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Immler R, Nussbaumer K, Doerner A, El Bounkari O, Huber S, Abisch J, Napoli M, Schmidt S, Margraf A, Pruenster M, Rohwedder I, Lange-Sperandio B, Mall MA, de Jong R, Ohnmacht C, Bernhagen J, Voehringer D, Marth JD, Frommhold D, Sperandio M. CCR3-dependent eosinophil recruitment is regulated by sialyltransferase ST3Gal-IV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319057121. [PMID: 38687790 PMCID: PMC11087806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319057121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil recruitment is a pathological hallmark of many allergic and helminthic diseases. Here, we investigated chemokine receptor CCR3-induced eosinophil recruitment in sialyltransferase St3gal4-/- mice. We found a marked decrease in eosinophil extravasation into CCL11-stimulated cremaster muscles and into the inflamed peritoneal cavity of St3gal4-/- mice. Ex vivo flow chamber assays uncovered reduced adhesion of St3gal4-/- compared to wild type eosinophils. Using flow cytometry, we show reduced binding of CCL11 to St3gal4-/- eosinophils. Further, we noted reduced binding of CCL11 to its chemokine receptor CCR3 isolated from St3gal4-/- eosinophils. This was accompanied by almost absent CCR3 internalization of CCL11-stimulated St3gal4-/- eosinophils. Applying an ovalbumin-induced allergic airway disease model, we found a dramatic reduction in eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following intratracheal challenge with ovalbumin in St3gal4-deficient mice. Finally, we also investigated tissue-resident eosinophils under homeostatic conditions and found reduced resident eosinophil numbers in the thymus and adipose tissue in the absence of ST3Gal-IV. Taken together, our results demonstrate an important role of ST3Gal-IV in CCR3-induced eosinophil recruitment in vivo rendering this enzyme an attractive target in reducing unwanted eosinophil infiltration in various disorders including allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Immler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
| | - Katrin Nussbaumer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
| | - Axel Doerner
- Department of Neonatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München81377, Germany
| | - Silke Huber
- Institute of Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München80336, Germany
| | - Janine Abisch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
| | - Matteo Napoli
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
| | - Sarah Schmidt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
| | - Andreas Margraf
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
| | - Monika Pruenster
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
| | - Ina Rohwedder
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
| | - Baerbel Lange-Sperandio
- von Haunersches Kinderspital, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München80336, Germany
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin13353, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin10117, Germany
- German Centre for Lung Research, Associated Partner Site, Berlin13353, Germany
| | - Renske de Jong
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtz Center Munich, München80802, Germany
| | - Caspar Ohnmacht
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtz Center Munich, München80802, Germany
| | - Juergen Bernhagen
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München81377, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, München81377, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, München80336, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Institute of Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München80336, Germany
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen91054, Germany
| | - Jamey D. Marth
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, San Diego, CA92037
| | - David Frommhold
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
- Children’s Hospital Memmingen, Memmingen87700, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, PLanegg-Martinsried82152, Germany
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Yamaguchi M, Nishimura Y, Takumi Y, Hayashi N, Sakamoto K, Tohda Y. Real-World Safety and Effectiveness of Benralizumab in Japanese Patients with Severe Asthma: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study. J Asthma Allergy 2024; 17:45-60. [PMID: 38268535 PMCID: PMC10807277 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s432695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to demonstrate whether benralizumab maintained the safety and effectiveness profiles established in randomized controlled trials among all patients with severe uncontrolled asthma initially prescribed benralizumab in the real-world setting in Japan. Methods This was a prospective, observational, multicenter post-marketing study (ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT03588546). The safety and tolerability of benralizumab over 1 year were assessed by the incidence of adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and serious ADRs. Patient background characteristics indicating a more frequent onset of ADRs with benralizumab were explored. The main effectiveness assessment was the change in Asthma Control Questionnaire-5 (ACQ-5) score from baseline. Patients with baseline ACQ-5 scores ≥1.5 were defined as having severe uncontrolled asthma. Results In total, 632 patients were evaluated for safety and 274 for effectiveness; 139 patients were included in the severe uncontrolled asthma subgroup. ADRs were reported in 12.7% and serious AEs in 13.0% of patients. Serious infections occurred in 3.8%, serious hypersensitivity in 0.3%, and malignancy in 0.3% of patients. No helminthic infections occurred. In the effectiveness population, benralizumab improved the mean (standard deviation [95% confidence interval]) ACQ-5 score by -1.16 (1.40 [-1.36, -0.96]) from baseline; forced expiratory volume in 1 second by 0.151 (0.440 [0.09, 0.21]) L; and Mini-Asthma Quality of Life questionnaire score by 1.16 (1.29 [0.94, 1.38]) at the last observation. The annual asthma exacerbation rate was 0.42. A greater ACQ-5 score improvement was observed among patients with eosinophilic asthma characteristics. Conclusion No new safety concerns were raised, and patients experienced benefits consistent with previous studies of benralizumab, thus supporting the use of benralizumab for the add-on maintenance treatment of patients with eosinophilic severe uncontrolled asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Yamaguchi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Takumi
- Patient Safety Division, Research and Development, AstraZeneca K.K., Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuya Hayashi
- Data Science and Innovation Division, Research and Development, AstraZeneca K.K., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Patient Safety Division, Research and Development, AstraZeneca K.K., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Tohda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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Su JY, Wang Y, Wu SS, Li WK, Wang CY, Ma JY, Qiu YT, Zhou MS, Wang Z, Li P, Liu CT, Wu J. Association between new plasma inflammatory markers and risk of colorectal neoplasms in individuals over 50 years old. Carcinogenesis 2023; 44:824-836. [PMID: 37713476 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) The prognostic value of systemic cytokine profiles and inflammatory markers in colorectal cancer were explored by several studies. We want to know more about inflammatory biomarkers in colorectal adenoma and early cancer. METHOD The level of 38 inflammatory markers in the plasma of 112 adenoma patients, 72 Tis-T1 staging of colorectal carcinoma patients, 34 T2-T4 staging of colorectal carcinoma patients and 53 normal subjects were detected and compared. RESULT(S) Eight inflammatory biomarkers (Eotaxin, GCSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17E, MCP-1, TNF-α and VEGF-A) have higher plasma concentrations in colorectal adenoma and cancer patients compared with normal participants over 50 years old. CONCLUSION(S) Inflammatory markers may have the prognostic value for colorectal adenoma and early-stage carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Presbyatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shang-Shang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Kun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cheng-Yao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiu-Yue Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-Ting Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Min-Si Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chun-Tao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing 100050, China
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First NJ, Parrish KM, Martínez-Pérez A, González-Fernández Á, Bharrhan S, Woolard M, McLachlan JB, Scott RS, Wang J, Gestal MC. Bordetella spp. block eosinophil recruitment to suppress the generation of early mucosal protection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113294. [PMID: 37883230 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella spp. are respiratory pathogens equipped with immune evasion mechanisms. We previously characterized a Bordetella bronchiseptica mutant (RB50ΔbtrS) that fails to suppress host responses, leading to rapid clearance and long-lasting immunity against reinfection. This work revealed eosinophils as an exclusive requirement for RB50ΔbtrS clearance. We also show that RB50ΔbtrS promotes eosinophil-mediated B/T cell recruitment and inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation, with eosinophils being present throughout iBALT for Th17 and immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses. Finally, we provide evidence that XCL1 is critical for iBALT formation but not maintenance, proposing a novel role for eosinophils as facilitators of adaptive immunity against B. bronchiseptica. RB50ΔbtrS being incapable of suppressing eosinophil effector functions illuminates active, bacterial targeting of eosinophils to achieve successful persistence and reinfection. Overall, our discoveries contribute to understanding cellular mechanisms for use in future vaccines and therapies against Bordetella spp. and extension to other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J First
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Katelyn M Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Amparo Martínez-Pérez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sushma Bharrhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Immunophenotyping Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Matthew Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Immunophenotyping Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rona S Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Monica C Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA.
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Thomsen GN, Christoffersen MN, Lindegaard HM, Davidsen JR, Hartmeyer GN, Assing K, Mortz CG, Martin-Iguacel R, Møller MB, Kjeldsen AD, Havelund T, El Fassi D, Broesby-Olsen S, Maiborg M, Johansson SL, Andersen CL, Vestergaard H, Bjerrum OW. The multidisciplinary approach to eosinophilia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1193730. [PMID: 37274287 PMCID: PMC10232806 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1193730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic granulocytes are normally present in low numbers in the bloodstream. Patients with an increased number of eosinophilic granulocytes in the differential count (eosinophilia) are common and can pose a clinical challenge because conditions with eosinophilia occur in all medical specialties. The diagnostic approach must be guided by a thorough medical history, supported by specific tests to guide individualized treatment. Neoplastic (primary) eosinophilia is identified by one of several unique acquired genetic causes. In contrast, reactive (secondary) eosinophilia is associated with a cytokine stimulus in a specific disease, while idiopathic eosinophilia is a diagnosis by exclusion. Rational treatment is disease-directed in secondary cases and has paved the way for targeted treatment against the driver in primary eosinophilia, whereas idiopathic cases are treated as needed by principles in eosinophilia originating from clonal drivers. The vast majority of patients are diagnosed with secondary eosinophilia and are managed by the relevant specialty-e.g., rheumatology, allergy, dermatology, gastroenterology, pulmonary medicine, hematology, or infectious disease. The overlap in symptoms and the risk of irreversible organ involvement in eosinophilia, irrespective of the cause, warrants that patients without a diagnostic clarification or who do not respond to adequate treatment should be referred to a multidisciplinary function anchored in a hematology department for evaluation. This review presents the pathophysiology, manifestations, differential diagnosis, diagnostic workup, and management of (adult) patients with eosinophilia. The purpose is to place eosinophilia in a clinical context, and therefore justify and inspire the establishment of a multidisciplinary team of experts from diagnostic and clinical specialties at the regional level to support the second opinion. The target patient population requires highly specialized laboratory analysis and therapy and occasionally has severe eosinophil-induced organ dysfunction. An added value of a centralized, clinical function is to serve as a platform for education and research to further improve the management of patients with eosinophilia. Primary and idiopathic eosinophilia are key topics in the review, which also address current research and discusses outstanding issues in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanne Merete Lindegaard
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Research Unit for Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Rømhild Davidsen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Odense Respiratory Research Unit (ODIN), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Assing
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte G. Mortz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense Research Centre for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anette Drøhse Kjeldsen
- Department of ORL- Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Troels Havelund
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel El Fassi
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sigurd Broesby-Olsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense Research Centre for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Maiborg
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Christen Lykkegaard Andersen
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Vestergaard
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole Weis Bjerrum
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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6
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Liu Z, Georgakopoulos-Soares I, Ahituv N, Wong KC. Risk scoring based on DNA methylation-driven related DEGs for colorectal cancer prognosis with systematic insights. Life Sci 2023; 316:121413. [PMID: 36682524 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques and medications. Its prognosis remains challenging. DNA methylation-driven related circulating tumor cells have attracted enormous interest in diagnosing owing to their non-invasive nature and early recognition properties. However, the mechanism through which risk biomarkers act remains elusive. Here, we designed a risk model based on differentially expressed genes, DNA methylation, robust, and survival-related factors in the framework of Cox regression. The model has satisfactory performance and is independently verified by an external and isolated dataset in terms of C-index value, ROC, and tROC. The model was applied to Colorectal cancer patients who were subsequently divided into high- and low-risk groups. Functional annotations, genomic alterations, tumor immune environment, and drug sensitivity were analyzed. We observed that up-regulated genes are associated with epithelial cell differentiation and MAPK signaling pathways. The down-regulated genes are related to IL-7 signaling and apoptosis-induced DNA fragmentation. Interestingly, the immune system was inhibited in high-risk groups. High-frequency mutation genes tend to co-occur. High-risk score patients are related to copy number amplification events. To address the challenges, we suggested eleven and twenty-one drugs that are sensitive to low- and high-risk patients. Finally, an artificial neural network was provided to evaluate the immunotherapeutic efficiency. Taken together, the findings demonstrated that our risk score model is robust and reliable for evaluating the prognosis with novel diagnostic and treatment targets. It also yields benefits for the treatment and provides unique insights into developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ilias Georgakopoulos-Soares
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ka-Chun Wong
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Pant H, Hercus TR, Tumes DJ, Yip KH, Parker MW, Owczarek CM, Lopez AF, Huston DP. Translating the biology of β common receptor-engaging cytokines into clinical medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:324-344. [PMID: 36424209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The family of cytokines that comprises IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF was discovered over 30 years ago, and their biological activities and resulting impact in clinical medicine has continued to expand ever since. Originally identified as bone marrow growth factors capable of acting on hemopoietic progenitor cells to induce their proliferation and differentiation into mature blood cells, these cytokines are also recognized as key mediators of inflammation and the pathobiology of diverse immunologic diseases. This increased understanding of the functional repertoire of IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF has led to an explosion of interest in modulating their functions for clinical management. Key to the successful clinical translation of this knowledge is the recognition that these cytokines act by engaging distinct dimeric receptors and that they share a common signaling subunit called β-common or βc. The structural determination of how IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF interact with their receptors and linking this to their differential biological functions on effector cells has unveiled new paradigms of cell signaling. This knowledge has paved the way for novel mAbs and other molecules as selective or pan inhibitors for use in different clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Pant
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy R Hercus
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Damon J Tumes
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kwok Ho Yip
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Bio 21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Angel F Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - David P Huston
- Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, Tex.
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8
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Shah M, Knights AJ, Vohralik EJ, Psaila AM, Quinlan KGR. Blood and adipose-resident eosinophils are defined by distinct transcriptional profiles. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:191-202. [PMID: 36822180 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granular leukocytes of the innate immune system that play important functions in host defense. Inappropriate activation of eosinophils can occur in pathologies such as asthma and esophagitis. However, eosinophils also reside within adipose tissue, where they play homeostatic roles and are important in the activation of thermogenic beige fat. Here we performed bulk RNA sequencing in mouse adipose tissue-resident eosinophils isolated from both subcutaneous and gonadal depots, for the first time, and compared gene expression to blood eosinophils. We found a predominantly conserved transcriptional landscape in eosinophils between adipose depots that is distinct from blood eosinophils in circulation. Through exploration of differentially expressed transcription factors and transcription factors with binding sites enriched in adipose-resident eosinophil genes, we identified KLF, CEBP, and Fos/Jun family members that may drive functional specialization of eosinophils in adipose tissue. These findings increase our understanding of tissue-specific eosinophil heterogeneity, with implications for targeting eosinophil function to treat metabolic disorders such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Shah
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Alexander J Knights
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Emily J Vohralik
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Annalise M Psaila
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Preliminary Assessment of Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) in Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Prevalence and Prognostic Relevance and Its Association with Neoangiogenesis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020283. [PMID: 36670824 PMCID: PMC9855198 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs. In order to gain more information on the prognostic markers in MCT, the role of the eosinophil granulocytes infiltrates was investigated and assessed by the evaluation of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in 87 canine cutaneous MCTs. In human medicine, high TATE are often described in highly angiogenic tumors: we therefore assessed the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in neoplastic mast cells. TATE and VEGF expression were compared between themselves, with histological grading, immunohistochemical expression of KIT and Ki-67, and with the recurrence. We found a statistically significant correlation between TATE and Patnaik grading (p = 0.041), Kiupel grading (p = 0.022), immunohistochemical KIT expression (p = 0.015), and tumor recurrence (p = 0.000). No associations were observed with Ki-67 and VEGF expression. This is the first evaluation of TATE and its prognostic value in canine MCTs in veterinary oncology. This study suggest that this investigation could be an important source of information for this tumor and for other neoplasms.
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Jorde I, Schreiber J, Stegemann-Koniszewski S. The Role of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Toxins in the Pathogenesis of Allergic Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010654. [PMID: 36614093 PMCID: PMC9820472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and affects more than 300 million patients. Allergic asthma affects the majority of asthmatic children as well as approximately 50% of adult asthmatics. It is characterized by a Th2-mediated immune response against aeroallergens. Many aspects of the overall pathophysiology are known, while the underlying mechanisms and predisposing factors remain largely elusive today. Over the last decade, respiratory colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a Gram-positive facultative bacterial pathogen, came into focus as a risk factor for the development of atopic respiratory diseases. More than 30% of the world’s population is constantly colonized with S. aureus in their nasopharynx. This colonization is mostly asymptomatic, but in immunocompromised patients, it can lead to serious complications including pneumonia, sepsis, or even death. S. aureus is known for its ability to produce a wide range of proteins including toxins, serine-protease-like proteins, and protein A. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the pathophysiology of allergic asthma and to what extent it can be affected by different toxins produced by S. aureus. Intensifying this knowledge might lead to new preventive strategies for atopic respiratory diseases.
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Pongdee T, Manemann SM, Decker PA, Larson NB, Moon S, Killian JM, Liu H, Kita H, Bielinski SJ. Rethinking blood eosinophil counts: Epidemiology, associated chronic diseases, and increased risks of cardiovascular disease. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2022; 1:233-240. [PMID: 36466741 PMCID: PMC9718542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background The distribution and determinants of blood eosinophil counts in the general population are unclear. Furthermore, whether elevated blood eosinophil counts increase risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases, other than atopic conditions, remains uncertain. Objective We sought to describe the distribution of eosinophil counts in the general population and determine the association of eosinophil count with prevalent chronic disease and incident CVD. Methods A population-based adult cohort was followed from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2020. Electronic health record data regarding demographic characteristics, prevalent clinical characteristics, and incident CVD were extracted. Associations between blood eosinophil counts and demographic characteristics, chronic diseases, laboratory values, and risks of incident CVD were assessed using chi-square test, ANOVA, and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Blood eosinophil counts increased with age, body mass index, and reported smoking and tobacco use. The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer increased as eosinophil counts increased. Eosinophil counts were significantly associated with coronary heart disease (hazard ratio [HR], 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12-1.84) and heart failure (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.30-2.01) in fully adjusted models and with stroke/transient ischemic attack (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.16-1.61) and CVD death (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.10-2.00) in a model adjusting for age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Conclusions Blood eosinophil counts differ by demographic and clinical characteristics as well as by prevalent chronic disease. Moreover, elevated eosinophil counts are associated with risk of CVD. Further prospective investigations are needed to determine the utility of eosinophil counts as a biomarker for CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanai Pongdee
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Sheila M. Manemann
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Paul A. Decker
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Nicholas B. Larson
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Sungrim Moon
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Jill M. Killian
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale
| | - Suzette J. Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
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12
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Lynch CA, Guo Y, Mei A, Kreisel D, Gelman AE, Jacobsen EA, Krupnick AS. Solving the Conundrum of Eosinophils in Alloimmunity. Transplantation 2022; 106:1538-1547. [PMID: 34966103 PMCID: PMC9234098 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone-marrow-derived granulocytes known for their ability to facilitate clearance of parasitic infections and their association with asthma and other inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this review is to discuss the currently available human observational and animal experimental data linking eosinophils to the immunologic response in solid organ transplantation. First, we present observational human studies that demonstrate a link between transplantation and eosinophils yet were unable to define the exact role of this cell population. Next, we describe published experimental models and demonstrate a defined mechanistic role of eosinophils in downregulating the alloimmune response to murine lung transplants. The overall summary of this data suggests that further studies are needed to define the role of eosinophils in multiple solid organ allografts and points to the possibility of manipulating this cell population to improve graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Alissa Lynch
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Yizhan Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Alex Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland
| | | | | | - Elizabeth A. Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
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13
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de Souza TA, Carneiro AP, Narciso AS, Barros CP, Alves DA, Marson LB, Tunala T, de Alcântara TM, de Paiva Maia YC, Briza P, Ferreira F, Goulart LR. Eosinophilic esophagitis auxiliary diagnosis based on a peptide ligand to eosinophil cationic protein in esophageal mucus of pediatric patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12226. [PMID: 35851408 PMCID: PMC9289663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the esophagus characterized by increased number of eosinophils. Currently, EoE diagnosis is based on endoscopic procedures for histopathological examination, eosinophils' counting and, often, in clinical practice, the challenge is the differentiation between EoE and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Our aim was to develop novel peptide ligand to Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) present in EoE biopsies of patients with potential to be used for detection. We performed a comparative proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of esophageal biopsies from pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease and control individuals. Then, phage display technology was used to select peptides against specific up-regulated protein from EoE patients. Twelve phage clones were selected after three biopanning rounds, and the best phage clone reactivity was evaluated by phage-ELISA assay using esophageal mucus samples from 94 pediatric patients. Mass spectrometry showed that eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was one of the most up-regulated proteins in EoE patients, which is an eosinophil granule protein usually deposited on tissues to mediate remodeling, but in excess may cause fibrosis and hypertrophy, especially in allergic responses. A highly reactive ECP-ligand peptide (E5) was able to distinguish reactive mucus of EoE patients from GERD and the control individuals by Phage-ELISA, achieving a sensitivity of 84.62%, and a specificity of 82.72%. This is the first study that successfully demonstrated an antibody-like peptide targeting ECP at the esophagus mucus as a useful auxilliary tool for EoE diagnosis with a significant association with atopic disorders and dysphagia.ClinicalTrials.gov no.: NCT03069573.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafarel Andrade de Souza
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Carneiro
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Andreia S Narciso
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina P Barros
- Pediatric Department, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Douglas Alexsander Alves
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciane B Marson
- Pediatric Department, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Tunala
- Pathology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tânia M de Alcântara
- Pathology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Yara Cristina de Paiva Maia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.,Nutrition and Molecular Biology Research Goup, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
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Predictive role of blood eosinophils in adult varicella patients. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e127. [PMID: 35726529 PMCID: PMC9274806 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882200111x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the relationship between eosinophils and the prognosis of varicella in adults. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were hospitalised in The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou with a diagnosis of adult varicella during the period between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2020. Of the 359 patients, 228 (63.51%) had eosinopenia. The proportion of patients with mild type disease was significantly lower in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (50.44% vs. 65.65%, P = 0.006). The proportion of the patients with common type disease was significantly higher in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (39.47% vs. 28.24%, P = 0.039). The proportion of the patients with severe type disease was higher in the eosinopenia group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (10.09% vs. 6.11%, P = 0.243). The rates of high fever (47.81% vs. 32.82%, P = 0.008; relative risk (RR) 1.296, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.091–1.540), headache (43.42% vs. 22.14%, P < 0.001; RR 1.415, 95% CI 1.233–1.623), anorexia (53.51% vs. 35.88%, P = 0.001; RR 1.367, 95% CI 1.129–1.655) and complications (82.89% vs. 64.12%, P < 0.001; RR 2.106, 95% CI 1.460–3.038) were also significantly higher in the eosinopenia group. Among the complications, the liver injury and skin infection were more serious in the eosinopenia group. The disease course was significantly longer in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (9.43 ± 1.89 days vs. 8.73 ± 1.25 days, P < 0.001). The improvement rate of liver injury in the recovery period was lower in the eosinopenia group than that in the non-eosinopenia group (35.38% vs. 50%, P = 0.012). The study found that adult varicella patients with eosinopenia had a more serious condition, a higher morbidity of complications and a slower recovery. Blood eosinophils can be used as a new predictor of the severity of adult varicella.
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Single-cell RNA sequencing of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis reveals heterogeneity, local proliferation, and activation that persists in remission. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:2062-2077. [PMID: 35304158 PMCID: PMC9177790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) are pleiotropic cells that accumulate in the esophagus of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and are thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis, yet their properties and functions in this organ are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to perform a comprehensive molecular and spatial characterization of esophageal MCs in EoE. METHODS Esophageal biopsies obtained from patients with active EoE, patients with EoE in histologic remission, and individuals with histologically normal esophageal biopsies and no history of esophageal disease (ie, control individuals) were subject to single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS This study probed 39,562 single esophageal cells by single-cell RNA sequencing; approximately 5% of these cells were MCs. Dynamic MC expansion was identified across disease states. During homeostasis, TPSAB1highAREGhigh resident MCs were mainly detected in the lamina propria and exhibited a quiescent phenotype. In patients with active EoE, resident MCs assumed an activated phenotype, and 2 additional proinflammatory MC populations emerged in the intraepithelial compartment, each linked to a proliferating MKI67high cluster. One proinflammatory activated MC population, marked as KIThighIL1RL1highFCER1Alow, was not detected in disease remission (termed "transient MC"), whereas the other population, marked as CMA1highCTSGhigh, was detected in disease remission where it maintained an activated state (termed "persistent MC"). MCs were prominent producers of esophageal IL-13 mRNA and protein, a key therapeutic target in EoE. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal MCs comprise heterogeneous populations with transcriptional signatures associated with distinct spatial compartmentalization and EoE disease status. In active EoE, they assume a proinflammatory state and locally proliferate, and they remain activated and poised to reinitiate inflammation even during disease remission.
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Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Key Contributors to Neuro-Immune Crosstalk and Potential Implications in Disorders of Brain-Gut Interaction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101644. [PMID: 35626681 PMCID: PMC9139532 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune granulocytes actively involved in defensive responses and in local and systemic inflammatory processes. Beyond these effector roles, eosinophils are fundamental to maintaining homeostasis in the tissues they reside. Gastrointestinal eosinophils modulate barrier function and mucosal immunity and promote tissue development through their direct communication with almost every cellular component. This is possible thanks to the variety of receptors they express and the bioactive molecules they store and release, including cytotoxic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, and neuropeptides and neurotrophines. A growing body of evidence points to the eosinophil as a key neuro-immune player in the regulation of gastrointestinal function, with potential implications in pathophysiological processes. Eosinophil–neuron interactions are facilitated by chemotaxis and adhesion molecules, and the mediators released may have excitatory or inhibitory effects on each cell type, with physiological consequences dependent on the type of innervation involved. Of special interest are the disorders of the brain–gut interaction (DBGIs), mainly functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in which mucosal eosinophilia and eosinophil activation have been identified. In this review, we summarize the main roles of gastrointestinal eosinophils in supporting gut homeostasis and the evidence available on eosinophil–neuron interactions to bring new insights that support the fundamental role of this neuro-immune crosstalk in maintaining gut health and contributing to the pathophysiology of DBGIs.
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Kononov SU, Meyer J, Frahm J, Kersten S, Kluess J, Bühler S, Wegerich A, Rehage J, Meyer U, Huber K, Dänicke S. Dietary L-Carnitine Affects Leukocyte Count and Function in Dairy Cows Around Parturition. Front Immunol 2022; 13:784046. [PMID: 35370999 PMCID: PMC8965741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.784046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In early lactation, an energy deficit leading to a negative energy balance (NEB) is associated with increased susceptibility to disease and has been shown to be an important factor during transition in dairy cows. L-carnitine as a key factor in the mitochondrial transport of fatty acids and subsequently for β-oxidation and energy release is known to modulate mitochondrial biogenesis and thus influence metabolism and immune system. In the current study, we characterized hematological changes around parturition and investigated the potential effects of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on immune cell functions. For this approach, dairy cows were assigned either to a control (CON, n = 30) or an L-carnitine group [CAR, n = 29, 25 g rumen-protected L-carnitine per cow and day (d)]. Blood samples were taken from d 42 ante partum (ap) until d 110 post-partum (pp), with special focus and frequent sampling from 0.5 to72 h post-calving to clarify the impact of L-carnitine supplementation on leukocyte count, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) and their phagocytosis activity. Blood cortisol concentration and the capacity of PBMC proliferation was also investigated. All populations of leukocytes were changed during the peripartal period, especially granulocytes showed a characteristic increase up to 4 h pp. L-carnitine supplementation resulted in increased levels of eosinophils which was particularly pronounced one day before to 4 h pp, indicating a possible enhanced support for tissue repair and recovery. Non-supplemented cows showed a higher phagocytic activity in PBMC as well as a higher phagocytic capacity of PMN during the most demanding period around parturition, which may relate to a decrease in plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids reported previously. L-carnitine, on the other hand, led to an increased efficiency to form ROS in stimulated PMN. Finally, a short period around calving proved to be a sensitive period in which L-carnitine administration was effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ursula Kononov
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bühler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anja Wegerich
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Department of Functional Anatomy of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
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Double-Spin Leukocyte-Rich Platelet-Rich Plasma Is Predominantly Lymphocyte Rich With Notable Concentrations of Other White Blood Cell Subtypes. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e335-e341. [PMID: 35494265 PMCID: PMC9042761 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To comprehensively characterize a double-spin leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma (LR-PRP) formulation and to compare it with whole blood (WB) by quantitatively assessing platelet and WB cell subtype concentrations in each. Methods Prospective human ex vivo analysis with 12 healthy adult men with ages ranging from 25 to 31 was performed in a controlled laboratory setting. The main outcome measure was the leukocyte profile of human LR-PRP. Results In LR-PRP, lymphocytes were the predominant WB cell type (11.94 ± 2.97 × 103 cells/μL) followed by neutrophils (3.72 ± 1.28 × 103 cells/μL). The mean cumulative percentage of granulocytes was 23% ± 8% and agranulocytes was 77% ± 18%. There was a significant difference observed between granulocyte and agranulocyte percentage within both WB (P = .004, [95% CI: (7%,31%)]) and LR-PRP (P < .0001, [95% CI: (42%,66%)]) groups. In addition, there was a significant difference observed between the WB and LR-PRP granulocyte percentages (P < .0001, [95% CI: (29%,43%)]) and between the WB and LR-PRP agranulocyte percentages (P < .0001, [95% CI: (30%,42%)]). Conclusions Our study found that LR-PRP is predominantly lymphocyte rich with notable concentrations of other WB cell subtypes, including neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and large unstained cells. While these subtypes are not routinely reported, they may play a role in modulating the local inflammatory environment. We also found significant differences in WB cell subtype concentrations between WB and LR-PRP. Clinical Relevance PRP has been routinely used in many clinical practices without clear indications for its use and lacks standardization in its formulation. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of a broadly used PRP, LR-PRP, and further characterizes subtypes of WBC cells present in LR-PRP that have not been previously reported. Comprehensively reporting these subtypes in clinical trials of PRP is crucial to understanding how these cells participate in PRP’s therapeutic potential. This type of data can help standardize future PRP formulations and improve patient outcomes.
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Lombardi C, Berti A, Cottini M. The emerging roles of eosinophils: Implications for the targeted treatment of eosinophilic-associated inflammatory conditions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:42-53. [PMID: 35496822 PMCID: PMC9040157 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have multiple relevant biological functions, including the maintenance of homeostasis, host defense against infectious agents, innate immunity activities, immune regulation through Th1/Th2 balance, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic effects. Eosinophils also have a main role in tissue damage through eosinophil-derived cytotoxic mediators that are involved in eosinophilic inflammation, as documented in Th2-high asthma and other eosinophilic-associated inflammatory conditions. Recent evidence shows that these multiple and apparently conflicting functions may be attributed to the existence of different eosinophil subtypes (i.e.: tissue resident and inducible eosinophils). Therapeutic intervention with biological agents that totally deplete tissues and circulating eosinophils or, vice versa, maintain a minimal proportion of eosinophils, particularly the tissue-resident ones, could therefore have a very different impact on patients, especially when considering the administration of these therapies for prolonged time. In addition, the characterization of the predominant pathway underlying eosinophilic inflammation by surrogate biomarkers (circulating eosinophils, organ-specific eosinophils levels such as eosinophil count in sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, tissue biopsy; total circulating IgE levels, or the use of FeNO) in the single patient with an eosinophilic-associated inflammatory condition could help in choosing the treatment. These observations are crucial in light of the increasing therapeutic armamentarium effective in modulating eosinophilic inflammation through the inhibition in different, yet complementary ways of eosinophil pathways, such as the interleukin-5 one (with mepolizumab, benralizumab, reslizumab) or the interleukin-4/13 one (with dupilumab and lebrikizumab), in severe T2-high asthma as well as in other systemic eosinophilic associated diseases, such as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and hypereosinophilic syndrome. Recent evidence pointed out the existence of different eosinophil subtypes, i.e. tissue resident and inducible eosinophils, with different and apparently conflicting functions. Biological therapies with different mechanisms can deplete completely tissues and circulating eosinophils or maintain a minimal proportion of eosinophils, particularly the tissue-resident ones, and this could therefore have a different impact on patients, especially when considering the administration of these therapies for prolonged time. The identification of the predominant pathway underlying eosinophilic inflammation by surrogate biomarkers (circulating eosinophils, organ-specific eosinophils levels such as eosinophil count in sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, tissue biopsy; total circulating IgE levels, or the use of FeNO) should be sought in the single patient with an eosinophilic-associated inflammatory condition. These considerations may help in choosing the best anti-eosinophilic treatment, considering the increasing therapeutic armamentarium effective in modulating eosinophilic inflammation through the inhibition of the interleukin-5 one (with mepolizumab, benralizumab, reslizumab) or the interleukin-4/13 one (with dupilumab and lebrikizumab)
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Lombardi
- Departmental Unit of Allergology, Immunology & Pulmonary Diseases, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
- Corresponding author. Departmental Unit of Pneumology & Allergology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Bissolati, 57 Brescia, 25100, Italy.
| | - Alvise Berti
- Ospedale Santa Chiara and Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Zhu X, Zimmermann N. Detection of Eosinophils in Tissue Sections by Immunohistochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2506:199-209. [PMID: 35771473 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2364-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells which represent a small subset in the peripheral blood, and under homeostatic conditions predominantly reside in certain organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract. However, eosinophil numbers increase both in the peripheral blood and tissues during allergic inflammation, parasitic infestation, drug reactions, vasculitides, as well as certain hematopoietic neoplasms. Their presence in tissues can be detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining; however, this may be challenging particularly at times of activation and/or degranulation, e.g., during allergic lung inflammation. Thus, detection of eosinophils and/or their released granule proteins is significantly enhanced by immunohistochemistry. This chapter describes methods for the detection of mouse or human eosinophils by using granule protein-specific antibodies in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nives Zimmermann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics (Cincinnati Children's Hospital), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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21
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Etzel L, Apsley AT, Mattern BC, Hastings WJ, Heller T, Ram N, Siegel SR, Shalev I. Immune cell dynamics in response to an acute laboratory stressor: a within-person between-group analysis of the biological impact of early life adversity. Stress 2022; 25:347-356. [PMID: 36404775 PMCID: PMC9704543 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2022.2148100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) is a risk factor for early onset morbidities and mortality, a relationship that may be driven in part by immune system dysregulation. One mechanism of dysregulation that has yet to be fully examined in the context of ELA is alterations to immune cell dynamics in response to acute stress. Using a within-person between-group experimental design, we investigated stress-induced changes in immune cell populations, and how these changes may be altered in individuals with a history of ELA. Participants were young adults (N = 34, aged 18-25 years, 53% female, 47% with a history of ELA). Complete immune cell counts were measured at four time-points over a 5-hour window across two sessions (Trier Social Stress Test [TSST] vs. no-stress) separated by a week. Across all participants, total white blood cells increased over time (F(3,84)=38.97, p < .001) with a greater increase in response to the TSST compared to the no-stress condition at 240 minutes post-test (b = 0.43±.19; t(179)=2.22, p = .027). This pattern was mirrored by neutrophil counts. Lymphocyte counts were initially depressed by TSST exposure (b =-205±.67; t(184)=-3.07, p = .002) but recovered above baseline. ELA status was associated with higher stress-induced immune cell counts, a difference likely driven by increases in neutrophils (F(1,22)=4.45, p = .046). Overall, these results indicate differential immune cell dynamics in response to acute stress in individuals with a history of ELA. This points to altered immune system functioning in the context of stress, a finding that may be driving increased morbidity and mortality risk for ELA-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Etzel
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Abner T. Apsley
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Brooke C. Mattern
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Waylon J. Hastings
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Heller
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Psychology and Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sue Rutherford Siegel
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Idan Shalev
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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22
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Papaporfyriou A, Bakakos P, Hillas G, Papaioannou AI, Loukides S. Blood eosinophils in COPD: friend or foe? Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 16:35-41. [PMID: 34821191 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.2011219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is highly complex and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. AREAS COVERED COPD has been traditionally associated with neutrophilic inflammation of the bronchi, but in the last decade, studies have demonstrated that eosinophils may also migrate into the lower airways of patients with COPD and their increased numbers can be noticed during exacerbations as well as stable disease. In this review, we present clinical characteristics of eosinophilic COPD, as well as the role of eosinophils as a biomarker-guided therapy in COPD. A systematic research using the database of Pubmed up to February 2021 was performed. The terms we searched were eosinophilic inflammation, COPD, COPD phenotypes, COPD exacerbations, corticosteroids in COPD, and monoclonal antibodies in COPD. EXPERT OPINION Blood eosinophil levels show strong potential as a prognostic and theragnostic biomarker in the clinical management of COPD being at the moment the most reliable biomarker. The lack of a certain cutoff value of blood eosinophils as guidance for treatment with ICS and biologic therapies and the uncertainty regarding the stability of eosinophilia and eosinophilic phenotype through the course of COPD remain as unmet dilemmas and problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petros Bakakos
- 1st Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Athens Medical School Sotiria' Chest Hospital,'Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Hillas
- 5th Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Andriana I Papaioannou
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Athens Medical School 'Attikon' Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Loukides
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Athens Medical School 'Attikon' Hospital, Athens, Greece
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23
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Could the Epigenetics of Eosinophils in Asthma and Allergy Solve Parts of the Puzzle? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168921. [PMID: 34445627 PMCID: PMC8396248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is a field of study investigating changes in gene expression that do not alter the DNA sequence. These changes are often influenced by environmental or social factors and are reversible. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA. Understanding the role of these epigenetic mechanisms in human diseases provides useful information with regard to disease severity and development. Several studies have searched for the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate allergies and asthma; however, only few studies have used samples of eosinophil, a proinflammatory cell type known to be largely recruited during allergic or asthmatic inflammation. Such studies would enable us to better understand the factors that influence the massive recruitment of eosinophils during allergic and asthmatic symptoms. In this review, we sought to summarize different studies that aimed to discover differential patterns of histone modifications, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs in eosinophil samples of individuals with certain diseases, with a particular focus on those with asthma or allergic diseases.
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24
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Katsoulis K, Kipourou M, Loukides S. Reduction/elimination of blood eosinophils in severe asthma: should there be a safety consideration? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 22:377-384. [PMID: 34328380 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1960977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eosinophils play a central role in the inflammation of asthma and are the target of new biologic treatments for patients with severe asthma. Biologics targeting the IL-5 pathway have been shown to reduce asthma exacerbations, improve lung function, reduce oral corticosteroid use, and improve quality of life, accompanied by reduced or even eliminated blood eosinophils. Eosinophils have been associated with host protection and tumor growth, raising potential concerns about the consequences of these long-term therapies that reduce or eliminate them. AREAS COVERED In this review, we explore the current safety profile of biologics regarding the impact they may have on blood eosinophils, trying to answer the question about any safety consideration. EXPERT OPINION Eosinophils have been associated with host protection and tumor growth, raising potential concerns about the consequences of long-term therapies that reduce or eliminate these blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Kipourou
- Respiratory Department, 424 Army General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stelios Loukides
- 2nd Respiratory Department, Attiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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25
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Myeloid-IL4Rα is an indispensable link in IL-33-ILCs-IL-13-IL4Rα axis of eosinophil recruitment in murine lungs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15465. [PMID: 34326406 PMCID: PMC8322172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased eosinophil recruitment is a hallmark feature of eosinophilic disorders. Here, we delineated the key molecular and cellular players involved in physiological eosinophilic recruitment during normal postnatal lung development in mice. Physiological eosinophilic recruitment was consistently present in 7-, 10-, and 15-day-old neonatal mice, but not in 42-day-old mice. This feature was completely abolished in interleukin 33 (IL-33)-, interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain (IL2rγ)-, and interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL4Rα)-knockout mice, but not in recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1)-knockout mice demonstrating an indispensable role for IL-33, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and IL4Rα in eosinophil recruitment. Interestingly, myeloid-specific IL4Rα-deficient (mye-IL4Rα−/−) mice had significantly reduced eosinophilia in the airspaces that was associated with reduced levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Further, we tested the effect of myeloid-specific IL4Rα deficiency on IL-13-induced eosinophil recruitment into adult lung airspaces. Eosinophil recruitment into the airspaces was elevated in IL-13-treated WT mice but not in IL-13-treated mye-IL4Rα−/− mice. Consistent with the degree of eosinophilia, the BALF levels of eosinophil recruitment-associated cytokines were significantly elevated in IL-13-treated WT but not in IL-13-treated mye-IL4Rα−/− mice. These data establish that myeloid-IL4Rα is an indispensable component of the IL-33-ILCsIL-13-IL4Rα axis of eosinophil recruitment.
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26
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Ondari E, Calvino-Sanles E, First NJ, Gestal MC. Eosinophils and Bacteria, the Beginning of a Story. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8004. [PMID: 34360770 PMCID: PMC8347986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes primarily associated with TH2 responses to parasites or immune hyper-reactive states, such as asthma, allergies, or eosinophilic esophagitis. However, it does not make sense from an evolutionary standpoint to maintain a cell type that is only specific for parasitic infections and that otherwise is somehow harmful to the host. In recent years, there has been a shift in the perception of these cells. Eosinophils have recently been recognized as regulators of immune homeostasis and suppressors of over-reactive pro-inflammatory responses by secreting specific molecules that dampen the immune response. Their role during parasitic infections has been well investigated, and their versatility during immune responses to helminths includes antigen presentation as well as modulation of T cell responses. Although it is known that eosinophils can present antigens during viral infections, there are still many mechanistic aspects of the involvement of eosinophils during viral infections that remain to be elucidated. However, are eosinophils able to respond to bacterial infections? Recent literature indicates that Helicobacter pylori triggers TH2 responses mediated by eosinophils; this promotes anti-inflammatory responses that might be involved in the long-term persistent infection caused by this pathogen. Apparently and on the contrary, in the respiratory tract, eosinophils promote TH17 pro-inflammatory responses during Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and they are, in fact, critical for early clearance of bacteria from the respiratory tract. However, eosinophils are also intertwined with microbiota, and up to now, it is not clear if microbiota regulates eosinophils or vice versa, or how this connection influences immune responses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of eosinophils as regulators of pro and anti-inflammatory responses in the context of both infection and naïve conditions. We propose questions and future directions that might open novel research avenues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monica C. Gestal
- LSU Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (E.O.); (E.C.-S.); (N.J.F.)
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27
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Liu X, Shi GP, Guo J. Innate Immune Cells in Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Remodeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:659666. [PMID: 34368120 PMCID: PMC8343105 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.659666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure overload and heart failure are among the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory cell activation and release of inflammatory mediators are of vital importance during the pathogenesis of these cardiac diseases. Yet, the roles of innate immune cells and subsequent inflammatory events in these processes remain poorly understood. Here, we outline the possible underlying mechanisms of innate immune cell participation, including mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, and natural killer T cells in these pathological processes. Although these cells accumulate in the atrium or ventricles at different time points after pressure overload, their cardioprotective or cardiodestructive activities differ from each other. Among them, mast cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells exert detrimental function in experimental models, whereas eosinophils and natural killer T cells display cardioprotective activities. Depending on their subsets, macrophages and monocytes may exacerbate cardiodysfunction or negatively regulate cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Pressure overload stimulates the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors from innate immune cells and even resident cardiomyocytes that together assist innate immune cell infiltration into injured heart. These infiltrates are involved in pro-hypertrophic events and cardiac fibroblast activation. Immune regulation of cardiac innate immune cells becomes a promising therapeutic approach in experimental cardiac disease treatment, highlighting the significance of their clinical evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Junli Guo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research & Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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28
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Jacobsen EA, Jackson DJ, Heffler E, Mathur SK, Bredenoord AJ, Pavord ID, Akuthota P, Roufosse F, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophil Knockout Humans: Uncovering the Role of Eosinophils Through Eosinophil-Directed Biological Therapies. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:719-757. [PMID: 33646859 PMCID: PMC8317994 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-125918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enigmatic eosinophil has emerged as an exciting component of the immune system, involved in a plethora of homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Substantial progress has been achieved through experimental systems manipulating eosinophils in vivo, initially in mice and more recently in humans. Researchers using eosinophil knockout mice have identified a contributory role for eosinophils in basal and inflammatory processes and protective immunity. Primarily fueled by the purported proinflammatory role of eosinophils in eosinophil-associated diseases, a series of anti-eosinophil therapeutics have emerged as a new class of drugs. These agents, which dramatically deplete eosinophils, provide a valuable opportunity to characterize the consequences of eosinophil knockout humans. Herein, we comparatively describe mouse and human eosinophil knockouts. We put forth the view that human eosinophils negatively contribute to a variety of diseases and, unlike mouse eosinophils, do not yet have an identified role in physiological health; thus, clarifying all roles of eosinophils remains an ongoing pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA;
| | - David J Jackson
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom;
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sameer K Mathur
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA;
| | - Albert J Bredenoord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ian D Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Oxford Respiratory NIHR BRC, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | - Florence Roufosse
- Médecine Interne, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA;
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Initiation and Pathogenesis of Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040913. [PMID: 33921169 PMCID: PMC8071493 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth, and their ubiquity and small proteolytically active products make them pervasive allergens that affect humans and other mammals. The immunologic parameters surrounding fungal allergies are still not fully elucidated despite their importance given that a large proportion of severe asthmatics are sensitized to fungal allergens. Herein, we explore fungal allergic asthma with emphasis on mouse models that recapitulate the characteristics of human disease, and the main leukocyte players in the pathogenesis of fungal allergies. The endogenous mycobiome may also contribute to fungal asthma, a phenomenon that we discuss only superficially, as much remains to be discovered.
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30
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Madhur MS, Elijovich F, Alexander MR, Pitzer A, Ishimwe J, Van Beusecum JP, Patrick DM, Smart CD, Kleyman TR, Kingery J, Peck RN, Laffer CL, Kirabo A. Hypertension: Do Inflammation and Immunity Hold the Key to Solving this Epidemic? Circ Res 2021; 128:908-933. [PMID: 33793336 PMCID: PMC8023750 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elevated cardiovascular risk including stroke, heart failure, and heart attack is present even after normalization of blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Underlying immune cell activation is a likely culprit. Although immune cells are important for protection against invading pathogens, their chronic overactivation may lead to tissue damage and high blood pressure. Triggers that may initiate immune activation include viral infections, autoimmunity, and lifestyle factors such as excess dietary salt. These conditions activate the immune system either directly or through their impact on the gut microbiome, which ultimately produces chronic inflammation and hypertension. T cells are central to the immune responses contributing to hypertension. They are activated in part by binding specific antigens that are presented in major histocompatibility complex molecules on professional antigen-presenting cells, and they generate repertoires of rearranged T-cell receptors. Activated T cells infiltrate tissues and produce cytokines including interleukin 17A, which promote renal and vascular dysfunction and end-organ damage leading to hypertension. In this comprehensive review, we highlight environmental, genetic, and microbial associated mechanisms contributing to both innate and adaptive immune cell activation leading to hypertension. Targeting the underlying chronic immune cell activation in hypertension has the potential to mitigate the excess cardiovascular risk associated with this common and deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena S. Madhur
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University
| | - Fernando Elijovich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew R. Alexander
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Ashley Pitzer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeanne Ishimwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin P. Van Beusecum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David M. Patrick
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Charles D. Smart
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University
| | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Justin Kingery
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Robert N. Peck
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit (MITU), Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Cheryl L. Laffer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University
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31
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Brassard J, Marsolais D, Blanchet MR. Mutant Mice and Animal Models of Airway Allergic Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2241:59-74. [PMID: 33486728 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1095-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilia is a hallmark of allergic airway inflammation, and eosinophils represent an integral effector leukocyte through their release of various granule-stored cytokines and proteins. Numerous mouse models have been developed to mimic clinical disease and they have been instrumental in furthering our understanding of the role of eosinophils in disease. Most of these models consist of intranasal (i.n.) administration of antigenic proteases including papain and house dust mite (HDM) or the neo-antigen ovalbumin, with a resulting Th2-biased immune response and airway eosinophilia. These models have been particularly informative when combined with the numerous transgenic mice available that modulate eosinophil frequency or the mechanisms involved in their migration. Here, we describe the current models of allergic airway inflammation and outline some of the transgenic mice available to study eosinophil disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyanne Brassard
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - David Marsolais
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Renee Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Orish VN, Ofori-Amoah J, Amegan-Aho KH, Osisiogu EU, Osei-Yeboah J, Lokpo SY, Allotey EA, Adu-Amankwaah J, Azuma DE, Agordoh PD. Eosinophilia in school-going children with Plasmodium falciparum and helminth infections in the Volta Region of Ghana. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:277. [PMID: 34122704 PMCID: PMC8179977 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.277.17379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION eosinophilia is seen in children infected with parasitic organisms. This study aimed at evaluating eosinophilia in children infected with Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma haematobium and intestinal helminths in the Volta Region of Ghana. METHODS five hundred and fifty primary school children were selected for this study from 5 primary schools in 2 districts and a municipal area of the Volta Region of Ghana. Blood, stool and urine samples were obtained and screened for P. falciparum, intestinal helminths and S. haematobium respectively. Socio-demographic information were obtained using a standardized questionnaire administration. Pearson chi square analysis was used to evaluate the association between eosinophilia and parasitic infections, and multivariate logistics regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with increased risk of eosinophilia. RESULTS a total of 145(26.36%) children had eosinophilia of which 107(73.79%) were infected with P. falciparum infection, (p=0.016); 18(12.41%) with S. haematobium infection, (p=0.016); and 3(2.07%) children were infected with intestinal helminth, (p=0.36). Children infected with P. falciparum had 2 times increased risk of eosinophilia (AOR=2.01, 95% CI, [1.29-3.2], p=0.02); while children from Davanu primary school had 4 times increased risk of eosinophilia (AOR=4.3, 95% [2.41-10.10], p<0.001). CONCLUSION there was significantly high prevalence of eosinophilia among children infected with P. falciparum infection. A longitudinal study is needed to further understand the immune response of these children to parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verner Ndudiri Orish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Jones Ofori-Amoah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Kokou Hefoume Amegan-Aho
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - James Osei-Yeboah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Sylvester Yao Lokpo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Alote Allotey
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Joseph Adu-Amankwaah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Daniel Edem Azuma
- School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Percival Delali Agordoh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Eosinophil Responses at the Airway Epithelial Barrier during the Early Phase of Influenza A Virus Infection in C57BL/6 Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030509. [PMID: 33673645 PMCID: PMC7997358 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils, previously considered terminally differentiated effector cells, have multifaceted functions in tissues. We previously found that allergic mice with eosinophil-rich inflammation were protected from severe influenza and discovered specialized antiviral effector functions for eosinophils including promoting cellular immunity during influenza. In this study, we hypothesized that eosinophil responses during the early phase of influenza contribute to host protection. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we found that eosinophils were rapidly and dynamically regulated upon influenza A virus (IAV) exposure to gain migratory capabilities to traffic to lymphoid organs after pulmonary infection. Eosinophils were capable of neutralizing virus upon contact and combinations of eosinophil granule proteins reduced virus infectivity through hemagglutinin inactivation. Bi-directional crosstalk between IAV-exposed epithelial cells and eosinophils occurred after IAV infection and cross-regulation promoted barrier responses to improve antiviral defenses in airway epithelial cells. Direct interactions between eosinophils and airway epithelial cells after IAV infection prevented virus-induced cytopathology in airway epithelial cells in vitro, and eosinophil recipient IAV-infected mice also maintained normal airway epithelial cell morphology. Our data suggest that eosinophils are important in the early phase of IAV infection providing immediate protection to the epithelial barrier until adaptive immune responses are deployed during influenza.
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Knuplez E, Kienzl M, Trakaki A, Schicho R, Heinemann A, Sturm EM, Marsche G. The anti-parasitic drug miltefosine suppresses activation of human eosinophils and ameliorates allergic inflammation in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1234-1248. [PMID: 33450054 PMCID: PMC9328393 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Miltefosine is an alkylphosphocholine drug with proven effectiveness against various types of parasites and cancer cells. Miltefosine is not only able to induce direct parasite killing but also modulates host immunity, for example by reducing the severity of allergies in patients. To date, there are no reports on the effect of miltefosine on eosinophils, central effector cells involved in allergic inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We tested the effect of miltefosine on the activation of human eosinophils and their effector responses in vitro and in mouse models of eosinophilic migration and ovalbumin-induced allergic lung inflammation. KEY RESULTS The addition of miltefosine suppressed several eosinophilic effector reactions such as CD11b up-regulation, degranulation, chemotaxis and downstream signalling. Miltefosine significantly reduced the infiltration of immune cells into the respiratory tract of mice in an allergic cell recruitment model. Finally, in a model of allergic inflammation, treatment with miltefosine resulted in an improvement of lung function parameters. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our observations suggest a strong modulatory activity of miltefosine in the regulation of eosinophilic inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Our data underline the potential efficacy of miltefosine in the treatment of allergic diseases and other eosinophil-associated disorders and may raise important questions regarding the immunomodulatory effect of miltefosine in patients treated for leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knuplez
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Kienzl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Athina Trakaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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35
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Tiwary M, LeMessurier KS, Samarasinghe AE. Murine Models of Eosinophil Function in Fungal and Viral Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2241:99-112. [PMID: 33486731 PMCID: PMC8142467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1095-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes that were historically considered to be terminally differentiated at the time of bone marrow egress. However, more recent evidence provides a new outlook on these cells as complex immunomodulators that are involved in host defense and homeostasis. Our work established a role for eosinophils as mediators of antiviral immune responses during influenza in hosts that were sensitized and challenged with fungal allergens. Herein, we describe methods for working with murine eosinophils in the context of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwary
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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36
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Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis M, Canonica GW, Casale T, Chivato T, Corren J, Chu DK, Del Giacco S, Eiwegger T, Flood B, Firinu D, Gern JE, Hamelmann E, Hanania N, Hernández‐Martín I, Knibb R, Mäkelä M, Nair P, O’Mahony L, Papadopoulos NG, Papi A, Park H, Pérez de Llano L, Pfaar O, Quirce S, Sastre J, Shamji M, Schwarze J, Palomares O, Jutel M. EAACI Biologicals Guidelines-Recommendations for severe asthma. Allergy 2021; 76:14-44. [PMID: 32484954 DOI: 10.1111/all.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe asthma imposes a significant burden on patients, families and healthcare systems. Management is difficult, due to disease heterogeneity, co-morbidities, complexity in care pathways and differences between national or regional healthcare systems. Better understanding of the mechanisms has enabled a stratified approach to the management of severe asthma, supporting the use of targeted treatments with biologicals. However, there are still many issues that require further clarification. These include selection of a certain biological (as they all target overlapping disease phenotypes), the definition of response, strategies to enhance the responder rate, the duration of treatment and its regimen (in the clinic or home-based) and its cost-effectiveness. The EAACI Guidelines on the use of biologicals in severe asthma follow the GRADE approach in formulating recommendations for each biological and each outcome. In addition, a management algorithm for the use of biologicals in the clinic is proposed, together with future approaches and research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Agache
- Faculty of Medicine Transylvania University Brasov Romania
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine‐Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Mubeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS Rozzano Italy
| | - Thomas Casale
- Division of Allergy and Immunology University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa FL USA
| | - Tomas Chivato
- School of Medicine University CEU San Pablo Madrid Spain
| | | | - Derek K. Chu
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Division of Immunology and Allergy, and Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Immunology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Immunology and Allergy Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program The Hospital for Sick Children Departments of Paediatrics and Immunology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Breda Flood
- European Federation of Allergy and Airway Diseases Brussels Belgium
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
| | - Eckard Hamelmann
- Children’s Center Bethel Evangelical Hospital Bethel University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany
| | - Nicola Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | | | - Rebeca Knibb
- Department of Psychology School of Life and Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham UK
| | - Mika Mäkelä
- Skin and Allergy Hospital Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Parameswaran Nair
- Division of Respirology Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic National Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Alberto Papi
- Research Center on Asthma and COPD Department of Medical Sciences University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Hae‐Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Ajou University Ajou Korea
| | | | - Oliver Pfaar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Section of Rhinology and Allergy University Hospital Marburg Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Department of Allergy La Paz University Hospital IdiPAZ CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Joaquin Sastre
- Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Mohamed Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair, Development National Heart and Lung Institute London UK
- Imperial College NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK
| | - Jurgen Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Child Life and Health The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Chemistry School Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw Poland
- All‐MED Medical Research Institute Wroclaw Poland
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37
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Nazaroff CD, LeSuer WE, Masuda MY, Pyon G, Lacy P, Jacobsen EA. Assessment of Lung Eosinophils In Situ Using Immunohistological Staining. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2223:237-266. [PMID: 33226599 PMCID: PMC7869952 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1001-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are rare white blood cells that are recruited from circulation to accumulate in the lung in mouse models of allergic respiratory inflammation. In hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained lungs, eosinophils may be difficult to detect despite their bright eosin staining in the secondary granules. For this reason, antibody-mediated detection of eosinophils is preferable for specific and clearer identification of these cells. Moreover, eosinophils may degranulate, releasing their granule proteins into surrounding tissue, and remnants of cytolysed cells cannot be detected by HE staining. The methods here demonstrate the use of eosinophil-specific anti-mouse antibodies to detect eosinophil granule proteins in formalin-fixed cells both in situ in paraffin-embedded lungs, as well as in cytospin preparations from the lung. These antibody staining techniques enable either colorimetric or fluorescence imaging of eosinophils or their granule proteins with the potential for additional antibodies to be added for detection of multiple molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Nazaroff
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - William E LeSuer
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Grace Pyon
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Paige Lacy
- Alberta Respiratory Centre (ARC) Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
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Effects of Sunset Yellow FCF on Immune System Organs During Different Chicken Embryonic Periods. J Vet Res 2020; 64:597-607. [PMID: 33367150 PMCID: PMC7734686 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sunset Yellow FCF (SY), used frequently in ready-made foods, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry, may cause many health problems. This study is intended to evaluate the morphological and cellular effects of SY on the embryonic chicken immune system throughout incubation. Material and Methods Babcock white leghorn eggs were randomly divided into four groups. Besides a control group, there were three treatment groups which received a single injection of 200, 1,000, or 2,000 ng of SY into the air sac just before incubation. The eggs were opened on the 10th, 13th, 16th, and 21st days of incubation. Samples of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen were taken from embryos. Serial sections of 5 μm thickness were stained with histological methods and routine histological procedures were performed. Results An increase in the spleen volume was determined as the hatching time of the chicks approached. The highest eosinophil ratio was found in the SY1,000 and SY2,000 groups (P < 0.05), where the most significant change was developmental retardation in the thymus. In the bursa of Fabricius, there was less lymphocyte accumulation and eosinophilic cell infiltration with increasing doses. Conclusion It was concluded that in ovo administered SY has undesired effects on embryonic development of the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus, and on spleen volume.
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Zustakova M, Kratochvilova L, Slama P. Apoptosis of Eosinophil Granulocytes. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120457. [PMID: 33321726 PMCID: PMC7763668 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Eosinophil granulocytes (eosinophils) belong to the family of white blood cells that play important roles in the development of asthma and various types of allergy. Eosinophils are cells with a diameter of 12–17 µm and they originate from myeloid precursors. They were discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1879 in the process of staining fixed blood smears with aniline dyes. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is the process by which cells lose their functionality. Therefore, it is very important to study the apoptosis of eosinophils and their survival factors to understand how to develop new drugs based on the modulation of eosinophil apoptosis for the treatment of asthma and allergic diseases. Abstract In the past 10 years, the number of people in the Czech Republic with allergies has doubled to over three million. Allergic pollen catarrh, constitutional dermatitis and asthma are the allergic disorders most often diagnosed. Genuine food allergies today affect 6–8% of nursing infants, 3–5% of small children, and 2–4% of adults. These disorders are connected with eosinophil granulocytes and their apoptosis. Eosinophil granulocytes are postmitotic leukocytes containing a number of histotoxic substances that contribute to the initiation and continuation of allergic inflammatory reactions. Eosinophilia results from the disruption of the standard half-life of eosinophils by the expression of mechanisms that block the apoptosis of eosinophils, leading to the development of chronic inflammation. Glucocorticoids are used as a strong acting anti-inflammatory medicine in the treatment of hypereosinophilia. The removal of eosinophils by the mechanism of apoptosis is the effect of this process. This work sums up the contemporary knowledge concerning the apoptosis of eosinophils, its role in the aforementioned disorders, and the indications for the use of glucocorticoids in their related therapies.
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40
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Williams TL, Rada B, Tandon E, Gestal MC. "NETs and EETs, a Whole Web of Mess". Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1925. [PMID: 33291570 PMCID: PMC7761834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and eosinophils are granulocytes that have very distinct functions. Neutrophils are first responders to external threats, and they use different mechanisms to control pathogens. Phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are some of the mechanisms that neutrophils utilize to fight pathogens. Although there is some controversy as to whether NETs are in fact beneficial or detrimental to the host, it mainly depends on the biological context. NETs can contribute to disease pathogenesis in certain types of diseases, while they are also undeniably critical components of the innate immune response. On the contrary, the role of eosinophils during host immune responses remains to be better elucidated. Eosinophils play an important role during helminthic infections and allergic responses. Eosinophils can function as effector cells in viral respiratory infections, gut bacterial infections, and as modulators of immune responses by driving the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses. In particular, eosinophils have biological activities that appear to be quite similar to those of neutrophils. Both possess bactericidal activity, can activate proinflammatory responses, can modulate adaptive immune responses, can form extracellular traps, and can be beneficial or detrimental to the host according to the underlying pathology. In this review we compare these two cell types with a focus on highlighting their numerous similarities related to extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30302, USA;
| | - Eshaan Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (T.L.W.); (E.T.)
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41
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Doyle AD, Masuda MY, Kita H, Wright BL. Eosinophils in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Road to Fibrostenosis is Paved With Good Intentions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603295. [PMID: 33335531 PMCID: PMC7736408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an antigen-driven disease associated with epithelial barrier dysfunction and chronic type 2 inflammation. Eosinophils are the defining feature of EoE histopathology but relatively little is known about their role in disease onset and progression. Classically defined as destructive, end-stage effector cells, eosinophils (a resident leukocyte in most of the GI tract) are increasingly understood to play roles in local immunity, tissue homeostasis, remodeling, and repair. Indeed, asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia is observed in IgE-mediated food allergy. Interestingly, EoE is a potential complication of oral immunotherapy (OIT) for food allergy. However, we recently found that patients with peanut allergy may have asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia at baseline and that peanut OIT induces transient esophageal eosinophilia in most subjects. This is seemingly at odds with multiple studies which have shown that EoE disease severity correlates with tissue eosinophilia. Herein, we review the potential role of eosinophils in EoE at different stages of disease pathogenesis. Based on current literature we suggest the following: (1) eosinophils are recruited to the esophagus as a homeostatic response to epithelial barrier disruption; (2) eosinophils mediate barrier-protective activities including local antibody production, mucus production and epithelial turnover; and (3) when type 2 inflammation persists, eosinophils promote fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred D Doyle
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Benjamin L Wright
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States.,Division of Pulmonology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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42
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Kanda A, Yasutaka Y, Van Bui D, Suzuki K, Sawada S, Kobayashi Y, Asako M, Iwai H. Multiple Biological Aspects of Eosinophils in Host Defense, Eosinophil-Associated Diseases, Immunoregulation, and Homeostasis: Is Their Role Beneficial, Detrimental, Regulator, or Bystander? Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:20-30. [PMID: 31902927 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune leukocytes and play important roles as terminal effector cells owing to their mediators, such as tissue-destructive cationic proteins, cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. Historically, they are not only considered an important player in host defense against parasitic, viral, fungal, and bacterial infections but also implicated in the pathogenesis of eosinophil-associated diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis, esophagitis, atopic dermatitis, myopathies, and hypereosinophilic syndrome. Moreover, recent studies have shown that eosinophils have an immune regulatory and homeostatic function. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that eosinophils are accumulated through adoptive T-helper 2 (Th2) and innate Th2 responses, mechanisms of the classical allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated response, and group 2 innate lymphoid cell-derived interleukin-5, respectively. Furthermore, in agreement with current concepts of eosinophil subtypes, it has been shown that resident and phenotypically distinct eosinophils, i.e., resident and recruited inflammatory eosinophils, exist in inflamed sites, and each has different functions. Thus, the classical and novel studies suggest that eosinophils have multiple functions, and their roles may be altered by the environment. In this article, we review multiple biological aspects of eosinophils (novel and classical roles), including their beneficial and detrimental effects, immunoregulation, and homeostatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kanda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University
| | - Yun Yasutaka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
| | - Dan Van Bui
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
| | - Kensuke Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
| | - Shunsuke Sawada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
| | - Yoshiki Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University
| | - Mikiya Asako
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University
| | - Hiroshi Iwai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kansai Medical University
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43
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Wilsher MJ, Banerjee D. Eosinophilic mastitis in a lactating breast. Pathology 2020; 53:549-550. [PMID: 33168146 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dibyesh Banerjee
- Breast Unit, Rose Centre, St George's University Hospital, London, UK
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44
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Verleden GM. The role of tissue eosinophils after lung transplantation: back into business? Transpl Int 2020; 34:59-61. [PMID: 33070387 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geert M Verleden
- Department Repir Dis and Lung Transplantation Unit, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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45
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Hofheinz K, Seibert F, Ackermann JA, Dietel B, Tauchi M, Oszvar-Kozma M, Kühn H, Schett G, Binder CJ, Krönke G. Formation of atherosclerotic lesions is independent of eosinophils in male mice. Atherosclerosis 2020; 311:67-72. [PMID: 32947200 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL-mediated activation of the innate immune system have been recognized as early key events during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Recent evidence identified eosinophils as a major source of enzymatic lipid oxidation and suggested a potential role of type 2 immunity in atherogenesis. However, the involvement of individual type 2 immune cell subsets involved in this process has been incompletely defined. We therefore sought to determine the role of eosinophils during LDL oxidation and the pathogenesis of this disease. METHODS Using eosinophil-deficient dblGATA1 mice, we studied the role of eosinophils in two established mouse models of atherosclerosis. RESULTS These experiments revealed that the presence of eosinophils did neither affect biomarkers of LDL oxidation nor atherosclerotic lesion development. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results show that LDL oxidation and development of atherosclerosis are largely independent of eosinophils or eosinophil-mediated LDL oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hofheinz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Seibert
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen A Ackermann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Dietel
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 - Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miyuki Tauchi
- Department of Internal Medicine 2 - Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Oszvar-Kozma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hartmut Kühn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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46
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Hernandez JD, Tew BY, Li T, Gooden GC, Ghannam H, Masuda M, Madura J, Salhia B, Jacobsen EA, De Filippis E. A FACS-based approach to obtain viable eosinophils from human adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13210. [PMID: 32764552 PMCID: PMC7413382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have been widely investigated in asthma and allergic diseases. More recently, new insights into the biology of these cells has illustrated eosinophils contribute to homeostatic functions in health such as regulation of adipose tissue glucose metabolism. Human translational studies are limited by the difficulty of obtaining cells taken directly from their tissue environment, relying instead on eosinophils isolated from peripheral blood. Isolation techniques for tissue-derived eosinophils can result in unwanted cell or ribonuclease activation, leading to poor cell viability or RNA quality, which may impair analysis of effector activities of these cells. Here we demonstrate a technique to obtain eosinophils from human adipose tissue samples for the purpose of downstream molecular analysis. From as little as 2 g of intact human adipose tissue, greater than 104 eosinophils were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) protocol resulting in ≥ 99% purity and ≥ 95% viable eosinophils. We demonstrated that the isolated eosinophils could undergo epigenetic analysis to determine differences in DNA methylation in various settings. Here we focused on comparing eosinophils isolated from human peripheral blood vs human adipose tissue. Our results open the door to future mechanistic investigations to better understand the role of tissue resident eosinophils in different context.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Hernandez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Ben Yi Tew
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ting Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Gerald C Gooden
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hamza Ghannam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Mia Masuda
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - James Madura
- Division of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Bodour Salhia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Eleanna De Filippis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.
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47
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Saxton SN, Heagerty AM, Withers SB. Perivascular adipose tissue: An immune cell metropolis. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1440-1443. [PMID: 32648363 DOI: 10.1113/ep087872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? The review discusses how eosinophils can contribute to the function of perivascular adipose tissue and explores the mechanisms involved. What advances does it highlight? Understanding the communication between the cell populations that constitute perivascular adipose tissue function is important for exploring therapeutic options in the treatment of obesity-related cardiovascular complications. This article highlights that eosinophils are able to contribute directly to healthy perivascular adipose tissue function. These immune cells contribute to adrenergic signalling and nitric oxide- and adiponectin-dependent mechanisms in perivascular adipose tissue. ABSTRACT Perivascular adipose tissue is a heterogeneous tissue that surrounds most blood vessels in the body. This review focuses on the contribution of eosinophils located within the adipose tissue to vascular contractility. A high-fat diet reduces the number of these immune cells within perivascular adipose tissue, and this loss is linked to an increase in vascular contractility and hypertension. We explored the mechanisms by which eosinophils contribute to this function using genetically modified mice, ex vivo assessment of contractility and pharmacological tools. We found that eosinophils contribute to adrenergic signalling and nitric oxide- and adiponectin-dependent mechanisms in perivascular adipose tissue. It is now important to explore whether manipulation of these pathways in obesity can alleviate cardiovascular complications, in order to determine whether eosinophils are a valid target for obesity-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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48
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Geifman N, Whetton AD. A consideration of publication-derived immune-related associations in Coronavirus and related lung damaging diseases. J Transl Med 2020; 18:297. [PMID: 32746922 PMCID: PMC7397454 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome virus SARS-CoV-2, a close relative of the SARS-CoV virus, is the cause of the recent COVID-19 pandemic affecting, to date, over 14 million individuals across the globe and demonstrating relatively high rates of infection and mortality. A third virus, the H5N1, responsible for avian influenza, has caused infection with some clinical similarities to those in COVID-19 infections. Cytokines, small proteins that modulate immune responses, have been directly implicated in some of the severe responses seen in COVID-19 patients, e.g. cytokine storms. Understanding the immune processes related to COVID-19, and other similar infections, could help identify diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. METHODS Here we examine data of cytokine, immune cell types, and disease associations captured from biomedical literature associated with COVID-19, Coronavirus in general, SARS, and H5N1 influenza, with the objective of identifying potentially useful relationships and areas for future research. RESULTS Cytokine and cell-type associations captured from Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms linked to thousands of PubMed records, has identified differing patterns of associations between the four corpuses of publications (COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS, or H5N1 influenza). Clustering of cytokine-disease co-occurrences in the context of Coronavirus has identified compelling clusters of co-morbidities and symptoms, some of which already known to be linked to COVID-19. Finally, network analysis identified sub-networks of cytokines and immune cell types associated with different manifestations, co-morbidities and symptoms of Coronavirus, SARS, and H5N1. CONCLUSION Systematic review of research in medicine is essential to facilitate evidence-based choices about health interventions. In a fast moving pandemic the approach taken here will identify trends and enable rapid comparison to the literature of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nophar Geifman
- Centre for Health Informatics, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), University of Manchester, Vaughan House, Portsmouth Street, Manchester, M13 9GB, UK.
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, FBMH, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester National Institute for Health Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
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49
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Wu K, Wang X, Keeler SP, Gerovac BJ, Agapov EV, Byers DE, Gilfillan S, Colonna M, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Must Partner with the Myeloid-Macrophage Lineage for Long-Term Postviral Lung Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1084-1101. [PMID: 32641386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are implicated in host defense and inflammatory disease, but these potential functional roles need more precise definition, particularly using advanced technologies to better target ILC2s and engaging experimental models that better manifest both acute infection and chronic, even lifelong, disease. In this study, we use a mouse model that applies an improved genetic definition of ILC2s via IL-7r-conditional Rora gene targeting and takes advantage of a distinct progression from acute illness to chronic disease, based on a persistent type 2 immune response to respiratory infection with a natural pathogen (Sendai virus). We first show that ILC2s are activated but are not required to handle acute illness after respiratory viral infection. In contrast, we find that this type of infection also activates ILC2s chronically for IL-13 production and consequent asthma-like disease traits that peak and last long after active viral infection is cleared. However, to manifest this type of disease, the Csf1-dependent myeloid-macrophage lineage is also active at two levels: first, at a downstream level, this lineage provides lung tissue macrophages (interstitial macrophages and tissue monocytes) that represent a major site of Il13 gene expression in the diseased lung; and second, at an upstream level, this same lineage is required for Il33 gene induction that is necessary to activate ILC2s for participation in disease at all, including IL-13 production. Together, these findings provide a revised scheme for understanding and controlling the innate immune response leading to long-term postviral lung diseases with features of asthma and related progressive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyun Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Benjamin J Gerovac
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eugene V Agapov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Derek E Byers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Yong Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; .,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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50
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Sethi A, Shetty DC, Rathore AS, Tandon A, Juneja S, Gulati N. Quantitative assessment of CD15 positive tissue eosinophils in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: effects on mast cells and tumor angiogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:133-140. [PMID: 32610722 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study determines to correlate eosinophil, mast cell and microvessel densities with the histopathological grades and clinical staging of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) cases, as the potential role of inflammatory mediators within tumor stroma remains debatable. METHODS The study sample comprised 60 cases consisting of 40 cases of Well to moderately differentiated OSCC (group 1) and 20 cases of poorly differentiated OSCC (group 2). Immunohistochemistry with anti-CD15 antibody and antifactor VIII antibody; and toluidine blue special stain were employed for the detection of eosinophils, microvessels, and mast cells, respectively. RESULTS The mean numbers of eosinophils, mast cells, and microvessels per high power field in group 1 and group 2 were 15.37±11.86 and 12.62±14.30, 6.00±4.84 and 4.51±4.51, 13.96±6.25 and 6.62±2.05, respectively. Eosinophil density had a positive correlation with both mast cell and microvessel density. Also, the correlation of primary tumor size (T status) with microvessel density was found to be statistically significant (P≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS The cohesive interpretation of the aforementioned mediators in OSCC suggested that while these variables correlate well with the differentiation of tumor, the quantification did not correlate with the clinical staging of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashka Sethi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, I.T.S Center for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, India -
| | - Devi C Shetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, I.T.S Center for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, India
| | - Ajit S Rathore
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, I.T.S Center for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, India
| | - Ankita Tandon
- Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Dental Institute, RIMS, Ranchi, India
| | - Saurabh Juneja
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, I.T.S Center for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, India
| | - Nikita Gulati
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, I.T.S Center for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, India
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