1
|
Jewell MP, Ashour Z, Baird CH, Manco Johnson M, Warren BB, Wufsus AR, Pallini C, Dockal M, Kjalke M, Neeves KB. Concizumab improves clot formation in hemophilia A under flow. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:2438-2448. [PMID: 38815755 PMCID: PMC11343664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is an emerging therapeutic strategy for treatment of hemophilia. Concizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds TFPI and blocks its inhibition of factor (F)Xa thereby extending the initiation of coagulation and compensating for lack of FVIII or FIX. OBJECTIVES The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate how concizumab affects clot formation in hemophilia A under flow. METHODS Blood was collected from normal controls or people with hemophilia A. An anti-FVIII antibody was added to normal controls to simulate hemophilia A with inhibitory antibodies to FVIII. Whole blood and recombinant activated FVII (rFVIIa, 25 nM) or concizumab (200, 1000, and 4000 ng/mL) were perfused at 100 s-1 over a surface micropatterned with tissue factor (TF) and collagen-related peptide. Platelet and fibrin(ogen) accumulation were measured by confocal microscopy. Static thrombin generation in plasma was measured in response to rFVIIa and concizumab. RESULTS Concizumab (1000 and 4000 ng/mL) and rFVIIa both rescued (93%-101%) total platelet accumulation, but only partially rescued (53%-63%) fibrin(ogen) incorporation to normal control levels in simulated hemophilia A. Results using congenital hemophilia A blood confirmed effects of rFVIIa and concizumab. While these 2 agents had similar effect on clot formation under flow, concizumab enhanced thrombin generation in plasma under static conditions to a greater extent than rFVIIa. CONCLUSION TFPI inhibition by concizumab enhanced activation and aggregation of platelets and fibrin clot formation in hemophilia A to levels comparable with that of rFVIIa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan P Jewell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Zaina Ashour
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine H Baird
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marilyn Manco Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Beth Boulden Warren
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Adam R Wufsus
- Rare Blood Disorders, Medical Affairs Rare Disease, Novo Nordisk Inc, Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chiara Pallini
- Rare Blood Disorders, Rare Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Michael Dockal
- Rare Blood Disorders, Rare Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Marianne Kjalke
- Rare Blood Disorders, Rare Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wright A, Snyder OL, He H, Christenson LK, Fleming S, Weiss ML. Procoagulant Activity of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells' Extracellular Vesicles (MSC-EVs). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119216. [PMID: 37298168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cell types, including cancer cells, release tissue factor (TF)-exposing extracellular vesicles (EVs). It is unknown whether MSC-EVs pose a thromboembolism risk due to TF expression. Knowing that MSCs express TF and are procoagulant, we hypothesize that MSC-EVs also might. Here, we examined the expression of TF and the procoagulant activity of MSC-EVs and the impact of EV isolation methods and cell culture expansion on EV yield, characterization, and potential risk using a design of experiments methodology. MSC-EVs were found to express TF and have procoagulant activity. Thus, when MSC-derived EVs are employed as a therapeutic agent, one might consider TF, procoagulant activity, and thromboembolism risk and take steps to prevent them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Midwest Institute of Comparative Stem Cell Biotechnology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Orman Larry Snyder
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Midwest Institute of Comparative Stem Cell Biotechnology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Hong He
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Midwest Institute of Comparative Stem Cell Biotechnology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Lane K Christenson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sherry Fleming
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mark L Weiss
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Midwest Institute of Comparative Stem Cell Biotechnology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prat NJ, Meyer AD, Scaravilli V, Cannon J, Cancio LC, Cap AP, Batchinsky AI. Regional blood acidification inhibits coagulation during extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO 2 R). Artif Organs 2022; 46:1181-1191. [PMID: 35289412 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of platelets and coagulation factors during extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2 R) increases bleeding complications and associated mortality. Regional infusion of lactic acid enhances ECCO2 R by shifting the chemical equilibrium from bicarbonate to carbon dioxide. Our goal was to test if regional blood acidification during ECCO2 R inhibits platelet function and coagulation. METHODS An ECCO2 R system containing a hemofilter circulated blood at 0.25 L/min in 8 healthy ewes (Ovis aries) for 36 hours. Three of the sheep received ECCO2 R with no recirculation compared to 5 sheep that received ECCO2 R plus 12 hours of regional blood acidification via the hemofilter, placed upstream from the oxygenator, into which 4.4 M lactic acid was infused. Blood gases, platelet count and function, thromboelastography, coagulation-factor activity, and von Willebrand factor activity (vWF:Ag) were measured at baseline, at start of lactic acid infusion, and after 36 hours of extracorporeal circulation. RESULTS Twelve hours of regional acid infusion significantly inhibited platelet aggregation response to adenosine diphosphate; vWF; and platelet expression of P-selectin compared to control. It also significantly reduced consumption of fibrinogen and of coagulation factors V, VII, IX, compared to control. CONCLUSIONS Regional acidification reduces platelet activation and vitamin-K-dependent coagulation-factor consumption during ECCO2 R. This is the first report of a simple method that may enhance effective anticoagulation for ECCO2 R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Prat
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Paris, France.,U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew D Meyer
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vittorio Scaravilli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeremy Cannon
- Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leopoldo C Cancio
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew P Cap
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Y, Yu G, Nie R, Wu Z. Microfluidic systems toward blood hemostasis monitoring and thrombosis diagnosis: From design principles to micro/nano fabrication technologies. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Soft Intelligence Lab State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Guang Yu
- Experimental Medicine Center Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ruqiong Nie
- Department of Cardiology Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Soft Intelligence Lab State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Navarro S, Stegner D, Nieswandt B, Heemskerk JWM, Kuijpers MJE. Temporal Roles of Platelet and Coagulation Pathways in Collagen- and Tissue Factor-Induced Thrombus Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010358. [PMID: 35008781 PMCID: PMC8745329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In hemostasis and thrombosis, the complex process of thrombus formation involves different molecular pathways of platelet and coagulation activation. These pathways are considered as operating together at the same time, but this has not been investigated. The objective of our study was to elucidate the time-dependency of key pathways of thrombus and clot formation, initiated by collagen and tissue factor surfaces, where coagulation is triggered via the extrinsic route. Therefore, we adapted a microfluidics whole-blood assay with the Maastricht flow chamber to acutely block molecular pathways by pharmacological intervention at desired time points. Application of the technique revealed crucial roles of glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-induced platelet signaling via Syk kinase as well as factor VIIa-induced thrombin generation, which were confined to the first minutes of thrombus buildup. A novel anti-GPVI Fab EMF-1 was used for this purpose. In addition, platelet activation with the protease-activating receptors 1/4 (PAR1/4) and integrin αIIbβ3 appeared to be prolongedly active and extended to later stages of thrombus and clot formation. This work thereby revealed a more persistent contribution of thrombin receptor-induced platelet activation than of collagen receptor-induced platelet activation to the thrombotic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Navarro
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany; (S.N.); (D.S.); (B.N.)
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany; (S.N.); (D.S.); (B.N.)
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany; (S.N.); (D.S.); (B.N.)
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Kon. Emmaplein 7, 6214 KD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.W.M.H.); (M.J.E.K.); Tel.: +31-43-3881674 (M.J.E.K.)
| | - Marijke J. E. Kuijpers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Professor Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.W.M.H.); (M.J.E.K.); Tel.: +31-43-3881674 (M.J.E.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Ramasundara SDZ, Preketes-Tardiani RE, Cheng V, Lu H, Ju LA. Emerging Microfluidic Approaches for Platelet Mechanobiology and Interplay With Circulatory Systems. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:766513. [PMID: 34901226 PMCID: PMC8655735 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.766513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how platelets can sense and respond to hemodynamic forces in disturbed blood flow and complexed vasculature is crucial to the development of more effective and safer antithrombotic therapeutics. By incorporating diverse structural and functional designs, microfluidic technologies have emerged to mimic microvascular anatomies and hemodynamic microenvironments, which open the floodgates for fascinating platelet mechanobiology investigations. The latest endothelialized microfluidics can even recapitulate the crosstalk between platelets and the circulatory system, including the vessel walls and plasma proteins such as von Willebrand factor. Hereby, we highlight these exciting microfluidic applications to platelet mechanobiology and platelet–circulatory system interplay as implicated in thrombosis. Last but not least, we discuss the need for microfluidic standardization and summarize the commercially available microfluidic platforms for researchers to obtain reproducible and consistent results in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Savindi De Zoysa Ramasundara
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Renee Ellen Preketes-Tardiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivian Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Berry J, Peaudecerf FJ, Masters NA, Neeves KB, Goldstein RE, Harper MT. An "occlusive thrombosis-on-a-chip" microfluidic device for investigating the effect of anti-thrombotic drugs. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4104-4117. [PMID: 34523623 PMCID: PMC8547327 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains one of the world's leading causes of death. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is triggered by occlusion of coronary arteries by platelet-rich thrombi (clots). The development of new anti-platelet drugs to prevent myocardial infarction continues to be an active area of research and is dependent on accurately modelling the process of clot formation. Occlusive thrombi can be generated in vivo in a range of species, but these models are limited by variability and lack of relevance to human disease. Although in vitro models using human blood can overcome species-specific differences and improve translatability, many models do not generate occlusive thrombi. In those models that do achieve occlusion, time to occlusion is difficult to measure in an unbiased and objective manner. In this study we developed a simple and robust approach to determine occlusion time of a novel in vitro microfluidic assay. This highlighted the potential for occlusion to occur in thrombosis microfluidic devices through off-site coagulation, obscuring the effect of anti-platelet drugs. We therefore designed a novel occlusive thrombosis-on-a-chip microfluidic device that reliably generates occlusive thrombi at arterial shear rates by quenching downstream coagulation. We further validated our device and methods by using the approved anti-platelet drug, eptifibatide, recording a significant difference in the "time to occlude" in treated devices compared to control conditions. These results demonstrate that this device can be used to monitor the effect of antithrombotic drugs on time to occlude, and, for the first time, delivers this essential data in an unbiased and objective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jess Berry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - François J Peaudecerf
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole A Masters
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado Denver|Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado Denver|Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raymond E Goldstein
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew T Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Distinct from dilute, isotropic, and homogeneous reaction systems typically used in laboratory kinetic assays, blood is concentrated, two-phase, flowing, and highly anisotropic when clotting on a surface. This review focuses on spatial gradients that are generated and can dictate thrombus structure and function. Novel experimental and computational tools have recently emerged to explore reaction-transport coupling during clotting. Multiscale simulations help bridge tissue length scales (the coronary arteries) to millimeter scales of a growing clot to the microscopic scale of single-cell signaling and adhesion. Microfluidic devices help create and control pathological velocity profiles, albeit at a low Reynolds number. Since rate processes and force loading are often coupled, this review highlights prevailing convective-diffusive transport physics that modulate cellular and molecular processes during thrombus formation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Doran S, Arif M, Lam S, Bayraktar A, Turkez H, Uhlen M, Boren J, Mardinoglu A. Multi-omics approaches for revealing the complexity of cardiovascular disease. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:bbab061. [PMID: 33725119 PMCID: PMC8425417 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can mainly be attributed to the narrowing of blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis and thrombosis, which induces organ damage that will result in end-organ dysfunction characterized by events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. It is also essential to consider other contributory factors to CVD, including cardiac remodelling caused by cardiomyopathies and co-morbidities with other diseases such as chronic kidney disease. Besides, there is a growing amount of evidence linking the gut microbiota to CVD through several metabolic pathways. Hence, it is of utmost importance to decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with these disease states to elucidate the development and progression of CVD. A wide array of systems biology approaches incorporating multi-omics data have emerged as an invaluable tool in establishing alterations in specific cell types and identifying modifications in signalling events that promote disease development. Here, we review recent studies that apply multi-omics approaches to further understand the underlying causes of CVD and provide possible treatment strategies by identifying novel drug targets and biomarkers. We also discuss very recent advances in gut microbiota research with an emphasis on how diet and microbial composition can impact the development of CVD. Finally, we present various biological network analyses and other independent studies that have been employed for providing mechanistic explanation and developing treatment strategies for end-stage CVD, namely myocardial infarction and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Doran
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Lam
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulahad Bayraktar
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leiderman K, Sindi SS, Monroe DM, Fogelson AL, Neeves KB. The Art and Science of Building a Computational Model to Understand Hemostasis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:129-138. [PMID: 33657623 PMCID: PMC7920145 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1722861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Computational models of various facets of hemostasis and thrombosis have increased substantially in the last decade. These models have the potential to make predictions that can uncover new mechanisms within the complex dynamics of thrombus formation. However, these predictions are only as good as the data and assumptions they are built upon, and therefore model building requires intimate coupling with experiments. The objective of this article is to guide the reader through how a computational model is built and how it can inform and be refined by experiments. This is accomplished by answering six questions facing the model builder: (1) Why make a model? (2) What kind of model should be built? (3) How is the model built? (4) Is the model a “good” model? (5) Do we believe the model? (6) Is the model useful? These questions are answered in the context of a model of thrombus formation that has been successfully applied to understanding the interplay between blood flow, platelet deposition, and coagulation and in identifying potential modifiers of thrombin generation in hemophilia A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Suzanne S Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, California
| | - Dougald M Monroe
- Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aaron L Fogelson
- Departments of Mathematics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Link KG, Stobb MT, Monroe DM, Fogelson AL, Neeves KB, Sindi SS, Leiderman K. Computationally Driven Discovery in Coagulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:79-86. [PMID: 33115272 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bleeding frequency and severity within clinical categories of hemophilia A are highly variable and the origin of this variation is unknown. Solving this mystery in coagulation requires the generation and analysis of large data sets comprised of experimental outputs or patient samples, both of which are subject to limited availability. In this review, we describe how a computationally driven approach bypasses such limitations by generating large synthetic patient data sets. These data sets were created with a mechanistic mathematical model, by varying the model inputs, clotting factor, and inhibitor concentrations, within normal physiological ranges. Specific mathematical metrics were chosen from the model output, used as a surrogate measure for bleeding severity, and statistically analyzed for further exploration and hypothesis generation. We highlight results from our recent study that employed this computationally driven approach to identify FV (factor V) as a key modifier of thrombin generation in mild to moderate hemophilia A, which was confirmed with complementary experimental assays. The mathematical model was used further to propose a potential mechanism for these observations whereby thrombin generation is rescued in FVIII-deficient plasma due to reduced substrate competition between FV and FVIII for FXa (activated factor X).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Link
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Davis (K.G.L.)
| | - Michael T Stobb
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, IA (M.T.S.)
| | - Dougald M Monroe
- Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (D.M.M.)
| | - Aaron L Fogelson
- Departments of Mathematics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.L.F.)
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Departments of Bioengineering and Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Denver (K.B.N.)
| | - Suzanne S Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced (S.S.S.)
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden (K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
DeCortin ME, Brass LF, Diamond SL. Core and shell platelets of a thrombus: A new microfluidic assay to study mechanics and biochemistry. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:1158-1166. [PMID: 33134782 PMCID: PMC7590323 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemostatic clots have a P-selectin positive platelet core covered with a shell of P-selectin negative platelets. OBJECTIVE To develop a new human blood microfluidic assay to interrogate core/shell mechanics. METHODS A 2-stage assay perfused whole blood over collagen/± tissue factor (TF) for 180 seconds at 100 s-1 wall shear rate, followed by buffer perfusion at either 100 s-1 (venous) or 1000 s-1 (arterial). This microfluidic assay used an extended channel height (120 µm), allowing buffer perfusion well before occlusion. RESULTS Clot growth on collagen stopped immediately with buffer exchange, revealing ~10% reduction in platelet fluorescence intensity (at 100 s-1) and ~30% (at 1000 s-1) by 1200 seconds. Thrombin generation (on collagen/TF) reduced erosion at either buffer flow rate. P-selectin-positive platelets were stable (no erosion) against 1000 s-1, in contrast to P-selectin negative platelets. Thrombin inhibition (with D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CMK) reduced the number of P-selectin-positive platelets and lowered thrombus stability through the reduction of P-selectin-positive platelets. Interestingly, fibrin inhibition (with H-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-OH acetate salt) increased the number of P-selectin-positive platelets but did not lower stability, suggesting that fibrin was only in the core region. Thromboxane inhibition reduced P-selectin-positive platelets and caused a nearly 60% reduction of the clot at arterial buffer flow. P2Y1 antagonism reduced clot size and the number of P-selectin-positive platelets and reduced the stability of P-selectin-negative platelets. CONCLUSION The 2-stage assay (extended channel height plus buffer exchange) interrogated platelet stability using human blood. Under all conditions, P-selectin-positive platelets never left the clot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. DeCortin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringInstitute for Medicine and EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lawrence F. Brass
- Department of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Scott L. Diamond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringInstitute for Medicine and EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bouchnita A, Terekhov K, Nony P, Vassilevski Y, Volpert V. A mathematical model to quantify the effects of platelet count, shear rate, and injury size on the initiation of blood coagulation under venous flow conditions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235392. [PMID: 32726315 PMCID: PMC7390270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets upregulate the generation of thrombin and reinforce the fibrin clot which increases the incidence risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the role of platelets in the pathogenesis of venous cardiovascular diseases remains hard to quantify. An experimentally validated model of thrombin generation dynamics is formulated. The model predicts that a high platelet count increases the peak value of generated thrombin as well as the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) as reported in experimental data. To investigate the effects of platelets density, shear rate, and wound size on the initiation of blood coagulation, we calibrate a previously developed model of venous thrombus formation and implement it in 3D using a novel cell-centered finite-volume solver. We conduct numerical simulations to reproduce in vitro experiments of blood coagulation in microfluidic capillaries. Then, we derive a reduced one-equation model of thrombin distribution from the previous model under simplifying hypotheses and we use it to determine the conditions of clotting initiation on the platelet count, the shear rate, and the plasma composition. The initiation of clotting also exhibits a threshold response to the size of the wounded region in good agreement with the reported experimental findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Terekhov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Patrice Nony
- Services de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yuri Vassilevski
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institut Camille Jordan, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- INRIA team Dracula, INRIA Lyon La Doua, Villeurbanne, France
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brouns SLN, van Geffen JP, Campello E, Swieringa F, Spiezia L, van Oerle R, Provenzale I, Verdoold R, Farndale RW, Clemetson KJ, Spronk HMH, van der Meijden PEJ, Cavill R, Kuijpers MJE, Castoldi E, Simioni P, Heemskerk JWM. Platelet-primed interactions of coagulation and anticoagulation pathways in flow-dependent thrombus formation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11910. [PMID: 32680988 PMCID: PMC7368055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In haemostasis and thrombosis, platelet, coagulation and anticoagulation pathways act together to produce fibrin-containing thrombi. We developed a microspot-based technique, in which we assessed platelet adhesion, platelet activation, thrombus structure and fibrin clot formation in real time using flowing whole blood. Microspots were made from distinct platelet-adhesive surfaces in the absence or presence of tissue factor, thrombomodulin or activated protein C. Kinetics of platelet activation, thrombus structure and fibrin formation were assessed by fluorescence microscopy. This work revealed: (1) a priming role of platelet adhesion in thrombus contraction and subsequent fibrin formation; (2) a surface-independent role of tissue factor, independent of the shear rate; (3) a mechanism of tissue factor-enhanced activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway; (4) a local, suppressive role of the anticoagulant thrombomodulin/protein C pathway under flow. Multiparameter analysis using blood samples from patients with (anti)coagulation disorders indicated characteristic defects in thrombus formation, in cases of factor V, XI or XII deficiency; and in contrast, thrombogenic effects in patients with factor V-Leiden. Taken together, this integrative phenotyping approach of platelet–fibrin thrombus formation has revealed interaction mechanisms of platelet-primed key haemostatic pathways with alterations in patients with (anti)coagulation defects. It can help as an important functional add-on whole-blood phenotyping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L N Brouns
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna P van Geffen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Campello
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Frauke Swieringa
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Protein Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Spiezia
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - René van Oerle
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Provenzale
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Verdoold
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kenneth J Clemetson
- Department of Haematology, Inselspital, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola E J van der Meijden
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Cavill
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabetta Castoldi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mitrophanov AY, Merrill-Skoloff G, Grover SP, Govindarajan V, Kolanjiyil A, Hariprasad DS, Unnikrishnan G, Flaumenhaft R, Reifman J. Injury Length and Arteriole Constriction Shape Clot Growth and Blood-Flow Acceleration in a Mouse Model of Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2114-2126. [PMID: 32640902 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative relationships between the extent of injury and thrombus formation in vivo are not well understood. Moreover, it has not been investigated how increased injury severity translates to blood-flow modulation. Here, we investigated interconnections between injury length, clot growth, and blood flow in a mouse model of laser-induced thrombosis. Approach and Results: Using intravital microscopy, we analyzed 59 clotting events collected from the cremaster arteriole of 14 adult mice. We regarded injury length as a measure of injury severity. The injury caused transient constriction upstream and downstream of the injury site resulting in a 50% reduction in arteriole diameter. The amount of platelet accumulation and fibrin formation did not depend on arteriole diameter or deformation but displayed an exponentially increasing dependence on injury length. The height of the platelet clot depended linearly on injury length and the arteriole diameter. Upstream arteriolar constriction correlated with delayed upstream velocity increase, which, in turn, determined downstream velocity. Before clot formation, flow velocity positively correlated with the arteriole diameter. After the onset of thrombus growth, flow velocity at the injury site negatively correlated with the arteriole diameter and with the size of the above-clot lumen. CONCLUSIONS Injury severity increased platelet accumulation and fibrin formation in a persistently steep fashion and, together with arteriole diameter, defined clot height. Arterial constriction and clot formation were characterized by a dynamic change in the blood flow, associated with increased flow velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Mitrophanov
- From the DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Ft. Detrick, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U., J.R.).,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U.)
| | - Glenn Merrill-Skoloff
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.M.-S., S.P.G., R.F.)
| | - Steven P Grover
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.M.-S., S.P.G., R.F.)
| | - Vijay Govindarajan
- From the DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Ft. Detrick, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U., J.R.).,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U.)
| | - Arun Kolanjiyil
- From the DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Ft. Detrick, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U., J.R.).,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U.)
| | - Daniel S Hariprasad
- From the DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Ft. Detrick, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U., J.R.).,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U.)
| | - Ginu Unnikrishnan
- From the DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Ft. Detrick, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U., J.R.).,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U.)
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.M.-S., S.P.G., R.F.)
| | - Jaques Reifman
- From the DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Ft. Detrick, MD (A.Y.M., V.G., A.K., D.S.H., G.U., J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Modeling Thrombin Generation in Plasma under Diffusion and Flow. Biophys J 2020; 119:162-181. [PMID: 32544388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the capacity of published numerical models of thrombin generation to reproduce experimentally observed threshold behavior under conditions in which diffusion and/or flow are important. Computational fluid dynamics simulations incorporating species diffusion, fluid flow, and biochemical reactions are compared with published data for thrombin generation in vitro in 1) quiescent plasma exposed to patches of tissue factor and 2) plasma perfused through a capillary coated with tissue factor. Clot time is correctly predicted in individual cases, and some models qualitatively replicate thrombin generation thresholds across a series of tissue factor patch sizes or wall shear rates. Numerical results suggest that there is not a genuine patch size threshold in quiescent plasma-clotting always occurs given enough time-whereas the shear rate threshold observed under flow is a genuine physical limit imposed by flow-mediated washout of active coagulation factors. Despite the encouraging qualitative results obtained with some models, no single model robustly reproduces all experiments, demonstrating that greater understanding of the underlying reaction network, and particularly of surface reactions, is required. In this direction, additional simulations provide evidence that 1) a surface-localized enzyme, speculatively identified as meizothrombin, is significantly active toward the fluorescent thrombin substrate used in the experiments or, less likely, 2) thrombin is irreversibly inhibited at a faster-than-expected rate, possibly explained by a stimulatory effect of plasma heparin on antithrombin. These results highlight the power of simulation to provide novel mechanistic insights that augment experimental studies and build our understanding of complex biophysicochemical processes. Further validation work is critical to unleashing the full potential of coagulation models as tools for drug development and personalized medicine.
Collapse
|
17
|
Link KG, Stobb MT, Sorrells MG, Bortot M, Ruegg K, Manco-Johnson MJ, Di Paola JA, Sindi SS, Fogelson AL, Leiderman K, Neeves KB. A mathematical model of coagulation under flow identifies factor V as a modifier of thrombin generation in hemophilia A. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:306-317. [PMID: 31562694 PMCID: PMC6994344 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The variability in bleeding patterns among individuals with hemophilia A, who have similar factor VIII (FVIII) levels, is significant and the origins are unknown. OBJECTIVE To use a previously validated mathematical model of flow-mediated coagulation as a screening tool to identify parameters that are most likely to enhance thrombin generation in the context of FVIII deficiency. METHODS We performed a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) on our mathematical model to identify potential modifiers of thrombin generation. Candidates from the GSA were confirmed by calibrated automated thrombography (CAT) and flow assays on collagen-tissue factor (TF) surfaces at a shear rate of 100 per second. RESULTS Simulations identified low-normal factor V (FV) (50%) as the strongest modifier, with additional thrombin enhancement when combined with high-normal prothrombin (150%). Low-normal FV levels or partial FV inhibition (60% activity) augmented thrombin generation in FVIII-inhibited or FVIII-deficient plasma in CAT. Partial FV inhibition (60%) boosted fibrin deposition in flow assays performed with whole blood from individuals with mild and moderate FVIII deficiencies. These effects were amplified by high-normal prothrombin levels in both experimental models. CONCLUSIONS These results show that low-normal FV levels can enhance thrombin generation in hemophilia A. Further explorations with the mathematical model suggest a potential mechanism: lowering FV reduces competition between FV and FVIII for factor Xa (FXa) on activated platelet surfaces (APS), which enhances FVIII activation and rescues thrombin generation in FVIII-deficient blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G. Link
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Michael T. Stobb
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew G. Sorrells
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Maria Bortot
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine Ruegg
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jorge A. Di Paola
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Suzanne S. Sindi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aaron L. Fogelson
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meyer AD, Rishmawi AR, Kamucheka R, Lafleur C, Batchinsky AI, Mackman N, Cap AP. Effect of blood flow on platelets, leukocytes, and extracellular vesicles in thrombosis of simulated neonatal extracorporeal circulation. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:399-410. [PMID: 31628728 PMCID: PMC7350929 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has frequent and sometimes lethal thrombotic complications. The role that activated platelets, leukocytes, and small (0.3-micron to 1-micron) extracellular vesicles (EVs) play in ECMO thrombosis is not well understood. OBJECTIVES To test the effect of blood flow rate on the generation of activated platelets, leukocytes, and EVs in a simulated neonatal ECMO circuit using heparinized human whole blood. METHODS Simulated neonatal roller pump circuits circulated whole blood at low, nominal, and high flow rates (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 L/min) for 6 h. Coagulopathy was defined by thromboelastography (TEG), STA® -procoagulant phospholipid clot time (STA®- Procoag-PPL), and calibrated automated thrombogram. High-resolution flow cytometry measured the cellular expression of prothrombotic phospholipids and proteins on platelets, leukocytes, and EV. RESULTS Despite heparinization, occlusive thrombosis halted flow in two of five circuits at 0.3 L/min and three of five circuits at 0.7 L/min. None of the five circuits at 0.5 L/min exhibited occlusive thrombosis. Phosphatidylserine (PS)-positive platelets and EVs increased at all flow rates more than blood under static conditions (P < .0002). Tissue factor (TF)-positive leukocytes and EVs increased only in low-flow and high-flow circuits (P < .0001). Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), at 50 times more than the concentration in healthy adults, failed to suppress thrombin initiation in low-flow and high-flow circuits. CONCLUSIONS This in vitro study informs ECMO specialists to avoid low and high blood flow that increases TF expression on leukocytes and EVs, which likely initiate clot formation. Interventions to decrease TF generated by ECMO may be an effective approach to decrease thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Meyer
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
- Coagulation and Blood Research, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), Ft. Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Anjana R. Rishmawi
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robin Kamucheka
- Coagulation and Blood Research, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), Ft. Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Crystal Lafleur
- Coagulation and Blood Research, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), Ft. Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Andriy I. Batchinsky
- Extracorporeal Life Support, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), Ft. Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew P. Cap
- Coagulation and Blood Research, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), Ft. Sam Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Elblbesy MA. Electrical Analysis Of Normal And Diabetic Blood For Evaluation Of Aggregation And Coagulation Under Different Rheological Conditions. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2019; 12:435-442. [PMID: 31695524 PMCID: PMC6805249 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s223794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Erythrocyte aggregation and blood coagulation are of great interest and are still under investigation by many researchers. Erythrocytes have a direct effect on hemorheological properties. Real-time in vitro studies on blood coagulation and aggregation provide a chance to understand their mechanisms in normal and pathological conditions. Additionally, this method offers control over the physical and chemical conditions during the study. Objective The present study introduced a simple in vitro technique to study blood aggregation and coagulation under controlled conditions. Methods The technique used in this study is based on the measurement of the electrical properties of blood. A simple flow chamber was made from two cylinders with a gap between them. The outer cylinder remains stationary, and the inner cylinder rotates about its axis. The inner cylinder velocity is controlled by a stepper motor. Blood samples are introduced in the gap between the two cylinders. Capacitance and impedance of blood samples were recorded by two electrodes attached to the outer cylinders and in direct contact with blood. Results Quantitative parameters were extracted from the capacitance and impedance time courses. These parameters were used to describe the aggregation and coagulation processes under different shear rates. Strong correlations between the aggregation index and shear rate were found for normal and diabetic blood samples. Additionally, strong negative correlations of coagulation time were found for normal and diabetic blood samples. In conclusion, the electrical analysis of blood reflects well the interactions between internal blood contents. Conclusion The parameters extracted from this technique can be used in the quantitative description of hemorheological processes under different physical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elblbesy
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stobb MT, Monroe DM, Leiderman K, Sindi SS. Assessing the impact of product inhibition in a chromogenic assay. Anal Biochem 2019; 580:62-71. [PMID: 31091429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromogenic substrates (CS) are synthetic substrates used to monitor the activity of a target enzyme. It has been reported that some CSs display competitive product inhibition with their target enzyme. Thus, in assays where enzyme activity is continuously monitored over long periods of time, the product inhibition may significantly interfere with the reactions being monitored. Despite this knowledge, it is rare for CSs to be directly incorporated into mathematical models that simulate these assays. This devalues the predictive power of the models. In this study, we examined the interactions between a single enzyme, coagulation factor Xa, and its chromogenic substrate. We developed, and experimentally validated, a mathematical model of a chromogenic assay for factor Xa that explicitly included product inhibition from the CS. We employed Bayesian inference, in the form of Markov-Chain Monte Carlo, to estimate the strength of the product inhibition and other sources of uncertainty such as pipetting error and kinetic rate constants. Our model, together with carefully calibrated biochemistry experiments, allowed for full characterization of the strength and impact of product inhibition in the assay. The effect of CS product inhibition in more complex reaction mixtures was further explored using mathematical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Stobb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Dougald M Monroe
- Hematology/Oncology, 8202B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Campus Box 7035, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7035, USA
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Suzanne S Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meledeo MA, Peltier GC, McIntosh CS, Bynum JA, Cap AP. Optimizing whole blood storage: hemostatic function of 35-day stored product in CPD, CP2D, and CPDA-1 anticoagulants. Transfusion 2019; 59:1549-1559. [PMID: 30980756 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transitioning from whole blood (WB) to components developed from efforts to maximize donor yield. Components are advantageous for specific derangements, but treating hemorrhage with components requires significantly more volume to provide similar effects to WB. Because storage lesion and waste remain problematic, this study examined hemostatic function of refrigerated WB stored for 35 days in anticoagulants citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenosine (CPDA-1), citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD), or citrate-phosphate-double dextrose (CP2D). METHODS Refrigerated WB units from healthy donors were sampled over 35 days. Global hemostatic parameters were measured by thromboelastometry, thrombogram, platelet aggregometry, and platelet adhesion to collagen under shear conditions. The effects of transfusion filtration and mixing 35-day stored product with fresh WB were evaluated. RESULTS Countable platelets declined as aggregation clusters appeared in microscopy. While gross platelet agonist-induced aggregation declined over time, normalization revealed aggregation responses in remaining platelets. Peak thrombin generation increased over time. Clot strength diminished over storage in tissue factor-activated samples (normalized by filtration of aggregates). Functional fibrinogen responses remained consistent throughout. Filtration was necessary to maintain consistent platelet adhesion to collagen beyond collection day. Few differences were observed between anticoagulants, and stored/fresh mixing studies normalized coagulation parameters. CONCLUSIONS WB is easier to collect, store, and transfuse. WB provides platelets, an oft-neglected, critical resuscitation component, but their individual numbers decline as aggregates appear, resulting in diminished coagulation response. WB has better performance in these assays when examined at earlier time points, but expirations designated to specific anticoagulants appear arbitrary for hemostatic functionality, as little changes beyond 21 days regardless of anticoagulant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grantham C Peltier
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Colby S McIntosh
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - James A Bynum
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew P Cap
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Elevated Microparticle Tissue Factor Activity Is Associated With Carotid Artery Plaque in HIV-Infected Women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 81:36-43. [PMID: 30789451 PMCID: PMC6456393 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of tissue factor (TF) on the surface of activated monocytes may trigger thrombosis, leading to clotting risk, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. TF-positive microparticles (MP-TF) represent a functionally active form of TF that may be promulgated by long-term HIV infection. We hypothesized that greater MP-TF activity is associated with carotid artery plaque in HIV+ women. SETTING In a case-control study nested within the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), eligible HIV+ participants underwent B-mode carotid artery ultrasound at 2 study visits occurring 7 years apart. Cases were defined by the presence of at least 1 carotid artery plaque assessed at either visit. Cases were matched 1:2 to controls who were found not to have carotid artery plaques. METHODS Conditional logistic regression estimated the association of MP-TF activity with the presence of carotid artery plaque, adjusting for demographic and behavioral characteristics, HIV-related factors, cardiometabolic risk factors, and serum inflammation biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, sCD14, sCD163, Gal-3, and Gal-3BP). RESULTS Elevated MP-TF activity (>0.537 pg/mL) was found to be significantly associated with greater odds of plaque (adjusted odds ratio 3.86, 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 14.07, P = 0.04). The association was attenuated after further adjustment for IL-6 but was unaffected by adjustment for other biomarkers including those denoting monocyte activation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a link among HIV infection, innate immune system perturbation, coagulation, and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Govindarajan V, Zhu S, Li R, Lu Y, Diamond SL, Reifman J, Mitrophanov AY. Impact of Tissue Factor Localization on Blood Clot Structure and Resistance under Venous Shear. Biophys J 2019; 114:978-991. [PMID: 29490257 PMCID: PMC5984989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and growth of a blood clot depend on the localization of tissue factor (TF), which can trigger clotting during the hemostatic process or promote thrombosis when exposed to blood under pathological conditions. We sought to understand how the growth, structure, and mechanical properties of clots under flow are shaped by the simultaneously varying TF surface density and its exposure area. We used an eight-channel microfluidic device equipped with a 20- or 100-μm-long collagen surface patterned with lipidated TF of surface densities ∼0.1 and ∼2 molecules/μm2. Human whole blood was perfused at venous shear, and clot growth was continually measured. Using our recently developed computational model of clot formation, we performed simulations to gain insights into the clot’s structure and its resistance to blood flow. An increase in TF exposure area resulted not only in accelerated bulk platelet, thrombin, and fibrin accumulation, but also in increased height of the platelet mass and increased clot resistance to flow. Moreover, increasing the TF surface density or exposure area enhanced platelet deposition by approximately twofold, and thrombin and fibrin generation by greater than threefold, thereby increasing both clot size and its viscous resistance. Finally, TF effects on blood flow occlusion were more pronounced for the longer thrombogenic surface than for the shorter one. Our results suggest that TF surface density and its exposure area can independently enhance both the clot’s occlusivity and its resistance to blood flow. These findings provide, to our knowledge, new insights into how TF affects thrombus growth in time and space under flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Govindarajan
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruizhi Li
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yichen Lu
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott L Diamond
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
| | - Alexander Y Mitrophanov
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Interrelationships between structure and function during the hemostatic response to injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2243-2252. [PMID: 30674670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813642116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies have detailed the molecular regulation of individual components of the hemostatic system, including platelets, coagulation factors, and regulatory proteins. Questions remain, however, about how these elements are integrated at the systems level within a rapidly changing physical environment. To answer some of these questions, we developed a puncture injury model in mouse jugular veins that combines high-resolution, multimodal imaging with functional readouts in vivo. The results reveal striking spatial regulation of platelet activation and fibrin formation that could not be inferred from studies performed ex vivo. As in the microcirculation, where previous studies have been performed, gradients of platelet activation are readily apparent, as is an asymmetrical distribution of fibrin deposition and thrombin activity. Both are oriented from the outer to the inner surface of the damaged vessel wall, with a greater extent of platelet activation and fibrin accumulation on the outside than the inside. Further, we show that the importance of P2Y12 signaling in establishing a competent hemostatic plug is related to the size of the injury, thus limiting its contribution to hemostasis to specific physiologic contexts. Taken together, these studies offer insights into the organization of hemostatic plugs, provide a detailed understanding of the adverse bleeding associated with a widely prescribed class of antiplatelet agents, and highlight differences between hemostasis and thrombosis that may suggest alternative therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tomaiuolo M, Brass LF, Stalker TJ. Regulation of Platelet Activation and Coagulation and Its Role in Vascular Injury and Arterial Thrombosis. Interv Cardiol Clin 2018; 6:1-12. [PMID: 27886814 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccl.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis requires tightly regulated interaction of the coagulation system, platelets, blood cells, and vessel wall components at a site of vascular injury. Dysregulation of this response may result in excessive bleeding if the response is impaired, and pathologic thrombosis with vessel occlusion and tissue ischemia if the response is robust. Studies have elucidated the major molecular signaling pathways responsible for platelet activation and aggregation. Antithrombotic agents targeting these pathways are in clinical use. This review summarizes research examining mechanisms by which these multiple platelet signaling pathways are integrated at a site of vascular injury to produce an optimal hemostatic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Tomaiuolo
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lawrence F Brass
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Timothy J Stalker
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Link KG, Stobb MT, Di Paola J, Neeves KB, Fogelson AL, Sindi SS, Leiderman K. A local and global sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model of coagulation and platelet deposition under flow. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200917. [PMID: 30048479 PMCID: PMC6062055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemostatic response involves blood coagulation and platelet aggregation to stop blood loss from an injured blood vessel. The complexity of these processes make it difficult to intuit the overall hemostatic response without quantitative methods. Mathematical models aim to address this challenge but are often accompanied by numerous parameters choices and thus need to be analyzed for sensitivity to such choices. Here we use local and global sensitivity analyses to study a model of coagulation and platelet deposition under flow. To relate with clinical assays, we measured the sensitivity of three specific thrombin metrics: lag time, maximum relative rate of generation, and final concentration after 20 minutes. In addition, we varied parameters of three different classes: plasma protein levels, kinetic rate constants, and platelet characteristics. In terms of an overall ranking of the model’s sensitivities, we found that the local and global methods provided similar information. Our local analysis, in agreement with previous findings, shows that varying parameters within 50-150% of baseline values, in a one-at-a-time (OAT) fashion, always leads to significant thrombin generation in 20 minutes. Our global analysis gave a different and novel result highlighting groups of parameters, still varying within the normal 50-150%, that produced little or no thrombin in 20 minutes. Variations in either plasma levels or platelet characteristics, using either OAT or simultaneous variations, always led to strong thrombin production and overall, relatively low output variance. Simultaneous variation in kinetics rate constants or in a subset of all three parameter classes led to the highest overall output variance, incorporating instances with little to no thrombin production. The global analysis revealed multiple parameter interactions in the lag time and final concentration leading to relatively high variance; high variance was also observed in the thrombin generation rate, but parameters attributed to that variance acted independently and additively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G. Link
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Stobb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America
| | - Aaron L. Fogelson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Suzanne S. Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang M, Sun J, Chen B, Zhao Y, Gong H, You Y, Qi R. Ginkgolide B inhibits platelet and monocyte adhesion in TNFα-treated HUVECs under laminar shear stress. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:220. [PMID: 30029641 PMCID: PMC6053749 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Endothelial cells are sensitive to changes in both blood components and mechanical stimuli. Endothelial cells may undergo phenotypic changes, such as changes in adhesion protein expression, under different shear stress conditions. Such changes may impact platelet and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. This phenomenon is linked to chronic vascular inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ginkgolide B on platelet and monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under different conditions of laminar shear stress. Methods Platelet and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells was determined by the Bioflux 1000. HUVECs were incubated with ginkgolide B or aspirin for 12 h, and then TNFα was added for 2 h to induce the inflammatory response under conditions of 1 and 9 dyn/cm2 laminar shear stress. The protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. Results The number of platelets that adhered was greater under conditions of 1 dyn/cm2 than under conditions of 9 dyn/cm2 of laminar shear stress (74.8 ± 19.2 and 59.5 ± 15.1, respectively). Ginkgolide B reduced the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced increase in platelet and monocyte adhesion to HUVECs at 1 and 9 dyn/cm2 of laminar shear stress. In TNFα-treated HUVECs, the number of monocytes that adhered was greater under conditions of 1 dyn/cm2 of laminar shear stress compared with 9 dyn/cm2 (29.1 ± 4.9 and 22.7 ± 3.7, respectively). Ginkgolide B inhibited the TNFα-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), VE-cadherin, and Cx43 in HUVECs at 1 and 9 dyn/cm2. The expression of these proteins was not different between 1 and 9 dyn/cm2. Conclusions Ginkgolide B suppressed platelet and monocyte adhesion under different conditions of laminar shear stress. Moreover, ginkgolide B reduced VCAM-1, VE-cadherin and Cx43 expression in TNFα-treated HUVECs under laminar shear stress. This suggested that ginkgolide B might shed light on the treatment of inflammation in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Muhsin-Sharafaldine MR, McLellan AD. Apoptotic vesicles: deathly players in cancer-associated coagulation. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:723-732. [PMID: 29738615 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer is associated with coagulation disorders, it is still unclear how the combination of tumor cell and host factors enhance the hypercoagulable state of cancer patients. Emerging evidence points to a central role for tumor endosomal and plasma membrane-derived vesicular components in the pathogenesis of cancer-related thrombosis. In particular, tumor cell membranes and extracellular vesicles (EV) harbor lipids and proteinaceous coagulation factors able to initiate multiple points within the coagulation matrix. The impact of chemotherapy upon a host already burdened with a hypercoagulable state increases the risk of pathological coagulation. We argue that chemotherapy-induced EV harbor the most active components for cancer related thrombosis and discuss how membrane components of the host and tumor act to initiate coagulation to enhance thrombotic risk in cancer patients.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ngoepe MN, Frangi AF, Byrne JV, Ventikos Y. Thrombosis in Cerebral Aneurysms and the Computational Modeling Thereof: A Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:306. [PMID: 29670533 PMCID: PMC5893827 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a condition closely related to cerebral aneurysms and controlled thrombosis is the main purpose of endovascular embolization treatment. The mechanisms governing thrombus initiation and evolution in cerebral aneurysms have not been fully elucidated and this presents challenges for interventional planning. Significant effort has been directed towards developing computational methods aimed at streamlining the interventional planning process for unruptured cerebral aneurysm treatment. Included in these methods are computational models of thrombus development following endovascular device placement. The main challenge with developing computational models for thrombosis in disease cases is that there exists a wide body of literature that addresses various aspects of the clotting process, but it may not be obvious what information is of direct consequence for what modeling purpose (e.g., for understanding the effect of endovascular therapies). The aim of this review is to present the information so it will be of benefit to the community attempting to model cerebral aneurysm thrombosis for interventional planning purposes, in a simplified yet appropriate manner. The paper begins by explaining current understanding of physiological coagulation and highlights the documented distinctions between the physiological process and cerebral aneurysm thrombosis. Clinical observations of thrombosis following endovascular device placement are then presented. This is followed by a section detailing the demands placed on computational models developed for interventional planning. Finally, existing computational models of thrombosis are presented. This last section begins with description and discussion of physiological computational clotting models, as they are of immense value in understanding how to construct a general computational model of clotting. This is then followed by a review of computational models of clotting in cerebral aneurysms, specifically. Even though some progress has been made towards computational predictions of thrombosis following device placement in cerebral aneurysms, many gaps still remain. Answering the key questions will require the combined efforts of the clinical, experimental and computational communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malebogo N Ngoepe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for High Performance Computing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Center for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - James V Byrne
- Department of Neuroradiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tsiklidis E, Sims C, Sinno T, Diamond SL. Multiscale systems biology of trauma-induced coagulopathy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1418. [PMID: 29485252 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trauma with hypovolemic shock is an extreme pathological state that challenges the body to maintain blood pressure and oxygenation in the face of hemorrhagic blood loss. In conjunction with surgical actions and transfusion therapy, survival requires the patient's blood to maintain hemostasis to stop bleeding. The physics of the problem are multiscale: (a) the systemic circulation sets the global blood pressure in response to blood loss and resuscitation therapy, (b) local tissue perfusion is altered by localized vasoregulatory mechanisms and bleeding, and (c) altered blood and vessel biology resulting from the trauma as well as local hemodynamics control the assembly of clotting components at the site of injury. Building upon ongoing modeling efforts to simulate arterial or venous thrombosis in a diseased vasculature, computer simulation of trauma-induced coagulopathy is an emerging approach to understand patient risk and predict response. Despite uncertainties in quantifying the patient's dynamic injury burden, multiscale systems biology may help link blood biochemistry at the molecular level to multiorgan responses in the bleeding patient. As an important goal of systems modeling, establishing early metrics of a patient's high-dimensional trajectory may help guide transfusion therapy or warn of subsequent later stage bleeding or thrombotic risks. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Tsiklidis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carrie Sims
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Talid Sinno
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott L Diamond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Thomassen S, Mastenbroek TG, Swieringa F, Winckers K, Feijge MAH, Schrijver R, Cosemans JMEM, Maroney SA, Mast AE, Hackeng TM, Heemskerk JWM. Suppressive Role of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-α in Platelet-Dependent Fibrin Formation under Flow Is Restricted to Low Procoagulant Strength. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118:502-513. [PMID: 29452445 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1627453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-alpha (TFPI-α) is a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, which suppresses coagulation by inhibiting the tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa complex as well as factor Xa. In static plasma-phospholipid systems, TFPI-α thus suppresses both factor Xa and thrombin generation. In this article, we used a microfluidics approach to investigate how TFPI-α regulates fibrin clot formation in platelet thrombi at low wall shear rate. We therefore hypothesized that the anticoagulant effect of TFPI-α in plasma is a function of the local procoagulant strength-defined as the magnitude of thrombin generation under flow, due to local activities of TF/factor VIIa and factor Xa. To test this hypothesis, we modulated local coagulation by microspot coating of flow channels with 0 to 100 pM TF/collagen, or by using blood from patients with haemophilia A or B. For blood or plasma from healthy subjects, blocking of TFPI-α enhanced fibrin formation, extending from a platelet thrombus, under flow only at <2 pM coated TF. This enhancement was paralleled by an increased thrombin generation. For mouse plasma, genetic deficiency in TFPI enhanced fibrin formation under flow also at 0 pM TF microspots. On the other hand, using blood from haemophilia A or B patients, TFPI-α antagonism markedly enhanced fibrin formation at microspots with up to 100 pM coated TF. We conclude that, under flow, TFPI-α is capable to antagonize fibrin formation in a manner dependent on and restricted by local TF/factor VIIa and factor Xa activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Thomassen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom G Mastenbroek
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frauke Swieringa
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Protein Dynamics, ISAS Leibnitz Institute Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristien Winckers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion A H Feijge
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Schrijver
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M E M Cosemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan A Maroney
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Alan E Mast
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Michigan, United States
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Muhsin-Sharafaldine MR, Saunderson SC, Dunn AC, Faed JM, Kleffmann T, McLellan AD. Procoagulant and immunogenic properties of melanoma exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic vesicles. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56279-56294. [PMID: 27462921 PMCID: PMC5302914 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are lipid particles released from eukaryotic cells into the extracellular fluid. Depending on the cell type or mechanism of release, vesicles vary in form and function and exert distinct functions in coagulation and immunity. Tumor cells may constitutively shed vesicles known as exosomes or microvesicles (MV). Alternatively, apoptosis induces the release of apoptotic blebs or vesicles (ApoV) from the plasma membrane. EV have been implicated in thrombotic events (the second highest cause of death in cancer patients) and tumor vesicles contribute to the anti-cancer immune response. In this study, we utilized the well characterized B16 melanoma model to determine the molecular composition and procoagulant and immunogenic potential of exosomes, MV and ApoV. Distinct patterns of surface and cytoplasmic molecules (tetraspanins, integrins, heat shock proteins and histones) were expressed between the vesicle types. Moreover, in vitro coagulation assays revealed that membrane-derived vesicles, namely MV and ApoV, were more procoagulant than exosomes–with tissue factor and phosphatidylserine critical for procoagulant activity. Mice immunized with antigen-pulsed ApoV and challenged with B16 tumors were protected out to 60 days, while lower protection rates were afforded by MV and exosomes. Together the results demonstrate distinct phenotypic and functional differences between vesicle types, with important procoagulant and immunogenic functions emerging for membrane-derived MV and ApoV versus endosome-derived exosomes. This study highlights the potential of EV to contribute to the prothrombotic state, as well as to anti-cancer immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah C Saunderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Amy C Dunn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - James M Faed
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Torsten Kleffmann
- Centre for Protein Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Alexander D McLellan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wu X, Li L, Ding Q, Wang X, Wu F, Wu W. Screening and functional exploration of prothrombin Arg596 related mutations in Chinese venous thromboembolism patients. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:614-619. [PMID: 29331940 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dysfunctional prothrombin residue Arg596 associated mutation has been found to precipitate venous thromboembolism (VTE). In the current study we investigated the prevalence of Arg596 associated mutations in Chinese patients with VTE and explored the functional impact of Arg596Gln mutation on coagulation function in affected patients. METHODS Prothrombin clotting activity was measured in 267 unrelated patients with unprovoked VTE. Patients with moderately decreased activities underwent further analysis of the F2 gene. Prothrombin amidolytic activity and antigen levels were detected in mutation carriers. Specific family members were investigated about their VTE histories and clinical phenotypes. The thrombin generation test (TGT) was used to evaluate thrombin function and antithrombin resistance assay was applied to assess the extent of impaired antithrombin inhibition of mutation carriers. RESULTS Two heterozygous mutation carriers of prothrombin Arg596Gln were identified, both of whom had moderately decreased clotting activities but normal amidolytic activities and antigen levels. Among the families of the two probands, nine out of 13 mutation carriers experienced episodes of VTE. TGTs showed that patients had elevated endogenous thrombin potential and prolonged start tail time. Thrombin generation could be inhibited in the presence of thrombomodulin. The thrombin Arg596Gln variant in patients' plasma presented strong resistance to antithrombin inhibition. CONCLUSION Prothrombin Arg596Gln mutation is a risk factor for Chinese patients with VTE due to its moderately decreased clotting activity but strong resistance to antithrombin inhibition. Prothrombin clotting activity screening and its encoding gene sequencing should be considered in patients with VTE when other established risk factors are absent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiulan Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenman Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schoeman RM, Lehmann M, Neeves KB. Flow chamber and microfluidic approaches for measuring thrombus formation in genetic bleeding disorders. Platelets 2017; 28:463-471. [PMID: 28532218 PMCID: PMC6131111 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1306042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Platelet adhesion and aggregation, coagulation, fibrin formation, and fibrinolysis are regulated by the forces and flows imposed by blood at the site of a vascular injury. Flow chambers designed to observe these events are an indispensable part of doing hemostasis and thrombosis research, especially with human blood. Microfluidic methods have provided the flexibility to design flow chambers with complex geometries and features that more closely mimic the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels. Additionally, microfluidic systems with integrated optics and/or pressure sensors and on-board signal processing could transform what have been primarily research tools into clinical assays. Here, we describe a historical review of how flow-based approaches have informed biophysical mechanisms in genetic bleeding disorders, challenges and potential solutions for developing models of bleeding in vitro, and outstanding issues that need to be addressed prior to their use in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogier M. Schoeman
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Marcus Lehmann
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pompano RR, Chiang AH, Kastrup CJ, Ismagilov RF. Conceptual and Experimental Tools to Understand Spatial Effects and Transport Phenomena in Nonlinear Biochemical Networks Illustrated with Patchy Switching. Annu Rev Biochem 2017; 86:333-356. [PMID: 28654324 PMCID: PMC10852032 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many biochemical systems are spatially heterogeneous and exhibit nonlinear behaviors, such as state switching in response to small changes in the local concentration of diffusible molecules. Systems as varied as blood clotting, intracellular calcium signaling, and tissue inflammation are all heavily influenced by the balance of rates of reaction and mass transport phenomena including flow and diffusion. Transport of signaling molecules is also affected by geometry and chemoselective confinement via matrix binding. In this review, we use a phenomenon referred to as patchy switching to illustrate the interplay of nonlinearities, transport phenomena, and spatial effects. Patchy switching describes a change in the state of a network when the local concentration of a diffusible molecule surpasses a critical threshold. Using patchy switching as an example, we describe conceptual tools from nonlinear dynamics and chemical engineering that make testable predictions and provide a unifying description of the myriad possible experimental observations. We describe experimental microfluidic and biochemical tools emerging to test conceptual predictions by controlling transport phenomena and spatial distribution of diffusible signals, and we highlight the unmet need for in vivo tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904;
| | - Andrew H Chiang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637;
| | - Christian J Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Rustem F Ismagilov
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The systems analysis of thrombosis seeks to quantitatively predict blood function in a given vascular wall and hemodynamic context. Relevant to both venous and arterial thrombosis, a Blood Systems Biology approach should provide metrics for rate and molecular mechanisms of clot growth, thrombotic risk, pharmacological response, and utility of new therapeutic targets. As a rapidly created multicellular aggregate with a polymerized fibrin matrix, blood clots result from hundreds of unique reactions within and around platelets propagating in space and time under hemodynamic conditions. Coronary artery thrombosis is dominated by atherosclerotic plaque rupture, complex pulsatile flows through stenotic regions producing high wall shear stresses, and plaque-derived tissue factor driving thrombin production. In contrast, venous thrombosis is dominated by stasis or depressed flows, endothelial inflammation, white blood cell-derived tissue factor, and ample red blood cell incorporation. By imaging vessels, patient-specific assessment using computational fluid dynamics provides an estimate of local hemodynamics and fractional flow reserve. High-dimensional ex vivo phenotyping of platelet and coagulation can now power multiscale computer simulations at the subcellular to cellular to whole vessel scale of heart attacks or strokes. In addition, an integrated systems biology approach can rank safety and efficacy metrics of various pharmacological interventions or clinical trial designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Diamond
- From the Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Six KR, Devloo R, Van Aelst B, Vandekerckhove P, Feys HB, Compernolle V. A Microfluidic Flow Chamber Model for Platelet Transfusion and Hemostasis Measures Platelet Deposition and Fibrin Formation in Real-time. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287584 PMCID: PMC5409263 DOI: 10.3791/55351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic models of hemostasis assess platelet function under conditions of hydrodynamic shear, but in the presence of anticoagulants, this analysis is restricted to platelet deposition only. The intricate relationship between Ca2+-dependent coagulation and platelet function requires careful and controlled recalcification of blood prior to analysis. Our setup uses a Y-shaped mixing channel, which supplies concentrated Ca2+/Mg2+ buffer to flowing blood just prior to perfusion, enabling rapid recalcification without sample stasis. A ten-fold difference in flow velocity between both reservoirs minimizes dilution. The recalcified blood is then perfused in a collagen-coated analysis chamber, and differential labeling permits real-time imaging of both platelet and fibrin deposition using fluorescence video microscopy. The system uses only commercially available tools, increasing the chances of standardization. Reconstitution of thrombocytopenic blood with platelets from banked concentrates furthermore models platelet transfusion, proving its use in this research domain. Exemplary data demonstrated that coagulation onset and fibrin deposition were linearly dependent on the platelet concentration, confirming the relationship between primary and secondary hemostasis in our model. In a timeframe of 16 perfusion min, contact activation did not take place, despite recalcification to normal Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels. When coagulation factor XIIa was inhibited by corn trypsin inhibitor, this time frame was even longer, indicating a considerable dynamic range in which the changes in the procoagulant nature of the platelets can be assessed. Co-immobilization of tissue factor with collagen significantly reduced the time to onset of coagulation, but not its rate. The option to study the tissue factor and/or the contact pathway increases the versatility and utility of the assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn R Six
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University
| | | | | | - Philippe Vandekerckhove
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University; Blood Service, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KULeuven - University of Leuven
| | - Hendrik B Feys
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders;
| | - Veerle Compernolle
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University; Blood Service, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yeon JH, Mazinani N, Schlappi TS, Chan KYT, Baylis JR, Smith SA, Donovan AJ, Kudela D, Stucky GD, Liu Y, Morrissey JH, Kastrup CJ. Localization of Short-Chain Polyphosphate Enhances its Ability to Clot Flowing Blood Plasma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42119. [PMID: 28186112 PMCID: PMC5301195 DOI: 10.1038/srep42119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain polyphosphate (polyP) is released from platelets upon platelet activation, but it is not clear if it contributes to thrombosis. PolyP has increased propensity to clot blood with increased polymer length and when localized onto particles, but it is unknown whether spatial localization of short-chain polyP can accelerate clotting of flowing blood. Here, numerical simulations predicted the effect of localization of polyP on clotting under flow, and this was tested in vitro using microfluidics. Synthetic polyP was more effective at triggering clotting of flowing blood plasma when localized on a surface than when solubilized in solution or when localized as nanoparticles, accelerating clotting at 10-200 fold lower concentrations, particularly at low to sub-physiological shear rates typical of where thrombosis occurs in large veins or valves. Thus, sub-micromolar concentrations of short-chain polyP can accelerate clotting of flowing blood plasma under flow at low to sub-physiological shear rates. However, a physiological mechanism for the localization of polyP to platelet or vascular surfaces remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hun Yeon
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nima Mazinani
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Travis S Schlappi
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Karen Y T Chan
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James R Baylis
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alexander J Donovan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Damien Kudela
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Galen D Stucky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James H Morrissey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christian J Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Leiderman K, Chang WC, Ovanesov M, Fogelson AL. Synergy Between Tissue Factor and Exogenous Factor XIa in Initiating Coagulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2334-2345. [PMID: 27789475 PMCID: PMC5167573 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence suggests involvement of coagulation factor XIa (FXIa) in thrombotic event development. This study was conducted to explore possible synergies between tissue factor (TF) and exogenous FXIa (E-FXIa) in thrombin generation. APPROACH AND RESULTS In thrombin generation assays, for increasing concentrations of E-FXIa with low, but not with high TF concentrations, peak thrombin significantly increased whereas lag time and time to peak significantly decreased. Similar dependencies of lag times and rates of thrombin generation were found in mathematical model simulations. In both in vitro and in silico experiments that included E-FXIa, thrombin bursts were seen for TF levels much lower than those required without E-FXIa. For in silico thrombin bursts initiated by the synergistic action of TF and E-FXIa, the mechanisms leading to the burst differed substantially from those for bursts initiated by high TF alone. For the synergistic case, sustained activation of platelet-bound FIX by E-FXIa, along with the feedback-enhanced activation of platelet-bound FVIIIa and FXa, was needed to elicit a thrombin burst. Furthermore, the initiation of thrombin bursts by high TF levels relied on different platelet FIX/FIXa binding sites than those involved in bursts initiated by low TF levels with E-FXIa. CONCLUSIONS Low concentrations of TF and exogenous FXIa, each too low to elicit a burst in thrombin production alone, act synergistically when in combination to cause substantial thrombin production. The observation about FIX/FIXa binding sites may have therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Leiderman
- From the Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden (K.L.); Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (W.C.C., M.O.); and Departments of Mathematics and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.L.F.)
| | - William C Chang
- From the Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden (K.L.); Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (W.C.C., M.O.); and Departments of Mathematics and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.L.F.)
| | - Mikhail Ovanesov
- From the Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden (K.L.); Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (W.C.C., M.O.); and Departments of Mathematics and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.L.F.)
| | - Aaron L Fogelson
- From the Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden (K.L.); Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (W.C.C., M.O.); and Departments of Mathematics and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.L.F.).
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhu S, Herbig BA, Li R, Colace TV, Muthard RW, Neeves KB, Diamond SL. In microfluidico: Recreating in vivo hemodynamics using miniaturized devices. Biorheology 2016; 52:303-18. [PMID: 26600269 DOI: 10.3233/bir-15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices create precisely controlled reactive blood flows and typically involve: (i) validated anticoagulation/pharmacology protocols, (ii) defined reactive surfaces, (iii) defined flow-transport regimes, and (iv) optical imaging. An 8-channel device can be run at constant flow rate or constant pressure drop for blood perfusion over a patterned collagen, collagen/kaolin, or collagen/tissue factor (TF) to measure platelet, thrombin, and fibrin dynamics during clot growth. A membrane-flow device delivers a constant flux of platelet agonists or coagulation enzymes into flowing blood. A trifurcated device sheaths a central blood flow on both sides with buffer, an ideal approach for on-chip recalcification of citrated blood or drug delivery. A side-view device allows clotting on a porous collagen/TF plug at constant pressure differential across the developing clot. The core-shell architecture of clots made in mouse models can be replicated in this device using human blood. For pathological flows, a stenosis device achieves shear rates of >100,000 s(-1) to drive plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) to form thick long fibers on collagen. Similarly, a micropost-impingement device creates extreme elongational and shear flows for VWF fiber formation without collagen. Overall, microfluidics are ideal for studies of clotting, bleeding, fibrin polymerization/fibrinolysis, cell/clot mechanics, adhesion, mechanobiology, and reaction-transport dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bradley A Herbig
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruizhi Li
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas V Colace
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan W Muthard
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Scott L Diamond
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schoeman RM, Rana K, Danes N, Lehmann M, Di Paola JA, Fogelson AL, Leiderman K, Neeves KB. A microfluidic model of hemostasis sensitive to platelet function and coagulation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 10:3-15. [PMID: 28529666 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis is the process of sealing a vascular injury with a thrombus to arrest bleeding. The type of thrombus that forms depends on the nature of the injury and hemodynamics. There are many models of intravascular thrombus formation whereby blood is exposed to prothrombotic molecules on a solid substrate. However, there are few models of extravascular thrombus formation whereby blood escapes into the extravascular space through a hole in the vessel wall. Here, we describe a microfluidic model of hemostasis that includes vascular, vessel wall, and extravascular compartments. Type I collagen and tissue factor, which support platelet adhesion and initiate coagulation, respectively, were adsorbed to the wall of the injury channel and act synergistically to yield a stable thrombus that stops blood loss into the extravascular compartment in ~7.5 min. Inhibiting factor VIII to mimic hemophilia A results in an unstable thrombus that was unable to close the injury. Treatment with a P2Y12 antagonist to reduce platelet activation prolonged the closure time two-fold compared to controls. Taken together, these data demonstrate a hemostatic model that is sensitive to both coagulation and platelet function and can be used to study coagulopathies and platelet dysfunction that result in excessive blood loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Schoeman
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - K Rana
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - N Danes
- Applied Mathematics and Statistics Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - M Lehmann
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - J A Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - A L Fogelson
- Departments of Mathematics and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - K Leiderman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - K B Neeves
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhu S, Lu Y, Sinno T, Diamond SL. Dynamics of Thrombin Generation and Flux from Clots during Whole Human Blood Flow over Collagen/Tissue Factor Surfaces. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23027-23035. [PMID: 27605669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation kinetics are well established for purified blood proteases or human plasma clotting isotropically. However, less is known about thrombin generation kinetics and transport within blood clots formed under hemodynamic flow. Using microfluidic perfusion (wall shear rate, 200 s-1) of corn trypsin inhibitor-treated whole blood over a 250-μm long patch of type I fibrillar collagen/lipidated tissue factor (TF; ∼1 TF molecule/μm2), we measured thrombin released from clots using thrombin-antithrombin immunoassay. The majority (>85%) of generated thrombin was captured by intrathrombus fibrin as thrombin-antithrombin was largely undetectable in the effluent unless Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (GPRP) was added to block fibrin polymerization. With GPRP present, the flux of thrombin increased to ∼0.5 × 10-12 nmol/μm2-s over the first 500 s of perfusion and then further increased by ∼2-3-fold over the next 300 s. The increased thrombin flux after 500 s was blocked by anti-FXIa antibody (O1A6), consistent with thrombin-feedback activation of FXI. Over the first 500 s, ∼92,000 molecules of thrombin were generated per surface TF molecule for the 250-μm-long coating. A single layer of platelets (obtained with αIIbβ3 antagonism preventing continued platelet deposition) was largely sufficient for thrombin production. Also, the overall thrombin-generating potential of a 1000-μm-long coating became less efficient on a per μm2 basis, likely due to distal boundary layer depletion of platelets. Overall, thrombin is robustly generated within clots by the extrinsic pathway followed by late-stage FXIa contributions, with fibrin localizing thrombin via its antithrombin-I activity as a potentially self-limiting hemostatic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Yichen Lu
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Talid Sinno
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Scott L Diamond
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Matsunari Y, Sugimoto M, Doi M, Matsui H, Kawaguchi M. Functional characterization of tissue factor in von Willebrand factor-dependent thrombus formation under whole blood flow conditions. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:661-668. [PMID: 27562418 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Von Willebrand factor (VWF) plays an important role in mediating platelet adhesion and aggregation under high shear rate conditions. Such platelet aggregates are strengthened by fibrin-network formation triggered by tissue factor (TF). However, little is known about the role of TF in VWF-dependent thrombus formation under blood flow conditions. We evaluated TF in thrombus formation on immobilized VWF under whole blood flow conditions in an in vitro perfusion chamber system. Surface-immobilized TF amplified intra-thrombus fibrin generation significantly under both low and high shear flow conditions, while TF in sample blood showed no appreciable effects. Furthermore, immobilized TF enhanced VWF-dependent platelet adhesion and aggregation significantly under high shear rates. Neutrophil cathepsin G and elastase increased significantly intra-thrombus fibrin deposition on immobilized VWF-TF complex, suggesting the involvement of leukocyte inflammatory responses in VWF/TF-dependent mural thrombogenesis under these flow conditions. These results reveal a functional link between VWF and TF under whole blood flow conditions, in which surface-immobilized TF and VWF mutually contribute to mural thrombus formation, which is essential for normal hemostasis. By contrast, TF circulating in blood may be involved in systemic hypercoagulability, as seen in sepsis caused by severe microbial infection, in which neutrophil inflammatory responses may be active.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Matsunari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Sugimoto
- Department of Regulatory Medicine for Thrombosis, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Doi
- Department of Regulatory Medicine for Thrombosis, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hideto Matsui
- Department of Regulatory Medicine for Thrombosis, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kawaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhu S, Tomaiuolo M, Diamond SL. Minimum wound size for clotting: flowing blood coagulates on a single collagen fiber presenting tissue factor and von Willebrand factor. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:813-20. [PMID: 27339024 PMCID: PMC4980166 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00077k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown if a lower size limit exists for human blood coagulation under flow over physiological vessel wall triggers as small as a single collagen fiber. Prior determinations of the smallest sized surface stimuli necessary for clotting of human blood, defined as the patch size threshold, have not deployed whole blood, hemodynamic flow, and platelet adhesive stimuli. For whole blood perfused in microfluidic devices, we report that steady venous flow (wall shear rate, 100 s(-1)) was sufficient to drive platelet deposition on 20 micron long zones of collagen fibers or on a single fiber. With tissue factor (TF)-coated collagen, flowing blood generated robust platelet deposits, platelet-localized thrombin, and fibrin on a single collagen fiber, thus demonstrating the absence of a physiological patch size threshold under venous flow. In contrast, at arterial wall shear rate (1000 s(-1)) with TF present, essentially no platelet or fibrin deposition occurred on 20 micron collagen zones or on a single collagen fiber, demonstrating a patch threshold, which was overcome by pre-coating the collagen with von Willebrand factor (vWF). For venous flows, human blood can clot on one of the smallest biological units of a single collagen fiber presenting TF. For arterial flows, vWF together with TF allows human blood to generate thrombin and fibrin on a patch stimulus as limited as a single collagen fiber. vWF-dependent platelet adhesion represents a particle-based sensing mechanism of micron-scale stimuli that then allows amplification of the molecular components of TF-driven thrombin and fibrin production under arterial flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1024 Vagelos Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brass LF, Diamond SL. Transport physics and biorheology in the setting of hemostasis and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:906-17. [PMID: 26848552 PMCID: PMC4870125 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The biophysics of blood flow can dictate the function of molecules and cells in the vasculature with consequent effects on hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, and fibrinolysis. Flow and transport dynamics are distinct for (i) hemostasis vs. thrombosis and (ii) venous vs. arterial episodes. Intraclot transport changes dramatically the moment hemostasis is achieved or the moment a thrombus becomes fully occlusive. With platelet concentrations that are 50- to 200-fold greater than platelet-rich plasma, clots formed under flow have a different composition and structure compared with blood clotted statically in a tube. The platelet-rich, core/shell architecture is a prominent feature of self-limiting hemostatic clots formed under flow. Importantly, a critical threshold concentration of surface tissue factor is required for fibrin generation under flow. Once initiated by wall-derived tissue factor, thrombin generation and its spatial propagation within a clot can be modulated by γ'-fibrinogen incorporated into fibrin, engageability of activated factor (FIXa)/activated FVIIIa tenase within the clot, platelet-derived polyphosphate, transclot permeation, and reduction of porosity via platelet retraction. Fibrin imparts tremendous strength to a thrombus to resist embolism up to wall shear stresses of 2400 dyne cm(-2) . Extreme flows, as found in severe vessel stenosis or in mechanical assist devices, can cause von Willebrand factor self-association into massive fibers along with shear-induced platelet activation. Pathological von Willebrand factor fibers are A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin-1 domain 13 resistant but are a substrate for fibrin generation due to FXIIa capture. Recently, microfluidic technologies have enhanced the ability to interrogate blood in the context of stenotic flows, acquired von Willebrand disease, hemophilia, traumatic bleeding, and drug action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F. Brass
- Departments of Medicine and Systems Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott L. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine and Systems Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rana K, Neeves KB. Blood flow and mass transfer regulation of coagulation. Blood Rev 2016; 30:357-68. [PMID: 27133256 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow regulates coagulation and fibrin formation by controlling the transport, or mass transfer, of zymogens, co-factors, enzymes, and inhibitors to, from, and within a growing thrombus. The rate of mass transfer of these solutes relative to their consumption or production by coagulation reactions determines, in part, the rate of thrombin generation, fibrin deposition, and thrombi growth. Experimental studies on the influence of blood flow on specific coagulation reactions are reviewed here, along with a theoretical framework that predicts how flow influences surface-bound coagulation binding and enzymatic reactions. These flow-mediated transport mechanisms are also used to interpret the role of binding site densities and injury size on initiating coagulation and fibrin deposition. The importance of transport of coagulation proteins within the interstitial spaces of thrombi is shown to influence thrombi architecture, growth, and arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeepsinh Rana
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA; Pediatrics, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Belyaev AV, Panteleev MA, Ataullakhanov FI. Threshold of microvascular occlusion: injury size defines the thrombosis scenario. Biophys J 2016. [PMID: 26200881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the blood vessel triggers formation of a hemostatic plug, which is meant to prevent bleeding, yet the same phenomenon may result in a total blockade of a blood vessel by a thrombus, causing severe medical conditions. Here, we show that the physical interplay between platelet adhesion and hemodynamics in a microchannel manifests in a critical threshold behavior of a growing thrombus. Depending on the size of injury, two distinct dynamic pathways of thrombosis were found: the formation of a nonocclusive plug, if injury length does not exceed the critical value, and the total occlusion of the vessel by the thrombus otherwise. We develop a mathematical model that demonstrates that switching between these regimes occurs as a result of a saddle-node bifurcation. Our study reveals the mechanism of self-regulation of thrombosis in blood microvessels and explains experimentally observed distinctions between thrombi of different physical etiology. This also can be useful for the design of platelet-aggregation-inspired engineering solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V Belyaev
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology RAS, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail A Panteleev
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology RAS, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; HemaCore LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fazly I Ataullakhanov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology RAS, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; HemaCore LLC, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
McCarty OJT, Ku D, Sugimoto M, King MR, Cosemans JMEM, Neeves KB. Dimensional analysis and scaling relevant to flow models of thrombus formation: communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:619-22. [PMID: 26933837 PMCID: PMC4829115 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - D Ku
- GW Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Sugimoto
- Department of Regulatory Medicine for Thrombosis, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - M R King
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J M E M Cosemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - K B Neeves
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Swieringa F, Baaten CCFMJ, Verdoold R, Mastenbroek TG, Rijnveld N, van der Laan KO, Breel EJ, Collins PW, Lancé MD, Henskens YMC, Cosemans JMEM, Heemskerk JWM, van der Meijden PEJ. Platelet Control of Fibrin Distribution and Microelasticity in Thrombus Formation Under Flow. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:692-9. [PMID: 26848157 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet- and fibrin-dependent thrombus formation is regulated by blood flow and exposure of collagen and tissue factor. However, interactions between these blood-borne and vascular components are not well understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we developed a method to assess whole-blood thrombus formation on microspots with defined amounts of collagen and tissue factor, allowing determination of the mechanical properties and intrathrombus composition. Confining the collagen content resulted in diminished platelet deposition and fibrin formation at high shear flow conditions, but this effect was compensated by a larger thrombus size and increased accumulation of fibrin in the luminal regions of the thrombi at the expense of the base regions. These thrombi were more dependent on tissue factor-triggered thrombin generation. Microforce nanoindentation analysis revealed a significantly increased microelasticity of thrombi with luminal-oriented fibrin. At a low shear rate, fibrin fibers tended to luminally cover the thrombi, again resulting in a higher microelasticity. Studies with blood from patients with distinct hemostatic insufficiencies indicated an impairment in the formation of a platelet-fibrin thrombus in the cases of dilutional coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, Scott syndrome, and hemophilia B. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data indicate that (1) thrombin increases the platelet thrombus volume; (2) tissue factor drives the formation of fibrin outside of the platelet thrombus; (3) limitation of platelet adhesion redirects fibrin from bottom to top of the thrombus; (4) a lower shear rate promotes thrombus coverage with fibrin; (5) the fibrin distribution pattern determines thrombus microelasticity; and (6) the thrombus-forming process is reduced in patients with diverse hemostatic defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Swieringa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Constance C F M J Baaten
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Verdoold
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom G Mastenbroek
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Rijnveld
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen O van der Laan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Breel
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W Collins
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus D Lancé
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M C Henskens
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M E M Cosemans
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola E J van der Meijden
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (F.S., C.C.F.M.J.B., R.V., T.G.M., J.M.E.M.C., J.W.M.H., P.E.J.v.d.M.); Research and Development, Optics11, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.R., K.O.v.d.L., E.J.B.); Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W.C.); and Central Diagnostic Laboratory (Y.M.C.H.), Departments of Anaesthesiology (M.D.L.) and Internal Medicine (Y.M.C.H.), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dydek EV, Chaikof EL. Simulated thrombin responses in venous valves. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2015; 4:329-35. [PMID: 27318053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Venous thromboembolism frequently results in thrombi formation near or within the pocket of a venous valve due to recirculating hemodynamics, which has been largely attributed to hypoxia-induced tissue factor (TF) expression. Numerical models are now capable of assessing the spatiotemporal behavior of the TF-initiated coagulation cascade under nonuniform hemodynamics. The aim of this study was to use such a numerical simulation to analyze the degree and location of thrombin formation with respect to TF position in the presence of disturbed flow induced by an open venous valve. METHODS Thrombin formation was simulated using a computational model that captures the hemodynamics, kinetics, and chemical transport of 22 biochemical species. Disturbed flow is described by the presence of a valve in the equilibrium phase of the valve cycle with leaflets in a fully open position. Three different positions of TF downstream of the valve opening were investigated. RESULTS The critical amount of TF required to initiate a thrombotic response is reduced by up to 80% when it is positioned underneath the recirculating regions near the valve opening. In addition, because of the increased surface area of the open valve cusp in conjunction with recirculating hemodynamics, it was observed that thrombin is generated inside the valve pocket even when the exposed region of TF is downstream of the valve. CONCLUSIONS The presence of prothrombotic surface reactions in conjunction with recirculating hemodynamics provides an additional mechanism for thrombus formation in venous valves that does not require direct damage or dysfunction to the valve itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Victoria Dydek
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University, Boston, Mass; Division of Health Sciences Technology, Harvard-MIT, Cambridge, Mass.
| |
Collapse
|