1
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Wright SW, Farley KA, Han S, Knafels JD, Lee KL. In Retrospect: Root-Cause Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships in IRAK4 Inhibitor Zimlovisertib (PF-06650833). ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:540-545. [PMID: 38628800 PMCID: PMC11017396 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we disclose insights on the root causes of three structure-activity relationship (SAR) observations encountered in the discovery of the IRAK4 inhibitor Zimlovisertib (PF-06650833). The first is a nonlinear potency SAR encountered with the isoquinoline ether substituent, the second is a potency enhancement introduced by fluorine substitution on the lactam, and the third is a slight potency preference for all-syn (2S,3S,4S) stereochemistry in the fluorine-substituted lactam. We present new data that help to inform us of the origins of these unexpected SAR trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W. Wright
- Medicine
Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kathleen A. Farley
- Medicine
Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Seungil Han
- Medicine
Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John D. Knafels
- Medicine
Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Katherine L. Lee
- Inflammation
and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Bemark M, Pitcher MJ, Dionisi C, Spencer J. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue: a microbiota-driven hub of B cell immunity. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:211-223. [PMID: 38402045 PMCID: PMC11227984 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The diverse gut microbiota, which is associated with mucosal health and general wellbeing, maintains gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in a chronically activated state, including sustainment of germinal centers in a context of high antigenic load. This influences the rules for B cell engagement with antigen and the potential consequences. Recent data have highlighted differences between GALT and other lymphoid tissues. For example, GALT propagates IgA responses against glycans that show signs of having been generated in germinal centers. Other findings suggest that humans are among those species where GALT supports the diversification, propagation, and possibly selection of systemic B cells. Here, we review novel findings that identify GALT as distinctive, and able to support these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Translational Medicine - Human Immunology, Lund University, J Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Michael J Pitcher
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Chiara Dionisi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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3
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Budeus B, Kibler A, Küppers R. Human IgM-expressing memory B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308378. [PMID: 38143767 PMCID: PMC10748387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of T cell dependent (TD) humoral immune responses is the generation of long-lived memory B cells. The generation of these cells occurs primarily in the germinal center (GC) reaction, where antigen-activated B cells undergo affinity maturation as a major consequence of the combined processes of proliferation, somatic hypermutation of their immunoglobulin V (IgV) region genes, and selection for improved affinity of their B-cell antigen receptors. As many B cells also undergo class-switching to IgG or IgA in these TD responses, there was traditionally a focus on class-switched memory B cells in both murine and human studies on memory B cells. However, it has become clear that there is also a large subset of IgM-expressing memory B cells, which have important phenotypic and functional similarities but also differences to class-switched memory B cells. There is an ongoing discussion about the origin of distinct subsets of human IgM+ B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes. We argue here that the vast majority of human IgM-expressing B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes in adults is indeed derived from GC reactions, even though a generation of some mostly lowly mutated IgM+ B cells from other differentiation pathways, mainly in early life, may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
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4
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Weill JC, Weller S, Reynaud CA. B cell diversification in gut-associated lymphoid tissues: From birds to humans. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20231501. [PMID: 37824081 PMCID: PMC10568490 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several species generate their preimmune repertoire in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), compensating a reduced germline V gene repertoire by post-rearrangement diversification mechanisms (gene conversion and/or somatic hypermutation) in these environments that act as primary lymphoid organs. We summarize here these processes for three different species (chickens, sheep, and rabbits) and further discuss the analogous process that T-independent B cell responses in humans represent: we indeed recently showed that response against bacterial polysaccharides mobilize marginal zone B cells that prediversified against gut antigens. While the initial diversification strategy differs in these two cases, i.e., repertoire formation driven by gut-derived mitotic signals vs. response against gut antigens, the common feature of these two processes is the mobilization of a B cell compartment prediversified in GALT for immune responses against distinct systemic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Weill
- Université Paris Cité, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1151, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades , Paris, France
| | - Sandra Weller
- Université Paris Cité, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1151, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades , Paris, France
| | - Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Université Paris Cité, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1151, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades , Paris, France
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5
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Lee SF, Woolley A, Sharma NS. Impact of MyD88 Deficiency on Innate Immune Function in COVID-19 Infection and Allotransplantation. Transplantation 2023; 107:2084-2086. [PMID: 37749810 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefi F Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veteran Affairs Boston Health Care System, Boston, MA
| | - Ann Woolley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nirmal S Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veteran Affairs Boston Health Care System, Boston, MA
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6
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Galant-Swafford J, Druey KM, Verma D, Alam R. Identification of a heterozygous pathogenic variant in IRAK4 in an adult patient with pneumococcal sepsis, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance, and idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2023; 2:100116. [PMID: 37304620 PMCID: PMC10249487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Galant-Swafford
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Divya Verma
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Rafeul Alam
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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7
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Lv J, Wei Y, Yin JH, Chen YP, Zhou GQ, Wei C, Liang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang CJ, He SW, He QM, Huang ZL, Guan JL, Shen JY, Li XM, Li JY, Li WF, Tang LL, Mao YP, Guo R, Sun R, Zheng YH, Zhou WW, Xiong KX, Wang SQ, Jin X, Liu N, Li GB, Kuang DM, Sun Y, Ma J. The tumor immune microenvironment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after gemcitabine plus cisplatin treatment. Nat Med 2023; 29:1424-1436. [PMID: 37280275 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GP) chemotherapy is the standard of care for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the mechanisms underpinning its clinical activity are unclear. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing and T cell and B cell receptor sequencing of matched, treatment-naive and post-GP chemotherapy NPC samples (n = 15 pairs), we show that GP chemotherapy activated an innate-like B cell (ILB)-dominant antitumor immune response. DNA fragments induced by chemotherapy activated the STING type-I-interferon-dependent pathway to increase major histocompatibility complex class I expression in cancer cells, and simultaneously induced ILB via Toll-like receptor 9 signaling. ILB further expanded follicular helper and helper type 1 T cells via the ICOSL-ICOS axis and subsequently enhanced cytotoxic T cells in tertiary lymphoid organ-like structures after chemotherapy that were deficient for germinal centers. ILB frequency was positively associated with overall and disease-free survival in a phase 3 trial of patients with NPC receiving GP chemotherapy ( NCT01872962 , n = 139). It also served as a predictor for favorable outcomes in patients with NPC treated with GP and immunotherapy combined treatment (n = 380). Collectively, our study provides a high-resolution map of the tumor immune microenvironment after GP chemotherapy and uncovers a role for B cell-centered antitumor immunity. We also identify and validate ILB as a potential biomarker for GP-based treatment in NPC, which could improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lv
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yu-Pei Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan-Qun Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wei
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Shi-Wei He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Mei He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Li Huang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Li Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yi Shen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Min Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Yan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Fei Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Long Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Mao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hui Zheng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Xin Jin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Na Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gui-Bo Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
- BGI-Henan, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Dong-Ming Kuang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Verma N, Tadros S, Bahal S, Lowe DM, Burns SO. Case of Fatal Meningitis in an Adult Patient with IRAK4 Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2023:10.1007/s10875-023-01490-y. [PMID: 37103729 PMCID: PMC10136377 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Verma
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St., Hampstead, London, UK.
| | - Susan Tadros
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St., Hampstead, London, UK
| | - Sameer Bahal
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St., Hampstead, London, UK
| | - David M Lowe
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St., Hampstead, London, UK
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St., Hampstead, London, UK
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK
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9
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Kibler A, Seifert M, Budeus B. Age-related changes of the human splenic marginal zone B cell compartment. Immunol Lett 2023; 256-257:59-65. [PMID: 37044264 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will summarize the growing body of knowledge on the age-related changes of human splenic B cell composition and molecular evidence of immune maturation and discuss the contribution of these changes on splenic protective function. From birth on, the splenic marginal zone (sMZ) contains a specialized B cell subpopulation, which recruits and archives memory B cells from immune responses throughout the organism. The quality of sMZ B cell responses is augmented by germinal center (GC)-dependent maturation of memory B cells during childhood, however, in old age, these mechanisms likely contribute to waning of splenic protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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10
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Spencer J, Bemark M. Human intestinal B cells in inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:254-265. [PMID: 36849542 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal lumen contains an abundance of bacteria, viruses and fungi alongside ingested material that shape the chronically active intestinal immune system from early life to maintain the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier. In health, the response is intricately balanced to provide active protection against pathogen invasion whilst tolerating food and avoiding inflammation. B cells are central to achieving this protection. Their activation and maturation generates the body's largest plasma cell population that secretes IgA, and the niches they provide support systemic immune cell specialization. For example, the gut supports the development and maturation of a splenic B cell subset - the marginal zone B cells. In addition, cells such as the T follicular helper cells, which are enriched in many autoinflammatory diseases, are intrinsically associated with the germinal centre microenvironment that is more abundant in the gut than in any other tissue in health. In this Review, we discuss intestinal B cells and their role when a loss of homeostasis results in intestinal and systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Spencer
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK.
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Weller S, Sterlin D, Fadeev T, Coignard E, de los Aires AV, Goetz C, Fritzen R, Bahuaud M, Batteux F, Gorochov G, Weill JC, Reynaud CA. T-independent responses to polysaccharides in humans mobilize marginal zone B cells prediversified against gut bacterial antigens. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade1413. [PMID: 36706172 PMCID: PMC7614366 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells are one of the main actors of T-independent (TI) responses in mice. To identify the B cell subset(s) involved in such responses in humans, we vaccinated healthy individuals with Pneumovax, a model TI vaccine. By high-throughput repertoire sequencing of plasma cells (PCs) isolated 7 days after vaccination and of different B cell subpopulations before and after vaccination, we show that the PC response mobilizes large clones systematically, including an immunoglobulin M component, whose diversification and amplification predated the pneumococcal vaccination. These clones could be mainly traced back to MZ B cells, together with clonally related IgA+ and, to a lesser extent, IgG+CD27+ B cells. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies isolated from large PC clones recognized a wide array of bacterial species from the gut flora, indicating that TI responses in humans largely mobilize MZ and switched B cells that most likely prediversified during mucosal immune responses against bacterial antigens and acquired pneumococcal cross-reactivity through somatic hypermutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Weller
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Sterlin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013 Paris, France
- Département d’Immunologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Fadeev
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Eva Coignard
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alba Verge de los Aires
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Clara Goetz
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Fritzen
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), F-75015 Paris, France
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Mathilde Bahuaud
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France
- Service d’Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre (HUPC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Frederic Batteux
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France
- Service d’Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre (HUPC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013 Paris, France
- Département d’Immunologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Weill
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR-8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), F-75015 Paris, France
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12
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Montorsi L, Siu JHY, Spencer J. B cells in human lymphoid structures. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:240-252. [PMID: 36370126 PMCID: PMC9985168 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells in the human body are present in tissues where they support immune responses to pathogens, vaccines, autoantigens, and tumours. Despite their clear importance, they are very difficult to study and there are many areas of uncertainty that are difficult to resolve because of limited tissue access. In this review, we consider the zonal structure of lymphoid tissues, the B cell subsets they contain, and how these are regulated. We also discuss the impact that methods of deep interrogation have made on our current knowledge base, especially with respect to studies of cells from dissociated tissues. We discuss in some detail the controversial B cells with marginal zone distribution that some consider being archived memory B cells. We anticipate that more we understand of B cells in tissues and the niches they create, the more opportunities will be identified to harness their potential for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Montorsi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline H Y Siu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Correspondence: Jo Spencer, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, Second Floor Borough Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, St Thomas’ St, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Gopalakrishnan A, Richard K, Wahid R, Harley R, Sztein MB, Hawkins LD, Vogel SN. E6020, a TLR4 Agonist Adjuvant, Enhances Both Antibody Titers and Isotype Switching in Response to Immunization with Hapten-Protein Antigens and Is Diminished in Mice with TLR4 Signaling Insufficiency. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1950-1959. [PMID: 36426935 PMCID: PMC9643654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which TLR4-based adjuvants enhance immunogenicity are not fully understood. We have taken advantage of a novel knock-in mouse strain that homozygously expresses two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are homologous to human TLR4 (rs4986790 and rs4986791) and have been associated with LPS hyporesponsiveness in vivo and in vitro. TLR4-SNP (coexpressing mutations D298G/N397I in TLR4) mice that recapitulate the human phenotype were compared with wild-type (WT) mice for their hapten-specific Ab responses after immunization with hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP) NP-Ficoll or NP-OVA in the absence or presence of a water-soluble TLR4 analog adjuvant, E6020. IgM and IgG anti-NP responses were comparable in WT and TLR4-SNP mice after immunization with either NP-Ficoll or NP-OVA only. E6020 significantly yet transiently improved the IgM and IgG anti-NP responses of both WT and TLR4-SNP mice to NP-Ficoll (T-independent), with modestly enhanced Ab production in WT mice. In contrast, T-dependent (NP-OVA), adjuvant-enhanced responses showed sustained elevation of NP-specific Ab titers in WT mice, intermediate responses in TLR4-SNP mice, and negligible enhancement in TLR4-/- mice. E6020-enhanced early humoral responses in WT and TLR4-SNP mice to NP-OVA favored an IgG1 response. After a second immunization, however, the immune responses of TLR4-SNP mice remained IgG1 dominant, whereas WT mice reimmunized with NP-OVA and E6020 exhibited increased anti-NP IgG2c titers and a sustained increase in the IgG1 and IgG2c production by splenocytes. These findings indicate that E6020 increases and sustains Ab titers and promotes isotype class switching, as evidenced by reduced titers and IgG1-dominant immune responses in mice with TLR4 insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katharina Richard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rezwanul Wahid
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Regina Harley
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Temme JS, Crainic JA, Walker LM, Yang W, Tan Z, Huang X, Gildersleeve JC. Microarray-guided evaluation of the frequency, B cell origins, and selectivity of human glycan-binding antibodies reveals new insights and novel antibodies. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102468. [PMID: 36087840 PMCID: PMC9576894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system produces a diverse collection of antiglycan antibodies that are critical for host defense. At present, however, we know very little about the binding properties, origins, and sequences of these antibodies because of a lack of access to a variety of defined individual antibodies. To address this challenge, we used a glycan microarray with over 800 different components to screen a panel of 516 human monoclonal antibodies that had been randomly cloned from different B-cell subsets originating from healthy human subjects. We obtained 26 antiglycan antibodies, most of which bound microbial carbohydrates. The majority of the antiglycan antibodies identified in the screen displayed selective binding for specific glycan motifs on our array and lacked polyreactivity. We found that antiglycan antibodies were about twice as likely than expected to originate from IgG+ memory B cells, whereas none were isolated from naïve, early emigrant, or immature B cells. Therefore, our results indicate that certain B-cell subsets in our panel are enriched in antiglycan antibodies, and IgG+ memory B cells may be a promising source of such antibodies. Furthermore, some of the newly identified antibodies bound glycans for which there are no reported monoclonal antibodies available, and these may be useful as research tools, diagnostics, or therapeutic agents. Overall, the results provide insight into the types and properties of antiglycan antibodies produced by the human immune system and a framework for the identification of novel antiglycan antibodies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Jennifer A Crainic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA; Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Weizhun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Zibin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702.
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15
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Conti F, Marzollo A, Moratti M, Lodi L, Ricci S. Inborn Errors of Immunity underlying a susceptibility to pyogenic infections: from innate immune system deficiency to complex phenotypes. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1422-1428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Convergence of cytokine dysregulation and antibody deficiency in common variable immunodeficiency with inflammatory complications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:315-326.e9. [PMID: 34146579 PMCID: PMC8678401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninfectious complications are the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), but their pathogenesis remains poorly defined. OBJECTIVE Using high-throughput approaches, we aimed to identify, correlate, and determine the significance of immunologic features of CVID with noninfectious complications (CVIDc). METHODS We simultaneously applied proteomics, RNA sequencing, and mass cytometry to a large cohort with primary antibody deficiency. RESULTS CVIDc is differentiated from uncomplicated CVID, other forms of primary antibody deficiency, and healthy controls by a distinct plasma proteomic profile. In addition to confirming previously reported elevations of 4-1BB, IL-6, IL-18, and IFN-γ, we found elevations of colony-stimulating factor 1, IL-12p40, IL-18R, oncostatin M, TNF, and vascular endothelial growth factor A to differentiate CVIDc. This cytokine dysregulation correlated with deficiency of LPS-specific antibodies and increased soluble CD14, suggesting microbial translocation. Indicating potential significance of reduced LPS-specific antibodies and resultant microbial-induced inflammation, CVIDc had altered LPS-induced gene expression matching plasma proteomics and corresponding with increased CD14+CD16- monocytes, memory T cells, and tissue inflammation ameliorated by T-cell-targeted therapy. Unsupervised machine learning accurately differentiated subjects with CVIDc and supported cytokine dysregulation, antibody deficit, and T-cell activation as defining and convergent features. CONCLUSIONS Our data expand understanding of CVIDc proteomics, establish its link with deficiency of IgA and LPS-specific antibodies, and implicate altered LPS-induced gene expression and elevated monocytes and T cells in this cytokine dysregulation. This work indicates that CVIDc results when insufficient antibody neutralization of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, like LPS, occurs in those with a heightened response to these inflammatory mediators, suggesting a 2-hit model of pathogenesis requiring further exploration.
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Kaplan MJ. Targeting the Myddosome in Systemic Autoimmunity: Ready for Prime Time? Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:2163-2165. [PMID: 34424598 DOI: 10.1002/art.41951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana J Kaplan
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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18
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Arya VS, Kanthlal SK, Linda G. The role of dietary polyphenols in inflammatory bowel disease: A possible clue on the molecular mechanisms involved in the prevention of immune and inflammatory reactions. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13369. [PMID: 32885438 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the major complications of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by chronic inflammation, which disturbs the quality of life of the affected individuals. Genetic predisposition, immune, inflammatory, and enzyme-mediated signaling cascades are the primary mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Currently, the treatment strategy involves the maintenance of remission and induction of inflammation by anti-inflammatory agents and immune suppressants. Polyphenol-containing diets, including fruits and vegetables of regular use, possess anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potential through the inhibition of major contributing pathways to IBD. This review discusses the role of these dietary polyphenols in downregulating the major signaling cascades in IBD. Our review encourages the development of nutritional strategies to improve the efficiency of current therapies for IBD and reduce the risks of side effects associated with conventional therapy. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: At present, almost every third person in society is under stress and having chronic disorders like diabetes, arthritis, allergy, cardiovascular disease, IBD, etc. This insists on the direct/indirect role of changes in the lifestyle for such deterioration in society. This review would emphasize the medicinal value of polyphenols present in fruits and vegetables for chronic inflammatory disorders. This concept portrays the food components which have the potential to promote health, improve general well-being, and reduce the risk of IBD. We propose to add fruits with bioactive polyphenols in the regular diet to help in preventing the immune-mediated intestinal chronic inflammatory syndrome and reduce the risks of colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Arya
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - S K Kanthlal
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Geevarghese Linda
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
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19
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Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity. Cell 2020; 180:1044-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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IRAK family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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MacCalman TE, Phillips-Jones MK, Harding SE. Glycoconjugate vaccines: some observations on carrier and production methods. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2020; 35:93-125. [PMID: 32048549 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2019.1703614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines use protein carriers to improve the immune response to polysaccharide antigens. The protein component allows the vaccine to interact with T cells, providing a stronger and longer-lasting immune response than a polysaccharide interacting with B cells alone. Whilst in theory the mere presence of a protein component in a vaccine should be sufficient to improve vaccine efficacy, the extent of improvement varies. In the present review, a comparison of the performances of vaccines developed with and without a protein carrier are presented. The usefulness of analytical tools for macromolecular integrity assays, in particular nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, analytical ultracentrifugation and SEC coupled to multi-angle light scattering (MALS) is indicated. Although we focus mainly on bacterial capsular polysaccharide-protein vaccines, some consideration is also given to research on experimental cancer vaccines using zwitterionic polysaccharides which, unusually for polysaccharides, are able to invoke T-cell responses and have been used in the development of potential all-polysaccharide-based cancer vaccines.A general trend of improved immunogenicity for glycoconjugate vaccines is described. Since the immunogenicity of a vaccine will also depend on carrier protein type and the way in which it has been linked to polysaccharide, the effects of different carrier proteins and production methods are also reviewed. We suggest that, in general, there is no single best carrier for use in glycoconjugate vaccines. This indicates that the choice of carrier protein is optimally made on a case-by-case basis, based on what generates the best immune response and can be produced safely in each individual case.Abbreviations: AUC: analytical ultracentrifugation; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CD: circular dichroism spectroscopy; CPS: capsular polysaccharide; CRM197: Cross Reactive Material 197; DT: diphtheria toxoid; Hib: Haemophilius influenzae type b; MALS: multi-angle light scattering; Men: Neisseria menigitidis; MHC-II: major histocompatibility complex class II; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; OMP: outer membrane protein; PRP: polyribosyl ribitol phosphate; PSA: Polysaccharide A1; Sa: Salmonella; St.: Streptococcus; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; Sta: Staphylococcus; TT: tetanus toxoid; ZPS: zwitterionic polysaccharide(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E MacCalman
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mary K Phillips-Jones
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen E Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Kulturhistorisk Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Boisson B. The genetic basis of pneumococcal and staphylococcal infections: inborn errors of human TLR and IL-1R immunity. Hum Genet 2020; 139:981-991. [PMID: 31980906 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many bacteria can cause pyogenic lesions in humans. Most of these bacteria are harmless in most individuals, but they, nevertheless, cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies underlying these pyogenic infections differ between bacteria. This short review focuses on two emblematic pyogenic bacteria: pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Staphylococcus, both of which are Gram-positive encapsulated bacteria. We will discuss the contribution of human genetic studies to the identification of germline mutations of the TLR and IL-1R pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA. .,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, France. .,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, EU, France.
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23
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Michaud E, Mastrandrea C, Rochereau N, Paul S. Human Secretory IgM: An Elusive Player in Mucosal Immunity. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:141-156. [PMID: 31928913 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secretory IgMs (SIgMs) were amongst the first identified immunoglobulins. However, their importance was not fully understood and recent advances have shown they play a key role in establishing and promoting commensal gut tolerance in mice and humans. The true interactions between SIgMs and the microbiota remain controversial and we aim to consolidate current knowledge in this review. Through comprehensive examination of SIgMs and their corresponding B cell secretors in several different pathological immunological contexts, we review the presumed role of these molecules in gut tolerance, inflammatory bowel diseases, and lung immunity. As SIgMs harbor a mostly tolerogenic function, we posit that their inclusion in further immunological research is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Michaud
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Nicolas Rochereau
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France.
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24
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Hodeib S, Herberg JA, Levin M, Sancho-Shimizu V. Human genetics of meningococcal infections. Hum Genet 2020; 139:961-980. [PMID: 32067109 PMCID: PMC7272491 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial septicaemia and meningitis worldwide. Meningococcal disease is rare but can be life threatening with a tendency to affect children. Many studies have investigated the role of human genetics in predisposition to N. meningitidis infection. These have identified both rare single-gene mutations as well as more common polymorphisms associated with meningococcal disease susceptibility and severity. These findings provide clues to the pathogenesis of N. meningitidis, the basis of host susceptibility to infection and to the aetiology of severe disease. From the multiple discoveries of monogenic complement deficiencies to the associations of complement factor H and complement factor H-related three polymorphisms to meningococcal disease, the complement pathway is highlighted as being central to the genetic control of meningococcal disease. This review aims to summarise the current understanding of the host genetic basis of meningococcal disease with respect to the different stages of meningococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hodeib
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jethro A Herberg
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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25
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Danto SI, Shojaee N, Singh RSP, Li C, Gilbert SA, Manukyan Z, Kilty I. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of PF-06650833, a selective interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) inhibitor, in single and multiple ascending dose randomized phase 1 studies in healthy subjects. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:269. [PMID: 31805989 PMCID: PMC6896740 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-2008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PF-06650833 is a potent, selective inhibitor of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4). Two randomized, double-blind, sponsor-open phase 1 studies evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single (SAD) and multiple ascending doses (MAD) of PF-06650833 immediate-release (IR) and modified-release (MR) oral formulations in healthy adult subjects. Methods Study 1 (NCT02224651) was a 96-day, placebo-substitution, SAD study of once-daily (QD) oral PF-06650833 IR 1 to 6000 mg and MR 30 to 300 mg in fasted and fed states. Study 2 (NCT02485769) was a 14-day, placebo-controlled, MAD study of PF-06650833 IR 25 to 750 mg twice daily, IR 1000 mg four times per day, IR 330 mg three times per day, and MR 300 mg QD. Results PF-06650833 was generally well tolerated, with no dose-limiting treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) identified in either study. TEAEs were generally mild in severity, with headache, gastrointestinal disorders, and acne most commonly reported. No serious AEs or deaths were reported. A maximum tolerated dose was not established in either study. In the SAD study, food intake delayed absorption of IR 30 mg and increased total exposure by 33%. Delayed absorption was achieved with the MR formulation (Tmax of 1 h versus 8 h for IR 100 mg and MR 100 mg formulations, respectively). Food had no effect on total exposure for MR 30 mg, but reduced half-life 1.8-fold and increased Cmax by 62%. In the MAD study, accumulation ranged from 0.9-fold to 1.4-fold for AUCtau and 0.9-fold to 1.3-fold for Cmax. Less than 1% of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine for all dose groups, with renal clearance ranging from 14 to 23 mL/min for IR < 750 mg and MR 300 mg. There was a sustained decrease in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for IR ≥ 250 mg and MR 300 mg. Based on the cholesterol/hydroxycholesterol ratio, no apparent CYP3A induction or inhibition was observed. Conclusions PF-06650833, the first IRAK4 inhibitor to enter clinical development, has a favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profile and has shown evidence of pharmacological effect. The data support continued evaluation in human clinical trials for the treatment of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02224651, registered 25 August 2014; NCT02485769, registered 30 June 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer I Danto
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Negin Shojaee
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ravi Shankar P Singh
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cheryl Li
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven A Gilbert
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zorayr Manukyan
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Iain Kilty
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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26
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Antinuclear Antibody-Positive Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Despite IRAK-4 Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2018; 38:450-453. [PMID: 29707745 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-018-0501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Lu Y, Li X, Liu S, Zhang Y, Zhang D. Toll-like Receptors and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:72. [PMID: 29441063 PMCID: PMC5797585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one relapsing and lifelong disease that affects millions of patients worldwide. Increasing evidence has recently highlighted immune-system dysfunction, especially toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated innate immune dysfunction, as central players in the pathogenesis of IBD. TLRs and TLR-activated signaling pathways are involved not only in the pathogenesis but also in the efficacy of treatment of IBD. By understanding these molecular mechanisms, we might develop a strategy for relieving the experience of long-lasting suffering of those patients and improving their quality of life. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the potential mechanisms of TLR signaling pathways in IBD and the novel potential therapeutic strategies against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Center for Infectious and Inflammation Diseases, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Center for Infectious and Inflammation Diseases, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
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28
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Sintes J, Gentile M, Zhang S, Garcia-Carmona Y, Magri G, Cassis L, Segura-Garzón D, Ciociola A, Grasset EK, Bascones S, Comerma L, Pybus M, Lligé D, Puga I, Gutzeit C, He B, DuBois W, Crespo M, Pascual J, Mensa A, Aróstegui JI, Juan M, Yagüe J, Serrano S, Lloreta J, Meffre E, Hahne M, Cunningham-Rundles C, Mock BA, Cerutti A. mTOR intersects antibody-inducing signals from TACI in marginal zone B cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1462. [PMID: 29133782 PMCID: PMC5684130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) enhances immunity in addition to orchestrating metabolism. Here we show that mTOR coordinates immunometabolic reconfiguration of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, a pre-activated lymphocyte subset that mounts antibody responses to T-cell-independent antigens through a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-amplified pathway involving transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI). This receptor interacts with mTOR via the TLR adapter MyD88. The resulting mTOR activation instigates MZ B-cell proliferation, immunoglobulin G (IgG) class switching, and plasmablast differentiation through a rapamycin-sensitive pathway that integrates metabolic and antibody-inducing transcription programs, including NF-κB. Disruption of TACI-mTOR interaction by rapamycin, truncation of the MyD88-binding domain of TACI, or B-cell-conditional mTOR deficiency interrupts TACI signaling via NF-κB and cooperation with TLRs, thereby hampering IgG production to T-cell-independent antigens but not B-cell survival. Thus, mTOR drives innate-like antibody responses by linking proximal TACI signaling events with distal immunometabolic transcription programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sintes
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
| | - Maurizio Gentile
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yolanda Garcia-Carmona
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Giuliana Magri
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Linda Cassis
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Daniel Segura-Garzón
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Alessandra Ciociola
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Emilie K Grasset
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Bascones
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Laura Comerma
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Marc Pybus
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - David Lligé
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Irene Puga
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Cindy Gutzeit
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bing He
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wendy DuBois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marta Crespo
- Department of Nephrology, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Julio Pascual
- Department of Nephrology, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Anna Mensa
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | | | - Manel Juan
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Jordi Yagüe
- Immunology Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Sergi Serrano
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Josep Lloreta
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Michael Hahne
- Molecular Genetics Institute of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
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29
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Gazendam RP, van de Geer A, Roos D, van den Berg TK, Kuijpers TW. How neutrophils kill fungi. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:299-311. [PMID: 27558342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in the prevention of invasive fungal infections. Whereas mouse studies have demonstrated the role of various neutrophil pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), signal transduction pathways, and cytotoxicity in the murine antifungal immune response, much less is known about the killing of fungi by human neutrophils. Recently, novel primary immunodeficiencies have been identified in patients with a susceptibility to fungal infections. These human 'knock-out' neutrophils expand our knowledge to understand the role of PRRs and signaling in human fungal killing. From the studies with these patients it is becoming clear that neutrophils employ fundamentally distinct mechanisms to kill Candida albicans or Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel P Gazendam
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie van de Geer
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Gadina M, Gazaniga N, Vian L, Furumoto Y. Small molecules to the rescue: Inhibition of cytokine signaling in immune-mediated diseases. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:20-31. [PMID: 28676205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted proteins associated with the maintenance of immune homeostasis but also implicated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Biologic agents blocking cytokines or their receptors have revolutionized the treatment of such pathologies. Nonetheless, some patients fail to respond to these drugs or do not achieve complete remission. The signal transduction originating from membrane-bound cytokine receptors is an intricate network of events that lead to gene expression and ultimately regulate cellular functionality. Our understanding of the intracellular actions that molecules such as interleukins, interferons (IFNs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) set into motion has greatly increased in the past few years, making it possible to interfere with cytokines' signaling cascades. The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the Phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinases (PI3K) pathways have all been intensively studied and key steps as well as molecules have been identified. These research efforts have led to the development of a new generation of small molecule inhibitors. Drugs capable of blocking JAK enzymatic activity or interfering with the proteasome-mediated degradation of intermediates in the NF-kB pathway have already entered the clinical arena confirming the validity of this approach. In this review, we have recapitulated the biochemical events downstream of cytokine receptors and discussed some of the drugs which have already been successfully utilized in the clinic. Moreover, we have highlighted some of the new molecules that are currently being developed for the treatment of immune-mediated pathologies and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, USA.
| | - Nathalia Gazaniga
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, USA
| | - Laura Vian
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, USA
| | - Yasuko Furumoto
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, USA
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31
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Lee KL, Ambler CM, Anderson DR, Boscoe BP, Bree AG, Brodfuehrer JI, Chang JS, Choi C, Chung S, Curran KJ, Day JE, Dehnhardt CM, Dower K, Drozda SE, Frisbie RK, Gavrin LK, Goldberg JA, Han S, Hegen M, Hepworth D, Hope HR, Kamtekar S, Kilty IC, Lee A, Lin LL, Lovering FE, Lowe MD, Mathias JP, Morgan HM, Murphy EA, Papaioannou N, Patny A, Pierce BS, Rao VR, Saiah E, Samardjiev IJ, Samas BM, Shen MWH, Shin JH, Soutter HH, Strohbach JW, Symanowicz PT, Thomason JR, Trzupek JD, Vargas R, Vincent F, Yan J, Zapf CW, Wright SW. Discovery of Clinical Candidate 1-{[(2S,3S,4S)-3-Ethyl-4-fluoro-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl]methoxy}-7-methoxyisoquinoline-6-carboxamide (PF-06650833), a Potent, Selective Inhibitor of Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4), by Fragment-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5521-5542. [PMID: 28498658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Through fragment-based drug design focused on engaging the active site of IRAK4 and leveraging three-dimensional topology in a ligand-efficient manner, a micromolar hit identified from a screen of a Pfizer fragment library was optimized to afford IRAK4 inhibitors with nanomolar potency in cellular assays. The medicinal chemistry effort featured the judicious placement of lipophilicity, informed by co-crystal structures with IRAK4 and optimization of ADME properties to deliver clinical candidate PF-06650833 (compound 40). This compound displays a 5-unit increase in lipophilic efficiency from the fragment hit, excellent kinase selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties suitable for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heidi M Morgan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. , 1070 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiangli Yan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. , 1070 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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32
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Schickel JN, Glauzy S, Ng YS, Chamberlain N, Massad C, Isnardi I, Katz N, Uzel G, Holland SM, Picard C, Puel A, Casanova JL, Meffre E. Self-reactive VH4-34-expressing IgG B cells recognize commensal bacteria. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1991-2003. [PMID: 28500047 PMCID: PMC5502416 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human VH4-34 gene segment encodes intrinsically self-reactive antibodies that recognize I/i carbohydrates. Schickel et al. show that these self-reactive clones may represent an innate-like B cell population specialized in the containment of commensal bacteria when gut barriers are breached. The germline immunoglobulin (Ig) variable heavy chain 4–34 (VH4-34) gene segment encodes in humans intrinsically self-reactive antibodies that recognize I/i carbohydrates expressed by erythrocytes with a specific motif in their framework region 1 (FWR1). VH4-34–expressing clones are common in the naive B cell repertoire but are rarely found in IgG memory B cells from healthy individuals. In contrast, CD27+IgG+ B cells from patients genetically deficient for IRAK4 or MYD88, which mediate the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) except TLR3, contained VH4-34–expressing clones and showed decreased somatic hypermutation frequencies. In addition, VH4-34–encoded IgGs from IRAK4- and MYD88-deficient patients often displayed an unmutated FWR1 motif, revealing that these antibodies still recognize I/i antigens, whereas their healthy donor counterparts harbored FWR1 mutations abolishing self-reactivity. However, this paradoxical self-reactivity correlated with these VH4-34–encoded IgG clones binding commensal bacteria antigens. Hence, B cells expressing germline-encoded self-reactive VH4-34 antibodies may represent an innate-like B cell population specialized in the containment of commensal bacteria when gut barriers are breached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Salomé Glauzy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Yen-Shing Ng
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Nicolas Chamberlain
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Christopher Massad
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Isabelle Isnardi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Nathan Katz
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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33
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Feyzi A, Delkhosh A, Nasrabadi HT, Cheraghi O, khakpour M, Barekati-Mowahed M, Soltani S, Mohammadi SM, Kazemi M, Hassanpour M, Rezabakhsh A, Maleki‐Dizaji N, Rahbarghazi R, Namdarian R. Copper sulfate pentahydrate reduced epithelial cytotoxicity induced by lipopolysaccharide from enterogenic bacteria. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:454-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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34
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Murphy M, Pattabiraman G, Manavalan TT, Medvedev AE. Deficiency in IRAK4 activity attenuates manifestations of murine Lupus. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:880-891. [PMID: 28295231 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 4 mediates host defense against infections. As an active kinase, IRAK4 elicits full spectra of myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD) 88-dependent responses, while kinase-inactive IRAK4 induces a subset of cytokines and negative regulators whose expression is not regulated by mRNA stability. IRAK4 kinase activity is critical for resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but its involvement in autoimmunity is incompletely understood. In this study, we determined the role of IRAK4 kinase activity in murine lupus. Lupus development in BXSB mice expressing the Y chromosome autoimmunity accelerator (Yaa) increased basal and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/7-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), enhanced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 5 gene expression in splenic macrophages, but decreased levels of Toll-interacting protein and IRAK-M, without affecting IRAK4 or IRAK1 expression. Mice harboring kinase-inactive IRAK4 on the lupus-prone Yaa background manifested blunted TLR signaling in macrophages and reduced glomerulonephritis, splenomegaly, serum anti-nuclear antibodies, numbers of splenic macrophages, total and TNF-α+ dendritic cells, activated T- and B-lymphocytes, and lower TNF-α expression in macrophages compared with lupus-prone mice with functional IRAK4. Thus, IRAK4 kinase activity contributes to murine lupus and could represent a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murphy
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Goutham Pattabiraman
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tissa T Manavalan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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35
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Phan TG, Tangye SG. Memory B cells: total recall. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 45:132-140. [PMID: 28363157 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a cornerstone of adaptive immune responses in higher vertebrates. The remarkable ability to generate memory cells following Ag exposure, in the context of natural infection or immunization, provides long-lived protection against infectious diseases, often for the hosts' lifetime. Indeed, the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells underpins the success of most vaccines. The concept of immunological memory is not new-it was first proposed nearly 2500 years ago. While our understanding of the complexities of humoral and cell-mediated memory continues to evolve, important aspects of this process remain unresolved. Here, we will provide an overview of recent advances in B-cell memory in mice and humans, and in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Australia.
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Australia.
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36
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Inherited human IRAK-1 deficiency selectively impairs TLR signaling in fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E514-E523. [PMID: 28069966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620139114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Most members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) families transduce signals via a canonical pathway involving the MyD88 adapter and the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) complex. This complex contains four molecules, including at least two (IRAK-1 and IRAK-4) active kinases. In mice and humans, deficiencies of IRAK-4 or MyD88 abolish most TLR (except for TLR3 and some TLR4) and IL-1R signaling in both leukocytes and fibroblasts. TLR and IL-1R responses are weak but not abolished in mice lacking IRAK-1, whereas the role of IRAK-1 in humans remains unclear. We describe here a boy with X-linked MECP2 deficiency-related syndrome due to a large de novo Xq28 chromosomal deletion encompassing both MECP2 and IRAK1 Like many boys with MECP2 null mutations, this child died very early, at the age of 7 mo. Unlike most IRAK-4- or MyD88-deficient patients, he did not suffer from invasive bacterial diseases during his short life. The IRAK-1 protein was completely absent from the patient's fibroblasts, which responded very poorly to all TLR2/6 (PAM2CSK4, LTA, FSL-1), TLR1/2 (PAM3CSK4), and TLR4 (LPS, MPLA) agonists tested but had almost unimpaired responses to IL-1β. By contrast, the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells responded normally to all TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR8 (R848) agonists tested, and to IL-1β. The death of this child precluded long-term evaluations of the clinical consequences of inherited IRAK-1 deficiency. However, these findings suggest that human IRAK-1 is essential downstream from TLRs but not IL-1Rs in fibroblasts, whereas it plays a redundant role downstream from both TLRs and IL-1Rs in leukocytes.
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37
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Wolfram W, Sauerwein KMT, Binder CJ, Eibl-Musil N, Wolf HM, Fischer MB. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccination Elicits IgG Anti-A/B Blood Group Antibodies in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:493. [PMID: 27895641 PMCID: PMC5108245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis Blood group antibodies are natural antibodies that develop early in life in response to cross-reactive environmental antigens in the absence of antigen encounter. Even later in life structural similarities in saccharide composition between environmental antigens such as bacterial polysaccharides and blood group A/B antigens could lead to changes in serum levels, IgM/IgG isotype, and affinity maturation of blood group anti-A/B antibodies. We addressed the question whether immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnP) vaccine Pneumo 23 Vaccine “Pasteur Merieux” (Pn23) could have such an effect in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (DM I), an autoimmune disease where an aberrant immune response to microbial antigens likely plays a role. Methods Anti-PnP IgM and IgG responses were determined by ELISA, and the DiaMed-ID Micro Typing System was used to screen anti-A/B antibody titer before and after Pn23 immunization in 28 healthy individuals and 16 patients with DM I. In addition, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology using the Biacore® device and a synthetic blood group A/B trisaccharide as the antigen was applied to investigate IgM and IgG anti-A/B antibodies and to measure antibody binding dynamics. Results All healthy individuals and DM I patients responded with anti-PnP IgM and IgG antibody production 4–6 weeks after Pn23 immunization, while no increase in blood group anti-A/B antibody titer was observed when measured by the DiaMed-ID Micro Typing System. Interestingly, isotype-specific testing by SPR technology revealed an increase in blood group anti-A/B IgG, but not IgM, following Pn23 immunization in both patients and controls. No change in binding characteristics of blood group anti-A/B antibodies could be detected following Pn23 vaccination, supporting the assumption of an increase in IgG antibody titer with no or very little affinity maturation. Conclusion The study provides evidence for epitope sharing between pneumococcal polysaccharides and blood group ABO antigens, which leads to a booster of blood group anti-A/B antibodies of the IgG isotype after Pn23 immunization in healthy individuals. Manifest autoimmunity such as present in DM I patients has no additional effect on the cross-reactive antibody response against pneumococcal polysaccharides and blood group antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendelin Wolfram
- Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | | | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | | | - Hermann M Wolf
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria; Sigmund Freud Private University - Medical School, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael B Fischer
- Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department for Health Science and Biomedicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
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38
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Marinho FV, Fahel JS, Scanga CA, Gomes MTR, Guimarães G, Carvalho GRM, Morales SV, Báfica A, Oliveira SC. Lack of IL-1 Receptor–Associated Kinase-4 Leads to Defective Th1 Cell Responses and Renders Mice Susceptible to Mycobacterial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1852-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Schaballie H, Wuyts G, Dillaerts D, Frans G, Moens L, Proesmans M, Vermeulen F, De Boeck K, Meyts I, Bossuyt X. Effect of previous vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine antibody responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:180-9. [PMID: 26939935 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 10 years, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has become part of the standard childhood vaccination programme. This may impact upon the diagnosis of polysaccharide antibody deficiency by measurement of anti-polysaccharide immunoglobulin (Ig)G after immunization with unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV). Indeed, contrary to PPV, PCV induces a T-dependent, more pronounced memory response. The antibody response to PPV was studied retrospectively in patients referred for suspected humoral immunodeficiency. The study population was divided into four subgroups based on age (2-5 years versus ≥ 10 years) and time tested (1998-2005 versus 2010-12). Only 2-5-year-old children tested in 2010-12 had been vaccinated with PCV prior to PPV. The PCV primed group showed higher antibody responses for PCV-PPV shared serotypes 4 and 18C than the unprimed groups. To a lesser extent, this was also found for non-PCV serotype 9N, but not for non-PCV serotypes 19A and 8. Furthermore, PCV-priming elicited a higher IgG2 response. In conclusion, previous PCV vaccination affects antibody response to PPV for shared serotypes, but can also influence antibody response to some non-PCV serotypes (9N). With increasing number of serotypes included in PCV, the diagnostic assessment for polysaccharide antibody deficiency requires careful selection of serotypes that are not influenced by prior PCV (e.g. serotype 8). Further research is needed to identify more serotypes that are not influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schaballie
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven
| | - G Wuyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven
| | - D Dillaerts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven
| | - G Frans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Moens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven
| | - M Proesmans
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven
| | - F Vermeulen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven
| | - K De Boeck
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven
| | - I Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven
| | - X Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
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40
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Lanning DK, Knight KL. Diversification of the Primary Antibody Repertoire by AID-Mediated Gene Conversion. Results Probl Cell Differ 2016; 57:279-93. [PMID: 26537386 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene conversion, mediated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), has been found to contribute to generation of the primary antibody repertoire in several vertebrate species. Generation of the primary antibody repertoire by gene conversion of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes occurs primarily in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and is best described in chicken and rabbit. Here, we discuss current knowledge of the mechanism of gene conversion as well as the contribution of the microbiota in promoting gene conversion of Ig genes. Finally, we propose that the antibody diversification strategy used in GALT species, such as chicken and rabbit, is conserved in a subset of human and mouse B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Lanning
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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41
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Giardino G, Cirillo E, Gallo V, Esposito T, Fusco F, Conte MI, Quinti I, Ursini MV, Carsetti R, Pignata C. B cells from nuclear factor kB essential modulator deficient patients fail to differentiate to antibody secreting cells in response to TLR9 ligand. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:131-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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42
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Giardino G, Gallo V, Somma D, Farrow EG, Thiffault I, D'Assante R, Donofrio V, Paciolla M, Ursini MV, Leonardi A, Saunders CJ, Pignata C. Targeted next-generation sequencing revealed MYD88 deficiency in a child with chronic yersiniosis and granulomatous lymphadenitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1591-1595.e4. [PMID: 26632527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vera Gallo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Somma
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Emily G Farrow
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo; Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo; Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Roberta D'Assante
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Leonardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carol J Saunders
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo; Department of Pathology, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo; School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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43
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Maglione PJ, Simchoni N, Cunningham-Rundles C. Toll-like receptor signaling in primary immune deficiencies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1356:1-21. [PMID: 25930993 PMCID: PMC4629506 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize common microbial or host-derived macromolecules and have important roles in early activation of the immune system. Patients with primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) affecting TLR signaling can elucidate the importance of these proteins to the human immune system. Defects in interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) lead to susceptibility to infections with bacteria, while mutations in nuclear factor-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and other downstream mediators generally induce broader susceptibility to bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In contrast, TLR3 signaling defects are specific for susceptibility to herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis. Other PIDs induce functional alterations of TLR signaling pathways, such as common variable immunodeficiency in which plasmacytoid dendritic cell defects enhance defective responses of B cells to shared TLR agonists. Dampening of TLR responses is seen for TLRs 2 and 4 in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Enhanced TLR responses, meanwhile, are seen for TLRs 5 and 9 in CGD, TLRs 4, 7/8, and 9 in XLA, TLRs 2 and 4 in hyper IgE syndrome, and for most TLRs in adenosine deaminase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Noa Simchoni
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
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44
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Frans G, Moens L, Schrijvers R, Wuyts G, Bouckaert B, Schaballie H, Dupont L, Bossuyt X, Corveleyn A, Meyts I. PID in Disguise: Molecular Diagnosis of IRAK-4 Deficiency in an Adult Previously Misdiagnosed With Autosomal Dominant Hyper IgE Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:739-44. [PMID: 26472314 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) deficiency is a rare cause of recurrent pyogenic infections with limited inflammatory responses. We describe an adult female patient with severe lung disease who was phenotypically diagnosed as suffering from autosomal dominant Hyper IgE syndrome (AD HIES) because of recurrent skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus, recurrent pneumonia and elevated serum IgE levels. In contrast to findings in AD HIES patients, no abnormalities were found in the Th17 and circulating follicular helper T cell subsets. A panel-based sequencing approach led to the identification of a homozygous IRAK4 stop mutation (c.877C > T, p.Gln293*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Frans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Moens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Wuyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Bouckaert
- Department of Respiratory Disease, AZ Delta Roeselare, Wilgenstraat 2, 8800, Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Heidi Schaballie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Childhood Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Dupont
- Department of Respiratory Disease, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anniek Corveleyn
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Childhood Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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45
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Williams JM, Bonami RH, Hulbert C, Thomas JW. Reversing Tolerance in Isotype Switch-Competent Anti-Insulin B Lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:853-64. [PMID: 26109644 PMCID: PMC4506889 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B lymphocytes that escape central tolerance and mature in the periphery are a liability for developing autoimmunity. IgG insulin autoantibodies that predict type 1 diabetes and complicate insulin therapies indicate that mechanisms for tolerance to insulin are flawed. To examine peripheral tolerance in anti-insulin B cells, we generated C57BL/6 mice that harbor anti-insulin VDJH-125 site directed to the native IgH locus (VH125(SD)). Class switch-competent anti-insulin B cells fail to produce IgG Abs following T cell-dependent immunization of VH125(SD) mice with heterologous insulin, and they exhibit markedly impaired proliferation to anti-CD40 plus insulin in vitro. In contrast, costimulation with LPS plus insulin drives robust anti-insulin B cell proliferation. Furthermore, VH125(SD) mice produce both IgM and IgG2a anti-insulin Abs following immunization with insulin conjugated to type 1 T cell-independent Brucella abortus ring test Ag (BRT). Anti-insulin B cells undergo clonal expansion in vivo and emerge as IgM(+) and IgM(-) GL7(+)Fas(+) germinal center (GC) B cells following immunization with insulin-BRT, but not BRT alone. Analysis of Igκ genes in VH125(SD) mice immunized with insulin-BRT reveals that anti-insulin Vκ from the preimmune repertoire is selected into GCs. These data demonstrate that class switch-competent anti-insulin B cells remain functionally silent in T cell-dependent immune responses, yet these B cells are vulnerable to reversal of anergy following combined BCR/TLR engagement that promotes Ag-specific GC responses and Ab production. Environmental factors that lead to infection and inflammation could play a critical yet underappreciated role in driving loss of tolerance and promoting autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rachel H Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Chrys Hulbert
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James W Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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46
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Simchoni N, Cunningham-Rundles C. TLR7- and TLR9-responsive human B cells share phenotypic and genetic characteristics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3035-44. [PMID: 25740945 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
B cells activated by nucleic acid-sensing TLR7 and TLR9 proliferate and secrete immune globulins. Memory B cells are presumably more responsive due to higher TLR expression levels, but selectivity and differential outcomes remain largely unknown. In this study, peripheral blood human B cells were stimulated by TLR7 or TLR9 ligands, with or without IFN-α, and compared with activators CD40L plus IL-21, to identify differentially responsive cell populations, defined phenotypically and by BCR characteristics. Whereas all activators induced differentiation and Ab secretion, TLR stimulation expanded IgM(+) memory and plasma cell lineage committed populations, and favored secretion of IgM, unlike CD40L/IL-21, which drove IgM and IgG more evenly. Patterns of proliferation similarly differed, with CD40L/IL-21 inducing proliferation of most memory and naive B cells, in contrast with TLRs that induced robust proliferation in a subset of these cells. On deep sequencing of the IgH locus, TLR-responsive B cells shared patterns of IgHV and IgHJ usage, clustering apart from CD40L/IL-21 and control conditions. TLR activators, but not CD40L/IL-21, similarly promoted increased sharing of CDR3 sequences. TLR-responsive B cells were characterized by more somatic hypermutation, shorter CDR3 segments, and less negative charges. TLR activation also induced long positively charged CDR3 segments, suggestive of autoreactive Abs. Testing this, we found culture supernatants from TLR-stimulated B cells to bind HEp-2 cells, whereas those from CD40L/IL-21-stimulated cells did not. Human B cells possess selective sensitivity to TLR stimulation, with distinctive phenotypic and genetic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Simchoni
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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