1
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Pitchai FNN, Tanner EJ, Khetan N, Vasen G, Levrel C, Kumar AJ, Pandey S, Ordonez T, Barnette P, Spencer D, Jung SY, Glazier J, Thompson C, Harvey-Vera A, Son HI, Son HI, Strathdee SA, Holguin L, Urak R, Burnett J, Burgess W, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD, Hessell A, Fennessey CM, Keele BF, Haigwood NL, Weinberger LS. Engineered deletions of HIV replicate conditionally to reduce disease in nonhuman primates. Science 2024; 385:eadn5866. [PMID: 39116226 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn5866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Antiviral therapies with reduced frequencies of administration and high barriers to resistance remain a major goal. For HIV, theories have proposed that viral-deletion variants, which conditionally replicate with a basic reproductive ratio [R0] > 1 (termed "therapeutic interfering particles" or "TIPs"), could parasitize wild-type virus to constitute single-administration, escape-resistant antiviral therapies. We report the engineering of a TIP that, in rhesus macaques, reduces viremia of a highly pathogenic model of HIV by >3log10 following a single intravenous injection. Animal lifespan was significantly extended, TIPs conditionally replicated and were continually detected for >6 months, and sequencing data showed no evidence of viral escape. A single TIP injection also suppressed virus replication in humanized mice and cells from persons living with HIV. These data provide proof of concept for a potential new class of single-administration antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima N Nagoor Pitchai
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Tanner
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neha Khetan
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gustavo Vasen
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Clara Levrel
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arjun J Kumar
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - David Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Absci Corporation, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Seung-Yong Jung
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Glazier
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra Thompson
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Hye-In Son
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- US-Mexico Border Health Commission, Tijuana, Mexico
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Hye-In Son
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leo Holguin
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Urak
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John Burnett
- Center for Gene Therapy, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - William Burgess
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Faculty of Health, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences College of Science, Engineering and Health RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ann Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Leor S Weinberger
- Gladstone Center for Cell Circuitry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Salgado M, Migueles SA, Yu XG, Martinez-Picado J. Exceptional, naturally occurring HIV-1 control: Insight into a functional cure. MED 2024:S2666-6340(24)00254-X. [PMID: 39013460 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Exceptional elite controllers represent an extremely rare group of people with HIV-1 (PWH) who exhibit spontaneous, high-level control of viral replication below the limits of detection in sensitive clinical monitoring assays and without disease progression in the absence of antiretroviral therapy for prolonged periods, frequently exceeding 25 years. Here, we discuss the different cases that have been reported in the scientific literature, their unique genetic, virological, and immunological characteristics, and their relevance as the best model for the functional cure of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Salgado
- IrsiCaixa Immunopathology Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Stephen A Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, and Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa Immunopathology Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Kitawi R, Ledger S, Kelleher AD, Ahlenstiel CL. Advances in HIV Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2771. [PMID: 38474018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Early gene therapy studies held great promise for the cure of heritable diseases, but the occurrence of various genotoxic events led to a pause in clinical trials and a more guarded approach to progress. Recent advances in genetic engineering technologies have reignited interest, leading to the approval of the first gene therapy product targeting genetic mutations in 2017. Gene therapy (GT) can be delivered either in vivo or ex vivo. An ex vivo approach to gene therapy is advantageous, as it allows for the characterization of the gene-modified cells and the selection of desired properties before patient administration. Autologous cells can also be used during this process which eliminates the possibility of immune rejection. This review highlights the various stages of ex vivo gene therapy, current research developments that have increased the efficiency and safety of this process, and a comprehensive summary of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) gene therapy studies, the majority of which have employed the ex vivo approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Kitawi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Scott Ledger
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chantelle L Ahlenstiel
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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4
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Chen MJ, Gatignol A, Scarborough RJ. The discovery and development of RNA-based therapies for treatment of HIV-1 infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:163-179. [PMID: 36004505 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2117296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term control of HIV-1 infection can potentially be achieved using autologous stem cell transplants with gene-modified cells. Non-coding RNAs represent a diverse class of therapeutic agents including ribozymes, RNA aptamers and decoys, small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs, and U1 interference RNAs that can be designed to inhibit HIV-1 replication. They have been engineered for delivery as drugs to complement current HIV-1 therapies and as gene therapies for a potential HIV-1 functional cure. AREAS COVERED This review surveys the past three decades of development of these RNA technologies with a focus on their efficacy and safety for treating HIV-1 infections. We describe the mechanisms of each RNA-based agent, targets they have been developed against, efforts to enhance their stability and efficacy, and we evaluate their performance in past and ongoing preclinical and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION RNA-based technologies are among the top candidates for gene therapies where they can be stably expressed for long-term suppression of HIV-1. Advances in both gene and drug delivery strategies and improvements to non-coding RNA stability and antiviral properties will cooperatively drive forward progress in improving drug therapy and engineering HIV-1 resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Chen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Gatignol
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert J Scarborough
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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5
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Muvarak N, Li H, Lahusen T, Galvin JA, Kumar PN, Pauza CD, Bordon J. Safety and durability of AGT103-T autologous T cell therapy for HIV infection in a Phase 1 trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1044713. [PMID: 36452901 PMCID: PMC9701732 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1044713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cell and gene therapy product AGT103-T was designed to restore the Gag-specific CD4+ T cell response in persons with chronic HIV disease who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. This autologous, genetically engineered cell product is under investigation in a Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03215004). Trial participants were conditioned with cyclophosphamide approximately 1 week before receiving a one-time low (< 109 genetically modified CD4+ T cells) or high (≥109 genetically modified CD4+ T cells) dose of AGT103-T, delivering between 2 and 21 million genetically modified cells per kilogram (kg) body weight. There were no serious adverse events (SAEs) and all adverse events (AEs) were mild. Genetically modified AGT103-T cells were detected in most of the participant blood samples collected 6 months after infusion, which was the last scheduled monitoring visit. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected after cell product infusion were tested to determine the abundance of Gag-specific T cells as a measure of objective responses to therapy. Gag-specific CD4+ T cells were detected in all treated individuals and were substantially increased by 9 to 300-fold compared to baseline, by 14 days after cell product infusion. Gag-specific CD8+ T cells were increased by 1.7 to 10-fold relative to baseline, by 28 days after cell product infusion. Levels of Gag-specific CD4+ T cells remained high (~2 to 70-fold higher relative to baseline) throughout 3-6 months after infusion. AGT103-T at low or high doses was safe and effective for improving host T cell immunity to HIV. Further studies, including antiretroviral treatment interruption, are warranted to evaluate the product's efficacy in HIV disease. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT03215004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Muvarak
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Haishan Li
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Tyler Lahusen
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Galvin
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Princy N. Kumar
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - C. David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - José Bordon
- Washington Health Institute, Washington, DC, United States
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6
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Targeted Nanocarrier Delivery of RNA Therapeutics to Control HIV Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071352. [PMID: 35890248 PMCID: PMC9324444 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of HIV infection has greatly advanced since the discovery of the virus in 1983. Treatment options have improved the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS, turning it from a fatal disease into a chronic, manageable infection. Despite all this progress, a cure remains elusive. A major barrier to attaining an HIV cure is the presence of the latent viral reservoir, which is established early in infection and persists for the lifetime of the host, even during prolonged anti-viral therapy. Different cure strategies are currently being explored to eliminate or suppress this reservoir. Several studies have shown that a functional cure may be achieved by preventing infection and also inhibiting reactivation of the virus from the latent reservoir. Here, we briefly describe the main HIV cure strategies, focussing on the use of RNA therapeutics, including small interfering RNA (siRNA) to maintain HIV permanently in a state of super latency, and CRISPR gRNA to excise the latent reservoir. A challenge with progressing RNA therapeutics to the clinic is achieving effective delivery into the host cell. This review covers recent nanotechnological strategies for siRNA delivery using liposomes, N-acetylgalactosamine conjugation, inorganic nanoparticles and polymer-based nanocapsules. We further discuss the opportunities and challenges of those strategies for HIV treatment.
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7
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A genetic mammalian proportional-integral feedback control circuit for robust and precise gene regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122132119. [PMID: 35687671 PMCID: PMC9214505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122132119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive in the harsh environments they inhabit, cells have evolved sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that can maintain a steady internal milieu or homeostasis. This robustness, however, does not generally translate to engineered genetic circuits, such as the ones studied by synthetic biology. Here, we introduce an implementation of a minimal and universal gene regulatory motif that produces robust perfect adaptation for mammalian cells, and we improve on it by enhancing the precision of its regulation. The processes that keep a cell alive are constantly challenged by unpredictable changes in its environment. Cells manage to counteract these changes by employing sophisticated regulatory strategies that maintain a steady internal milieu. Recently, the antithetic integral feedback motif has been demonstrated to be a minimal and universal biological regulatory strategy that can guarantee robust perfect adaptation for noisy gene regulatory networks in Escherichia coli. Here, we present a realization of the antithetic integral feedback motif in a synthetic gene circuit in mammalian cells. We show that the motif robustly maintains the expression of a synthetic transcription factor at tunable levels even when it is perturbed by increased degradation or its interaction network structure is perturbed by a negative feedback loop with an RNA-binding protein. We further demonstrate an improved regulatory strategy by augmenting the antithetic integral motif with additional negative feedback to realize antithetic proportional–integral control. We show that this motif produces robust perfect adaptation while also reducing the variance of the regulated synthetic transcription factor. We demonstrate that the integral and proportional–integral feedback motifs can mitigate the impact of gene expression burden, and we computationally explore their use in cell therapy. We believe that the engineering of precise and robust perfect adaptation will enable substantial advances in industrial biotechnology and cell-based therapeutics.
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8
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Nagree MS, Felizardo TC, Faber ML, Rybova J, Rupar CA, Foley SR, Fuller M, Fowler DH, Medin JA. Autologous, lentivirus-modified, T-rapa cell "micropharmacies" for lysosomal storage disorders. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14297. [PMID: 35298086 PMCID: PMC8988206 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are the current choice for many cell therapy applications. They are relatively easy to access, expand in culture, and genetically modify. Rapamycin-conditioning ex vivo reprograms T cells, increasing their memory properties and capacity for survival, while reducing inflammatory potential and the amount of preparative conditioning required for engraftment. Rapamycin-conditioned T cells have been tested in patients and deemed to be safe to administer in numerous settings, with reduced occurrence of infusion-related adverse events. We demonstrate that ex vivo lentivirus-modified, rapamycin-conditioned CD4+ T cells can also act as next-generation cellular delivery vehicles-that is, "micropharmacies"-to disseminate corrective enzymes for multiple lysosomal storage disorders. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of this treatment platform for Fabry, Gaucher, Farber, and Pompe diseases in vitro and in vivo. For example, such micropharmacies expressing α-galactosidase A for treatment of Fabry disease were transplanted in mice where they provided functional enzyme in key affected tissues such as kidney and heart, facilitating clearance of pathogenic substrate after a single administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza S Nagree
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | | | - Mary L Faber
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Jitka Rybova
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - C Anthony Rupar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWestern UniversityLondonONCanada
| | - S Ronan Foley
- Juravinski Hospital and Cancer CentreMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Maria Fuller
- Genetics and Molecular PathologySA Pathology at Women's and Children's HospitalNorth AdelaideSAAustralia
| | | | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of PediatricsMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
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9
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Avances en terapia génica en humanos: algunos conceptos básicos y un recorrido histórico. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Chiale C, Marchese AM, Furuya Y, Robek MD. Virus-based vaccine vectors with distinct replication mechanisms differentially infect and activate dendritic cells. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:138. [PMID: 34811393 PMCID: PMC8608815 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanism by which many virus-based vectors activate immune responses remains unknown. Dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles in priming T cell responses and controlling virus replication, but their functions in generating protective immunity following vaccination with viral vectors are not always well understood. We hypothesized that highly immunogenic viral vectors with identical cell entry pathways but unique replication mechanisms differentially infect and activate DCs to promote antigen presentation and activation of distinctive antigen-specific T cell responses. To evaluate differences in replication mechanisms, we utilized a rhabdovirus vector (vesicular stomatitis virus; VSV) and an alphavirus-rhabdovirus hybrid vector (virus-like vesicles; VLV), which replicates like an alphavirus but enters the cell via the VSV glycoprotein. We found that while virus replication promotes CD8+ T cell activation by VLV, replication is absolutely required for VSV-induced responses. DC subtypes were differentially infected in vitro with VSV and VLV, and displayed differences in activation following infection that were dependent on vector replication but were independent of interferon receptor signaling. Additionally, the ability of the alphavirus-based vector to generate functional CD8+ T cells in the absence of replication relied on cDC1 cells. These results highlight the differential activation of DCs following infection with unique viral vectors and indicate potentially discrete roles of DC subtypes in activating the immune response following immunization with vectors that have distinct replication mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chiale
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony M Marchese
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yoichi Furuya
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Robek
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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11
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Hokello J, Sharma AL, Tyagi M. An Update on the HIV DNA Vaccine Strategy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060605. [PMID: 34198789 PMCID: PMC8226902 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2020, the global prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was estimated to be 38 million, and a total of 690,000 people died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)–related complications. Notably, around 12.6 million people living with HIIV/AIDS did not have access to life-saving treatment. The advent of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the mid-1990s remarkably enhanced the life expectancy of people living with HIV/AIDS as a result of improved immune functions. However, HAART has several drawbacks, especially when it is not used properly, including a high risk for the development of drug resistance, as well as undesirable side effects such as lipodystrophy and endocrine dysfunctions, which result in HAART intolerability. HAART is also not curative. Furthermore, new HIV infections continue to occur globally at a high rate, with an estimated 1.7 million new infections occurring in 2018 alone. Therefore, there is still an urgent need for an affordable, effective, and readily available preventive vaccine against HIV/AIDS. Despite this urgent need, however, progress toward an effective HIV vaccine has been modest over the last four decades. Reasons for this slow progress are mainly associated with the unique aspects of HIV itself and its ability to rapidly mutate, targeting immune cells and escape host immune responses. Several approaches to an HIV vaccine have been undertaken. However, this review will mainly discuss progress made, including the pre-clinical and clinical trials involving vector-based HIV DNA vaccines and the use of integrating lentiviral vectors in HIV vaccine development. We concluded by recommending particularly the use of integrase-defective lentiviral vectors, owing to their safety profiles, as one of the promising vectors in HIV DNA vaccine strategies both for prophylactic and therapeutic HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hokello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bushenyi 0256, Uganda;
| | | | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Tebas P, Jadlowsky JK, Shaw PA, Tian L, Esparza E, Brennan AL, Kim S, Naing SY, Richardson MW, Vogel AN, Maldini CR, Kong H, Liu X, Lacey SF, Bauer AM, Mampe F, Richman LP, Lee G, Ando D, Levine BL, Porter DL, Zhao Y, Siegel DL, Bar KJ, June CH, Riley JL. CCR5-edited CD4+ T cells augment HIV-specific immunity to enable post-rebound control of HIV replication. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144486. [PMID: 33571163 PMCID: PMC8011906 DOI: 10.1172/jci144486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundWe conducted a phase I clinical trial that infused CCR5 gene-edited CD4+ T cells to determine how these T cells can better enable HIV cure strategies.MethodsThe aim of trial was to develop RNA-based approaches to deliver zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), evaluate the effect of CCR5 gene-edited CD4+ T cells on the HIV-specific T cell response, test the ability of infused CCR5 gene-edited T cells to delay viral rebound during analytical treatment interruption, and determine whether individuals heterozygous for CCR5 Δ32 preferentially benefit. We enrolled 14 individuals living with HIV whose viral load was well controlled by antiretroviral therapy (ART). We measured the time to viral rebound after ART withdrawal, the persistence of CCR5-edited CD4+ T cells, and whether infusion of 10 billion CCR5-edited CD4+ T cells augmented the HIV-specific immune response.ResultsInfusion of the CD4+ T cells was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events. We observed a modest delay in the time to viral rebound relative to historical controls; however, 3 of the 14 individuals, 2 of whom were heterozygous for CCR5 Δ32, showed post-viral rebound control of viremia, before ultimately losing control of viral replication. Interestingly, only these individuals had substantial restoration of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. We observed immune escape for 1 of these reinvigorated responses at viral recrudescence, illustrating a direct link between viral control and enhanced CD8+ T cell responses.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate how CCR5 gene-edited CD4+ T cell infusion could aid HIV cure strategies by augmenting preexisting HIV-specific immune responses.REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02388594.FundingNIH funding (R01AI104400, UM1AI126620, U19AI149680, T32AI007632) was provided by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Sangamo Therapeutics also provided funding for these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pamela A. Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, and
| | - Lifeng Tian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin Esparza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea L. Brennan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ashley N. Vogel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colby R. Maldini
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
| | - Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon F. Lacey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gary Lee
- Sangamo Therapeutics Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | - Dale Ando
- Sangamo Therapeutics Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | - Bruce L. Levine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Yangbing Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Don L. Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Carl H. June
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
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13
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Cornu TI, Mussolino C, Müller MC, Wehr C, Kern WV, Cathomen T. HIV Gene Therapy: An Update. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:52-65. [PMID: 33349126 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in antiretroviral therapy has considerably reduced mortality and notably improved the quality of life of individuals infected with HIV since the pandemic began some 40 years ago. However, drug resistance, treatment-associated toxicity, adherence to medication, and the need for lifelong therapy have remained major challenges. While the development of an HIV vaccine has remained elusive, considerable progress in developing innovative cell and gene therapies to treat HIV infection has been made. This includes immune cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells to target HIV infected cells, as well as gene therapies and genome editing strategies to render the patient's immune system resistant to HIV. Nonetheless, all of these attempts to achieve a functional cure in HIV patients have failed thus far. This review introduces the clinical as well as the technical challenges of treating HIV infection, and summarizes the most promising cell and gene therapy concepts that have aspired to bring about functional cure for people living with HIV. It further discusses socioeconomic aspects as well as future directions for developing cell and gene therapies with a potential to be an effective one-time treatment with minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana I Cornu
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias C Müller
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Infection Medicine, Medical Care Center, MVZ Clotten, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Wehr
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried V Kern
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Fernandez-Garcia L, Pacios O, González-Bardanca M, Blasco L, Bleriot I, Ambroa A, López M, Bou G, Tomás M. Viral Related Tools against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2020; 12:E1172. [PMID: 33081350 PMCID: PMC7589879 DOI: 10.3390/v12101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new disease appeared and spread all over the world, the COVID-19, produced by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. As a consequence of this worldwide health crisis, the scientific community began to redirect their knowledge and resources to fight against it. Here we summarize the recent research on viruses employed as therapy and diagnostic of COVID-19: (i) viral-vector vaccines both in clinical trials and pre-clinical phases; (ii) the use of bacteriophages to find antibodies specific to this virus and some studies of how to use the bacteriophages themselves as a treatment against viral diseases; and finally, (iii) the use of CRISPR-Cas technology both to obtain a fast precise diagnose of the patient and also the possible use of this technology as a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernandez-Garcia
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Pacios
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica González-Bardanca
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Blasco
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Bleriot
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antón Ambroa
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - María López
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - German Bou
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), 41071 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Tomás
- Microbiology Department-Research Institute Biomedical A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (L.F.-G.); (O.P.); (M.G.-B.); (L.B.); (I.B.); (A.A.); (M.L.); (G.B.)
- Study Group on Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Antimicrobials (GEMARA) of Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), 41071 Sevilla, Spain
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15
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Tamura R, Toda M. Historic Overview of Genetic Engineering Technologies for Human Gene Therapy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2020; 60:483-491. [PMID: 32908085 PMCID: PMC7555159 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2020-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The concepts of gene therapy were initially introduced during the 1960s. Since the early 1990s, more than 1900 clinical trials have been conducted for the treatment of genetic diseases and cancers mainly using viral vectors. Although a variety of methods have also been performed for the treatment of malignant gliomas, it has been difficult to target invasive glioma cells. To overcome this problem, immortalized neural stem cell (NSC) and a nonlytic, amphotropic retroviral replicating vector (RRV) have attracted attention for gene delivery to invasive glioma. Recently, genome editing technology targeting insertions at site-specific locations has advanced; in particular, the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated-9 (CRISPR/Cas9) has been developed. Since 2015, more than 30 clinical trials have been conducted using genome editing technologies, and the results have shown the potential to achieve positive patient outcomes. Gene therapy using CRISPR technologies for the treatment of a wide range of diseases is expected to continuously advance well into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine
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16
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Lee PH, Keller MD, Hanley PJ, Bollard CM. Virus-Specific T Cell Therapies for HIV: Lessons Learned From Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:298. [PMID: 32775304 PMCID: PMC7381350 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has caused millions of deaths and continues to threaten the health of millions of people worldwide. Despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART) substantially alleviating severity and limiting transmission, HIV has not been eradicated and its persistence can lead to other health concerns such as cancer. The only two cases of HIV cure to date are HIV+ cancer patients receiving an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) from a donor with the CCR5 Δ32 mutation. While this approach has not led to such success in other patients and is not applicable to HIV+ individuals without cancer, the encouraging results may point toward a breakthrough in developing a cure strategy for HIV. Adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) post HSCT has been effectively used to treat and prevent reactivation of latent viral infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), making VSTs an attractive therapeutic to control HIV rebound. Here we will discuss the potential of using adoptive T cell therapies in combination with other treatments such as HSCT and latency reversing agents (LRAs) to achieve a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsien Lee
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michael D Keller
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Division of Allergy & Immunology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,GW Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,GW Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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17
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Nobles CL, Sherrill-Mix S, Everett JK, Reddy S, Fraietta JA, Porter DL, Frey N, Gill SI, Grupp SA, Maude SL, Siegel DL, Levine BL, June CH, Lacey SF, Melenhorst JJ, Bushman FD. CD19-targeting CAR T cell immunotherapy outcomes correlate with genomic modification by vector integration. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:673-685. [PMID: 31845905 PMCID: PMC6994131 DOI: 10.1172/jci130144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells targeting CD19 (CART19) provide an effective treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia but are less effective for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), focusing attention on improving efficacy. CART19 harbor an engineered receptor, which is delivered through lentiviral vector integration, thereby marking cell lineages and modifying the cellular genome by insertional mutagenesis. We recently reported that vector integration within the host TET2 gene was associated with CLL remission. Here, we investigated clonal population structure and therapeutic outcomes in another 39 patients by high-throughput sequencing of vector-integration sites. Genes at integration sites enriched in responders were commonly found in cell-signaling and chromatin modification pathways, suggesting that insertional mutagenesis in these genes promoted therapeutic T cell proliferation. We also developed a multivariate model based on integration-site distributions and found that data from preinfusion products forecasted response in CLL successfully in discovery and validation cohorts and, in day 28 samples, reported responders to CLL therapy with high accuracy. These data clarify how insertional mutagenesis can modulate cell proliferation in CART19 therapy and how data on integration-site distributions can be linked to treatment outcomes.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A. Fraietta
- Department of Microbiology
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David L. Porter
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noelle Frey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saar I. Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephan A. Grupp
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shannon L. Maude
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donald L. Siegel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Bruce L. Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon F. Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J. Joseph Melenhorst
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Abstract
A disease of more than 39.6 million people worldwide, HIV-1 infection has no curative therapy. To date, one man has achieved a sterile cure, with millions more hoping to avoid the potential pitfalls of lifelong antiretroviral therapy and other HIV-related disorders, including neurocognitive decline. Recent developments in immunotherapies and gene therapies provide renewed hope in advancing efforts toward a sterilizing or functional cure. On the horizon is research concentrated in multiple separate but potentially complementary domains: vaccine research, viral transcript editing, T-cell effector response targeting including checkpoint inhibitors, and gene editing. Here, we review the concept of targeting the HIV-1 tissue reservoirs, with an emphasis on the central nervous system, and describe relevant new work in functional cure research and strategies for HIV-1 eradication.
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19
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Barr L, Jefferys R. A landscape analysis of HIV cure-related clinical trials and observational studies in 2018. J Virus Erad 2019; 5:212-219. [PMID: 31754444 PMCID: PMC6844401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The community-based organisation Treatment Action Group has established an online listing of HIV cure-related trials and observational studies derived from trial registries. Our objective was to use the listing as a basis for a landscape analysis of the current status of HIV cure-related clinical research. METHODS Trials and observational studies listed as of August 2018 formed the sample set. Survey questions were developed on trial development, trial design, recruitment, enrolment, study completion and dissemination plans. A survey was sent to the contact(s) for each study. Supplemental information was collected from clinicaltrials.gov. The full dataset was then analysed. RESULTS A total of 99 interventional trials and 29 observational studies were included. Diverse interventions are under evaluation, including combinations of experimental candidates. Current studies plan to enrol over 7000 participants. Projected completion dates for ~90% of the sample fell between the fourth quarter of 2018 and the end of 2020. Potential obstacles to enrolment that were reported included concerns over invasive procedures and lack of potential benefit to participants. Data on the sex and ethnicity of enrollees were limited but sufficient to note a significant under-representation of women. CONCLUSIONS A considerable amount of HIV cure-related clinical research is under way. The results from these studies, which should help shape the future of the field, will become available over the next 2-4 years. Diversity both geographically and in terms of enrollees remains limited, particularly in terms of the participation of women, a concern that could significantly affect the generalisability of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Barr
- Women's HIV Research Collaborative (WHRC),
AIDS Clinical Trials Group Community Scientific Subcommittee (ACTG CSS),
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
- Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC),
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
- Basic Science, Vaccines and Cure Project,
Treatment Action Group (TAG),
New York,
NY,
USA
| | - Richard Jefferys
- Basic Science, Vaccines and Cure Project,
Treatment Action Group (TAG),
New York,
NY,
USA
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20
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Del Corpo O, Goguen RP, Malard CMG, Daher A, Colby-Germinario S, Scarborough RJ, Gatignol A. A U1i RNA that Enhances HIV-1 RNA Splicing with an Elongated Recognition Domain Is an Optimal Candidate for Combination HIV-1 Gene Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:815-830. [PMID: 31734561 PMCID: PMC6861678 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
U1 interference (U1i) RNAs can be designed to correct splicing defects and target pathogenic RNA, such as HIV-1 RNA. In this study, we show that U1i RNAs that enhance HIV-1 RNA splicing are more effective at inhibiting HIV-1 production compared to top U1i RNAs that inhibit polyadenylation of HIV-1 RNA. A U1i RNA was also identified targeting a site upstream of the first splice acceptor site in the Gag coding region that was effective at inhibiting HIV-1 production. U1-T6, which enhanced HIV-1 RNA splicing, was superior to an antiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) currently in clinical trials. To increase specificity, the recognition domain of U1-T6 was elongated by 3–6 nt. The elongated molecules inhibited HIV-1 production from different HIV-1 strains, including one with a mismatch in the target site. These results suggest that lengthening the recognition domain can enhance the specificity of U1i RNAs for their intended target sites while at the same time allowing them to tolerate single mismatch mutations. Overall, our results demonstrate that U1-T6 with an elongated recognition domain inhibits HIV-1 production and has both the efficacy and specificity to be a promising candidate for HIV-1 gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Del Corpo
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Ryan P Goguen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Camille M G Malard
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Aïcha Daher
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | | | - Robert J Scarborough
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Anne Gatignol
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
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21
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Barr L, Jefferys R. A landscape analysis of HIV cure-related clinical trials and observational studies in 2018. J Virus Erad 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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22
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Khanna M, Manocha N, Himanshi, Joshi G, Saxena L, Saini S. Role of retroviral vector-based interventions in combating virus infections. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The deployment of viruses as vaccine-vectors has witnessed recent developments owing to a better understanding of viral genomes and mechanism of interaction with the immune system. Vaccine delivery by viral vectors offers various advantages over traditional approaches. Viral vector vaccines are one of the best candidates for activating the cellular arm of the immune system, coupled with the induction of significant humoral responses. Hence, there is a broad scope for the development of effective vaccines against many diseases using viruses as vectors. Further studies are required before an ideal vaccine-vector is developed and licensed for use in humans. In this article, we have outlined the use of retroviral vectors in developing vaccines against various viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khanna
- Virology Unit, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Nilanshu Manocha
- Virology Unit, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Himanshi
- Virology Unit, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Garima Joshi
- Virology Unit, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Latika Saxena
- Virology Unit, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Sanjesh Saini
- Virology Unit, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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23
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Abstract
As the HIV pandemic rapidly spread worldwide in the 1980s and 1990s, a new approach to treat cancer, genetic diseases, and infectious diseases was also emerging. Cell and gene therapy strategies are connected with human pathologies at a fundamental level, by delivering DNA and RNA molecules that could correct and/or ameliorate the underlying genetic factors of any illness. The history of HIV gene therapy is especially intriguing, in that the virus that was targeted was soon co-opted to become part of the targeting strategy. Today, HIV-based lentiviral vectors, along with many other gene delivery strategies, have been used to evaluate HIV cure approaches in cell culture, small and large animal models, and in patients. Here, we trace HIV cell and gene therapy from the earliest clinical trials, using genetically unmodified cell products from the patient or from matched donors, through current state-of-the-art strategies. These include engineering HIV-specific immunity in T-cells, gene editing approaches to render all blood cells in the body HIV-resistant, and most importantly, combination therapies that draw from both of these respective "offensive" and "defensive" approaches. It is widely agreed upon that combinatorial approaches are the most promising route to functional cure/remission of HIV infection. This chapter outlines cell and gene therapy strategies that are poised to play an essential role in eradicating HIV-infected cells in vivo.
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24
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Small RNAs to treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by gene therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:10-20. [PMID: 31112858 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current drug therapies for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection are effective in preventing progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome but do not eliminate the infection and are associated with unwanted side effects. A potential alternative is to modify the genome of patient cells via gene therapy to confer HIV resistance to these cells. Small RNAs are the largest and most diverse group of anti-HIV genes that have been developed for engineering HIV resistant cells. In this review, we summarize progress on the three major classes of anti-HIV RNAs including short hairpin RNAs that use the RNA interference pathway, RNA decoys and aptamers that bind specifically to a protein or RNA as well as ribozymes that mediate cleavage of specific targets. We also review methods used for the delivery of these genes into the genome of patient cells and provide some perspectives on the future of small RNAs in HIV therapy.
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Marquez Loza LI, Yuen EC, McCray PB. Lentiviral Vectors for the Treatment and Prevention of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030218. [PMID: 30875857 PMCID: PMC6471883 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the continued development of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator drugs for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF), the need for mutation agnostic treatments remains. In a sub-group of CF individuals with mutations that may not respond to modulators, such as those with nonsense mutations, CFTR gene transfer to airway epithelia offers the potential for an effective treatment. Lentiviral vectors are well-suited for this purpose because they transduce nondividing cells, and provide long-term transgene expression. Studies in primary cultures of human CF airway epithelia and CF animal models demonstrate the long-term correction of CF phenotypes and low immunogenicity using lentiviral vectors. Further development of CF gene therapy requires the investigation of optimal CFTR expression in the airways. Lentiviral vectors with improved safety features have minimized insertional mutagenesis safety concerns raised in early clinical trials for severe combined immunodeficiency using γ-retroviral vectors. Recent clinical trials using improved lentiviral vectors support the feasibility and safety of lentiviral gene therapy for monogenetic diseases. While work remains to be done before CF gene therapy reaches the bedside, recent advances in lentiviral vector development reviewed here are encouraging and suggest it could be tested in clinical studies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Marquez Loza
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute and the Center for Gene Therapy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Eric C Yuen
- Talee Bio, 3001 Market Street, Suite 140, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Paul B McCray
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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26
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Naldini L. Genetic engineering of hematopoiesis: current stage of clinical translation and future perspectives. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e9958. [PMID: 30670463 PMCID: PMC6404113 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here I review the scientific background, current stage of development and future perspectives that I foresee in the field of genetic manipulation of hematopoietic stem cells with a special emphasis on clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Research Institute, "Vita - Salute San Raffaele" University Medical School, Milan, Italy
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Falkenhagen A, Joshi S. Genetic Strategies for HIV Treatment and Prevention. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 13:514-533. [PMID: 30388625 PMCID: PMC6205348 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Conventional HIV gene therapy approaches are based on engineering HIV target cells that are non-permissive to viral replication. However, expansion of gene-modified HIV target cells has been limited in patients. Alternative genetic strategies focus on generating gene-modified producer cells that secrete antiviral proteins (AVPs). The secreted AVPs interfere with HIV entry, and, therefore, they extend the protection against infection to unmodified HIV target cells. Since any cell type can potentially secrete AVPs, hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell lineages can function as producer cells. Secretion of AVPs from non-hematopoietic cells opens the possibility of using a genetic approach for HIV prevention. Another strategy aims at modifying cytotoxic T cells to selectively target and eliminate infected cells. This review provides an overview of the different genetic approaches for HIV treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Falkenhagen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sadhna Joshi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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28
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Morgan MA, Schambach A. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells: Extending Translation from Liquid to Solid Tumors. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:1083-1097. [PMID: 30156435 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful translation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells designed to target and eradicate CD19+ lymphomas has emboldened scientists and physicians worldwide to explore the possibility of applying CAR T-cell technology to other tumor entities, including solid tumors. Next-generation strategies such as fourth-generation CARs (CAR T cells redirected for universal cytokine killing, also known as TRUCKs) designed to deliver immunomodulatory cytokines to the tumor microenvironment, dual CAR designs to improve tumor control, inclusion of suicide genes as safety switches, and precision genome editing are currently being investigated. One major ongoing goal is to determine how best to generate CAR T cells that modulate the tumor microenvironment, overcome tumor survival mechanisms, and thus allow broader applicability as universal allogeneic T-cell therapeutics. Development of state-of-the-art and beyond viral vector systems to deliver designer CARs coupled with targeted genome editing is expected to generate more effective off-the-shelf CAR T cells with activity against a greater number of cancer types and importantly solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morgan
- 1 Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- 1 Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,3 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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29
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Shrivastava S, Charlins P, Ackley A, Embree H, Dropulic B, Akkina R, Weinberg MS, Morris KV. Stable Transcriptional Repression and Parasitism of HIV-1. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:12-18. [PMID: 30195752 PMCID: PMC6019856 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene-based therapies represent a promising treatment for HIV-1 infection, as they offer the potential for sustained viral inhibition and reduced treatment interventions. One approach developed here involves using conditionally replicating vectors (CR-vectors). CR-vectors utilize HIV-expressed proteins to replicate and disseminate along with HIV into the budding viral particles, thereby co-infecting target cellular reservoirs. We generated and characterized several CR-vectors carrying various therapeutic payloads of non-coding RNAs targeted to HIV-1, both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Both virus and vector expression was followed in cell culture systems and T cells in the presence and absence of mycophenolic acid (MPA) selection. We find here that CR-vectors functionally suppress HIV expression in a long-term stable manner and that transcriptional targeting of and epigenetic silencing of HIV can be passaged to newly infected cells by the action of the CR-vector, ultimately establishing a sustained parasitism of HIV. Our findings suggest that CR-vectors with modulatory non-coding RNAs may be a viable approach to achieving long-term sustained suppression of HIV-1, leading ultimately to a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Shrivastava
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute and Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, 1500 Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91007, USA
| | - Paige Charlins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amanda Ackley
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marc S Weinberg
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute and Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, 1500 Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91007, USA; Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Modulation of immune responses in lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer. Cell Immunol 2018; 342:103802. [PMID: 29735164 PMCID: PMC6695505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LV) are widely used vehicles for gene transfer and therapy in pre-clinical animal models and clinical trials with promising safety and efficacy results. However, host immune responses against vector- and/or transgene-derived antigens remain a major obstacle to the success and broad applicability of gene therapy. Here we review the innate and adaptive immunological barriers to successful gene therapy, both in the context of ex vivo and in vivo LV gene therapy, mostly concerning systemic LV delivery and discuss possible means to overcome them, including vector design and production and immune modulatory strategies.
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Segal BH. Specific Adoptive T-Cell Therapy for Viral and Fungal Infections. MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIONS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST 2018. [PMCID: PMC7121368 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77674-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in anti-infective agents, viral and fungal infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) continue to cause life-threatening complications that limit the success of HSCT. Early adoptive T-cell immunotherapy studies showed that administration of allogeneic virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (vCTL) can prevent and control viral infections and reconstitute antiviral immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Advances in immunobiology, in vitro culture technology, and current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) have provided opportunities for advancing adoptive cell therapy for viral infections: (1) T cells have been expanded targeting multiple pathogens; (2) vCTL production no longer requires viral infection or viral vector transduction of antigen-presenting cells (APCs); (3) the source of lymphocytes is no longer restricted to donors who are immune to the pathogens; (4) naive T cells have been redirected with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CARTs) or armed with bispecific antibody-armed T cells (BATs) to mediate vCTL activity; (5) these technologies could be combined to targeted multiple viral or fungal pathogens; and (6) pathogen-specific T-cell products manufactured from third parties and banked for “off-the-shelf” use post-HSCT may soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahm H. Segal
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York USA
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32
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Zhen A, Peterson CW, Carrillo MA, Reddy SS, Youn CS, Lam BB, Chang NY, Martin HA, Rick JW, Kim J, Neel NC, Rezek VK, Kamata M, Chen ISY, Zack JA, Kiem HP, Kitchen SG. Long-term persistence and function of hematopoietic stem cell-derived chimeric antigen receptor T cells in a nonhuman primate model of HIV/AIDS. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006753. [PMID: 29284044 PMCID: PMC5746250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells have emerged as a powerful immunotherapy for various forms of cancer and show promise in treating HIV-1 infection. However, significant limitations are persistence and whether peripheral T cell-based products can respond to malignant or infected cells that may reappear months or years after treatment remains unclear. Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) are capable of long-term engraftment and have the potential to overcome these limitations. Here, we report the use of a protective CD4 chimeric antigen receptor (C46CD4CAR) to redirect HSPC-derived T-cells against simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection in pigtail macaques. CAR-containing cells persisted for more than 2 years without any measurable toxicity and were capable of multilineage engraftment. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment followed by cART withdrawal resulted in lower viral rebound in CAR animals relative to controls, and demonstrated an immune memory-like response. We found CAR-expressing cells in multiple lymphoid tissues, decreased tissue-associated SHIV RNA levels, and substantially higher CD4/CD8 ratios in the gut as compared to controls. These results show that HSPC-derived CAR T-cells are capable of long-term engraftment and immune surveillance. This study demonstrates for the first time the safety and feasibility of HSPC-based CAR therapy in a large animal preclinical model. Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell (HSPC) based gene therapy can be used to treat many infectious and genetic diseases. Here, we used an HSPC-based approach to redirect and enhance host immunity against HIV-1. We engineered HSPCs to carry chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) genes that detect and destroy HIV-infected cells. CAR therapy has shown huge potential in the treatment of cancer, but has only been applied in peripheral blood T-cells. HSPC-based CAR therapy has several benefits over T cell gene therapy, as it allows for normal T cell development, selection, and persistence of the engineered cells for the lifetime of the patient. We used a CAR molecule that hijacks the essential interaction between the virus and the cell surface molecule CD4 to redirect HSPC-derived T-cells against infected cells. We observed >2 years of stable production of CAR-expressing cells without any adverse events, and wide distribution of these cells in lymphoid tissues and gastrointestinal tract, which are major anatomic sites for HIV replication and persistence in suppressed patients. Most importantly, HSPC-derived CAR T-cells functionally responded to infected cells. This study demonstrates for the first time the safety and feasibility of HSPC based therapy utilizing an HIV-specific CAR for suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Zhen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Peterson
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mayra A. Carrillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sowmya Somashekar Reddy
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cindy S. Youn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brianna B. Lam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nelson Y. Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Rick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nick C. Neel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie K. Rezek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Irvin S. Y. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Scarborough RJ, Gatignol A. RNA Interference Therapies for an HIV-1 Functional Cure. Viruses 2017; 10:E8. [PMID: 29280961 PMCID: PMC5795421 DOI: 10.3390/v10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 drug therapies can prevent disease progression but cannot eliminate HIV-1 viruses from an infected individual. While there is hope that elimination of HIV-1 can be achieved, several approaches to reach a functional cure (control of HIV-1 replication in the absence of drug therapy) are also under investigation. One of these approaches is the transplant of HIV-1 resistant cells expressing anti-HIV-1 RNAs, proteins or peptides. Small RNAs that use RNA interference pathways to target HIV-1 replication have emerged as competitive candidates for cell transplant therapy and have been included in all gene combinations that have so far entered clinical trials. Here, we review RNA interference pathways in mammalian cells and the design of therapeutic small RNAs that use these pathways to target pathogenic RNA sequences. Studies that have been performed to identify anti-HIV-1 RNA interference therapeutics are also reviewed and perspectives on their use in combination gene therapy to functionally cure HIV-1 infection are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Scarborough
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A0G4, Canada.
| | - Anne Gatignol
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A0G4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A0G4, Canada.
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Zhao N, Wang G, Das AT, Berkhout B. Combinatorial CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA Interference Attack on HIV-1 DNA and RNA Can Lead to Cross-Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e01486-17. [PMID: 28893790 PMCID: PMC5700367 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01486-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many potent antiviral drugs have been developed against HIV-1, and their combined action is usually successful in achieving durable virus suppression in infected individuals. This success is based on two effects: additive or even synergistic virus inhibition and an increase in the genetic threshold for development of drug resistance. More recently, several genetic approaches have been developed to attack the HIV-1 genome in a gene therapy setting. We set out to test the combinatorial possibilities for a therapy based on the CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms that attack the viral DNA and RNA, respectively. When two different sites in the HIV-1 genome were targeted, either with dual CRISPR-Cas9 antivirals or with a combination of CRISPR-Cas9 and RNAi antivirals, we observed additive inhibition, much like what was reported for antiviral drugs. However, when the same or overlapping viral sequence was attacked by the antivirals, rapid escape from a CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral, assisted by the error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair machinery, accelerated the development of cross-resistance to the other CRISPR-Cas9 or RNAi antiviral. Thus, genetic antiviral approaches can be combined, but overlap should be avoided.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- CRISPR-Associated Protein 9
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Line, Transformed
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Endonucleases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genome, Viral
- HIV Core Protein p24/antagonists & inhibitors
- HIV Core Protein p24/biosynthesis
- HIV Core Protein p24/genetics
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Atze T Das
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Retroviral and Lentiviral Safety Analysis of Gene-Modified T Cell Products and Infused HIV and Oncology Patients. Mol Ther 2017; 26:269-279. [PMID: 29203150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-competent retrovirus/lentivirus (RCR/L) and insertional oncogenesis are potential safety risks with integrating viruses in gene-modified cell therapies. As such, the Food and Drug Administration guidances outline RCR/L-monitoring methods throughout the entire gene therapy treatment cycle. We present data for 17 vector lots, 375 manufactured T cell products, and 308 patients post-infusion across both HIV and oncology indications, showing no evidence of RCR/L. Given our data, a Poisson probability model estimates that a single patient, or a group of patients, would need to be followed for at least 52.8 years to observe one positive RCR/L event, highlighting the unlikelihood of RCR/L development. Additionally, we estimate the median time for lentivirus-modified T cell products to fall below the 1% vector sequence threshold in peripheral or whole blood that would trigger vector integration site analysis. These estimated times are 1.4 months in hematologic malignancies, 0.66 month in solid tumors, and 0.92 month in HIV. Based on these considerable safety data in HIV and oncology and recent Biologics License Applications filed for lentiviral-modified T cell products for hematologic malignancies, this may be an opportune time to re-evaluate the current guidelines for T cell gene therapy product testing and long-term patient monitoring.
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36
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Gravatt LAH, Leibrand CR, Patel S, McRae M. New Drugs in the Pipeline for the Treatment of HIV: a Review. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2017; 19:42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-017-0601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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37
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Delalat B, Harding F, Gundsambuu B, De-Juan-Pardo EM, Wunner FM, Wille ML, Jasieniak M, Malatesta KA, Griesser HJ, Simula A, Hutmacher DW, Voelcker NH, Barry SC. 3D printed lattices as an activation and expansion platform for T cell therapy. Biomaterials 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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38
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Wang J, Holmes MC. Engineering hematopoietic stem cells toward a functional cure of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Cytotherapy 2017; 18:1370-1381. [PMID: 27745602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The battle with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been ongoing for more than 30 years, and although progress has been made, there are still significant challenges remaining. A few unique features render HIV to be one of the toughest viruses to conquer in the modern medicine era, such as the ability to target the host immune system, persist by integrating into the host genome and adapt to a hostile environment such as a single anti-HIV medication by continuously evolving. The finding of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) about 2 decades ago has transformed the treatment options for HIV-infected patients and significantly improved patient outcomes. However, finding an HIV cure has proven to be extremely challenging with the only known exception being the so-called "Berlin patient," whose immune system was replaced by stem cell transplants from a donor missing one of HIV's key co-receptors (CCR5). The broad application of this approach is limited by the requirement of an HLA-matched donor who is also homozygous for the rare CCR5 delta32 deletion. On the other hand, the Berlin patient provided the proof of concept of a potential cure for HIV using HIV-resistant hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), revitalizing the hope to find an HIV cure that is broadly applicable. Here we will review strategies and recent attempts to engineer HIV-resistant HSCs as a path to an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Wang
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, California, USA.
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Potaczek DP, Garn H, Unger SD, Renz H. Antisense molecules: A new class of drugs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 137:1334-46. [PMID: 27155029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An improved understanding of disease pathogenesis leads to identification of novel therapeutic targets. From a pharmacologic point of view, these can be addressed by small chemical compounds, so-called biologicals (eg, mAbs and recombinant proteins), or by a rather new class of molecule based on the antisense concept. Recently, a new wave of clinical studies exploring antisense strategies is evolving. In addition to cancer, they include predominantly trials on infectious and noninfectious diseases, such as chronic inflammatory and metabolic conditions. This article, based on a systematic PubMed literature search, highlights recent developments in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Potaczek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Holger Garn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian D Unger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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TALEN-Mediated Knockout of CCR5 Confers Protection Against Infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:229-241. [PMID: 27749600 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) represents a valuable tool for genomic engineering due to its single-nucleotide precision, high nuclease activity, and low cytotoxicity. We report here systematic design and characterization of 28 novel TALENs targeting multiple regions of CCR5 gene (CCR5-TALEN) which encodes the co-receptor critical for entry of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1). By systemic characterization of these CCR5-TALENs, we have identified one (CCR5-TALEN-515) with higher nuclease activity, specificity, and lower cytotoxicity compared with zinc-finger nuclease (CCR5-ZFN) currently undergoing clinical trials. Sequence analysis of target cell line GHOST-CCR5-CXCR4 and human primary CD4 T cells showed that the double-strand breaks at the TALEN targeted sites resulted in truncated or nonfunctional CCR5 proteins thereby conferring protection against HIV-1 infection in vitro. None of the CCR5-TALENs had detectable levels of off-target nuclease activity against the homologous region in CCR2 although substantial level was identified for CCR5-ZFN in the primary CD4 T cells. Our results suggest that the CCR5-TALENs identified here are highly functional nucleases that produce protective genetic alterations to human CCR5. Application of these TALENs directly to the primary CD4 T cells and CD34 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of infected individuals could help to create an immune system resistant to HIV-1 infection, recapitulating the success of "Berlin patient" and serving as an essential first step towards a "functional" cure of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy; Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Tissue Biology and Gene and Cell Therapy, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Medical School, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, SV LVG Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Inder M Verma
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Anti-HIV scFv Efficiently Protects CD4 T Cells from HIV-1 Infection and Deletion in hu-PBL Mice. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01389-16. [PMID: 27881659 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01389-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite success in viral inhibition and CD4 T cell recovery by highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), HIV-1 is still not curable due to the persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir during treatment. One patient with acute myeloid leukemia who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a homozygous CCR5 Δ32 donor has had no detectable viremia for 9 years after HAART cessation. This case has inspired a field of HIV-1 cure research focusing on engineering HIV-1 resistance in permissive cells. Here, we employed a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-scFv X5 approach to confer resistance of human primary CD4 T cells to HIV-1. We showed that primary CD4 T cells expressing GPI-scFv X5 were resistant to CCR5 (R5)-, CXCR4 (X4)-, and dual-tropic HIV-1 and had a survival advantage compared to control cells ex vivo In a hu-PBL mouse study, GPI-scFv X5-transduced CD4 T cells were selected in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues upon HIV-1 infection. Finally, GPI-scFv X5-transduced CD4 T cells, after being cotransfused with HIV-infected cells, showed significantly reduced viral loads and viral RNA copy numbers relative to CD4 cells in hu-PBL mice compared to mice with GPI-scFv AB65-transduced CD4 T cells. We conclude that GPI-scFv X5-modified CD4 T cells could potentially be used as a genetic intervention against both R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 infections. IMPORTANCE Blocking of HIV-1 entry is one of most promising approaches for therapy. Genetic disruption of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 by nucleases in T cells is under 2 clinical trials and leads to reduced viremia in patients. However, the emergence of viruses using the CXCR4 coreceptor is a concern for therapies applying single-coreceptor disruption. Here, we report that HIV-1-permissive CD4 T cells engineered with GPI-scFv X5 are resistant to R5-, X4-, or dual-tropic virus infection ex vivo In a preclinical study using hu-PBL mice, we show that CD4 T cells were protected and that GPI-scFv X5-transduced cells were selected in HIV-1-infected animals. Moreover, we show that GPI-scFv X5-transduced CD4 T cells exerted a negative effect on virus replication in vivo We conclude that GPI-scFv X5-modified CD4 T cells could potentially be used as a genetic intervention against both R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 infections.
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Leslie GJ, Wang J, Richardson MW, Haggarty BS, Hua KL, Duong J, Secreto AJ, Jordon APO, Romano J, Kumar KE, DeClercq JJ, Gregory PD, June CH, Root MJ, Riley JL, Holmes MC, Hoxie JA. Potent and Broad Inhibition of HIV-1 by a Peptide from the gp41 Heptad Repeat-2 Domain Conjugated to the CXCR4 Amino Terminus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005983. [PMID: 27855210 PMCID: PMC5113989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 entry can be inhibited by soluble peptides from the gp41 heptad repeat-2 (HR2) domain that interfere with formation of the 6-helix bundle during fusion. Inhibition has also been seen when these peptides are conjugated to anchoring molecules and over-expressed on the cell surface. We hypothesized that potent anti-HIV activity could be achieved if a 34 amino acid peptide from HR2 (C34) were brought to the site of virus-cell interactions by conjugation to the amino termini of HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 or CXCR4. C34-conjugated coreceptors were expressed on the surface of T cell lines and primary CD4 T cells, retained the ability to mediate chemotaxis in response to cognate chemokines, and were highly resistant to HIV-1 utilization for entry. Notably, C34-conjugated CCR5 and CXCR4 each exhibited potent and broad inhibition of HIV-1 isolates from diverse clades irrespective of tropism (i.e., each could inhibit R5, X4 and dual-tropic isolates). This inhibition was highly specific and dependent on positioning of the peptide, as HIV-1 infection was poorly inhibited when C34 was conjugated to the amino terminus of CD4. C34-conjugated coreceptors could also inhibit HIV-1 isolates that were resistant to the soluble HR2 peptide inhibitor, enfuvirtide. When introduced into primary cells, CD4 T cells expressing C34-conjugated coreceptors exhibited physiologic responses to T cell activation while inhibiting diverse HIV-1 isolates, and cells containing C34-conjugated CXCR4 expanded during HIV-1 infection in vitro and in a humanized mouse model. Notably, the C34-conjugated peptide exerted greater HIV-1 inhibition when conjugated to CXCR4 than to CCR5. Thus, antiviral effects of HR2 peptides can be specifically directed to the site of viral entry where they provide potent and broad inhibition of HIV-1. This approach to engineer HIV-1 resistance in functional CD4 T cells may provide a novel cell-based therapeutic for controlling HIV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Leslie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, CA, United States of America
| | - Max W. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Beth S. Haggarty
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Hua
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Duong
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, CA, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Secreto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrea P. O. Jordon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Josephine Romano
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kritika E. Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Carl H. June
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Root
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | - James A. Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Ebina H, Gee P, Koyanagi Y. Perspectives of Genome-Editing Technologies for HIV Therapy. Curr HIV Res 2016; 14:2-8. [PMID: 26255882 PMCID: PMC5384355 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150807105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current HIV antiretroviral therapies potently suppress virus replication and prevent patients from progressing to AIDS but are unable to completely eliminate HIV due to the existence of dormant viral reservoirs which threaten to reemerge at anytime. Recently, genome-editing technologies that can recognize specific DNA sequences, including viral DNA, are being touted as promising tools for curing HIV, owing to their specificity, ease of use, and ability to be custom designed. CONCLUSION Here, we introduce several novel strategies aimed at eradicating HIV proviruses with state-of-the-art genome-editing technologies and discuss perspectives of these approaches for curing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ebina
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara- cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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RD-MolPack technology for the constitutive production of self-inactivating lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the nontoxic RD114-TR envelope. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16033. [PMID: 27222840 PMCID: PMC4863723 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, gene therapy with transiently derived lentivectors has been very successful to cure rare infant genetic diseases. However, transient manufacturing is unfeasible to treat adult malignancies because large vector lots are required. By contrast, stable manufacturing is the best option for high-incidence diseases since it reduces the production cost, which is the major current limitation to scale up the transient methods. We have previously developed the proprietary RD2-MolPack technology for the stable production of second-generation lentivectors, based on the RD114-TR envelope. Of note, opposite to vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) envelope, RD114-TR does not need inducible expression thanks to lack of toxicity. Here, we present the construction of RD2- and RD3-MolPack cells for the production of self-inactivating lentivectors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a proof-of-concept of the feasibility and safety of this technology before its later therapeutic exploitation. We report that human T lymphocytes transduced with self-inactivating lentivectors derived from RD3-MolPack cells or with self-inactivating VSV-G pseudotyped lentivectors derived from transient transfection show identical T-cell memory differentiation phenotype and comparable transduction efficiency in all T-cell subsets. RD-MolPack technology represents, therefore, a straightforward tool to simplify and standardize lentivector manufacturing to engineer T-cells for frontline immunotherapy applications.
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Abstract
Rapidly evolving viruses are a major threat to human health. Such viruses are often highly pathogenic (e.g., influenza virus, HIV, Ebola virus) and routinely circumvent therapeutic intervention through mutational escape. Error-prone genome replication generates heterogeneous viral populations that rapidly adapt to new selection pressures, leading to resistance that emerges with treatment. However, population heterogeneity bears a cost: when multiple viral variants replicate within a cell, they can potentially interfere with each other, lowering viral fitness. This genetic interference can be exploited for antiviral strategies, either by taking advantage of a virus’s inherent genetic diversity or through generating de novo interference by engineering a competing genome. Here, we discuss two such antiviral strategies, dominant drug targeting and therapeutic interfering particles. Both strategies harness the power of genetic interference to surmount two particularly vexing obstacles—the evolution of drug resistance and targeting therapy to high-risk populations—both of which impede treatment in resource-poor settings.
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Tanaka H, Fujiwara H, Ochi F, Tanimoto K, Casey N, Okamoto S, Mineno J, Kuzushima K, Shiku H, Sugiyama T, Barrett AJ, Yasukawa M. Development of Engineered T Cells Expressing a Chimeric CD16-CD3ζ Receptor to Improve the Clinical Efficacy of Mogamulizumab Therapy Against Adult T-Cell Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4405-16. [PMID: 27091408 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mogamulizumab (Mog), a humanized anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) mAb that mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) using FcγR IIIa (CD16)-expressing effector cells, has recently been approved for treatment of CCR4-positive adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in Japan. However, Mog failure has sometimes been observed in patients who have accompanying chemotherapy-associated lymphocytopenia. In this study, we examined whether adoptive transfer of artificial ADCC effector cells combined with Mog would overcome this drawback. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We lentivirally gene-modified peripheral blood T cells from healthy volunteers and ATL patients expressing the affinity-increased chimeric CD16-CD3ζ receptor (cCD16ζ-T cells). Subsequently, we examined the ADCC effect mediated by those cCD16ζ-T cells in the presence of Mog against ATL tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo RESULTS cCD16ζ-T cells derived from healthy donors killed in vitro Mog-opsonized ATL cell line cells (n = 7) and primary ATL cells (n = 4) depending on both the number of effector cells and the dose of the antibody. cCD16ζ-T cells generated from ATL patients (n = 3) also exerted cytocidal activity in vitro against Mog-opsonized autologous ATL cells. Using both intravenously disseminated model (n = 5) and subcutaneously inoculated model (n = 4), coadministration of Mog and human cCD16ζ-T cells successfully suppressed tumor growth in xenografted immunodeficient mice, and significantly prolonged their survival (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data strongly suggest clinical feasibility of the novel combined adoptive immunotherapy using cCD16ζ-T cells and Mog for treatment of aggressive ATL, particularly in patients who are ineligible for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4405-16. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan. Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ochi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazushi Tanimoto
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nicholas Casey
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Department of Cancer Vaccine and Immuno-Gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - A John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Masaki Yasukawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
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Garg H, Joshi A. Conditional Cytotoxic Anti-HIV Gene Therapy for Selectable Cell Modification. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:400-15. [PMID: 26800572 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy remains one of the potential strategies to achieve a cure for HIV infection. One of the major limitations of anti-HIV gene therapy concerns recovering an adequate number of modified cells to generate an HIV-proof immune system. Our study addresses this issue by developing a methodology that can mark conditional vector-transformed cells for selection and subsequently target HIV-infected cells for elimination by treatment with ganciclovir (GCV). We used the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) mutant SR39, which is highly potent at killing cells at low GCV concentrations. This gene was cloned into a conditional HIV vector, pNL-GFPRRESA, which expresses the gene of interest as well as green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the presence of HIV Tat protein. We show here that TK-SR39 was more potent that wild-type TK (TK-WT) at eliminating infected cells at lower concentrations of GCV. As the vector expresses GFP in the presence of Tat, transient expression of Tat either by Tat RNA transfection or transduction by a nonintegrating lentiviral (NIL) vector marked the cells with GFP for selection. In cells selected by this strategy, TK-SR39 was more potent at limiting virus replication than TK-WT. Finally, in Jurkat cells modified and selected by this approach, infection with CXCR4-tropic Lai virus could be suppressed by treatment with GCV. GCV treatment limited the number of HIV-infected cells, virus production, as well as virus-induced cytopathic effects in this model. We provide proof of principle that TK-SR39 in a conditional HIV vector can provide a safe and effective anti-HIV strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Garg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, Texas
| | - Anjali Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, Texas
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Abstract
The apparent cure of an HIV-infected person following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from an allogeneic donor homozygous for the ccr5Δ32 mutation has stimulated the search for strategies to eradicate HIV or to induce long-term remission without requiring ongoing antiretroviral therapy. A variety of approaches, including allogeneic HSCT from CCR5-deficient donors and autologous transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells, are currently under investigation. This Review covers the experience with HSCT in HIV infection to date and provides a survey of ongoing work in the field. The challenges of developing HSCT for HIV cure in the context of safe, effective, and convenient once-daily antiretroviral therapy are also discussed.
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Chu Y, Oum YH, Carrico IS. Surface modification via strain-promoted click reaction facilitates targeted lentiviral transduction. Virology 2015; 487:95-103. [PMID: 26499046 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a result of their ability to integrate into the genome of both dividing and non-dividing cells, lentiviruses have emerged as a promising vector for gene delivery. Targeted gene transduction of specific cells and tissues by lentiviral vectors has been a major goal, which has proven difficult to achieve. We report a novel targeting protocol that relies on the chemoselective attachment of cancer specific ligands to unnatural glycans on lentiviral surfaces. This strategy exhibits minimal perturbation on virus physiology and demonstrates remarkable flexibility. It allows for targeting but can be more broadly useful with applications such as vector purification and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Chu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Yoon Hyeun Oum
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Isaac S Carrico
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA.
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