpression rectified both defective GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance because of the BCL6 haploinsufficiency. Our results reveal BCL6 functions in Tfh cells that are essential for GC formation and suggest that BCL6 helps maintain Tfh cell phenotypes in a T cell non-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiacong Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Li
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingxing Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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11
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Draghi A, Chamberlain CA, Khan S, Papp K, Lauss M, Soraggi S, Radic HD, Presti M, Harbst K, Gokuldass A, Kverneland A, Nielsen M, Westergaard MCW, Andersen MH, Csabai I, Jönsson G, Szallasi Z, Svane IM, Donia M. Rapid Identification of the Tumor-Specific Reactive TIL Repertoire via Combined Detection of CD137, TNF, and IFNγ, Following Recognition of Autologous Tumor-Antigens. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705422. [PMID: 34707600 PMCID: PMC8543011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting the entire repertoire of tumor-specific reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is essential for investigating their immunological functions in the tumor microenvironment. Current in vitro assays identifying tumor-specific functional activation measure the upregulation of surface molecules, de novo production of antitumor cytokines, or mobilization of cytotoxic granules following recognition of tumor-antigens, yet there is no widely adopted standard method. Here we established an enhanced, yet simple, method for identifying simultaneously CD8+ and CD4+ tumor-specific reactive TILs in vitro, using a combination of widely known and available flow cytometry assays. By combining the detection of intracellular CD137 and de novo production of TNF and IFNγ after recognition of naturally-presented tumor antigens, we demonstrate that a larger fraction of tumor-specific and reactive CD8+ TILs can be detected in vitro compared to commonly used assays. This assay revealed multiple polyfunctionality-based clusters of both CD4+ and CD8+ tumor-specific reactive TILs. In situ, the combined detection of TNFRSF9, TNF, and IFNG identified most of the tumor-specific reactive TIL repertoire. In conclusion, we describe a straightforward method for efficient identification of the tumor-specific reactive TIL repertoire in vitro, which can be rapidly adopted in most cancer immunology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Draghi
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christopher Aled Chamberlain
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Shawez Khan
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Krisztian Papp
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Lauss
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuele Soraggi
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Haja Dominike Radic
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mario Presti
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Katja Harbst
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aishwarya Gokuldass
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anders Kverneland
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Nielsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Istvan Csabai
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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12
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McDaniel MM, Meibers HE, Pasare C. Innate control of adaptive immunity and adaptive instruction of innate immunity: bi-directional flow of information. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 73:25-33. [PMID: 34425435 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the innate and adaptive immune systems to communicate with each other is central to protective immune responses and maintenance of host health. Myeloid cells of the innate immune system are able to sense microbial ligands, perturbations in cellular homeostasis, and virulence factors, thereby allowing them to relay distinct pathogen-specific information to naïve T cells in the form of pathogen-derived peptides and a unique cytokine milieu. Once primed, effector T helper cells produce lineage-defining cytokines to help combat the original pathogen, and a subset of these cells persist as memory or effector-memory populations. These memory T cells then play a dual role in host protection by not only responding rapidly to reinfection, but by also directly instructing myeloid cells to express licensing cytokines. This means there is a bi-directional flow of information first from the innate to the adaptive immune system, and then from the adaptive back to innate immune system. Here, we focus on how signals, first from pathogens and then from primed effector and memory T cells, are integrated by myeloid cells and its consequences for protective immunity or systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M McDaniel
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Hannah E Meibers
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States.
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13
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Narayanan B, Prado de Maio D, La Porta J, Voskoboynik Y, Ganapathi U, Xie P, Covey LR. A Posttranscriptional Pathway of CD40 Ligand mRNA Stability Is Required for the Development of an Optimal Humoral Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2552-2565. [PMID: 34031147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) mRNA stability is dependent on an activation-induced pathway that is mediated by the binding complexes containing the multifunctional RNA-binding protein, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) to a 3' untranslated region of the transcript. To understand the relationship between regulated CD40L and the requirement for variegated expression during a T-dependent response, we engineered a mouse lacking the CD40L stability element (CD40LΔ5) and asked how this mutation altered multiple aspects of the humoral immunity. We found that CD40LΔ5 mice expressed CD40L at 60% wildtype levels, and lowered expression corresponded to significantly decreased levels of T-dependent Abs, loss of germinal center (GC) B cells and a disorganized GC structure. Gene expression analysis of B cells from CD40LΔ5 mice revealed that genes associated with cell cycle and DNA replication were significantly downregulated and genes linked to apoptosis upregulated. Importantly, somatic hypermutation was relatively unaffected although the number of cells expressing high-affinity Abs was greatly reduced. Additionally, a significant loss of plasmablasts and early memory B cell precursors as a percentage of total GL7+ B cells was observed, indicating that differentiation cues leading to the development of post-GC subsets was highly dependent on a threshold level of CD40L. Thus, regulated mRNA stability plays an integral role in the optimization of humoral immunity by allowing for a dynamic level of CD40L expression on CD4 T cells that results in the proliferation and differentiation of pre-GC and GC B cells into functional subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitha Narayanan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | - Diego Prado de Maio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | - James La Porta
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | | | - Usha Ganapathi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Lori R Covey
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
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14
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Vavassori V, Mercuri E, Marcovecchio GE, Castiello MC, Schiroli G, Albano L, Margulies C, Buquicchio F, Fontana E, Beretta S, Merelli I, Cappelleri A, Rancoita PM, Lougaris V, Plebani A, Kanariou M, Lankester A, Ferrua F, Scanziani E, Cotta-Ramusino C, Villa A, Naldini L, Genovese P. Modeling, optimization, and comparable efficacy of T cell and hematopoietic stem cell gene editing for treating hyper-IgM syndrome. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13545. [PMID: 33475257 PMCID: PMC7933961 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise correction of the CD40LG gene in T cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) holds promise for treating X‐linked hyper‐IgM Syndrome (HIGM1), but its actual therapeutic potential remains elusive. Here, we developed a one‐size‐fits‐all editing strategy for effective T‐cell correction, selection, and depletion and investigated the therapeutic potential of T‐cell and HSPC therapies in the HIGM1 mouse model. Edited patients’ derived CD4 T cells restored physiologically regulated CD40L expression and contact‐dependent B‐cell helper function. Adoptive transfer of wild‐type T cells into conditioned HIGM1 mice rescued antigen‐specific IgG responses and protected mice from a disease‐relevant pathogen. We then obtained ~ 25% CD40LG editing in long‐term repopulating human HSPC. Transplanting such proportion of wild‐type HSPC in HIGM1 mice rescued immune functions similarly to T‐cell therapy. Overall, our findings suggest that autologous edited T cells can provide immediate and substantial benefits to HIGM1 patients and position T‐cell ahead of HSPC gene therapy because of easier translation, lower safety concerns and potentially comparable clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vavassori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mercuri
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Milano-Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Genni E Marcovecchio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria C Castiello
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Schiroli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Albano
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Fontana
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.,Human Genome Lab, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Beretta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelleri
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, Milano, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Mv Rancoita
- University Center for Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences (CUSSB), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Plebani
- University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Kanariou
- First Department of Paediatrics, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Arjan Lankester
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Ferrua
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, Milano, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research Milan Unit, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Genovese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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15
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Tang T, Cheng X, Truong B, Sun L, Yang X, Wang H. Molecular basis and therapeutic implications of CD40/CD40L immune checkpoint. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107709. [PMID: 33091428 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a soluble form generated by proteolytic cleavage or alternative splicing. CD40 and CD40L are widely expressed in various types of cells, among which B cells and myeloid cells constitutively express high levels of CD40, and T cells and platelets express high levels of CD40L upon activation. CD40L self-assembles into functional trimers which induce CD40 trimerization and downstream signaling. The canonical CD40/CD40L signaling is mediated by recruitment of TRAFs and NF-κB activation, which is supplemented by signal pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAPKs and JAK3/STATs. CD40/CD40L immune checkpoint leads to activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells via two-way signaling. CD40/CD40L interaction also participates in regulating thrombosis, tissue inflammation, hematopoiesis and tumor cell fate. Because of its essential role in immune activation, CD40/CD40L interaction has been regarded as an attractive immunotherapy target. In recent years, significant advance has been made in CD40/CD40L-targeted therapy. Various types of agents, including agonistic/antagonistic monoclonal antibodies, cellular vaccines, adenoviral vectors and protein antagonist, have been developed and evaluated in early-stage clinical trials for treating malignancies, autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. In general, these agents have demonstrated favorable safety and some of them show promising clinical efficacy. The mechanisms of benefits include immune cell activation and tumor cell lysis/apoptosis in malignancies, or immune cell inactivation in autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, processing, cellular expression pattern, signaling and effector function of CD40/CD40L checkpoint molecules. In addition, we summarize the progress, targeted diseases and outcomes of current ongoing and completed clinical trials of CD40/CD40L-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- TingTing Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Billy Truong
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - LiZhe Sun
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - XiaoFeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
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16
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Varnaitė R, Blom K, Lampen MH, Vene S, Thunberg S, Lindquist L, Ljunggren HG, Rombo L, Askling HH, Gredmark-Russ S. Magnitude and Functional Profile of the Human CD4 + T Cell Response throughout Primary Immunization with Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:914-922. [PMID: 31924650 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection of the CNS caused by TBE virus. With no specific treatment available, the only protection is a formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccine. Primary immunization with European TBE vaccines, as recommended by the manufacturers, consists of three vaccine doses administered within a 1-y period. Protection from vaccination is believed to be mediated by Abs, yet T cells may also have a protective role. We set out to characterize the human CD4+ T cell response throughout primary TBE immunization. The responses were evaluated before vaccination and 1 mo after each vaccine dose. A heterogeneous magnitude of CD4+ T cell-mediated memory responses was observed in regard to lymphoblast expansion and cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF), with the highest median magnitude detected after the second dose of vaccine. Stimulation with an overlapping peptide library based on structural TBE virus proteins E and C revealed that CD4+ T cells concomitantly producing IL-2 and TNF dominated the responses from vaccinees after each vaccine dose, whereas a control cohort of TBE patients responded mainly with all three cytokines. CD107a expression was not upregulated upon peptide stimulation in the vaccinees. However, CD154 (CD40L) expression on cytokine-positive memory CD4+ T cells significantly increased after the second vaccine dose. Taken together, TBE vaccination induced CD4+ T cell responses dominated by IL-2 and TNF production together with CD154 upregulation and a lower IFN-γ response compared with TBE patients. This response pattern was consistent after all three doses of TBE vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Varnaitė
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margit H Lampen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sirkka Vene
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Thunberg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rombo
- Centre for Clinical Research, Sörmland Region, Uppsala University, 631 88 Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Helena H Askling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; and.,Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Sörmland County, 631 88 Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, ANA Futura, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Wang H, Han X, Xu J. Lysosome as the Black Hole for Checkpoint Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:325-346. [PMID: 32185717 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes, as digestive organelles full of hydrolases, have complex functions and play an important role in cellular physiological and pathological processes. In normal physiological conditions, lysosomes can sense the nutritional state and be responsible for recycling raw materials to provide nutrients, affecting cell signaling pathways and regulating cell proliferation. Lysosomes are related to many diseases and associated with metastasis and drug resistance of tumors. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the tumor immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Accumulating data suggest that lysosomes may serve as a major destruction for immune checkpoint molecules, and secretory lysosomes can temporarily store immune checkpoint proteins. Once activated, the compounds contained in secretory lysosomes are released to the surface of cell membrane rapidly. Inhibitions of lysosomes can overcome the chemoresistance of some tumors and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Wang
- School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xue Han
- Institutes of Biological Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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18
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Saliba DG, Céspedes-Donoso PF, Bálint Š, Compeer EB, Korobchevskaya K, Valvo S, Mayya V, Kvalvaag A, Peng Y, Dong T, Tognoli ML, O'Neill E, Bonham S, Fischer R, Kessler BM, Dustin ML. Composition and structure of synaptic ectosomes exporting antigen receptor linked to functional CD40 ligand from helper T cells. eLife 2019; 8:e47528. [PMID: 31469364 PMCID: PMC6748831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar supported lipid bilayers (PSLB) presenting T cell receptor (TCR) ligands and ICAM-1 induce budding of extracellular microvesicles enriched in functional TCR, defined here as synaptic ectosomes (SE), from helper T cells. SE bind peptide-MHC directly exporting TCR into the synaptic cleft, but incorporation of other effectors is unknown. Here, we utilized bead supported lipid bilayers (BSLB) to capture SE from single immunological synapses (IS), determined SE composition by immunofluorescence flow cytometry and enriched SE for proteomic analysis by particle sorting. We demonstrate selective enrichment of CD40L and ICOS in SE in response to addition of CD40 and ICOSL, respectively, to SLB presenting TCR ligands and ICAM-1. SE are enriched in tetraspanins, BST-2, TCR signaling and ESCRT proteins. Super-resolution microscopy demonstrated that CD40L is present in microclusters within CD81 defined SE that are spatially segregated from TCR/ICOS/BST-2. CD40L+ SE retain the capacity to induce dendritic cell maturation and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Saliba
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of MaltaMsidaMalta
| | - Pablo F Céspedes-Donoso
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Štefan Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ewoud B Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Kseniya Korobchevskaya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Eric O'Neill
- Department of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bonham
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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19
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Mintz MA, Felce JH, Chou MY, Mayya V, Xu Y, Shui JW, An J, Li Z, Marson A, Okada T, Ware CF, Kronenberg M, Dustin ML, Cyster JG. The HVEM-BTLA Axis Restrains T Cell Help to Germinal Center B Cells and Functions as a Cell-Extrinsic Suppressor in Lymphomagenesis. Immunity 2019; 51:310-323.e7. [PMID: 31204070 PMCID: PMC6703922 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member HVEM is one of the most frequently mutated surface proteins in germinal center (GC)-derived B cell lymphomas. We found that HVEM deficiency increased B cell competitiveness during pre-GC and GC responses. The immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily protein BTLA regulated HVEM-expressing B cell responses independently of B-cell-intrinsic signaling via HVEM or BTLA. BTLA signaling into T cells through the phosphatase SHP1 reduced T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and preformed CD40 ligand mobilization to the immunological synapse, thus diminishing the help delivered to B cells. Moreover, T cell deficiency in BTLA cooperated with B cell Bcl-2 overexpression, leading to GC B cell outgrowth. These results establish that HVEM restrains the T helper signals delivered to B cells to influence GC selection outcomes, and they suggest that BTLA functions as a cell-extrinsic suppressor of GC B cell lymphomagenesis. HVEM deficiency increases B cell competitiveness in response to T cell help Preformed CD40L upregulation is tuned to TCR signal strength HVEM engagement of Tfh BTLA signals via SHP1 to restrain CD40L and B cell proliferation T cell BTLA is an extrinsic repressor of Bcl-2-overexpressing GC B cell accumulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Mintz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James H Felce
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marissa Y Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jinping An
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Takaharu Okada
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Huang Q, Hu J, Tang J, Xu L, Ye L. Molecular Basis of the Differentiation and Function of Virus Specific Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 30828337 PMCID: PMC6384271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, virus-specific follicular helper T cells provide important help to cognate B cells for their survival, consecutive proliferation and mutation and eventual differentiation into memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells. Similar to Tfh cells generated in other conditions, the differentiation of virus-specific Tfh cells can also be characterized as a process involved multiple factors and stages, however, which also exhibits distinct features. Here, we mainly focus on the current understanding of Tfh fate commitment, functional maturation, lineage maintenance and memory transition and formation in the context of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Huang
- Cancer Center, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Bagherzadeh Yazdchi S, Witalis M, Meli AP, Leung J, Li X, Panneton V, Chang J, Li J, Nutt SL, Johnson RL, Lim DS, Gu H, King IL, Suh WK. Hippo Pathway Kinase Mst1 Is Required for Long-Lived Humoral Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:69-78. [PMID: 30478091 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase Mst1 is a key component of the evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway that regulates cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In humans, Mst1 deficiency causes primary immunodeficiency. Patients with MST1-null mutations show progressive loss of naive T cells but, paradoxically, mildly elevated serum Ab titers. Nonetheless, the role of Mst1 in humoral immunity remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that early T cell-dependent IgG1 responses in young adult Mst1-deficient mice were largely intact with signs of impaired affinity maturation. However, the established Ag-specific IgG1 titers in Mst1-deficient mice decayed more readily because of a loss of Ag-specific but not the overall bone marrow plasma cells. Despite the impaired affinity and longevity of Ag-specific Abs, Mst1-deficient mice produced plasma cells displaying apparently normal maturation markers with intact migratory and secretory capacities. Intriguingly, in immunized Mst1-deficient mice, T follicular helper cells were hyperactive, expressing higher levels of IL-21, IL-4, and surface CD40L. Accordingly, germinal center B cells progressed more rapidly into the plasma cell lineage, presumably forgoing rigorous affinity maturation processes. Importantly, Mst1-deficient mice had elevated levels of CD138+Blimp1+ splenic plasma cell populations, yet the size of the bone marrow plasma cell population remained normal. Thus, overproduced low-affinity plasma cells from dysregulated germinal centers seem to underlie humoral immune defects in Mst1-deficiency. Our findings imply that vaccination of Mst1-deficient human patients, even at the early stage of life, may fail to establish long-lived high-affinity humoral immunity and that prophylactic Ab replacement therapy can be beneficial to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Bagherzadeh Yazdchi
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mariko Witalis
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alexandre P Meli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Joanne Leung
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Vincent Panneton
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jinsam Chang
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Joanna Li
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hua Gu
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Woong-Kyung Suh
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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22
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Wallach D. The Tumor Necrosis Factor Family: Family Conventions and Private Idiosyncrasies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028431. [PMID: 28847899 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family and the TNF/nerve growth factor (NGF) family of their cognate receptors together control numerous immune functions, as well as tissue-homeostatic and embryonic-development processes. These diverse functions are dictated by both shared and distinct features of family members, and by interactions of some members with nonfamily ligands and coreceptors. The spectra of their activities are further expanded by the occurrence of the ligands and receptors in both membrane-anchored and soluble forms, by "re-anchoring" of soluble forms to extracellular matrix components, and by signaling initiation via intracellular domains (IDs) of both receptors and ligands. Much has been learned about shared features of the receptors as well as of the ligands; however, we still have only limited knowledge of the mechanistic basis for their functional heterogeneity and for the differences between their functions and those of similarly acting cytokines of other families.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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23
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Muller J, Baeyens A, Dustin ML. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily in T Cell Priming and Effector Function. Adv Immunol 2018; 140:21-57. [PMID: 30366518 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and their ligands mediate lymphoid tissue development and homeostasis in addition to key aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. T cells of the adaptive immune system express a number of TNFRSF members that are used to receive signals at different instructive stages and produce several tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members as effector molecules. There is also one example of a TNFRSF member serving as a ligand for negative regulatory checkpoint receptors. In most cases, the ligands in afferent and efferent phases are membrane proteins and thus the interaction with TNFRSF members must take place in immunological synapses and other modes of cell-cell interaction. A particular feature of the TNFRSF-mediated signaling is the prominent use of linear ubiquitin chains as scaffolds for signaling complexes that activate nuclear factor κ-B and Fos/Jun transcriptional regulators. This review will focus on the signaling mechanisms triggered by TNFRSF members in their role as costimulators of early and late phases of T cell instruction and the delivery mechanism of TNFSF members through the immunological synapses of helper and cytotoxic effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Muller
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Immunology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Audrey Baeyens
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Immunology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Immunology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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24
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Kotov DI, Kotov JA, Goldberg MF, Jenkins MK. Many Th Cell Subsets Have Fas Ligand-Dependent Cytotoxic Potential. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2004-2012. [PMID: 29436413 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ Th cells can have cytotoxic activity against cells displaying relevant peptide-MHC class II (p:MHCII) ligands. Cytotoxicity may be a property of Th1 cells and depends on perforin and the Eomes transcription factor. We assessed these assertions for polyclonal p:MHCII-specific CD4+ T cells activated in vivo in different contexts. Mice immunized with an immunogenic peptide in adjuvant or infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or Listeria monocytogenes bacteria induced cytotoxic Th cells that killed B cells displaying relevant p:MHCII complexes. Cytotoxicity was dependent on Fas expression by target cells but was independent of Eomes or perforin expression by T cells. Although the priming regimens induced different proportions of Th1, Th17, regulatory T cells, and T follicular helper cells, the T cells expressed Fas ligand in all cases. Reciprocally, Fas was upregulated on target cells in a p:MHCII-specific manner. These results indicate that many Th subsets have cytotoxic potential that is enhanced by cognate induction of Fas on target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri I Kotov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jessica A Kotov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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25
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Weinstein JS, Laidlaw BJ, Lu Y, Wang JK, Schulz VP, Li N, Herman EI, Kaech SM, Gallagher PG, Craft J. STAT4 and T-bet control follicular helper T cell development in viral infections. J Exp Med 2017; 215:337-355. [PMID: 29212666 PMCID: PMC5748849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells promote germinal center (GC) B cell survival and proliferation and guide their differentiation and immunoglobulin isotype switching by delivering contact-dependent and soluble factors, including IL-21, IL-4, IL-9, and IFN-γ. IL-21 and IFN-γ are coexpressed by Tfh cells during viral infections, but transcriptional regulation of these cytokines is not completely understood. In this study, we show that the T helper type 1 cell (Th1 cell) transcriptional regulators T-bet and STAT4 are coexpressed with Bcl6 in Tfh cells after acute viral infection, with a temporal decline in T-bet in the waning response. T-bet is important for Tfh cell production of IFN-γ, but not IL-21, and for a robust GC reaction. STAT4, phosphorylated in Tfh cells upon infection, is required for expression of T-bet and Bcl6 and for IFN-γ and IL-21. These data indicate that T-bet is expressed with Bcl6 in Tfh cells and is required alongside STAT4 to coordinate Tfh cell IL-21 and IFN-γ production and for promotion of the GC response after acute viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Weinstein
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jessica K Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Vincent P Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ningcheng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Edward I Herman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Patrick G Gallagher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Pathology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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26
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Tay NQ, Lee DCP, Chua YL, Prabhu N, Gascoigne NRJ, Kemeny DM. CD40L Expression Allows CD8 + T Cells to Promote Their Own Expansion and Differentiation through Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1484. [PMID: 29163545 PMCID: PMC5672143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play an important role in providing protective immunity against a wide range of pathogens, and a number of different factors control their activation. Although CD40L-mediated CD40 licensing of dendritic cells (DCs) by CD4+ T cells is known to be necessary for the generation of a robust CD8+ T cell response, the contribution of CD8+ T cell-expressed CD40L on DC licensing is less clear. We have previously shown that CD8+ T cells are able to induce the production of IL-12 p70 by DCs in a CD40L-dependent manner, providing some evidence that CD8+ T cell-mediated activation of DCs is possible. To better understand the role of CD40L on CD8+ T cell responses, we generated and characterized CD40L-expressing CD8+ T cells both in vitro and in vivo. We found that CD40L was expressed on 30–50% of effector CD8+ T cells when stimulated and that this expression was transient. The expression of CD40L on CD8+ T cells promoted the proliferation and differentiation of both the CD40L-expressing CD8+ T cells and the bystander effector CD8+ T cells. This process occurred via a cell-extrinsic manner and was mediated by DCs. These data demonstrate the existence of a mechanism where CD8+ T cells and DCs cooperate to maximize CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Q Tay
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Debbie C P Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Leong Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nayana Prabhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David M Kemeny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Despite disorganized synapse structure, Th2 cells maintain directional delivery of CD40L to antigen-presenting B cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186573. [PMID: 29023539 PMCID: PMC5638602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of peptide displayed on MHC molecules, Th1 and Th2 cells form distinct immunological synapse structures. Th1 cells have a bull’s eye synapse structure with TCR/ MHC-peptide interactions occurring central to a ring of adhesion molecules, while Th2 cells have a multifocal synapse with small clusters of TCR/MHC interactions throughout the area of T cell/antigen-presenting cell interaction. In this study, we investigated whether this structural difference in the immunological synapse affects delivery of T cell help. The immunological synapse is thought to ensure antigen-specific delivery of cytolytic granules and killing of target cells by NK cells and cytolytic T cells. In helper T cells, it has been proposed that the immunological synapse may direct delivery of other effector molecules including cytokines. CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a membrane-bound cytokine essential for antigen-specific T cell help for B cells in the antibody response. We incubated Th1 and Th2 cells overnight with a mixture of antigen-presenting and bystander B cells, and the delivery of CD40L to B cells and subsequent B cell responses were compared. Despite distinct immunological synapse structures, Th1 and Th2 cell do not differ in their ability to deliver CD40L and T cell help in an antigen-specific fashion, or in their susceptibility to inhibition of help by a blocking anti-CD40L antibody.
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28
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Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Goldberg MF, Saini NK, Johndrow CT, Ng TW, Johnson AJ, Xu J, Chan J, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA. Transcriptome Analysis of Mycobacteria-Specific CD4 + T Cells Identified by Activation-Induced Expression of CD154. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2596-2606. [PMID: 28821584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in mycobacterial infections at the transcriptome level is informative but technically challenging. Although several methods exist for identifying Ag-specific T cells, including intracellular cytokine staining, cell surface cytokine-capture assays, and staining with peptide:MHC class II multimers, all of these have significant technical constraints that limit their usefulness. Measurement of activation-induced expression of CD154 has been reported to detect live Ag-specific CD4+ T cells, but this approach remains underexplored and, to our knowledge, has not previously been applied in mycobacteria-infected animals. In this article, we show that CD154 expression identifies adoptively transferred or endogenous Ag-specific CD4+ T cells induced by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination. We confirmed that Ag-specific cytokine production was positively correlated with CD154 expression by CD4+ T cells from bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated mice and show that high-quality microarrays can be performed from RNA isolated from CD154+ cells purified by cell sorting. Analysis of microarray data demonstrated that the transcriptome of CD4+ CD154+ cells was distinct from that of CD154- cells and showed major enrichment of transcripts encoding multiple cytokines and pathways of cellular activation. One notable finding was the identification of a previously unrecognized subset of mycobacteria-specific CD4+ T cells that is characterized by the production of IL-3. Our results support the use of CD154 expression as a practical and reliable method to isolate live Ag-specific CD4+ T cells for transcriptomic analysis and potentially for a range of other studies in infected or previously immunized hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Neeraj K Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Christopher T Johndrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Tony W Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Alison J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - John Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461; and
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29
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Ebner F, Schwiertz P, Steinfelder S, Pieper R, Zentek J, Schütze N, Baums CG, Alber G, Geldhof P, Hartmann S. Pathogen-Reactive T Helper Cell Analysis in the Pig. Front Immunol 2017; 8:565. [PMID: 28567041 PMCID: PMC5434156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in studying host–pathogen interactions in human-relevant large animal models such as the pig. Despite the progress in developing immunological reagents for porcine T cell research, there is an urgent need to directly assess pathogen-specific T cells—an extremely rare population of cells, but of upmost importance in orchestrating the host immune response to a given pathogen. Here, we established that the activation marker CD154 (CD40L), known from human and mouse studies, identifies also porcine antigen-reactive CD4+ T lymphocytes. CD154 expression was upregulated early after antigen encounter and CD4+CD154+ antigen-reactive T cells coexpressed cytokines. Antigen-induced expansion and autologous restimulation enabled a time- and dose-resolved analysis of CD154 regulation and a significantly increased resolution in phenotypic profiling of antigen-responsive cells. CD154 expression identified T cells responding to staphylococcal Enterotoxin B superantigen stimulation as well as T cells responding to the fungus Candida albicans and T cells specific for a highly prevalent intestinal parasite, the nematode Ascaris suum during acute and trickle infection. Antigen-reactive T cells were further detected after immunization of pigs with a single recombinant bacterial antigen of Streptococcus suis only. Thus, our study offers new ways to study antigen-specific T lymphocytes in the pig and their contribution to host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Ebner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrycja Schwiertz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Gardell JL, Parker DC. CD40L is transferred to antigen-presenting B cells during delivery of T-cell help. Eur J Immunol 2016; 47:41-50. [PMID: 27753080 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of T-cell help to B cells is antigen-specific, MHC-restricted, and CD40L (CD154) dependent. It has been thought that when a T cell recognizes an antigen-presenting B cell, CD40L expressed on the T-cell surface engages with CD40 on the surface of B cells as long as the cells remain conjugated. By adding fluorescently labeled anti-CD40L antibody during overnight incubation of antigen-presenting B cells with antigen-specific T cells, we discovered that CD40L does not remain on the surface of the T cell, but it is transferred to and endocytosed by B cells receiving T-cell help. In the presence of anti-CD40L antibody, transferred CD40L is nearly absent on bystander B cells that are not presenting antigen, and the bystander cells do not become activated. Because transfer of CD40L to B cells correlates with B-cell activation, we speculate that persistence of helper T-cell-derived CD40L on or in B cells could permit sustained CD40 signaling enabling survival and proliferation of antigen-presenting B cells following brief interactions with helper T cells in vivo in germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gardell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David C Parker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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31
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TFH cells progressively differentiate to regulate the germinal center response. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1197-1205. [PMID: 27573866 PMCID: PMC5030190 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells undergo affinity selection, which depends on interactions with CD4(+) follicular helper T cells (TFH cells). We found that TFH cells progressed through transcriptionally and functionally distinct stages and provided differential signals for GC regulation. They initially localized proximally to mutating B cells, secreted interleukin 21 (IL-21), induced expression of the transcription factor Bcl-6 and selected high-affinity B cell clones. As the GC response evolved, TFH cells extinguished IL-21 production and switched to IL-4 production, showed robust expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD40L, and promoted the development of antibody-secreting B cells via upregulation of the transcription factor Blimp-1. Thus, TFH cells in the B cell follicle progressively differentiate through stages of localization, cytokine production and surface ligand expression to 'fine tune' the GC reaction.
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32
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Öckinger J, Hagemann-Jensen M, Kullberg S, Engvall B, Eklund A, Grunewald J, Piehl F, Olsson T, Wahlström J. T-cell activation and HLA-regulated response to smoking in the deep airways of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2016; 169:114-120. [PMID: 27339331 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS), and the risk is further multiplied for HLA-DRB1*15(+) smokers. To define the smoke-induced immune responses in the lung we performed bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on smokers and non-smokers, both MS-patients and healthy volunteers. In the BAL, non-smokers with MS showed an increased preformed CD40L expression in CD4(+) T-cells while smokers displayed an increase in proliferating (Ki-67(+)) T-cells. In addition, our results confirm that smoking induces an increase of alveolar macrophages in BAL, and further defined a significant attenuation of this response in carriers of the HLA-DRB1*15 allele, in both MS patients and healthy controls. This first systematic investigation of the immune response in the lungs of smokers and non-smokers diagnosed with MS, thus suggests an MS-associated lung T-cell phenotype, involvement of a specific T-cell response to smoke, and a genetic regulation of the macrophage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Öckinger
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael Hagemann-Jensen
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kullberg
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Lung Allergy Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benita Engvall
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Eklund
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Lung Allergy Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Lung Allergy Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Wahlström
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Zaccard CR, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. Linked in: immunologic membrane nanotube networks. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:81-94. [PMID: 26931578 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4vmr0915-395r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane nanotubes, also termed tunneling nanotubes, are F-actin-based structures that can form direct cytoplasmic connections and support rapid communication between distant cells. These nanoscale conduits have been observed in diverse cell types, including immune, neuronal, stromal, cancer, and stem cells. Until recently, little was known about the mechanisms involved in membrane nanotube development in myeloid origin APCs or how membrane nanotube networks support their ability to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. New research has provided insight into the modes of induction and regulation of the immune process of "reticulation" or the development of multicellular membrane nanotube networks in dendritic cells. Preprogramming by acute type 1 inflammatory mediators at their immature stage licenses mature type 1-polarized dendritic cells to reticulate upon subsequent interaction with CD40 ligand-expressing CD4(+) Th cells. Dendritic cell reticulation can support direct antigen transfer for amplification of specific T cell responses and can be positively or negatively regulated by signals from distinct Th cell subsets. Membrane nanotubes not only enhance the ability of immature dendritic cells to sense pathogens and rapidly mobilize nearby antigen-presenting cells in the peripheral tissues but also likely support communication of pathogen-related information from mature migratory dendritic cells to resident dendritic cells in lymph nodes. Therefore, the reticulation process facilitates a coordinated multicellular response for the efficient initiation of cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. Herein, we discuss studies focused on the molecular mechanisms of membrane nanotube formation, structure, and function in the context of immunity and how pathogens, such as HIV-1, may use dendritic cell reticulation to circumvent host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Zaccard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and
| | - C R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and
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34
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Lo B, Zhang K, Lu W, Zheng L, Zhang Q, Kanellopoulou C, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Fritz JM, Marsh R, Husami A, Kissell D, Nortman S, Chaturvedi V, Haines H, Young LR, Mo J, Filipovich AH, Bleesing JJ, Mustillo P, Stephens M, Rueda CM, Chougnet CA, Hoebe K, McElwee J, Hughes JD, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Matthews HF, Price S, Su HC, Rao VK, Lenardo MJ, Jordan MB. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE. Patients with LRBA deficiency show CTLA4 loss and immune dysregulation responsive to abatacept therapy. Science 2015. [PMID: 26206937 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the LRBA gene (encoding the lipopolysaccharide-responsive and beige-like anchor protein) cause a syndrome of autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and humoral immune deficiency. The biological role of LRBA in immunologic disease is unknown. We found that patients with LRBA deficiency manifested a dramatic and sustained improvement in response to abatacept, a CTLA4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4)-immunoglobulin fusion drug. Clinical responses and homology of LRBA to proteins controlling intracellular trafficking led us to hypothesize that it regulates CTLA4, a potent inhibitory immune receptor. We found that LRBA colocalized with CTLA4 in endosomal vesicles and that LRBA deficiency or knockdown increased CTLA4 turnover, which resulted in reduced levels of CTLA4 protein in FoxP3(+) regulatory and activated conventional T cells. In LRBA-deficient cells, inhibition of lysosome degradation with chloroquine prevented CTLA4 loss. These findings elucidate a mechanism for CTLA4 trafficking and control of immune responses and suggest therapies for diseases involving the CTLA4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Lo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Wei Lu
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Human Immunological Diseases Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chrysi Kanellopoulou
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Human Immunological Diseases Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jill M Fritz
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ammar Husami
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Diane Kissell
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shannon Nortman
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vijaya Chaturvedi
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hilary Haines
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lisa R Young
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jun Mo
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra H Filipovich
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jack J Bleesing
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Peter Mustillo
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Stephens
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cesar M Rueda
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/ University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/ University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/ University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua McElwee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason D Hughes
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Human Immunological Diseases Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA. Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA. Section of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/ University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Boston, MA, USA. Marmara University, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Helen F Matthews
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Price
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helen C Su
- NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Human Immunological Diseases Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V Koneti Rao
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section and Clinical and Molecular Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Michael B Jordan
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/ University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Liu D, Xu H, Shih C, Wan Z, Ma X, Ma W, Luo D, Qi H. T-B-cell entanglement and ICOSL-driven feed-forward regulation of germinal centre reaction. Nature 2014; 517:214-8. [PMID: 25317561 DOI: 10.1038/nature13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The germinal centre (GC) reaction supports affinity-based B-cell competition and generates high-affinity bone-marrow plasma cells (BMPCs). How follicular T-helper (TFH) cells regulate GC selection is not clear. Using competitive mixed chimaera, we show here that, beyond the role in promoting TFH development, ICOSL (inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand, also known as ICOSLG) is important for individual B cells to competitively participate in the GC reaction and to develop into BMPCs. Using intravital imaging aided by a calcium reporter, we further show that ICOSL promotes an 'entangled' mode of TFH-B-cell interactions, characterized by brief but extensive surface engagement, productive T-cell calcium spikes, and B-cell acquisition of CD40 signals. Reiterated entanglement promotes outer-zone co-localization of outcompeting GC B cells together with TFH cells, affording the former increased access to T-cell help. ICOSL on GC B cells is upregulated by CD40 signals. Such an intercellular positive feedback between contact-dependent help and ICOSL-controlled entanglement promotes positive selection and BMPC development, as evidenced by observations that higher-affinity B-cell receptor variants are enriched in the ICOSL(high) fraction, that numerically disadvantaged ICOSL-deficient GC B cells or BMPCs exhibit strong affinity compensation in competitive chimaera, and that when GC competition proceeds without ICOSL, selection of high-affinity variants in otherwise normal GC reactions is impaired. By demonstrating entanglement as the basic form of GC TFH-B-cell interactions, identifying ICOSL as a molecular linkage between T-B interactional dynamics and positive selection for high-affinity BMPC formation, our study reveals a pathway by which TFH cells control the quality of long-lived humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Changming Shih
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Zurong Wan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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Pfeiffer IA, Hoyer S, Gerer KF, Voll RE, Knippertz I, Gückel E, Schuler G, Schaft N, Dörrie J. Triggering of NF-κB in cytokine-matured human DCs generates superior DCs for T-cell priming in cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3413-28. [PMID: 25100611 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the signaling that governs the immunogenicity of human dendritic cells (DCs) is a prerequisite for improving DC-based therapeutic vaccination strategies, in which the ability of DCs to induce robust and lasting Ag-specific CTL responses is of critical importance. Cytokine-matured DCs are regularly used, but to induce memory-type CTLs, they require additional activation stimuli, such as CD4+ T-cell help or TLR activation. One common denominator of these stimuli is the activation of NF-κB. Here, we show that human monocyte-derived, cytokine cocktail-matured DCs transfected with constitutively active mutants of IκB kinases (caIKKs) by mRNA electroporation, further upregulated maturation markers, and secreted enhanced amounts of cytokines, including IL-12p70, which was produced for more than 48 h after transfection. Most importantly, cytotoxic T cells induced by caIKK-transfected DCs combined high CD27 expression, indicating a more memory-like phenotype, and a markedly enhanced secondary expandability with a high lytic capacity. In contrast, CTLs primed and expanded with unmodified cytokine cocktail-matured DCs did not maintain their proliferative capacity upon repetitive stimulations. We hypothesize that "designer" DCs expressing constitutively active IκB kinases will prove highly immunogenic also in vivo and possibly emerge as a new strategy to improve the clinical efficacy of therapeutic vaccinations against cancer and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell A Pfeiffer
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Shaw PJ, Weidinger C, Vaeth M, Luethy K, Kaech SM, Feske S. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell-dependent antiviral immunity requires STIM1 and STIM2. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4549-63. [PMID: 25157823 DOI: 10.1172/jci76602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling is critical for lymphocyte function, and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are regulated by store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. In patients, loss-of-function mutations in CRAC channel components ORAI1 and STIM1 abolish SOCE and are associated with recurrent and chronic viral infections. Here, using mice with conditional deletion of Stim1 and its homolog Stim2 in T cells, we determined that both components are required for the maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells and recall responses following secondary infection. In the absence of STIM1 and STIM2, acute viral infections became chronic. Early during infection, STIM1 and STIM2 were required for the differentiation of naive CD8+ T cells into fully functional cytolytic effector cells and mediated the production of cytokines and prevented cellular exhaustion in viral-specific CD8+ effector T cells. Importantly, memory and recall responses by CD8+ T cells required expression of STIM1 and STIM2 in CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells lacking STIM1 and STIM2 were unable to provide "help" to CD8+ T cells due to aberrant regulation of CD40L expression. Together, our data indicate that STIM1, STIM2, and CRAC channel function play distinct but synergistic roles in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during antiviral immunity.
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Cycling memory CD4+ T cells in HIV disease have a diverse T cell receptor repertoire and a phenotype consistent with bystander activation. J Virol 2014; 88:5369-80. [PMID: 24522925 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00017-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mechanisms of increased memory CD4+ T cell cycling in HIV disease are incompletely understood but have been linked to antigen stimulation, homeostatic signals, or exposure to microbial products and the inflammatory cytokines that they induce. We examined the phenotype and Vβ family distribution in cycling memory CD4+ T cells among 52 healthy and 59 HIV-positive (HIV+) donors. Cycling memory CD4+ T cells were proportionally more frequent in subjects with HIV infection than in controls, more often expressed CD38 and PD-1, and less frequently expressed OX40 and intracellular CD40L. OX40 expression on memory CD4+ T cells was induced in vitro by anti-CD3, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, or IL-15 but not by Toll-like receptor ligands. In HIV+ donors, memory CD4+ T cell cycling was directly related to plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, to plasma HIV RNA levels, and to memory CD8+ T cell cycling and was inversely related to peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts but not to the levels of IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15, while in HIV-negative donors, memory CD4+ T cell cycling was related to IL-7 levels and negatively related to the plasma levels of LPS. In both controls and HIV+ donors, cycling memory CD4+ T cells had a broad distribution of Vβ families comparable to that of noncycling cells. Increased memory CD4+ T cell cycling in HIV disease is reflective of generalized immune activation and not driven primarily by cognate peptide stimulation or exposure to common gamma-chain cytokines. This cycling may be a consequence of exposure to microbial products, to plasma viremia, or, otherwise, to proinflammatory cytokines. IMPORTANCE This work provides evidence that the increased memory CD4+ T cell cycling in HIV infection is not a result of cognate peptide recognition but, rather, is more likely related to the inflammatory environment of HIV infection.
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ICOS regulates the generation and function of human CD4+ Treg in a CTLA-4 dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82203. [PMID: 24312642 PMCID: PMC3846688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) is a member of CD28/Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) family and broadly expressed in activated CD4(+) T cells and induced regulatory CD4(+) T cells (CD4(+) iTreg). ICOS-related signal pathway could be activated by the interaction between ICOS and its ligand (ICOSL). In our previous work, we established a cost-effective system to generate a novel human allo-antigen specific CD4(hi) Treg by co-culturing their naïve precursors with allogeneic CD40-activated B cells in vitro. Here we investigate the role of ICOS in the generation and function of CD4(hi) Treg by interrupting ICOS-ICOSL interaction with ICOS-Ig. It is found that blockade of ICOS-ICOSL interaction impairs the induction and expansion of CD4(hi) Treg induced by allogeneic CD40-activated B cells. More importantly, CD4(hi) Treg induced with the addition of ICOS-Ig exhibits decreased suppressive capacity on alloantigen-specific responses. Dysfunction of CD4(hi) Treg induced with ICOS-Ig is accompanied with its decreased exocytosis and surface CTLA-4 expression. Through inhibiting endocytosis with E64 and pepstatin A, surface CTLA-4 expression and suppressive functions of induced CD4(hi) Treg could be partly reversed. Conclusively, our results demonstrate the beneficial role of ICOS-ICOSL signal pathway in the generation and function of CD4(hi) Treg and uncover a novel relationship between ICOS and CTLA-4.
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Davidson MG, Alonso MN, Kenkel JA, Suhoski MM, González JC, Yuan R, Engleman EG. In vivo T cell activation induces the formation of CD209(+) PDL-2(+) dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76258. [PMID: 24098455 PMCID: PMC3788745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two critical functions of dendritic cells (DC) are to activate and functionally polarize T cells. Activated T cells can, in turn, influence DC maturation, although their effect on de novo DC development is poorly understood. Here we report that activation of T cells in mice, with either an anti-CD3 antibody or super antigen, drives the rapid formation of CD209(+)CD11b(+)CD11c(+) MHC II(+) DC from monocytic precursors (Mo-DC). GM-CSF is produced by T cells following activation, but surprisingly, it is not required for the formation of CD209(+) Mo-DC. CD40L, however, is critical for the full induction of Mo-DC following T cell activation. T cell induced CD209(+) Mo-DC are comparable to conventional CD209(-) DC in their ability to stimulate T cell proliferation. However, in contrast to conventional CD209(-) DC, CD209(+) Mo-DC fail to effectively polarize T cells, as indicated by a paucity of T cell cytokine production. The inability of CD209(+) Mo-DC to polarize T cells is partly explained by increased expression of PDL-2, since blockade of this molecule restores some polarizing capacity to the Mo-DC. These findings expand the range of signals capable of driving Mo-DC differentiation in vivo beyond exogenous microbial factors to include endogenous factors produced following T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Justin A. Kenkel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Megan M. Suhoski
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. González
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Edgar G. Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine (Blood Center), Palo Alto, California, United States of America
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CD40L contributes to angiotensin II-induced pro-thrombotic state, vascular inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:386. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Polyfunctional CD4⁺ T cells are essential for eradicating advanced B-cell lymphoma after chemotherapy. Blood 2012; 120:2229-39. [PMID: 22859605 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-398321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding that many chemotherapeutic agents have immunostimulatory effects has provided the impetus to combine chemotherapy and immunotherapy for synergistic antitumor effects. However, the critical determinants of effective antitumor immunity after chemotherapy have not been defined. Here we report that adoptive transfer of tumor-specific CD4⁺ T cells after chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide gave rise to polyfunctional CD4⁺ effector cells, which in turn intensified the inflammatory milieu and enhanced the activation of CD8⁺ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Although this combined chemoimmunotherapy initially resulted in progressive regression of advanced B-cell lymphoma, its therapeutic efficacy was not durable and most mice succumbed to late relapse. Notably, relapse was associated with acquisition of a tolerized phenotype in tumor-specific CD4⁺ T cells, characterized by overexpression of program death-1 (PD-1). Remarkably, effective antitumor immunity was maintained and cure became prevalent when polyfunctional CD4⁺ effector cells were prevented from undergoing PD-1-mediated tolerization, either by antibody blockade of the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway, or targeted ablation of PD-1 in tumor-specific CD4⁺ T cells. Our study suggests that tumor-reactive CD4⁺ T cells act as the "gatekeepers" of the host antitumor immunity in the postchemotherapy setting, thereby their functional status governs the choice between eradication versus regrowth of residual tumors.
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The duration of antigen-stimulation significantly alters the diversity of multifunctional CD4 T cells measured by intracellular cytokine staining. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38926. [PMID: 22719990 PMCID: PMC3373578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of antigen-specific T cell responses by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) has become a routine technique in studies of vaccination and immunity. Here, we highlight how the duration of in vitro antigen pre-stimulation, combined with the cytokine accumulation period, are critical parameters of these methods. The effect of varying these parameters upon the diversity and frequency of multifunctional CD4 T cell subsets has been investigated using a murine model of TB vaccination and in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. We demonstrate a substantial influence of the duration of the antigen pre-stimulation period on the repertoire of the antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses. Increasing pre-stimulation from 2 to 6 hours amplified the diversity of the seven potential multifunctional CD4 T cell subsets that secreted any combination of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α. However, increasing pre-stimulation from 6 to 16 hours markedly altered the multifunctional CD4 T cell repertoire to a dominant IFN-γ(+) only response. This was observed in both murine and cattle models.Whilst these data are of particular relevance to the measurement of vaccine and infection induced immunity in TB, more generally, they demonstrate the importance of the empirical determination of the optimum duration of the individual culture steps of ICS assays for any model. We highlight the potential significance of variations in these parameters, particularly when comparing data between studies and/or models including clinical trials.
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Durand-Panteix S, Farhat M, Youlyouz-Marfak I, Rouaud P, Ouk-Martin C, David A, Faumont N, Feuillard J, Jayat-Vignoles C. B7-H1, which represses EBV-immortalized B cell killing by autologous T and NK cells, is oppositely regulated by c-Myc and EBV latency III program at both mRNA and secretory lysosome levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:181-90. [PMID: 22661084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
EBV-immortalized B cells induce a complex immune response such that the virus persists as a clinically silent infection for the lifetime of the infected host. B7-H1, also called PD-L1, is a cosignaling molecule of the B7 family that can inhibit activated T cell effectors by interaction with its receptor PD-1. In this work, we have studied the dependence of B7-H1 on NF-κB and c-Myc, the two main transcription factors in EBV latency III proliferating B cells, on various lymphoblastoid and Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, some of them being inducible or not for the EBV latency III program and/or for c-Myc. We found that B7-H1 repressed killing of EBV-immortalized B cells by their autologous T and NK cells. At the mRNA level, NF-κB was a weak inducer whereas c-Myc was a strong repressor of B7-H1 expression, an effect mediated by STAT1 inhibition. At the protein level, B7-H1 molecules were stored in both degradative and unconventional secretory lysosomes. Surface membrane B7-H1 molecules were constitutively internalized and proteolyzed in lysosomes. The EBV latency III program increased the amounts of B7-H1-containing secretory lysosomes and their export to the surface membrane. By repressing actin polymerization, c-Myc blocked secretory lysosome migration and B7-H1 surface membrane export. In addition to B7-H1, various immunoregulatory molecules participating in the immunological synapse are stored in secretory lysosomes. By playing on actin polymerization, c-Myc could thus globally regulate the immunogenicity of transformed B cells, acting on export of secretory lysosomes to plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Durand-Panteix
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7276, Faculté de Médecine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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Hucke S, Floßdorf J, Grützke B, Dunay IR, Frenzel K, Jungverdorben J, Linnartz B, Mack M, Peitz M, Brüstle O, Kurts C, Klockgether T, Neumann H, Prinz M, Wiendl H, Knolle P, Klotz L. Licensing of myeloid cells promotes central nervous system autoimmunity and is controlled by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:1586-605. [PMID: 22447120 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During central nervous system autoimmunity, interactions between infiltrating immune cells and brain-resident cells are critical for disease progression and ultimately organ damage. Here, we demonstrate that local cross-talk between invading autoreactive T cells and auto-antigen-presenting myeloid cells within the central nervous system results in myeloid cell activation, which is crucial for disease progression during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of multiple sclerosis. This T cell-mediated licensing of central nervous system myeloid cells triggered astrocytic CCL2-release and promoted recruitment of inflammatory CCR2(+)-monocytes, which are the main effectors of disease progression. By employing a cell-specific knockout model, we identify the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in myeloid cells as key regulator of their disease-determining interactions with autoreactive T cells and brain-resident cells, respectively. LysM-PPARγ(KO) mice exhibited disease exacerbation during the effector phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis characterized by enhanced activation of central nervous system myeloid cells accompanied by pronounced local CCL2 production and inflammatory monocyte invasion, which finally resulted in increased demyelination and neuronal damage. Pharmacological PPARγ activation decreased antigen-specific T cell-mediated licensing of central nervous system myeloid cells, reduced myeloid cell-mediated neurotoxicity and hence dampened central nervous system autoimmunity. Importantly, human monocytes derived from patients with multiple sclerosis clearly responded to PPARγ-mediated control of proinflammatory activation and production of neurotoxic mediators. Furthermore, PPARγ in human monocytes restricted their capacity to activate human astrocytes leading to dampened astrocytic CCL2 production. Together, interference with the disease-promoting cross-talk between central nervous system myeloid cells, autoreactive T cells and brain-resident cells represents a novel therapeutic approach that limits disease progression and lesion development during ongoing central nervous system autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hucke
- Clinic for Neurology, University of Münster, Albert Schweitzer Campus 1, Münster, Germany
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Koguchi Y, Buenafe AC, Thauland TJ, Gardell JL, Bivins-Smith ER, Jacoby DB, Slifka MK, Parker DC. Preformed CD40L is stored in Th1, Th2, Th17, and T follicular helper cells as well as CD4+ 8- thymocytes and invariant NKT cells but not in Treg cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31296. [PMID: 22363608 PMCID: PMC3283616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40L is essential for the development of adaptive immune responses. It is generally thought that CD40L expression in CD4+ T cells is regulated transcriptionally and made from new mRNA following antigen recognition. However, imaging studies show that the majority of cognate interactions between effector CD4+ T cells and APCs in vivo are too short to allow de novo CD40L synthesis. We previously showed that Th1 effector and memory cells store preformed CD40L (pCD40L) in lysosomal compartments and mobilize it onto the plasma membrane immediately after antigenic stimulation, suggesting that primed CD4+ T cells may use pCD40L to activate APCs during brief encounters. Indeed, our recent study showed that pCD40L is sufficient to mediate selective activation of cognate B cells and trigger DC activation in vitro. In this study, we show that pCD40L is present in Th1 and follicular helper T cells developed during infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Th2 cells in the airway of asthmatic mice, and Th17 cells from the CNS of animals with experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). pCD40L is nearly absent in both natural and induced Treg cells, even in the presence of intense inflammation such as occurs in EAE. We also found pCD40L expression in CD4 single positive thymocytes and invariant NKT cells. Together, these results suggest that pCD40L may function in T cell development as well as an unexpectedly broad spectrum of innate and adaptive immune responses, while its expression in Treg cells is repressed to avoid compromising their suppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Abigail C. Buenafe
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Thauland
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Gardell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Bivins-Smith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David B. Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mark K. Slifka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David C. Parker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Swain SL, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM. Expanding roles for CD4⁺ T cells in immunity to viruses. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:136-48. [PMID: 22266691 PMCID: PMC3764486 DOI: 10.1038/nri3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are orchestrators, regulators and direct effectors of antiviral immunity. Neutralizing antibodies provide protection against many viral pathogens, and CD4+ T cells can help B cells to generate stronger and longer-lived antibody responses. CD4+ T cells help antiviral CD8+ T cells in two main ways: they maximize CD8+ T cell population expansion during a primary immune response and also facilitate the generation of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cell populations. In addition to their helper functions, CD4+ T cells contribute directly to viral clearance. They secrete cytokines with antiviral activities and, in some circumstances, can eliminate infected cells through cytotoxic killing. Memory CD4+ T cells provide superior protection during re-infection with a virus. Compared with new effector CD4+ T cells, memory CD4+ T cells have enhanced helper and effector functions and can rapidly trigger innate immune defence mechanisms early in the infection.
Immunity to viruses is typically associated with the development of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, CD4+ T cells are also important for protection during viral infection. Here, the authors describe the various ways in which different CD4+T cell subsets can contribute to the antiviral immune response. Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have uncovered additional roles for CD4+ T cells, some of which are independent of other lymphocytes, and have described previously unappreciated functions for memory CD4+ T cells in immunity to viruses. Here, we review the full range of antiviral functions of CD4+ T cells, discussing the activities of these cells in helping other lymphocytes and in inducing innate immune responses, as well as their direct antiviral roles. We suggest that all of these functions of CD4+ T cells are integrated to provide highly effective immune protection against viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue N, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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Koguchi Y, Gardell JL, Thauland TJ, Parker DC. Cyclosporine-resistant, Rab27a-independent mobilization of intracellular preformed CD40 ligand mediates antigen-specific T cell help in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:626-34. [PMID: 21677130 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CD40L is critically important for the initiation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. It is generally thought that CD40L expression in CD4(+) T cells is regulated transcriptionally and made from new mRNA following Ag recognition. However, recent studies with two-photon microscopy revealed that most cognate interactions between effector CD4(+) T cells and APCs are too short for de novo synthesis of CD40L. Given that effector and memory CD4(+) T cells store preformed CD40L (pCD40L) in lysosomal compartments and that pCD40L comes to the cell surface within minutes of antigenic stimulation, we and others have proposed that pCD40L might mediate T cell-dependent activation of cognate APCs during brief encounters in vivo. However, it has not been shown that this relatively small amount of pCD40L is sufficient to activate APCs, owing to the difficulty of separating the effects of pCD40L from those of de novo CD40L and other cytokines in vitro. In this study, we show that pCD40L surface mobilization is resistant to cyclosporine or FK506 treatment, while de novo CD40L and cytokine expression are completely inhibited. These drugs thus provide a tool to dissect the role of pCD40L in APC activation. We find that pCD40L mediates selective activation of cognate but not bystander APCs in vitro and that mobilization of pCD40L does not depend on Rab27a, which is required for mobilization of lytic granules. Therefore, effector CD4(+) T cells deliver pCD40L specifically to APCs on the same time scale as the lethal hit of CTLs but with distinct molecular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Matus-Nicodemos R, Vavassori S, Castro-Faix M, Valentin-Acevedo A, Singh K, Marcelli V, Covey LR. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein is critical for the turnover and subcellular distribution of CD40 ligand mRNA in CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2164-71. [PMID: 21242519 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CD40L (CD154) is regulated at the posttranscriptional level by an activation-induced process that results in a highly stable transcript at extended times of T cell activation. Transcript stability is mediated by polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-containing complexes (complex I and II) that bind to three adjacent CU-rich sequences within the 3' untranslated region. To assess the role of PTB in the expression and distribution of CD40L mRNA, PTB was targeted using short hairpin RNA in both primary T cells and a T cell line that recapitulates the stability phase of regulated CD40L mRNA decay. PTB knockdown resulted in a marked decrease in the mRNA stability that resulted in lowered CD40L surface expression. PTB was also critical for appropriate distribution of CD40L mRNA between the nucleus and cytoplasm and in the cytoplasm between the cytosol and the translating polysomes. The activation-induced formation of PTB-specific ribonucleoprotein complexes was observed only with cytoplasmic and not nuclear PTB indicating functional differences in the protein defined by cellular localization. Finally, we observed that cytoplasmic and nuclear PTB isoforms were differentially modified relative to each other and that the changes in cytoplasmic PTB were consistent with activation-induced phosphorylation. Together this work suggests that differentially modified PTB regulates CD40L expression at multiple steps by 1) retaining CD40L mRNA in the nucleus, 2) directly regulating mRNA stability at late times of activation, and 3) forming a ribonuclear complex that preferentially associates with translating ribosomes thus leading to an enhanced level of CD40L protein.
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Tuning of CD40–CD154 Interactions in Human B-Lymphocyte Activation: A Broad Array of In Vitro Models for a Complex In Vivo Situation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:25-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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