1
|
Guo J, Zhou YL, Yang Y, Guo S, You E, Xie X, Jiang Y, Mao C, Xu HE, Zhang Y. Structural basis of tethered agonism and G protein coupling of protease-activated receptors. Cell Res 2024:10.1038/s41422-024-00997-2. [PMID: 38997424 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique group within the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, orchestrating cellular responses to extracellular proteases via enzymatic cleavage, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a key member of this family and is recognized as a critical pharmacological target for managing thrombotic disorders. In this study, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of PAR1 in its activated state, induced by its natural tethered agonist (TA), in complex with two distinct downstream proteins, the Gq and Gi heterotrimers, respectively. The TA peptide is positioned within a surface pocket, prompting PAR1 activation through notable conformational shifts. Contrary to the typical receptor activation that involves the outward movement of transmembrane helix 6 (TM6), PAR1 activation is characterized by the simultaneous downward shift of TM6 and TM7, coupled with the rotation of a group of aromatic residues. This results in the displacement of an intracellular anion, creating space for downstream G protein binding. Our findings delineate the TA recognition pattern and highlight a distinct role of the second extracellular loop in forming β-sheets with TA within the PAR family, a feature not observed in other TA-activated receptors. Moreover, the nuanced differences in the interactions between intracellular loops 2/3 and the Gα subunit of different G proteins are crucial for determining the specificity of G protein coupling. These insights contribute to our understanding of the ligand binding and activation mechanisms of PARs, illuminating the basis for PAR1's versatility in G protein coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Structural Pharmacology and Therapeutics Development, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Li Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erli You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Center for Structural Pharmacology and Therapeutics Development, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Center for Structural Pharmacology and Therapeutics Development, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Healy LD, Fernández JA, Aiolfi R, Mosnier LO, Griffin JH. An orthosteric/allosteric bivalent peptide agonist comprising covalently linked protease-activated receptor-derived peptides mimics in vitro and in vivo activities of activated protein C. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:2039-2051. [PMID: 38670314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated protein C (APC) has anticoagulant and cytoprotective cell-signaling activities, which often require protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and PAR3 and PAR cleavages at noncanonical sites (R46-N47 and R41-G42, respectively). Some PAR1-derived (P1) peptides and PAR3-derived (P3) peptides, eg, P1-47-66 and P3-42-65, mimic APC's cell signaling. In anti-inflammatory assays, these 2 peptides at low concentrations synergistically attenuate cellular inflammation. OBJECTIVES To determine whether a P1 peptide covalently linked to a P3 peptide mimics APC's anti-inflammatory and endothelial barrier stabilization activities. METHODS Anti-inflammatory assays employed stimulated THP-1 cells and caspase-1 measurements. Cultured human EA.hy926 or murine aortic endothelial cells (ECs) exposed to thrombin were monitored for transendothelial electrical resistance. Bivalent covalently linked P1:P3 peptides were studied for APC-like activities. RESULTS In anti-inflammatory assays, P1-47-55 was as active as P1-47-66 and some P3 peptides (eg, P3-44-54 and P3-51-65) were as active as P3-42-65. The bivalent P1:P3 peptide comprising P1-47-55-(Gly[10 residues])-P3-51-65 (designated "G10 peptide") was more potently anti-inflammatory than the P1 or P3 peptide alone. In transendothelial electrical resistance studies of thrombin-challenged ECs, P1-47-55 and the G10 peptide mimicked APC's protective actions. In dose-response studies, the G10 peptide was more potent than the P1-47-55 peptide. In murine EC studies, the murine PAR-sequence-derived G10 peptide mimicked murine APC's activity. Anti-PAR1 and anti-PAR3 antibodies, but not anti-endothelial protein C receptor antibodies, abated G10's cytoprotection, showing that G10's actions involve PAR1:PAR3. G10 significantly increased survival in murine endotoxemia. CONCLUSION The PAR-sequence-derived G10 peptide is a bivalent agonist that mimics APC's cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and endothelial barrier-stabilizing actions and APC's protection against endotoxemic mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Healy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Roberto Aiolfi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laurent O Mosnier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han X, Knauss EA, Fuente MDL, Li W, Conlon RA, LePage DF, Jiang W, Renna SA, McKenzie SE, Nieman MT. A mouse model of the protease-activated receptor 4 Pro310Leu variant has reduced platelet reactivity. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1715-1726. [PMID: 38508397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) mediates thrombin signaling on platelets and other cells. Our recent structural studies demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism in extracellular loop 3 and PAR4-P310L (rs2227376) leads to a hyporeactive receptor. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine how the hyporeactive PAR4 variant in extracellular loop 3 impacts platelet function in vivo using a novel knock-in mouse model (PAR4-322L). METHODS A point mutation was introduced into the PAR4 gene F2rl3 via CRISPR/Cas9 to create PAR4-P322L, the mouse homolog to human PAR4-P310L. Platelet response to PAR4 activation peptide (AYPGKF), thrombin, ADP, and convulxin was monitored by αIIbβ3 integrin activation and P-selectin translocation using flow cytometry or platelet aggregation. In vivo responses were determined by the tail bleeding assay and the ferric chloride-induced carotid artery injury model. RESULTS PAR4-P/L and PAR4-L/L platelets had a reduced response to AYPGKF and thrombin measured by P-selectin translocation or αIIbβ3 activation. The response to ADP and convulxin was unchanged among genotypes. In addition, both PAR4-P/L and PAR4-L/L platelets showed a reduced response to thrombin in aggregation studies. There was an increase in the tail bleeding time for PAR4-L/L mice. The PAR4-P/L and PAR4-L/L mice both showed an extended time to arterial thrombosis. CONCLUSION PAR4-322L significantly reduced platelet responsiveness to AYPGKF and thrombin, which is in agreement with our previous structural and cell signaling studies. In addition, PAR4-322L had prolonged arterial thrombosis time. Our mouse model provides a foundation to further evaluate the role of PAR4 in other pathophysiological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Knauss
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria de la Fuente
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ronald A Conlon
- Case Transgenic and Targeting Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David F LePage
- Case Transgenic and Targeting Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Case Transgenic and Targeting Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie A Renna
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neves MA, Ni TT, Mackeigan DT, Shoara AA, Lei X, Slavkovic S, Yu SY, Stratton TW, Gallant RC, Zhang D, Xu XR, Fernandes C, Zhu G, Hu X, Chazot N, Donaldson LW, Johnson PE, Connelly K, Rand M, Wang Y, Ni H. Salvianolic acid B inhibits thrombosis and directly blocks the thrombin catalytic site. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102443. [PMID: 38993621 PMCID: PMC11238050 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Salvianolic acid B (SAB) is a major component of Salvia miltiorrhiza root (Danshen), widely used in East/Southeast Asia for centuries to treat cardiovascular diseases. Danshen depside salt, 85% of which is made up of SAB, is approved in China to treat chronic angina. Although clinical observations suggest that Danshen extracts inhibited arterial and venous thrombosis, the exact mechanism has not been adequately elucidated. Objective To delineate the antithrombotic mechanisms of SAB. Methods We applied platelet aggregation and coagulation assays, perfusion chambers, and intravital microscopy models. The inhibition kinetics and binding affinity of SAB to thrombin are measured by thrombin enzymatic assays, intrinsic fluorescence spectrophotometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry. We used molecular in silico docking models to predict the interactions of SAB with thrombin. Results SAB dose-dependently inhibited platelet activation and aggregation induced by thrombin. SAB also reduced platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate and collagen. SAB attenuated blood coagulation by modifying fibrin network structures and significantly decreased thrombus formation in mouse cremaster arterioles and perfusion chambers. The direct SAB-thrombin interaction was confirmed by enzymatic assays, intrinsic fluorescence spectrophotometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Interestingly, SAB shares key structural similarities with the trisubstituted benzimidazole class of thrombin inhibitors, such as dabigatran. Molecular docking models predicted the binding of SAB to the thrombin active site. Conclusion Our data established SAB as the first herb-derived direct thrombin catalytic site inhibitor, suppressing thrombosis through both thrombin-dependent and thrombin-independent pathways. Purified SAB may be a cost-effective agent for treating arterial and deep vein thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A.D. Neves
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiffany T. Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel T. Mackeigan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aron A. Shoara
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xi Lei
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sladjana Slavkovic
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Si-Yang Yu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler W. Stratton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reid C. Gallant
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dan Zhang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Ruby Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl Fernandes
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guangheng Zhu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xudong Hu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noa Chazot
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan W. Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Connelly
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Rand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Hematology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Johri N, Matreja PS, Agarwal S, Nagar P, Kumar D, Maurya A. Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Activated Protein C (APC) in Mitigating Reperfusion Injury and Cardiac Ischemia: a Promising Avenue for Novel Therapeutic Interventions. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:345-355. [PMID: 37851312 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease, which results from plaque formation in the coronary arteries, hinders the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart, leading to ischemia. Reperfusion injury remains a significant challenge for researchers, and the mechanisms underlying myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) are not entirely understood. The review directs future research into potential targets in clinical treatment based on our present understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of MIRI. The study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying MIRI and offers direction for future research in this area. The use of targeted therapies may hold promise in improving cardiac function in the elderly and minimizing the adverse effects of revascularization therapies. The purpose of this review is to analyze the role of activated protein C (APC) in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and discuss the potential of APC-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Johri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- School of Health & Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Prithpal S Matreja
- Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalabh Agarwal
- Department of Cardiology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priya Nagar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepanshu Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Maurya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nieman MT. PAR2 biased signaling on the move. Blood 2024; 143:835-836. [PMID: 38451512 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023023489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
|
7
|
Lai J, Liang J, Chen K, Guan B, Chen Z, Chen L, Fan J, Zhang Y, Li Q, Su J, Chen Q, Lin J. Carrimycin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide and cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in mice. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:235-248. [PMID: 38553191 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Carrimycin (CA), sanctioned by China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in 2019 for treating acute bronchitis and sinusitis, has recently been observed to exhibit multifaceted biological activities, encompassing anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-tumor properties. Despite these applications, its efficacy in sepsis treatment remains unexplored. This study introduces a novel function of CA, demonstrating its capacity to mitigate sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice models. Our research employed in vitro assays, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and RNA-seq analysis to establish that CA significantly reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), in response to LPS stimulation. Additionally, Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays revealed that CA impedes Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) activation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Complementing these findings, in vivo experiments demonstrated that CA effectively alleviates LPS- and CLP-triggered organ inflammation in C57BL/6 mice. Further insights were gained through 16S sequencing, highlighting CA's pivotal role in enhancing gut microbiota diversity and modulating metabolic pathways, particularly by augmenting the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice subjected to CLP. Notably, a comparative analysis revealed that CA's anti-inflammatory efficacy surpasses that of equivalent doses of aspirin (ASP) and TIENAM. Collectively, these findings suggest that CA exhibits significant therapeutic potential in sepsis treatment. This discovery provides a foundational theoretical basis for the clinical application of CA in sepsis management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junzhong Lai
- The Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jiadi Liang
- The Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Kunsen Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Biyun Guan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhirong Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Linqin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jiqiang Fan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Qiumei Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jingqian Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Jizhen Lin
- The Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China; The Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Teng Y, Tang H, Tao X, Huang Y, Fan Y. Ferrostatin 1 ameliorates UVB-induced damage of HaCaT cells by regulating ferroptosis. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15018. [PMID: 38414007 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a type of programmed cell death, occurs when there is oxidative stress and lipid peroxides. This condition is marked by lipid peroxidation that relies on iron and the reduction of cellular defences against oxidation. To investigate the effect of UVB irradiation on ferroptosis of human keratinocytes HaCaT cells, the cells were pretreated with Ferrostatin 1 (Fer-1, 10 μM), an ferroptosis inhibitor and then irradiated with UVB (20 mJ/cm2 ) for 30 min to detect related indexes of ferroptosis through MTT assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, western blotting. Results showed that UVB significantly reduced cell activity, promoted apoptosis and ROS level, whereas Fer-1 significantly increased cell activity, and reduced apoptosis and ROS level. In addition, UVB significantly reduced levels of ferroptosis-related proteins and skin barrier-related proteins, and increased levels of γ-H2AX and iron, whereas Fer-1 significantly increased their protein levels, and reduced levels of γ-H2AX and iron. Conjoint analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic revealed that UVB significantly reduced the levels of TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 (TIMP3), and coagulation factor II thrombin receptor (F2R), whereas Fer-1 significantly promoted the levels of TIMP3, and F2R. Therefore, our results indicated that Fer-1 significantly ameliorates UVB-induced damage of HaCaT cells by regulating the levels of TIMP3 and F2R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Teng
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaohua Tao
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youming Huang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yibin Fan
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu P, Zhou J, Xing X, Hao Y, Gao M, Li Z, Li X, Li M, Xiao Y. Melitoxin Inhibits Proliferation, Metastasis, and Invasion of Glioma U251 Cells by Down-regulating F2RL1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-023-04841-y. [PMID: 38252207 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
As the principal active component of bee venom, melittin has an anti-cancer effect in different cancers. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of melittin in glioma and explore whether F2RL1 is closely involved in glioblastoma cells proliferation. TCGA and GES databases were used to evaluate the role of F2RL1 in gliomas. The U251 cells were divided into a control lentivirus + PBS group (NC-PBS), F2RL1 intervention lentivirus + PBS group (KD-PBS), control lentivirus + melittin group (NC-melittin), and F2RL1 intervention lentivirus + melittin group (KD-melittin). Cell proliferation was detected by MTT and EDU staining assays. The apoptosis rate was assessed by flow cytometry. Expressions of genes related to apoptosis, cycle arrest, migration, and invasion were detected by qRT-PCR. Cellular LDH concentrations were detected by ELISA. The subcutaneous tumor volume of nude mice was analyzed by xenograft method. F2RL1 was significantly overexpressed in glioma tissues and were reduced in the melittin-treated group compared to the blank group. F2RL1 knockdown and melittin alone or in combination increased the proportion of cells in the G1-phase, and the combination was more pronounced. The KD-melittin group showed a decrease in the number of viable cells at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h compared to the NC-PBS group. The number of cell migration and invasion was decreased in the KD-melittin group compared to the other groups. Moreover, the genes related to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were significantly changed in the KD-melittin group. At weeks 4, 5, and 6, the tumor volume in the KD-melittin group was smaller than that in the KD-PBS group and NC-melittin group. Interference with the target gene F2RL1 inhibited the proliferation of glioma U251 cells, and melittin treatment inhibited the proliferation of glioma U251 cells. Melittin inhibited the proliferation of glioma U251 cells by suppressing the expression of target gene F2RL1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Liaocheng Vocational and Technical College, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hao
- Department of Pathology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyou Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yilei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
O'Donnell JS, Fleming H, Noone D, Preston RJS. Unraveling coagulation factor-mediated cellular signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3342-3353. [PMID: 37391097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood coagulation is initiated in response to blood vessel injury or proinflammatory stimuli, which activate coagulation factors to coordinate complex biochemical and cellular responses necessary for clot formation. In addition to these critical physiologic functions, plasma protein factors activated during coagulation mediate a spectrum of signaling responses via receptor-binding interactions on different cell types. In this review, we describe examples and mechanisms of coagulation factor signaling. We detail the molecular basis for cell signaling mediated by coagulation factor proteases via the protease-activated receptor family, considering new insights into the role of protease-specific cleavage sites, cofactor and coreceptor interactions, and distinct signaling intermediate interactions in shaping protease-activated receptor signaling diversity. Moreover, we discuss examples of how injury-dependent conformational activation of other coagulation proteins, such as fibrin(ogen) and von Willebrand factor, decrypts their signaling potential, unlocking their capacity to contribute to aberrant proinflammatory signaling. Finally, we consider the role of coagulation factor signaling in disease development and the status of pharmacologic approaches to either attenuate or enhance coagulation factor signaling for therapeutic benefit, emphasizing new approaches to inhibit deleterious coagulation factor signaling without impacting hemostatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S O'Donnell
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. https://twitter.com/profJSOdonnell
| | - Harry Fleming
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. https://www.twitter.com/PrestonLab_RCSI
| | - David Noone
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. https://www.twitter.com/PrestonLab_RCSI
| | - Roger J S Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Han X, Knauss EA, de la Fuente M, Li W, Conlon RA, LePage DF, Jiang W, Renna SA, McKenzie SE, Nieman MT. A Mouse Model of the Protease Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Pro310Leu Variant has Reduced Platelet Reactivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569075. [PMID: 38077081 PMCID: PMC10705540 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) mediates thrombin signaling on platelets and other cells. Our recent structural studies demonstrated a single nucleotide polymorphism in extracellular loop 3 (ECL3), PAR4-P310L (rs2227376) leads to a hypo-reactive receptor. Objectives The goal of this study was to determine how the hypo-reactive PAR4 variant in ECL3 impacts platelet function in vivo using a novel knock-in mouse model (PAR4-322L). Methods A point mutation was introduced into the PAR4 gene, F2rl3, via CRISPR/Cas9 to create PAR4-P322L, the mouse homolog to human PAR4-P310L. Platelet response to PAR4 activation peptide (AYPGKF), thrombin, ADP, and convulxin was monitored by αIIbβ3 integrin activation and P-selectin translocation using flow cytometry or platelet aggregation. In vivo responses were determined by the tail bleeding assay and the ferric chloride-induced carotid artery injury model. Results PAR4-P/L and PAR4-L/L platelets had a reduced response to AYPGKF and thrombin measured by P-selectin translocation or αIIbβ3 activation. The response to ADP and convulxin was unchanged among genotypes. In addition, both PAR4-P/L and PAR4-L/L platelets showed a reduced response to thrombin in aggregation studies. There was an increase in the tail bleeding time for PAR4-L/L mice. The PAR4-P/L and PAR4-L/L mice both showed an extended time to arterial thrombosis. Conclusions PAR4-322L significantly reduced platelet responsiveness to AYPGKF and thrombin, which is in agreement with our previous structural and cell signaling studies. In addition, PAR4-322L had prolonged arterial thrombosis time. Our mouse model provides a foundation to further evaluate the role of PAR4 in other pathophysiological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Knauss
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH United States
| | - Maria de la Fuente
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV United States
| | - Ronald A Conlon
- Case Transgenic and Targeting Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH United States
| | - David F. LePage
- Case Transgenic and Targeting Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH United States
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Case Transgenic and Targeting Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH United States
| | - Stephanie A. Renna
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA United States
| | - Steven E. McKenzie
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA United States
| | - Marvin T. Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barrett TJ. Targeting PAR4 to Reduce Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:2179-2182. [PMID: 37767705 PMCID: PMC10772896 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J Barrett
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xia F, Lin LS, Ye YS, Yang L, Zhao JH, Xu G. 11,12-seco-Abietane-type diterpene lactones with potential antiplatelet activity from Salvia prattii. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106834. [PMID: 37677855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Eleven new abietane-type diterpene lactones, salpratlactones D-N (1-11), including five 11,12-seco-11-nor-abietane diterpenes (1-5), four 11,12-seco-abietane diterpenes (6-9), two 20(10 → 5)-abeo-4,5;11,12-bis-seco-abietane diterpenes (10-11), and two known analogues (12-13), were characterized from Salvia prattii. Notably, compounds 1-3 were characterized by a unique linear 6/6/6 tricyclic skeleton. The structures were established by spectroscopic data interpretation, calculated NMR-DP4+ and electronic circular dichroism analysis, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A bioactivity study showed that 1, 2, 5, 11, and 12 can potently inhibit platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (AA), with IC50 values of 5.66-16.10 μg/ml, stronger than aspirin. In addition, the lactate dehydrogenase assay showed that they had no effect on platelet integrity. Structurally, the same 1,2-benzopyrone fragments of 1, 2, and 5 should be the important pharmacophore for antiplatelet activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Sha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Song Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kleinjan ML, Mao DY, Naiche LA, Joshi JC, Gupta A, Jesse JJ, Shaye DD, Mehta D, Kitajewski J. CLIC4 Regulates Endothelial Barrier Control by Mediating PAR1 Signaling via RhoA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1441-1454. [PMID: 37317855 PMCID: PMC10527476 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial CLICs (chloride intracellular channel proteins) CLIC1 and CLIC4 are required for the GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) S1PR1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1) and S1PR3 to activate the small GTPases Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) and RhoA (Ras homolog family member A). To determine whether CLIC1 and CLIC4 function in additional endothelial GPCR pathways, we evaluated CLIC function in thrombin signaling via the thrombin-regulated PAR1 (protease-activated receptor 1) and downstream effector RhoA. METHODS We assessed the ability of CLIC1 and CLIC4 to relocalize to cell membranes in response to thrombin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We examined CLIC1 and CLIC4 function in HUVEC by knocking down expression of each CLIC protein and compared thrombin-mediated RhoA or Rac1 activation, ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) phosphorylation, and endothelial barrier modulation in control and CLIC knockdown HUVEC. We generated a conditional murine allele of Clic4 and examined PAR1-mediated lung microvascular permeability and retinal angiogenesis in mice with endothelial-specific loss of Clic4. RESULTS Thrombin promoted relocalization of CLIC4, but not CLIC1, to HUVEC membranes. Knockdown of CLIC4 in HUVEC reduced thrombin-mediated RhoA activation, ERM phosphorylation, and endothelial barrier disruption. Knockdown of CLIC1 did not reduce thrombin-mediated RhoA activity but prolonged the RhoA and endothelial barrier response to thrombin. Endothelial-specific deletion of Clic4 in mice reduced lung edema and microvascular permeability induced by PAR1 activating peptide. CONCLUSIONS CLIC4 is a critical effector of endothelial PAR1 signaling and is required to regulate RhoA-mediated endothelial barrier disruption in cultured endothelial cells and murine lung endothelium. CLIC1 was not critical for thrombin-mediated barrier disruption but contributed to the barrier recovery phase after thrombin treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Kleinjan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - De Yu Mao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L. A. Naiche
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jagdish C. Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ahana Gupta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jordan J. Jesse
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel D. Shaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shafqat A, Omer MH, Ahmed EN, Mushtaq A, Ijaz E, Ahmed Z, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment: exploiting angiogenesis and thrombosis to enhance immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200941. [PMID: 37520562 PMCID: PMC10374407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the immunosuppressive effects of tumor angiogenesis and coagulation on the tumor microenvironment (TME). We summarize previous research efforts leveraging these observations and targeting these processes to enhance immunotherapy outcomes. Clinical trials have documented improved outcomes when combining anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapy. However, their overall survival benefit over conventional therapy remains limited and certain tumors exhibit poor response to anti-angiogenic therapy. Additionally, whilst preclinical studies have shown several components of the tumor coagulome to curb effective anti-tumor immune responses, the clinical studies reporting combinations of anticoagulants with immunotherapies have demonstrated variable treatment outcomes. By reviewing the current state of the literature on this topic, we address the key questions and future directions in the field, the answers of which are crucial for developing effective strategies to reprogram the TME in order to further the field of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Omer
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ali Mushtaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eman Ijaz
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zara Ahmed
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shpakov AO. Allosteric Regulation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: From Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms to Multiple Allosteric Sites and Their Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6187. [PMID: 37047169 PMCID: PMC10094638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation is critical for the functioning of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Endogenous allosteric regulators of GPCRs are simple ions, various biomolecules, and protein components of GPCR signaling (G proteins and β-arrestins). The stability and functional activity of GPCR complexes is also due to multicenter allosteric interactions between protomers. The complexity of allosteric effects caused by numerous regulators differing in structure, availability, and mechanisms of action predetermines the multiplicity and different topology of allosteric sites in GPCRs. These sites can be localized in extracellular loops; inside the transmembrane tunnel and in its upper and lower vestibules; in cytoplasmic loops; and on the outer, membrane-contacting surface of the transmembrane domain. They are involved in the regulation of basal and orthosteric agonist-stimulated receptor activity, biased agonism, GPCR-complex formation, and endocytosis. They are targets for a large number of synthetic allosteric regulators and modulators, including those constructed using molecular docking. The review is devoted to the principles and mechanisms of GPCRs allosteric regulation, the multiplicity of allosteric sites and their topology, and the endogenous and synthetic allosteric regulators, including autoantibodies and pepducins. The allosteric regulation of chemokine receptors, proteinase-activated receptors, thyroid-stimulating and luteinizing hormone receptors, and beta-adrenergic receptors are described in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu J, Li H, Wang Y, Xu R. Escherichia coli-related disseminated intravascular coagulation: Case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32750. [PMID: 36800584 PMCID: PMC9935998 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli can cause severe infections. The latter can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The importance of an early diagnosis of DIC is illustrated through this case report. AIM Review the utility and shortcomings of representative clinical indicators of E coli infection and DIC. CASE REPORT A 48-year-old man presented with diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting with fever of 2-day duration, during which consciousness was lost for 12 hour. Hematology was undertaken. The coagulation profile, liver function, and kidney function were determined, and blood cultures undertaken. The final diagnosis was acute gastroenteritis complicated by DIC. Meropenem (1.0 g, q8h, i.v.) was started, along with active replacement of fluids. Anticoagulant therapy (low-molecular-weight heparin 0.4 mL, q.d.s.) was given. Plasma supplementation of coagulation factors and albumin was applied. On day-5 of therapy, hematology showed the platelet count, D-dimer level, and prothrombin time to be improved significantly. Low-molecular-weight heparin treatment was stopped and antibiotic treatment was continued for 1 week. The patient made a full recovery. CONCLUSIONS In severe infection, timely assessment of the platelet count, procalcitonin level, coagulation function, as well as rational use of antibiotics, can improve the prognosis of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * Correspondence: Yufang Wang, Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China (e-mail: )
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Immunopathophysiology of human sepsis. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104363. [PMID: 36470832 PMCID: PMC9783164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an ill-defined syndrome yet is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The most recent consensus defines sepsis as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. However, this definition belies the complexity and breadth of immune mechanisms involved in sepsis, which are characterized by simultaneous hyperinflammation and immune suppression. In this review, we describe the immunopathogenesis of sepsis and highlight some recent pathophysiological findings that have expanded our understanding of sepsis. Sepsis endotypes can be used to divide sepsis patients in different groups with distinct immune profiles and outcomes. We also summarize evidence on the role of the gut microbiome in sepsis immunity. The challenge of the coming years will be to translate our increasing knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying sepsis into therapies that improve relevant patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
19
|
Miceli G, Basso MG, Rizzo G, Pintus C, Tuttolomondo A. The Role of the Coagulation System in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Interactions with the Arterial Wall and Its Vascular Microenvironment and Implications for Rational Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314914. [PMID: 36499242 PMCID: PMC9739112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical manifestation of atherosclerotic disease with a large-scale impact on the economy and global health. Despite the role played by platelets in the process of atherogenesis being well recognized, evidence has been increasing on the contribution of the coagulation system to the atherosclerosis formation and PAD development, with important repercussions for the therapeutic approach. Histopathological analysis and some clinical studies conducted on atherosclerotic plaques testify to the existence of different types of plaques. Likely, the role of coagulation in each specific type of plaque can be an important determinant in the histopathological composition of atherosclerosis and in its future stability. In this review, we analyze the molecular contribution of inflammation and the coagulation system on PAD pathogenesis, focusing on molecular similarities and differences between atherogenesis in PAD and coronary artery disease (CAD) and discussing the possible implications for current therapeutic strategies and future perspectives accounting for molecular inflammatory and coagulation targets. Understanding the role of cross-talking between coagulation and inflammation in atherosclerosis genesis and progression could help in choosing the right patients for future dual pathway inhibition strategies, where an antiplatelet agent is combined with an anticoagulant, whose role, despite pathophysiological premises and trials' results, is still under debate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Miceli
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(091)-6552115; Fax: +39-(091)-6552142
| | - Maria Grazia Basso
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Pintus
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University Hospital Policlinico “P. Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vertiprakhov VG, Ovchinnikova NV. The activity of trypsin in the pancreatic juice and blood of poultry increases simultaneously in the postprandial period. Front Physiol 2022; 13:874664. [PMID: 36388123 PMCID: PMC9641294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.874664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern literature data indicate that the role of trypsin goes far beyond its digestive function. Once in the blood, trypsin is involved as part of the kallikrein-kinin system in the regulation of blood pressure, regulates pancreatic function by activating PAR receptors, and influences inflammation and immunity in the cell. The interaction of trypsin in the intestine and serum in the living healthy organism has been insufficiently studied. On the basis of our own studies and literature data, we concluded that after overnight fasting the increase of trypsin activity in pancreatic juice and blood serum in the postprandial period occurs in parallel, which determines not only digestion of food protein but also the level of metabolism. Consequently, determining the optimal amount of crude protein in the diet during the morning meal is a paramount task for physiologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalya V. Ovchinnikova
- Timiryazev Russian State Agrarian University Moscow Agrarian Academy, Moscow, Russia
- Physiology of Motivation Laboratory, Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zolotoff C, Puech C, Roche F, Perek N. Effects of intermittent hypoxia with thrombin in an in vitro model of human brain endothelial cells and their impact on PAR-1/PAR-3 cleavage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12305. [PMID: 35853902 PMCID: PMC9296553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea (OSA) are at high risk of cerebrovascular diseases leading to cognitive impairment. The oxidative stress generated by intermittent hypoxia (IH) could lead to an increase in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, an essential interface for the protection of the brain. Moreover, in patients with OSA, blood coagulation could be increased leading to cardiovascular complications. Thrombin is a factor found increased in these populations that exerts various cellular effects through activation of protease activated receptors (PARs). Thus, we have evaluated in an in vitro BBB model the association of IH with thrombin at two concentrations. We measured the apparent BBB permeability, expression of tight junctions, ROS production, HIF-1α expression, and cleavage of PAR-1/PAR-3. Pre-treatment with dabigatran was performed. IH and higher thrombin concentrations altered BBB permeability: high levels of HIF-1α expression, ROS and PAR-1 activation compared to PAR-3 in such conditions. Conversely, lower concentration of thrombin associated with IH appear to have a protective effect on BBB with a significant cleavage of PAR-3. Dabigatran reversed the deleterious effect of thrombin at high concentrations but also suppressed the beneficial effect of low dose thrombin. Therefore, thrombin and PARs represent novel attractive targets to prevent BBB opening in OSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Zolotoff
- INSERM, U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France. .,Faculté de Médecine - Campus Santé Innovations, 10 Rue de la Marandière, 42270, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.
| | - Clémentine Puech
- INSERM, U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- INSERM, U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.,Service de Physiologie Clinique Et de L'Exercice, Centre VISAS, CHU Saint Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Nathalie Perek
- INSERM, U1059, Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gnanenthiran SR, Pennings GJ, Reddel CJ, Campbell H, Kockx M, Hamilton JR, Chen V, Kritharides L. Identification of a Distinct Platelet Phenotype in the Elderly: ADP Hypersensitivity Coexists With Platelet PAR (Protease-Activated Receptor)-1 and PAR-4-Mediated Thrombin Resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:960-972. [PMID: 35708029 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.316772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombin (via PAR [protease-activated receptor]-1 and PAR-4) and ADP (via P2Y12 receptors) are potent endogenous platelet activators implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess whether platelet pathways alter with aging. METHODS We characterized platelet activity in community-dwelling volunteers (n=174) in the following age groups: (1) 20 to 30 (young); (2) 40 to 55 (middle-aged); (3) ≥70 years (elderly). Platelet activity was assessed by aggregometry; flow cytometry (surface markers [P-selectin: alpha granule release, CD63: dense granule release, PAC-1 (measure of conformationally active GPIIb/IIIa at the fibrinogen binding site): GPIIb/IIIa conformational activation] measured under basal conditions and after agonist stimulation [ADP, thrombin, PAR-1 agonist or PAR-4 agonist]); receptor cleavage and quantification; fluorometry; calcium flux; ELISA. RESULTS The elderly had higher basal platelet activation than the young, evidenced by increased expression of P-selectin, CD63, and PAC-1, which correlated with increasing inflammation (IL [interleukin]-1β/IL-6). The elderly demonstrated higher P2Y12 receptor density, with greater ADP-induced platelet aggregation (P<0.05). However, elderly subjects were resistant to thrombin, achieving less activation in response to thrombin (higher EC50) and to selective stimulation of both PAR-1 and PAR-4, with higher basal PAR-1/PAR-4 cleavage and less inducible PAR-1/PAR-4 cleavage (all P<0.05). Thrombin resistance was attributable to a combination of reduced thrombin orienting receptor GPIbα, reduced secondary ADP contribution to thrombin-mediated activation, and blunted calcium flux. D-Dimer, a marker of in situ thrombin generation, correlated with platelet activation in the circulation, ex vivo thrombin resistance, and circulating inflammatory mediators (TNF [tumor necrosis factor]-α/IL-6). CONCLUSIONS Aging is associated with a distinctive platelet phenotype of increased basal activation, ADP hyperreactivity, and thrombin resistance. In situ thrombin generation associated with systemic inflammation may be novel target to prevent cardiovascular disease in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali R Gnanenthiran
- Cardiology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., M.K., L.K.).,ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., G.J.P., C.J.R., H.C., M.K., V.C., L.K.)
| | - Gabrielle J Pennings
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., G.J.P., C.J.R., H.C., M.K., V.C., L.K.)
| | - Caroline J Reddel
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., G.J.P., C.J.R., H.C., M.K., V.C., L.K.)
| | - Heather Campbell
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., G.J.P., C.J.R., H.C., M.K., V.C., L.K.)
| | - Maaike Kockx
- Cardiology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., M.K., L.K.).,ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., G.J.P., C.J.R., H.C., M.K., V.C., L.K.)
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre of Blood Diseases, Monash University, Victoria, Australia (J.R.H.)
| | - Vivien Chen
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., G.J.P., C.J.R., H.C., M.K., V.C., L.K.).,Haematology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, NSW, Australia (V.C.)
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- Cardiology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., M.K., L.K.).,ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia (S.R.G., G.J.P., C.J.R., H.C., M.K., V.C., L.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bochenek ML, Gogiraju R, Großmann S, Krug J, Orth J, Reyda S, Georgiadis GS, Spronk H, Konstantinides S, Münzel T, Griffin JH, Wild PS, Espinola-Klein C, Ruf W, Schäfer K. EPCR-PAR1 biased signaling regulates perfusion recovery and neovascularization in peripheral ischemia. JCI Insight 2022; 7:157701. [PMID: 35700057 PMCID: PMC9431695 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood clot formation initiates ischemic events, but coagulation roles during postischemic tissue repair are poorly understood. The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) regulates coagulation, as well as immune and vascular signaling, by protease activated receptors (PARs). Here, we show that endothelial EPCR-PAR1 signaling supports reperfusion and neovascularization in hindlimb ischemia in mice. Whereas deletion of PAR2 or PAR4 did not impair angiogenesis, EPCR and PAR1 deficiency or PAR1 resistance to cleavage by activated protein C caused markedly reduced postischemic reperfusion in vivo and angiogenesis in vitro. These findings were corroborated by biased PAR1 agonism in isolated primary endothelial cells. Loss of EPCR-PAR1 signaling upregulated hemoglobin expression and reduced endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Defective angiogenic sprouting was rescued by the NO donor DETA-NO, whereas NO scavenging increased hemoglobin and mesenchymal marker expression in human and mouse endothelial cells. Vascular specimens from patients with ischemic peripheral artery disease exhibited increased hemoglobin expression, and soluble EPCR and NO levels were reduced in plasma. Our data implicate endothelial EPCR-PAR1 signaling in the hypoxic response of endothelial cells and identify suppression of hemoglobin expression as an unexpected link between coagulation signaling, preservation of endothelial cell NO bioavailability, support of neovascularization, and prevention of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Bochenek
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Großmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Janina Krug
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Orth
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Reyda
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - George S Georgiadis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Henri Spronk
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States of America
| | - Philipp S Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang S, Zhu J, Li H, Li F, Zhu B, Li T, Fang S, Qin S. Associations of CYP2C19 and F2R genetic polymorphisms with platelet reactivity in Chinese ischemic stroke patients receiving clopidogrel therapy. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:138-143. [PMID: 34954768 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic variation has been considered a major contributor to the high variability in the response to dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Recently, incidences of ischemic stroke are increasing rapidly in China. We aimed to evaluate the influence of potential determinants on the response of antiplatelet therapy and adverse events in Chinese ischemic stroke patients receiving clopidogrel-aspirin treatment. METHODS Based on the clopidogrel drug response pathway and the coagulation and anticoagulation function, we systematically selected 34 genetic polymorphisms in 12 candidate genes. Three hundred and eight patients were divided into 2 groups according to their degree of inhibition of platelet aggregation. Multivariate analysis was then performed to assess the influence of demographic, clinical and genetic factors on platelet reactivity in Chinese ischemic stroke patients. RESULTS We found that polymorphisms in CYP2C19 and F2R genes were still significantly associated with platelet reactivity in Chinese ischemic stroke patients (P = 0.037 and 0.015). The newly identified rs168753 in F2R gene may influence the efficacy to clopidogrel-aspirin therapy for ischemic stroke patients. We also found that ischemic stroke patients with low level of inhibition of platelet aggregation had higher risk of recurrent ischemic events (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Together, these results emphasized the necessity of genotype-directed antiplatelet therapy and facilitated to minimize adverse ischemic events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suli Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Jinhang Zhu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Hua Li
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | | | - Bin Zhu
- Shanghai Baio Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai
| | - Tao Li
- Cardiovascular Center, 305 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing
| | - Shuxin Fang
- Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong and
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Crosstalk between hemostasis and immunity in cancer pathogenesis. Thromb Res 2022; 213 Suppl 1:S3-S7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
Thrombin is a multifunctional serine protease generated in injured cells. The generation of thrombin in coagulation plays a central role in the functioning of haemostasis. The last enzyme in the coagulation cascade is thrombin, with the function of cleaving fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms the fibrin clot of a haemostatic plug. Although thrombin primarily converts fibrinogen to fibrin, it also has many other positive regulatory effects on coagulation. Thrombin has procoagulant, inflammatory, cellular proliferation and anticoagulant effects. In coagulation system, thrombin has two very distinct roles. Firstly, it acts as a procoagulant when it converts fibrinogen into an insoluble fibrin clot, activates factor (F) XIII, activates thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and activates FV, FVIII and FXI. Thrombin also enhances platelet adhesion by inactivating a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type1 motif (ADAMTS13). However, when thrombin activates protein C, it acts as an anticoagulant. A natural anticoagulant pathway that supplies regulation of the blood coagulation system contains protein C, which is the key component. This is accomplished by the specific proteolytic inactivation of FV and FVIII. In this review, the multiple roles of thrombin in the haemostatic response to injury are studied in addition to the cofactors that determine thrombin activity and how thrombin activity is thought to be coordinated.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chiang YC, Wu YS, Kang YF, Wang HC, Tsai MC, Wu CC. 3,5,2′,4′-Tetramethoxystilbene, a fully methylated resveratrol analog, prevents platelet aggregation and thrombus formation by targeting the protease-activated receptor 4 pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 357:109889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
28
|
Fang H, Yuan Z, Zhu Y, Tang H, Pang C, Li J, Shi J, Guo W, Zhang S. Blocking protease-activated receptor 4 alleviates liver injury induced by brain death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 595:47-53. [PMID: 35093640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain death (BD) induces a systemic inflammatory response that influences donor liver quality. Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a thrombin receptor that mediates platelet activation and is involved in inflammatory and apoptotic processes. Therefore, we investigated the role of PAR4 blockade in liver injury induced by BD and its associated mechanisms. In this study, we constructed a BD rat model and treated rats with TcY-NH2, a selective PAR4 antagonist, to block PAR4 signaling at the onset of BD induction. Our results revealed that PAR4 protein expression increased in the livers of rats with BD. PAR4 blockade alleviated liver injury induced by BD, as indicated by lower serum ALT/AST levels and an improvement in histomorphology. Blood platelet activation and hepatic platelet accumulation in BD rats were reduced by PAR4 blockade. Additionally, PAR4 blockade attenuated the inflammatory response and apoptosis in the livers of BD rats. Moreover, the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways induced by BD was inhibited by PAR4 blockade. Thus, our results suggest that PAR4 contributes to liver injury induced by BD by regulating inflammation and apoptosis through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Thus, PAR4 blockade may provide a feasible approach to improve the quality of organs from BD donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Zibo Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yaohua Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongwei Tang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Chun Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Jihua Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China; Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Corbin LJ, White SJ, Taylor AE, Williams CM, Taylor K, van den Bosch MT, Teasdale JE, Jones M, Bond M, Harper MT, Falk L, Groom A, Hazell GG, Paternoster L, Munafò MR, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Bojesen SE, Relton C, Min JL, Davey Smith G, Mumford AD, Poole AW, Timpson NJ. Epigenetic Regulation of F2RL3 Associates With Myocardial Infarction and Platelet Function. Circ Res 2022; 130:384-400. [PMID: 35012325 PMCID: PMC8812435 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA hypomethylation at the F2RL3 (F2R like thrombin or trypsin receptor 3) locus has been associated with both smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; whether these smoking-related associations form a pathway to disease is unknown. F2RL3 encodes protease-activated receptor 4, a potent thrombin receptor expressed on platelets. Given the role of thrombin in platelet activation and the role of thrombus formation in myocardial infarction, alterations to this biological pathway could be important for ischemic cardiovascular disease. METHODS We conducted multiple independent experiments to assess whether DNA hypomethylation at F2RL3 in response to smoking is associated with risk of myocardial infarction via changes to platelet reactivity. Using cohort data (N=3205), we explored the relationship between smoking, DNA hypomethylation at F2RL3, and myocardial infarction. We compared platelet reactivity in individuals with low versus high DNA methylation at F2RL3 (N=41). We used an in vitro model to explore the biological response of F2RL3 to cigarette smoke extract. Finally, a series of reporter constructs were used to investigate how differential methylation could impact F2RL3 gene expression. RESULTS Observationally, DNA methylation at F2RL3 mediated an estimated 34% of the smoking effect on increased risk of myocardial infarction. An association between methylation group (low/high) and platelet reactivity was observed in response to PAR4 (protease-activated receptor 4) stimulation. In cells, cigarette smoke extract exposure was associated with a 4.9% to 9.3% reduction in DNA methylation at F2RL3 and a corresponding 1.7-(95% CI, 1.2-2.4, P=0.04) fold increase in F2RL3 mRNA. Results from reporter assays suggest the exon 2 region of F2RL3 may help control gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Smoking-induced epigenetic DNA hypomethylation at F2RL3 appears to increase PAR4 expression with potential downstream consequences for platelet reactivity. Combined evidence here not only identifies F2RL3 DNA methylation as a possible contributory pathway from smoking to cardiovascular disease risk but from any feature potentially influencing F2RL3 regulation in a similar manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Corbin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. White
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (S.J.W.)
| | - Amy E. Taylor
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.E.T.)
| | - Christopher M. Williams
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience (C.M.W., M.T.v.d.B., A.W.P.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience (C.M.W., M.T.v.d.B., A.W.P.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (J.E.T., M.J., M.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology (M.R.M.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (A.D.M.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (S.J.W.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.E.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road (M.T.H., G.G.J.H.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital (B.G.N., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet (A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.)
| | - Marion T. van den Bosch
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience (C.M.W., M.T.v.d.B., A.W.P.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jack E. Teasdale
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (J.E.T., M.J., M.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Jones
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (J.E.T., M.J., M.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bond
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (J.E.T., M.J., M.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T. Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road (M.T.H., G.G.J.H.)
| | - Louise Falk
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alix Groom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina G.J. Hazell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road (M.T.H., G.G.J.H.)
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology (M.R.M.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital (B.G.N., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.)
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet (A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.)
| | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital (B.G.N., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.)
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Josine L. Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Mumford
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (A.D.M.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair W. Poole
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience (C.M.W., M.T.v.d.B., A.W.P.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bian Z, Liu X, Feng T, Yu H, Hu X, Hu X, Bian Y, Sun H, Tadokoro K, Takemoto M, Yunoki T, Nakano Y, Fukui Y, Morihara R, Abe K, Yamashita T. Protective Effect of Rivaroxaban Against Amyloid Pathology and Neuroinflammation Through Inhibiting PAR-1 and PAR-2 in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:111-123. [PMID: 35001892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed that atrial fibrillation (AF) patients have a high risk of developing cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some reports suggest that the application of oral anticoagulant with an appropriate dose may have a preventive effect on AD. However, which oral anticoagulant drug is more appropriate for preventing AD and the underlying mechanism(s) is still unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to assess the treatment effect of rivaroxaban administration as well as investigate the roles of PAR-1 and PAR-2 in the AD + CAA mice model. METHODS In the present study, we compared a traditional oral anticoagulant, warfarin, and a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), rivaroxaban, via long-term administration to an AD with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) mice model. RESULTS Rivaroxaban treatment attenuated neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, memory deficits, and amyloid-β deposition through PAR-1/PAR-2 inhibition in the AD + CAA mice model compared with warfarin and no-treatment groups. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that rivaroxaban can attenuate AD progress and can be a potential choice to prevent AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Bian
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haibo Yu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xinran Hu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuting Bian
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hongming Sun
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koh Tadokoro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taijun Yunoki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Morihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Coagulome and the tumor microenvironment: an actionable interplay. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:369-383. [PMID: 35027336 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human tumors often trigger a hypercoagulable state that promotes hemostatic complications, including venous thromboembolism. The recent application of systems biology to the study of the coagulome highlighted its link to shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME), both within and outside of the vascular space. Addressing this link provides the opportunity to revisit the significance of biomarkers of hemostasis and assess the communication between vasculature and tumor parenchyma, an important topic considering the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors and vascular normalization strategies. Understanding how the coagulome and TME influence each other offers exciting new prospects for predicting hemostatic complications and boosting the effectiveness of cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang Z, Xu D, Yu W, Qiu J, Xu C, He C, Xu X, Yin J. Tanshinone IIA Inhibits Tissue Factor Expression Induced by Thrombin in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells via PAR-1 and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. Acta Haematol 2022; 145:517-528. [PMID: 35598597 DOI: 10.1159/000525055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential signaling pathway of TSA suppressing TF expression induced by thrombin was unknown. Thus, the transcription of TF in HUVECs and the expressions of DCF, phospho-p38 MAPK, NADPH oxidase 4, PAR-1, and NF-κB were detected in our study. METHODS HUVECs were randomly divided into control group, thrombin-treated group (with 5 U/mL of thrombin), and 4 TSA-treated groups (with 5 U/mL of thrombin plus TSA with 4 different concentrations of 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, and 1 mg/mL, respectively). RESULTS After incubation with thrombin for 6 h at 37°C, the results showed increased TF mRNA, TF procoagulant activity, and antigen of TF in HUVECs of thrombin-treated group (p < 0.01); however, they were restored by TSA in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS), phospho-p38 MAPK, NADPH oxidase 4, NF-κB, and PAR-1 expressed more intensively, and phosphorylated Akt decreased obviously in HUVECs after thrombin stimulation (p < 0.01); however, they were reversed to different extents by TSA in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Study suggests that TSA inhibits TF expression induced by thrombin in cultured HUVECs, and the potential signaling pathway of which is TSA interrupts the activation of PAR-1 and NADPH oxidase as well as derivative ROS generation, thereafter suppresses the activation of NF-κB, the upstream signal molecule of TF, via hampering phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and dephosphorylation of Akt, and finally inhibits thrombin-induced TF overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Zhang
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Daming Xu
- Division of Urological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinfeng Qiu
- Division of Respirology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chengwei Xu
- Department of Hemodialysis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chunling He
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xianru Xu
- Division of Inventional Ultrasonic Therapeutics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jourdi G, Lordkipanidzé M, Philippe A, Bachelot-Loza C, Gaussem P. Current and Novel Antiplatelet Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313079. [PMID: 34884884 PMCID: PMC8658271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, antiplatelet agents, mainly aspirin and P2Y12 receptor antagonists, have significantly reduced morbidity and mortality associated with arterial thrombosis. Their pharmacological characteristics, including pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics profiles, have been extensively studied, and a significant number of clinical trials assessing their efficacy and safety in various clinical settings have established antithrombotic efficacy. Notwithstanding, antiplatelet agents carry an inherent risk of bleeding. Given that bleeding is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, there is an unmet clinical need to develop novel antiplatelet therapies that inhibit thrombosis while maintaining hemostasis. In this review, we present the currently available antiplatelet agents, with a particular focus on their targets, pharmacological characteristics, and patterns of use. We will further discuss the novel antiplatelet therapies in the pipeline, with the goal of improved clinical outcomes among patients with atherothrombotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georges Jourdi
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: (G.J.); (P.G.)
| | - Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Aurélien Philippe
- INSERM, Innovations Thérapeutiques en Hémostase, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.P.); (C.B.-L.)
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Christilla Bachelot-Loza
- INSERM, Innovations Thérapeutiques en Hémostase, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.P.); (C.B.-L.)
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- INSERM, Innovations Thérapeutiques en Hémostase, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.P.); (C.B.-L.)
- Service d’Hématologie Biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (G.J.); (P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Uehara K, Uehara A. Immunolocalization of protease-activated receptors in endothelial cells of splenic sinuses. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:605-615. [PMID: 34613486 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunolocalization of protease-activated receptors (PARs) and related proteins in splenic sinus endothelial cells was examined using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that PAR1 colocalized with PAR2, PAR3, and PAR4. PAR4 colocalized with PAR3 and P2Y12. Myosin heavy chain IIA localized to the outer shape and at the base of cells, but did not colocalize with α-catenin. The localization of di-phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chains (ppMLC) was partially detected on the outer circumference and conspicuously at the base of cells. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) also localized in cells. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed the localization of PAR1 on the caveolar membrane, plasma membrane, and junctional membrane of cells. PAR2 and PAR3 localized to the plasma membrane of cells. PAR4 localized to the plasma membrane, depressions in the plasma membrane, and cytoplasmic vesicles. PpMLC was detected in stress fibers, but rarely near the adherens junctions of neighboring cells. MIF localized in vesicles on the apical and basal sides of the Golgi apparatus. Electron microscopy of endothelial cells with saponin extraction showed the depression of many coated pits formed by clathrin from the plasma membrane. Stress fibers developed at the base of cells; however, few actin filaments were observed near adherens junctions. These results indicate that PARs play important roles in splenic sinus endothelial cells, such as in endothelial barrier protection and the maintenance of firm adhesion to ring fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Uehara
- Department of Cell Biology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Akira Uehara
- Department of Physiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Subramaniam S, Ogoti Y, Hernandez I, Zogg M, Botros F, Burns R, DeRousse JT, Dockendorff C, Mackman N, Antoniak S, Fletcher C, Weiler H. A thrombin-PAR1/2 feedback loop amplifies thromboinflammatory endothelial responses to the viral RNA analogue poly(I:C). Blood Adv 2021; 5:2760-2774. [PMID: 34242391 PMCID: PMC8288670 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of blood coagulation and endothelial inflammation are hallmarks of respiratory infections with RNA viruses that contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients with severe disease. We investigated how signaling by coagulation proteases affects the quality and extent of the response to the TLR3-ligand poly(I:C) in human endothelial cells. Genome-wide RNA profiling documented additive and synergistic effects of thrombin and poly(I:C) on the expression level of many genes. The most significantly active genes exhibiting synergistic induction by costimulation with thrombin and poly(I:C) included the key mediators of 2 critical biological mechanisms known to promote endothelial thromboinflammatory functions: the initiation of blood coagulation by tissue factor and the control of leukocyte trafficking by the endothelial-leukocyte adhesion receptors E-selectin (gene symbol, SELE) and VCAM1, and the cytokines and chemokines CXCL8, IL-6, CXCL2, and CCL20. Mechanistic studies have indicated that synergistic costimulation with thrombin and poly(I:C) requires proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) by thrombin and transactivation of PAR2 by the PAR1-tethered ligand. Accordingly, a small-molecule PAR2 inhibitor suppressed poly(I:C)/thrombin-induced leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, cytokine production, and endothelial tissue factor expression. In summary, this study describes a positive feedback mechanism by which thrombin sustains and amplifies the prothrombotic and proinflammatory function of endothelial cells exposed to the viral RNA analogue, poly(I:C) via activation of PAR1/2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yamini Ogoti
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Irene Hernandez
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mark Zogg
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Fady Botros
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
- Function Therapeutics LLC, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, and
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Craig Fletcher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
GRK6 regulates the hemostatic response to injury through its rate-limiting effects on GPCR signaling in platelets. Blood Adv 2021; 4:76-86. [PMID: 31899801 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the majority of platelet activation in response to agonists. However, questions remain regarding the mechanisms that provide negative feedback toward activated GPCRs to limit platelet activation and thrombus formation. Here we provide the first evidence that GPCR kinase 6 (GRK6) serves this role in platelets, using GRK6-/- mice generated by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to examine the consequences of GRK6 knockout on GPCR-dependent signaling. Hemostatic thrombi formed in GRK6-/- mice are larger than in wild-type (WT) controls during the early stages of thrombus formation, with a rapid increase in platelet accumulation at the site of injury. GRK6-/- platelets have increased platelet activation, but in an agonist-selective manner. Responses to PAR4 agonist or adenosine 5'-diphosphate stimulation in GRK6-/- platelets are increased compared with WT littermates, whereas the response to thromboxane A2 (TxA2) is normal. Underlying these changes in GRK6-/- platelets is an increase in Ca2+ mobilization, Akt activation, and granule secretion. Furthermore, deletion of GRK6 in human MEG-01 cells causes an increase in Ca2+ response and PAR1 surface expression in response to thrombin. Finally, we show that human platelet activation in response to thrombin causes an increase in binding of GRK6 to PAR1, as well as an increase in the phosphorylation of PAR1. Deletion of GRK6 in MEG-01 cells causes a decrease in PAR1 phosphorylation. Taken together, these data show that GRK6 regulates the hemostatic response to injury through PAR- and P2Y12-mediated effects, helping to limit the rate of platelet activation during thrombus growth and prevent inappropriate platelet activation.
Collapse
|
37
|
Seo Y, Heo Y, Jo S, Park SH, Lee C, Chang J, Jeon DK, Kim TG, Han G, Namkung W. Novel positive allosteric modulator of protease-activated receptor 1 promotes skin wound healing in hairless mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3414-3427. [PMID: 33837955 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a GPCR expressed in several skin cell types, including keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast. PAR1 activation plays a crucial role in the process of skin wound healing such as thrombosis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue repair. In the present study, we identified a novel positive allosteric modulator of PAR1, GB83, and investigated its effect on skin wound healing. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The enhancement of PAR1 activity by GB83 was measured using Fluo-4 calcium assay. In silico docking analysis of GB83 in PAR1 was performed using dock ligands method (CDOCKER) with CHARMm force field. Effects of GB83 on cell viability and gene expression were observed using MTS assay and quantitative real-time PCRs, respectively. SKH-1 hairless mice were used to investigate the wound healing effect of GB83. KEY RESULTS We demonstrated that GB83 did not activate PAR1 by itself but strongly enhanced PAR1 activation by thrombin and PAR1-activating peptide (AP). In silico docking analysis revealed that GB83 can bind to the PAR1 binding site of vorapaxar. GB83 significantly promoted PAR1-mediated cell viability and migration. In addition, the enhancement of PAR1 activity by GB83 strongly increased gene expression of TGF-β, fibronectin and type I collagen in vitro and promoted skin wound healing in vivo. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results revealed that GB83 is the first positive allosteric modulator of PAR1 and it can be a useful pharmacological tool for studying PAR1 and a potential therapeutic agent for skin wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkyung Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Park
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulho Lee
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Namkung
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
The pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the metabolic-cardiovascular-neurodegenerative disease continuum: impact beyond reduced clotting. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1015-1051. [PMID: 33881143 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombotic drugs are widely used for primary and secondary prevention, as well as treatment of many cardiovascular disorders. Over the past few decades, major advances in the pharmacology of these agents have been made with the introduction of new drug classes as novel therapeutic options. Accumulating evidence indicates that the beneficial outcomes of some of these antithrombotic agents are not solely related to their ability to reduce thrombosis. Here, we review the evidence supporting established and potential pleiotropic effects of four novel classes of antithrombotic drugs, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12-receptor antagonists, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor Inhibitors, and Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs), which include Direct Factor Xa (FXa) and Direct Thrombin Inhibitors. Specifically, we discuss the molecular evidence supporting such pleiotropic effects in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including endothelial dysfunction (ED), atherosclerosis, cardiac injury, stroke, and arrhythmia. Importantly, we highlight the role of DOACs in mitigating metabolic dysfunction-associated cardiovascular derangements. We also postulate that DOACs modulate perivascular adipose tissue inflammation and thus, may reverse cardiovascular dysfunction early in the course of the metabolic syndrome. In this regard, we argue that some antithrombotic agents can reverse the neurovascular damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's brain and following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Overall, we attempt to provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of the less-recognized, beneficial molecular aspects of antithrombotic therapy beyond reduced thrombus formation. We also make a solid argument for the need of further mechanistic analysis of the pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the future.
Collapse
|
39
|
Izem L, Bialkowska K, Pluskota E, Das M, Das R, Nieman MT, Plow EF. Plasminogen-induced foam cell formation by macrophages occurs through a histone 2B (H2B)-PAR1 pathway and requires integrity of clathrin-coated pits. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:941-953. [PMID: 33492784 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen/plasmin is a serine protease system primarily responsible for degrading fibrin within blood clots. Plasminogen mediates its functions by interacting with plasminogen receptors on the cell surface. H2B, one such plasminogen receptor, is found on the surface of several cell types including macrophages. Both basic and clinical studies support the role of plasminogen in the process of foam cell formation (FCF), a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Growing evidence also implicates serine protease-activated receptors (PARs) in atherosclerosis. These receptors are also found on macrophages, and plasmin is capable of activating PAR1 and PAR4. The goal of this study was to determine the extent of H2B's contribution to plasminogen-mediated FCF by macrophages and if PARs are involved in this process. APPROACH AND RESULTS Treating macrophages with plasminogen increases their oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake and plasminogen-mediated foam cell formation (Plg-FCF) significantly. The magnitude of Plg-FCF correlates with cell-surface expression of the H2B level. H2B blockade or downregulation reduces Plg-FCF, whereas its overexpression or high endogenous levels increases Plg-FCF. Modulating PAR1 level in mouse macrophages affects Plg-FCF. Activation/overexpression of PAR1 increases and its blockade/knockdown reduces this response. Confocal imaging indicates that both H2B and PAR1 colocalize with clathrin coated pits on the surface of macrophages, and reducing expression of clathrin or interfering with the clathrin-coated pits integrity reduces Plg-FCF. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the magnitude of Plg-FCF by macrophages is proportional to the H2B levels and demonstrate for the first time that PAR1 is involved in this process and that the integrity of clathrin-coated pits is required for the full effect of Plg-induced FCF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lahoucine Izem
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Katarzyna Bialkowska
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mitali Das
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Riku Das
- Roberts J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward F Plow
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cao H, Seto SW, Bhuyan DJ, Chan HH, Song W. Effects of Thrombin on the Neurovascular Unit in Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:973-984. [PMID: 33392917 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality that poses a significant burden on society and the economy. About 60% of cerebral ischemia is caused by thrombus, and the formation of thrombus proceeds from insoluble fibrin, following its transformation from liquid fibrinogen. In thrombus-induced ischemia, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain results in an altered brain microenvironment. Changes in the brain microenvironment affect brain function and the neurovascular unit (NVU), the working unit of the brain. Recent studies have reported that coagulation factors interact with the NVU and its components, but the specific function of this interaction is highly speculative and warrants further investigations. In this article, we reviewed the role of coagulation factors in cerebral ischemia and the role of coagulation factors in thrombosis. Additionally, the influence of thrombin on the NVU is introduced, as well as in the function of NVU, which may help to explore part of brain injury mechanism during ischemia. Lastly, we propose some novel therapeutic approaches on ischemic stroke by reducing the risk of coagulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Sai Wang Seto
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Hoi Huen Chan
- Hong Kong Community College, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenting Song
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Healy LD, Fernández JA, Mosnier LO, Griffin JH. Activated protein C and PAR1-derived and PAR3-derived peptides are anti-inflammatory by suppressing macrophage NLRP3 inflammasomes. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:269-280. [PMID: 33049092 PMCID: PMC7790994 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Activated protein C (APC) is a serine protease with anticoagulant and cytoprotective effects. We tested whether APC or non-canonical PAR-derived peptides suppress inflammasome activity. APC or PAR1- and PAR3-derived peptides restrict inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activity. Combined PAR1-derived and PAR3-derived peptides synergistically suppress caspase-1 activity. ABSTRACT: Background Activated protein C (APC) has been shown to restrict murine inflammasome activity. However, whether APC can exert anti-inflammatory activity in part through suppression of inflammasome activation in human systems is unknown. Objectives Studies were made to determine whether either APC or protease activated receptor (PAR)-derived peptides can reduce NLRP3 inflammasome activity in differentiated human THP-1 macrophage-like cells or in primary human monocytes stimulated to activate the inflammasome. Methods Human THP-1 cells or primary human monocytes were differentiated, treated with APC or PAR-derived peptides, and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and ATP to induce caspase-1 activity, a product of inflammasome activation. Results Activated protein C or noncanonical PAR1-derived or PAR3-derived peptides significantly reduced caspase-1 activity, detection of fluorescent NLRP3, and IL-1β release from THP-1 cells. At low concentrations where no effect was observed for each individual peptide, combinations of the PAR1-derived peptide and the PAR3-derived peptide resulted in a significant synergistic decrease in caspase-1 and IL-1β release. Caspase-1 activity was also reduced in primary human monocytes. Studies using blocking antibodies and small molecule PAR1 inhibitors suggest that EPCR, PAR1, and PAR3 each play roles in the observed anti-inflammatory effects. Several shortened versions of the PAR1- and PAR3-derived peptide reduced caspase-1 activity and exhibited synergistic anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions The results indicate that both APC and certain PAR1- and PAR3-derived peptides, which are biased agonists for PAR1 or PAR3, can reduce inflammasome activity in stimulated human monocytes as measured by caspase-1 activity and IL-1β release and that PAR-derived biased peptide agonist combinations are synergistically anti-inflammatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Healy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurent O Mosnier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hayashi T. [Proteinase-activated Receptor 1 and 2 under Hypoxic Stress]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:1195-1204. [PMID: 34602516 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with sleep-disordered breathing exhibit intermittent hypoxia that causes increased oxidative stress, accelerates atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension, resulting in life-threatening arrhythmias and congestive heart failure. Hypoxic stress caused by intermittent hypoxia might be involved in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases, especially those involving atrial fibrillation, for which anti-coagulant therapy may be recommended. In this study, the inhibition of proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) 1/2 significantly reduced oxidative stress and fibrosis while suppressing the activation of MAPK or Smad pathways and the gene expression of molecules responsible for the pathways in the myocardium, consequently attenuating hypoxia-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. These findings suggest that the inhibition of PAR 1/2 could be a novel potential treatment option to prevent cardiac remodeling in patients with sleep apnea syndrome and atrial fibrillation or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Han X, de la Fuente M, Nieman MT. Complement factor C4a does not activate protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) or PAR4 on human platelets. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5:104-110. [PMID: 33537534 PMCID: PMC7845074 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and PAR4 are key thrombin signal mediators for human platelet activation and aggregation in response to vascular injury. They are primarily activated by thrombin cleavage of the N-terminus to expose a tethered ligand. In addition to the canonical activation by thrombin, a growing panel of proteases can also elicit PAR1- or PAR4-mediated signal transduction. Recently, complement factor C4a was reported as the first endogenous agonist for both PAR1 and PAR4. Further, it is the first endogenous nontethered ligand that activates PAR1 and PAR4. These studies were conducted with human microvascular cells; the impact of C4a on platelet PARs is unknown. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to interrogate PAR1 and PAR4 activation by C4a on human platelets. METHODS Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was isolated from healthy donors. PRP was stimulated with C4a, and the platelet aggregation was measured. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 Flp-In T-rex cells were used to further test if C4a stimulation can initiate PAR1- or PAR4-mediated Gαq signaling, which was measured by intracellular calcium mobilization. RESULTS C4a failed to elicit platelet aggregation via PAR1- or PAR4-mediated manner. In addition, no PAR1- or PAR4-mediated calcium mobilization was observed upon C4a stimulation on HEK293 cells. CONCLUSIONS Complement factor C4a does not activate PAR1 or PAR4 on human platelets. These data show that PAR1 and PAR4 activation by C4a on microvascular cells likely requires a cofactor, which reinforces the concept of cell type-specific regulation of protease signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of PharmacologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | | | - Marvin T. Nieman
- Department of PharmacologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Xu D, Xie L, Zhang Z, Wang D, Qiu J, Yu W, Xu C, He C, Xu X, Yin J. Preliminary Investigation about the Expression of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Platelets from Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Acta Haematol 2021; 144:551-559. [PMID: 33849009 DOI: 10.1159/000514907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the expression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in platelets from adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from 40 patients with chronic ITP in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, and 40 peripheral blood samples from healthy volunteers were collected; expressions of the adenosine diphosphate receptors (P2Y1 and P2Y12), alpha-2A adrenergic receptor (α2A-AR), and thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) in platelets were detected by flow cytometry. Gα protein, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), and protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) were analyzed by Western blot and analyzed statistically. RESULTS Flow cytometry measurements of mean fluorescence intensities showed platelets from patients with chronic ITP, compared to healthy individuals, had significantly higher levels of P2Y1 (31.4 ± 2.2 vs. 7.8 ± 0.8), P2Y12 (29.6 ± 2.1 vs. 7.2 ± 1.3), α2A-AR (25.8 ± 2.9 vs. 9.8 ± 0.9), and TP (39.8 ± 3.1 vs. 4.7 ± 0.6) (all p < 0.01). Similarly, integrated optical density analysis of Western blots showed that platelets from patients with chronic ITP had significantly higher levels of Gα (1046.3 ± 159.96 vs. 254.49 ± 39.51), PAR1 (832.98 ± 98.81 vs. 203.92 ± 27.47), and PAR4 (1518.80 ± 272.45 vs. 431.27 ± 41.86) (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Expression of GPCRs is increased in platelets from patients with chronic ITP, suggesting that platelets of chronic ITP may participate in the complicated biological process by means of GPCR-mediated signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daming Xu
- Division of Urological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Duanxu Wang
- Office of Medical Affairs Administration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinfeng Qiu
- Division of Respirology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chengwei Xu
- Department of Hemodialysis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chunling He
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xianru Xu
- Division of Inventional Ultrasonic Therapeutics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jacob G, Aharon A, Brenner B. COVID-19-Associated Hyper-Fibrinolysis: Mechanism and Implementations. Front Physiol 2020; 11:596057. [PMID: 33391014 PMCID: PMC7772395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.596057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 presents with high infectivity, morbidity and mortality. It presenting a need for immediate understanding of its pathogenicity. Inflammation and coagulation systems are over-activated in COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 damages endothelial cell and pneumocyte, resulting in hemostatic disorder and ARDS. An influential biomarkers of poor outcome in COVID-19 are high circulating cytokines and D-dimer level. This latter is due to hyper-fibrinolysis and hyper-coagulation. Plasmin is a key player in fibrinolysis and is involved in the cleavage of many viruses envelop proteins, including SARS-CoV. This function is similar to that of TMPRSS2, which underpins the entry of viruses into the host cell. In addition, plasmin is involved in the pathophysiology of ARDS in SARS and promotes secretion of cytokine, such as IL-6 and TNF, from activated macrophages. Here, we suggest an out-of-the-box treatment for alleviating fibrinolysis and the ARDS of COVID-19 patients. This proposed treatment is concomitant administration of an anti-fibrinolytic drug and the anticoagulant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giris Jacob
- Medicine F and Recanati Research Center, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Hematologic Research Laboratory, Hematologic Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Aharon
- Hematologic Research Laboratory, Hematologic Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Coagulation Research Laboratory Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Popping the lid on PAR4 activation. Blood 2020; 136:2101-2102. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
47
|
Han X, Hofmann L, de la Fuente M, Alexander N, Palczewski K, Nieman MT. PAR4 activation involves extracellular loop 3 and transmembrane residue Thr153. Blood 2020; 136:2217-2228. [PMID: 32575122 PMCID: PMC7645988 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) mediates sustained thrombin signaling in platelets and is required for a stable thrombus. PAR4 is activated by proteolysis of the N terminus to expose a tethered ligand. The structural basis for PAR4 activation and the location of its ligand binding site (LBS) are unknown. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/D exchange), computational modeling, and signaling studies, we determined the molecular mechanism for tethered ligand-mediated PAR4 activation. H/D exchange identified that the LBS is composed of transmembrane 3 (TM3) domain and TM7. Unbiased computational modeling further predicted an interaction between Gly48 from the tethered ligand and Thr153 from the LBS. Mutating Thr153 significantly decreased PAR4 signaling. H/D exchange and modeling also showed that extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) serves as a gatekeeper for the interaction between the tethered ligand and LBS. A naturally occurring sequence variant (P310L, rs2227376) and 2 experimental mutations (S311A and P312L) determined that the rigidity conferred by prolines in ECL3 are essential for PAR4 activation. Finally, we examined the role of the polymorphism at position 310 in venous thromboembolism (VTE) using the International Network Against Venous Thrombosis (INVENT) consortium multi-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis. Individuals with the PAR4 Leu310 allele had a 15% reduction in relative risk for VTE (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.94) compared with the Pro310 allele. These data are consistent with our H/D exchange, molecular modeling, and signaling studies. In conclusion, we have uncovered the structural basis for PAR4 activation and identified a previously unrecognized role for PAR4 in VTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Nathan Alexander
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Marvin T Nieman
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cholesterol-Rich Microdomains Contribute to PAR1 Signaling in Platelets Despite a Weak Localization of the Receptor in These Microdomains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218065. [PMID: 33138025 PMCID: PMC7663584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a cell surface G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that acts as a thrombin receptor promoting platelet aggregation. Targeting the PAR1 pathway by vorapaxar, a PAR1 antagonist, leads to a reduction in ischemic events in cardiovascular patients with a history of myocardial infarction or with peripheral arterial disease. In platelets, specialized microdomains highly enriched in cholesterol act as modulators of the activity of several GPCRs and play a pivotal role in the signaling pathway. However, their involvement in platelet PAR1 function remains incompletely characterized. In this context, we aimed to investigate whether activation of PAR1 in human platelets requires its localization in the membrane cholesterol-rich microdomains. Using confocal microscopy, biochemical isolation, and proteomics approaches, we found that PAR1 was not localized in cholesterol-rich microdomains in resting platelets, and only a small fraction of the receptor relocated to the microdomains following its activation. Vorapaxar treatment increased the level of PAR1 at the platelet surface, possibly by reducing its endocytosis, while its colocalization with cholesterol-rich microdomains remained weak. Consistent with a cholesterol-dependent activation of Akt and p38 MAP kinase in thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP)-activated platelets, the proteomic data of cholesterol-rich microdomains isolated from TRAP-activated platelets showed the recruitment of proteins contributing to these signaling pathways. In conclusion, contrary to endothelial cells, we found that PAR1 was only weakly present in cholesterol-rich microdomains in human platelets but used these microdomains for efficient activation of downstream signaling pathways following TRAP activation.
Collapse
|
49
|
Molecular Drivers of Platelet Activation: Unraveling Novel Targets for Anti-Thrombotic and Anti-Thrombo-Inflammatory Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217906. [PMID: 33114406 PMCID: PMC7662962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally-partly a consequence of increased population size and ageing-and are major contributors to reduced quality of life. Platelets play a major role in hemostasis and thrombosis. While platelet activation and aggregation are essential for hemostasis at sites of vascular injury, uncontrolled platelet activation leads to pathological thrombus formation and provokes thrombosis leading to myocardial infarction or stroke. Platelet activation and thrombus formation is a multistage process with different signaling pathways involved to trigger platelet shape change, integrin activation, stable platelet adhesion, aggregation, and degranulation. Apart from thrombotic events, thrombo-inflammation contributes to organ damage and dysfunction in CVDs and is mediated by platelets and inflammatory cells. Therefore, in the past, many efforts have been made to investigate specific signaling pathways in platelets to identify innovative and promising approaches for novel antithrombotic and anti-thrombo-inflammatory strategies that do not interfere with hemostasis. In this review, we focus on some of the most recent data reported on different platelet receptors, including GPIb-vWF interactions, GPVI activation, platelet chemokine receptors, regulation of integrin signaling, and channel homeostasis of NMDAR and PANX1.
Collapse
|
50
|
Pan Y, Wangqin R, Li H, Wang Y, Meng X, Johnston SC, Simon T, Lin J, Zhao X, Liu L, Wang D, Wang Y. F2R Polymorphisms and Clopidogrel Efficacy and Safety in Patients With Minor Stroke or TIA. Neurology 2020; 96:e1-e9. [PMID: 33093222 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) gene F2R polymorphisms and efficacy of clopidogrel for minor stroke or TIA. METHODS Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (CYP2C19*2 [681G>A, rs4244285], CYP2C19*3 [636G>A, rs4986893], and F2R [IVSn-14 A/T, rs168753]) were genotyped among 2,924 patients randomized to clopidogrel plus aspirin (n = 1,461) or aspirin alone (n = 1,463). The primary efficacy outcome was new stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) and the safety outcome was any bleeding. RESULTS Overall, 859 (29.4%) were AA homozygotes, 1,479 (50.6%) were AT heterozygotes, and 586 (20.0%) were TT homozygotes for F2R IVSn-14 polymorphisms; 1,716 (58.7%) were carriers of at least 1 CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele (*2 or *3). Compared with aspirin alone, patients with clopidogrel-aspirin treatment had a low risk of new stroke in patients with AT genotype (7.6% vs 11.3%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.89) and TT genotype (5.8% vs 11.6%; HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.82) but not in carriers of the AA genotype (10.8% vs 11.6%; HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.63-1.44) (p = 0.03 for interaction). The association between F2R IVSn-14 A/T polymorphism and clopidogrel response was present regardless of the carrier status of the CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles. The F2R IVSn-14 genotypes were not associated with the risk of any bleeding for clopidogrel-aspirin treatment (p = 0.66 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with minor ischemic stroke or TIA who were receiving clopidogrel and aspirin, those carrying the F2R IVSn-14 T allele had a lower rate of recurrent stroke than those who were not. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT00979589.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesong Pan
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Runqi Wangqin
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Hao Li
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Yilong Wang
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ.
| | - Xia Meng
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - S Claiborne Johnston
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tabassome Simon
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jinxi Lin
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Liping Liu
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - David Wang
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (Y.P., H.L., Y.W., X.M., J.L., X.Z., L.L., Y.W.), Beijing, China; Department of Neurology (R.W.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Dell Medical School (S.C.J.), University of Texas at Austin; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform of East of Paris (URCEST-CRC-CRB) (T.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine (APHP.SU); Sorbonne Université (T.S.); FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials) (T.S.), Paris, France; and Department of Neurology (D.W.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ.
| |
Collapse
|