1
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Zhao J, Hu R, Lai KC, Zhang Z, Lai L. Recombinant FOXN1 fusion protein increases T cell generation in old mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1423488. [PMID: 39072332 PMCID: PMC11272594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1423488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell development in the thymus is dependent on the thymic microenvironment, in which thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are the major component. However, TECs undergo both a qualitative and quantitative loss during aging, which is believed to be the major factor responsible for age-dependent thymic atrophy. FOXN1 plays a critical role in TEC development and adult TECs maintenance. We have previously reported that intrathymic injection of a recombinant (r) protein containing murine FOXN1 and a protein transduction domain increases the number of TECs in mice, leading to enhanced thymopoiesis. However, intrathymic injection may not be an ideal choice for clinical applications. In this study, we produced a rFOXN1 fusion protein containing the N-terminal of CCR9, human FOXN1 and a protein transduction domain. When injected intravenously into 14-month-old mice, the rFOXN1 fusion protein enters the thymus and TECs, and enhances thymopoiesis, resulting in increased T cell generation in the thymus and increased number of T cells in peripheral lymphoid organ. Our results suggest that the rFOXN1 fusion protein has the potential to be used in preventing and treating T cell immunodeficiency in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Kuan Chen Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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2
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Zhao J, Zhang Z, Lai KC, Lai L. Recombinant FOXN1 fusion protein increases T cell generation in aged mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2557067. [PMID: 36798162 PMCID: PMC9934747 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2557067/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Although the thymus continues to export T cells throughout life, it undergoes a profound involution/atrophy with age, resulting in decreased numbers of T cells in the older adult, which has direct etiological linkages with many diseases. T cell development in the thymus is dependent on the thymic microenvironment, in which thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are the major component. However, TECs undergo both a qualitative and quantitative loss during aging, which is believed to be the major factor responsible for age-dependent thymic atrophy. FOXN1 plays a critical role in TEC development and adult TECs maintenance. We have previously reported that intrathymic injection of a recombinant (r) protein containing FOXN1 and a protein transduction domain increases the number of TECs in mice, leading to enhanced thymopoiesis. However, intrathymic injection may not be an ideal choice for clinical applications. In this study, we produce a rFOXN1 fusion protein containing the N-terminal of CCR9, FOXN1 and a protein transduction domain. Results We show here that, when injected intravenously into aged mice, the rFOXN1 fusion protein migrates into the thymus and enhances thymopoiesis, resulting in increased T cell generation in the thymus and increased number of T cells in peripheral lymphoid organ. Conclusions Our results suggest that the rFOXN1 fusion protein has the potential to be used in preventing and treating T cell immunodeficiency in the older adult.
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3
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Santamaria S, Delgado M, Botas M, Castellano E, Corraliza-Gorjon I, Lafuente P, Muñoz-Calleja C, Toribio M, Kremer L, Garcia-Sanz JA. Therapeutic potential of an anti-CCR9 mAb evidenced in xenografts of human CCR9+ tumors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825635. [PMID: 35967322 PMCID: PMC9363564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsed or refractory T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) still carries poor prognosis. Aiming to improve outcomes, the therapeutic potential of an anti-CCR9 monoclonal antibody (mAb 92R), targeting the human chemokine-receptor CCR9 is analyzed on orthotopic xenotransplants. 92R mAb treatment of mice carrying human CCR9+ T-ALL cell lines or primary T cell leukemias inhibits tumor growth and increases survival. The therapeutic effects of 92R are specific and synergize with chemotherapeutic agents increasing survival. Furthermore, 92R decreases size of non-hematopoietic tumors with a forced CCR9 expression and of solid tumors generated by the pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line AsPC-1. In addition, a humanized version of 92R mAb (Srb1) is also able to inhibit growth of CCR9+ T-ALL tumor cells in vivo, increasing survival 2.66-fold. Finally, 92R mAb prevents liver accumulation of infiltrates and reduces tumor cell numbers in already formed infiltrates. Thus, the humanized version of 92R mAb (Srb1), displays therapeutic potential for CCR9+ tumor treatment and might represent one of the first therapeutic antibodies for precision medicine on T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Santamaria
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Department of Molecular Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Delgado
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Department of Molecular Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Botas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Department of Molecular Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Castellano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Department of Molecular Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Corraliza-Gorjon
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Department of Immunology and Oncology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Lafuente
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Department of Molecular Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria L. Toribio
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Department of Immunology and Oncology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose A. Garcia-Sanz, ; Leonor Kremer,
| | - Jose A. Garcia-Sanz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Department of Molecular Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose A. Garcia-Sanz, ; Leonor Kremer,
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4
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Saito M, Suzuki H, Harigae Y, Li G, Tanaka T, Asano T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. C 9Mab-1: An Anti-Mouse CCR9 Monoclonal Antibody for Immunocytochemistry. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:120-124. [PMID: 35471047 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is a G protein-coupled receptor, which is highly expressed in T-lymphocytes and different cancer cells. CCR9 aggravates immune diseases and cancer progression and is considered a biomarker and a therapeutic target of diseases. The development of specific monoclonal antibody (mAbs) for human CCR9 (hCCR9) is required to diagnose and treat immune diseases and cancers. Previously, we established the cell-based immunization and screening (CBIS) method, which does not need purified target proteins. Anti-hCCR9 mAb (clone C9Mab-1; mouse IgG1, kappa) was also developed using the CBIS method. C9Mab-1 is usable for flow cytometry against exogenously and endogenously expressing hCCR9. This study showed that C9Mab-1 and its recombinant antibody (recC9Mab-1) specifically detected exogenous hCCR9 stably overexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells and endogenous hCCR9 expressed in a human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line MOLT-4 cells through immunocytochemistry. This study provides a new application of C9Mab-1 and recC9Mab-1 in immunocytochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Harigae
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guanjie Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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5
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Trivett MT, Burke JD, Deleage C, Coren LV, Hill BJ, Jain S, Barsov EV, Breed MW, Kramer JA, Del Prete GQ, Lifson JD, Swanstrom AE, Ott DE. Preferential Small Intestine Homing and Persistence of CD8 T Cells in Rhesus Macaques Achieved by Molecularly Engineered Expression of CCR9 and Reduced Ex Vivo Manipulation. J Virol 2019; 93:e00896-19. [PMID: 31434738 PMCID: PMC6803279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00896-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a powerful experimental approach to directly study T-cell-mediated immunity in vivo In the rhesus macaque AIDS virus model, infusing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected animals with CD8 T cells engineered to express anti-SIV T-cell receptor specificities enables direct experimentation to better understand antiviral T-cell immunity in vivo Limiting factors in ACT experiments include suboptimal trafficking to, and poor persistence in, the secondary lymphoid tissues targeted by AIDS viruses. Previously, we redirected CD8 T cells to B-cell follicles by ectopic expression of the CXCR5 homing protein. Here, we modify peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived CD8 T cells to express the CCR9 chemokine receptor, which induces preferential homing of the engineered cells to the small intestine, a site of intense early AIDS virus replication and pathology in rhesus macaques. Additionally, we increase in vivo persistence and overall systemic distribution of infused CD8 T cells, especially in secondary lymphoid tissues, by minimizing ex vivo culture/manipulation, thereby avoiding the loss of CD28+/CD95+ central memory T cells by differentiation in culture. These proof-of-principle results establish the feasibility of preferentially localizing PBMC-derived CD8 T cells to the small intestine and enables the direct experimental ACT-based assessment of the potential role of the quality and timing of effective antiviral CD8 T-cell responses to inhibit viral infection and subsequent replication in small intestine CD4 T cells. More broadly, these results support the engineered expression of homing proteins to direct CD8 T cells to target tissues as a means for both experimental and potential therapeutic advances in T-cell immunotherapies, including cancer.IMPORTANCEAdoptive cell transfer (ACT) of T cells engineered with antigen-specific effector properties can deliver targeted immune responses against malignancies and infectious diseases. Current T-cell-based therapeutic ACT relies on circulatory distribution to deliver engineered T cells to their targets, an approach which has proven effective for some leukemias but provided only limited efficacy against solid tumors. Here, engineered expression of the CCR9 homing receptor redirected CD8 T cells to the small intestine in rhesus macaque ACT experiments. Targeted homing of engineered T-cell immunotherapies holds promise to increase the effectiveness of adoptively transferred cells in both experimental and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James D Burke
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lori V Coren
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brenna J Hill
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sumiti Jain
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene V Barsov
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew W Breed
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua A Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrienne E Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David E Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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6
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Fröhlich K, Hartzke D, Schmidt F, Eucker J, Gurlo A, Sittinger M, Ringe J. Delayed release of chemokine CCL25 with bioresorbable microparticles for mobilization of human mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:290-300. [PMID: 29408710 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are guiding cues for directional trafficking of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) upon injury and local chemokine delivery at injury sites is an up-to-date strategy to potentiate and prolong recruitment of MSC. In this study we present the chemokine CCL25, also referred to as thymus-expressed chemokine, to mobilize human MSC along positive but not along negative gradients. We hence proceeded to design a biodegradable and injectable release device for CCL25 on the basis of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The conducted studies had the objective to optimize PLGA microparticle fabrication by varying selected formulation parameters, such as polymer type, microparticle size and interior phase composition. We found that microparticles of DV,50∼75 µm and fabricated using end-capped polymers, BSA as carrier protein and vortex mixing to produce the primary emulsion yielded high chemokine loading and delayed CCL25 release. To determine bioactivity, we investigated CCL25 released during the microparticle erosion phase and showed that deacidification of the release medium was required to induce significant MSC mobilization. The designed PLGA microparticles represent an effective and convenient off-the-shelf delivery tool for the delayed release of CCL25. However, continuative in vivo proof-of-concept studies are required to demonstrate enhanced recruitment of MSC and/or therapeutical effects in response to CCL25 release microparticles. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE With the discovery of chemokines, particularly CXCL12, as stimulators of stem cell migration, the development of devices that release CXCL12 has proceeded quickly in the last few years. In this manuscript we introduce CCL25 as chemokine to induce mobilization of human MSC. This study proceeds to demonstrate how selection of key formulation parameters of CCL25 loading into PLGA microparticles exerts considerable influence on CCL25 release. This is important for a broad range of efforts in in situ tissue engineering where the candidate chemokine and the delivery device need to be selected carefully. The use of such a cell-free CCL25 release device may provide a new therapeutic option in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Fröhlich
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - David Hartzke
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Department of Materials Science and Technologies, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Eucker
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksander Gurlo
- Department of Materials Science and Technologies, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Ringe
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Materials Science and Technologies, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Somovilla-Crespo B, Martín Monzón MT, Vela M, Corraliza-Gorjón I, Santamaria S, Garcia-Sanz JA, Kremer L. 92R Monoclonal Antibody Inhibits Human CCR9 + Leukemia Cells Growth in NSG Mice Xenografts. Front Immunol 2018; 9:77. [PMID: 29434597 PMCID: PMC5797297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR9 is as an interesting target for the treatment of human CCR9+-T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, since its expression is limited to immature cells in the thymus, infiltrating leukocytes in the small intestine and a small fraction of mature circulating T lymphocytes. 92R, a new mouse mAb (IgG2a isotype), was raised using the A-isoform of hCCR9 as immunogen. Its initial characterization demonstrates that binds with high affinity to the CCR9 N-terminal domain, competing with the previously described 91R mAb for receptor binding. 92R inhibits human CCR9+ tumor growth in T and B-cell deficient Rag2−/− mice. In vitro assays suggested complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity as possible in vivo mechanisms of action. Unexpectedly, 92R strongly inhibited tumor growth also in a model with compromised NK and complement activities, suggesting that other mechanisms, including phagocytosis or apoptosis, might also be playing a role on 92R-mediated tumor elimination. Taken together, these data contribute to strengthen the hypothesis of the immune system’s opportunistic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Somovilla-Crespo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria Vela
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Corraliza-Gorjón
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Santamaria
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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8
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CCR9 Is a Key Regulator of Early Phases of Allergic Airway Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3635809. [PMID: 27795621 PMCID: PMC5067335 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3635809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway inflammation is the most common hallmark of allergic asthma. Chemokine receptors involved in leukocyte recruitment are closely related to the pathology in asthma. CCR9 has been described as a homeostatic and inflammatory chemokine receptor, but its role and that of its ligand CCL25 during lung inflammation remain unknown. To investigate the role of CCR9 as a modulator of airway inflammation, we established an OVA-induced allergic inflammation model in CCR9-deficient mice. Here, we report the expression of CCR9 and CCL25 as early as 6 hours post-OVA challenge in eosinophils and T-lymphocytes. Moreover, in challenged CCR9-deficient mice, cell recruitment was impaired at peribronchial and perivenular levels. OVA-administration in CCR9-deficient mice leads to a less inflammatory cell recruitment, which modifies the expression of IL-10, CCL11, and CCL25 at 24 hours after OVA challenge. In contrast, the secretion of IL-4 and IL-5 was not affected in CCR9-deficient mice compared to WT mice. These results demonstrate for the first time that CCR9 and CCL25 expressions are induced in the early stages of airway inflammation and they have an important role modulating eosinophils and lymphocytes recruitment at the first stages of inflammatory process, suggesting that they might be a potential target to regulate inflammation in asthma.
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9
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Usui M, Okamatsu Y, Sato T, Hanatani T, Moritani Y, Sano K, Yamamoto M, Nakashima K. Thymus-expressed chemokine enhances Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS-induced osteoclast formation via NFATc1 activation. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 66:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Jurberg AD, Vasconcelos-Fontes L, Cotta-de-Almeida V. A Tale from TGF-β Superfamily for Thymus Ontogeny and Function. Front Immunol 2015; 6:442. [PMID: 26441956 PMCID: PMC4564722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways control every aspect of cell behavior, organ formation, and tissue homeostasis throughout the lifespan of any individual. This review takes an ontogenetic view focused on the large superfamily of TGF-β/bone morphogenetic protein ligands to address thymus morphogenesis and function in T cell differentiation. Recent findings on a role of GDF11 for reversing aging-related phenotypes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Dias Jurberg
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ; Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Larissa Vasconcelos-Fontes
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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11
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Zhong Y, Jiang L, Lin H, Li B, Lan J, Liang S, Shen B, Lei Z, Zheng W. Expression of CC chemokine receptor 9 predicts poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:101. [PMID: 26168791 PMCID: PMC4501107 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis in various cancers. Our previous studies have shown the aberrant expression of CCR9 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, revealing that the CCR9-CCL25 axis modulates cell migration and invasion, and supports cancer cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the expression and possible prognostic role of CCR9 in lung adenocarcinoma. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of CCR9 expression was performed on 144 lung adenocarcinoma tissues and 30 adjacent normal lung parenchymal tissues. We assessed the correlation of CCR9 expression with clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Results The expression of CCR9 was increased in lung adenocarcinoma tissue compared with normal lung tissue. Moreover, such an expression was positively correlated with tumor size (p = 0.032), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.002) and advanced TNM stage (p = 0.012). In addition, the patients with negative CCR9 expression exhibited a higher overall survival (OS) compared with those with positive CCR9 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that the CCR9 expression was an independent prognostic factor for the OS of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusions We, for the first time, reported that CCR9 could be beneficial in predicting lymph node metastasis, and it might act as a novel prognostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Lingyu Jiang
- Intensive Care Unit, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Baijun Li
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Jiao Lan
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Shengjing Liang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenniu Lei
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Weiping Zheng
- Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, P.R. China.
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Halkias J, Melichar HJ, Taylor KT, Robey EA. Tracking migration during human T cell development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3101-17. [PMID: 24682469 PMCID: PMC11113765 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Specialized microenvironments within the thymus are comprised of unique cell types with distinct roles in directing the development of a diverse, functional, and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. As they differentiate, thymocytes transit through a number of developmental intermediates that are associated with unique localization and migration patterns. For example, during one particular developmental transition, immature thymocytes more than double in speed as they become mature T cells that are among the fastest cells in the body. This transition is associated with dramatic changes in the expression of chemokine receptors and their antagonists, cell adhesion molecules, and cytoskeletal components to direct the maturing thymocyte population from the cortex to medulla. Here we discuss the dynamic changes in behavior that occur throughout thymocyte development, and provide an overview of the cell-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that regulate human thymocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Halkias
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Sciences Addition, #3200, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA,
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13
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Chamorro S, Vela M, Franco-Villanueva A, Carramolino L, Gutiérrez J, Gómez L, Lozano M, Salvador B, García-Gallo M, Martínez-A C, Kremer L. Antitumor effects of a monoclonal antibody to human CCR9 in leukemia cell xenografts. MAbs 2014; 6:1000-12. [PMID: 24870448 PMCID: PMC4171004 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor expression of certain chemokine receptors is associated with resistance to apoptosis, migration, invasiveness and metastasis. Because CCR9 chemokine receptor expression is very restricted in healthy tissue, whereas it is present in tumors of distinct origins including leukemias, melanomas, prostate and ovary carcinomas, it can be considered a suitable candidate for target-directed therapy. Here, we report the generation and characterization of 91R, a mouse anti-human CCR9 IgG2b monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope within the CCR9 N-terminal domain. This antibody inhibits the growth of subcutaneous xenografts from human acute T lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells in immunodeficient Rag2−/− mice. Tumor size in 91R-treated mice was reduced by 85% compared with isotype-matched antibody-treated controls. Tumor reduction in 91R-treated mice was concomitant with an increase in the apoptotic cell fraction and tumor necrotic areas, as well as a decrease in the fraction of proliferating cells and in tumor vascularization. In the presence of complement or murine natural killer cells, 91R promoted in vitro lysis of MOLT-4 leukemia cells, indicating that this antibody might eliminate tumor cells via complement- and cell-dependent cytotoxicity. The results show the potential of the 91R monoclonal antibody as a therapeutic agent for treatment of CCR9-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Chamorro
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Vela
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Franco-Villanueva
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carramolino
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain; Current Affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNIC/ISCIII); Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Gutiérrez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucio Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain; Protein Tools Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - María Lozano
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain; Protein Tools Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Salvador
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica García-Gallo
- Protein Tools Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-A
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Oncology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain; Protein Tools Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC); Madrid, Spain
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14
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PTEN action in leukaemia dictated by the tissue microenvironment. Nature 2014; 510:402-6. [PMID: 24805236 PMCID: PMC4165899 DOI: 10.1038/nature13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PTEN encodes a lipid phosphatase that is underexpressed in many cancers owing to deletions, mutations or gene silencing1–3. PTEN dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3), thereby opposing the activity of class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) that mediate growth and survival factors signaling through PI3K effectors such as AKT and mTOR2. To determine whether continued PTEN inactivation is required to maintain malignancy, we generated an RNAi-based transgenic mouse model that allows tetracycline-dependent regulation of PTEN in a time- and tissue-specific manner. Postnatal PTEN knockdown in the hematopoietic compartment produced highly disseminated T-cell leukemia (T-ALL). Surprisingly, reactivation of PTEN mainly reduced T-ALL dissemination but had little effect on tumor load in hematopoietic organs. Leukemia infiltration into the intestine was dependent on CCR9 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, which was amplified by PTEN loss. Our results suggest that in the absence of PTEN, GPCRs may play an unanticipated role in driving tumor growth and invasion in an unsupportive environment. They further reveal that the role of PTEN loss in tumor maintenance is not invariant and can be influenced by the tissue microenvironment, thereby producing a form of intratumoral heterogeneity that is independent of cancer genotype.
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15
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White GE, Iqbal AJ, Greaves DR. CC chemokine receptors and chronic inflammation--therapeutic opportunities and pharmacological challenges. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:47-89. [PMID: 23300131 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of low molecular weight proteins with an essential role in leukocyte trafficking during both homeostasis and inflammation. The CC class of chemokines consists of at least 28 members (CCL1-28) that signal through 10 known chemokine receptors (CCR1-10). CC chemokine receptors are expressed predominantly by T cells and monocyte-macrophages, cell types associated predominantly with chronic inflammation occurring over weeks or years. Chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome are characterized by continued leukocyte infiltration into the inflammatory site, driven in large part by excessive chemokine production. Over years or decades, persistent inflammation may lead to loss of tissue architecture and function, causing severe disability or, in the case of atherosclerosis, fatal outcomes such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Despite the existence of several clinical strategies for targeting chronic inflammation, these diseases remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality globally, with a concomitant economic impact. Thus, the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease continues to be a priority. In this review we introduce CC chemokine receptors as critical mediators of chronic inflammatory responses and explore their potential role as pharmacological targets. We discuss functions of individual CC chemokine receptors based on in vitro pharmacological data as well as transgenic animal studies. Focusing on three key forms of chronic inflammation--rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome--we describe the pathologic function of CC chemokine receptors and their possible relevance as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E White
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the canine chemokine receptor CCR9. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:534-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Garcia F, Lepelletier Y, Smaniotto S, Hadj-Slimane R, Dardenne M, Hermine O, Savino W. Inhibitory effect of semaphorin-3A, a known axon guidance molecule, in the human thymocyte migration induced by CXCL12. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:7-13. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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18
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Kreisman LSC, Cobb BA. Glycoantigens induce human peripheral Tr1 cell differentiation with gut-homing specialization. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8810-8. [PMID: 21228275 PMCID: PMC3059040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate antigen (glycoantigen) PSA from an intestinal commensal bacteria is able to down-regulate inflammatory bowel disease in model mice, suggesting that stimulation with PSA results in regulatory T cell (Treg) generation. However, mechanisms of how peripheral human T cells respond and home in response to commensal antigens are still not understood. Here, we demonstrate that a single exposure to PSA induces differentiation of human peripheral CD4(+) T cells into type-Tr1 Tregs. This is in contrast to mouse models where PSA induced the production of Foxp3(+) iTregs. The human PSA-induced Tr1 cells are profoundly anergic and exhibit nonspecific bystander suppression mediated by IL-10 secretion. Most surprisingly, glycoantigen exposure provoked expression of gut homing receptors on their surface. These findings reveal a mechanism for immune homeostasis in the gut whereby exposure to commensal glycoantigens provides the requisite information to responding T cells for proper tissue localization (gut) and function (anti-inflammatory/regulatory).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori S. C. Kreisman
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Brian A. Cobb
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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19
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Zhang L, Yu B, Hu M, Wang Z, Liu D, Tong X, Leng J, Zhou B, Hu Y, Wu R, Ding Q, Zhang Q. Role of Rho-ROCK signaling in MOLT4 cells metastasis induced by CCL25. Leuk Res 2011; 35:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Sharma PK, Singh R, Novakovic KR, Eaton JW, Grizzle WE, Singh S. CCR9 mediates PI3K/AKT-dependent antiapoptotic signals in prostate cancer cells and inhibition of CCR9-CCL25 interaction enhances the cytotoxic effects of etoposide. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2020-30. [PMID: 20127861 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment and management of prostate cancer (PCa), it remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the US. Chemotherapy is one of the treatment alternatives for hormone refractory metastatic PCa. However, current chemotherapeutic regimens provide palliative benefit but relatively modest survival advantage primarily due to chemo-resistance and upregulated antiapoptotic machineries in PCa cells. Therefore, blocking the mechanisms responsible for suppression of apoptosis might improve current chemotherapeutic regimens. In this study, we show that CC chemokine receptor-9 (CCR9) and its natural ligand CCL25 interaction upregulates antiapoptotic proteins (i.e., PI3K, AKT, ERK1/2 and GSK-3beta) and downregulate activation of caspase-3 in PCa cells. Significant downregulation of these CCR9-mediated antiapoptotic proteins in the presence of a PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin), further suggests that the antiapoptotic action of CCR9 is primarily regulated through PI3K. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of etoposide was significantly inhibited in the presence of CCL25, and this inhibitory effect of CCL25 was abrogated when CCR9-CCL25 interaction was blocked using anti-CCR9 monoclonal antibodies. In conformation to these in vitro studies, significant reduction in tumor burden was found in mice receiving CCL25 neutralizing antibodies and etoposide together as compared to both as a single agent. These results suggest that the CCR9-CCL25 axis mediates PI3K/AKT-dependent antiapoptotic signals in PCa cells and could be a possible reason for low apoptosis and modest chemotherapeutic response. Therefore, targeting CCR9-CCL25 axis with cytotoxic agents may provide better therapeutic outcomes than using cytotoxic agents alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Sharma
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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21
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Abstract
Chemokines constitute a large family of low-molecular-weight proteins ( approximately 10 kDa in size), recognized primarily for their role in directing leukocyte migration under both homeostatic and inflammatory settings. The chemokine CCL25 displays a unique and highly restricted expression pattern compared with other chemokine family members. In the steady state, CCL25 is expressed at high levels primarily in the thymus and small intestine, while its sole functional receptor, CCR9, is expressed on subsets of developing thymocytes and intestinal lymphocytes. Mice that are deficient in CCR9 show relatively normal thymocyte development; however, in competitive transfer experiments, CCR9(-/-) bone-marrow cells are severely disadvantaged in their ability to generate mature T cells compared with wildtype cells. Indeed, expression data and analysis of genetically modified mice suggest that CCL25/CCR9 may be involved in multiple stages of thymocyte development. Recent in vivo studies have demonstrated a role for CCL25/CCR9 in mediating lymphocyte recruitment to the small intestine and in the development of the small intestinal T-cell receptor-gammadelta T-cell compartment. Finally, CCL25 is expressed in the small intestine of Crohn's disease patients and, in certain inflammatory conditions, outside the small intestine. Together, these results suggest an important role for CCL25/CCR9 in T-cell development and small intestinal immunity and suggest that targeting the CCL25/CCR9 pathway may provide a means to modulate small intestinal immune responses.
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22
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Lima K, Abrahamsen TG, Foelling I, Natvig S, Ryder LP, Olaussen RW. Low thymic output in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome measured by CCR9+CD45RA+ T cell counts and T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:98-107. [PMID: 20491792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic hypoplasia is a frequent feature of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, but we know little about patients' age-related thymic output and long-term consequences for their immune system. We measured the expression of T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TREC) and used flow cytometry for direct subtyping of recent thymic emigrant (RTE)-related T cells in 43 patients (aged 1-54 years; median 9 years) from all over Norway and in age-matched healthy controls. Thymic volumes were estimated by ultrasound in patients. TREC levels correlated well with RTE-related T cells defined by co-expression of CD3, CD45RA and CCR9 (r=0.84) as well as with the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subtypes. RTE-related T cell counts also paralleled age-related TREC reductions. CD45RA+ T cells correlated well with absolute counts of CD4+ (r=0.87) and CD8+ (r=0.75) RTE-related T cells. Apart from CD45RA- T cells, all T cell subsets were lower in patients than in controls. Thymic volumes correlated better with RTE-related cells (r=0.46) than with TREC levels (r=0.38). RTE-related T cells and TREC levels also correlated well (r=0.88) in patients without an identifiable thymus. Production of RTEs is impaired in patients with a 22q11.2 deletion, and CCR9 appears to be a good marker for RTE-related T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lima
- Section of Endocrinology, Faculty Division Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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23
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Le Panse R, Bismuth J, Cizeron-Clairac G, Weiss JM, Cufi P, Dartevelle P, De Rosbo NK, Berrih-Aknin S. Thymic remodeling associated with hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:401-12. [DOI: 10.3109/08916930903563491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Wang Y, Yu J, Luo X, Wang X, Li M, Wang L, Li D. Abnormal regulation of chemokine TECK and its receptor CCR9 in the endometriotic milieu is involved in pathogenesis of endometriosis by way of enhancing invasiveness of endometrial stromal cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:51-60. [PMID: 20081876 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2009.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK), which regulates T-cell development and tissue-specific homing, has been identified as a potential contributor to the pathogenesis and progression of endometriosis. Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD), an air pollutant, and estrogen also appear to be involved in endometriosis. Both endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and the combination of 17beta-estradiol and TCDD increase the secretion of TECK in the endometriosis-associated cells and promote the invasiveness of ESCs by increasing expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Anti-TECK neutralizing antibodies can effectively inhibit the invasiveness of ESCs and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the cells. Interestingly, the expression of chemokine C receptor 9 (CCR9) and its ligand TECK increases significantly in the endometriotic milieu of patients with endometriosis. Therefore, the over-expressed TECK interacts with CCR9 on the ESCs in the endometriotic milieu, which may contribute to the onset and progression of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
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25
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26
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Iwata M. Retinoic acid production by intestinal dendritic cells and its role in T-cell trafficking. Semin Immunol 2008; 21:8-13. [PMID: 18849172 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency causes a marked reduction in the number of T and B cells in the small intestinal tissues. The vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid imprints lymphocytes with gut-homing specificity upon antigenic stimulation. In the small intestinal lamina propria, Peyer's patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes, there are dendritic cells capable of producing retinoic acid. Their capacity depends on the expression of retinal dehydrogenases (RALDH). RALDH2, encoded by Aldh1a2, is a major isoform of RALDH in the intestinal dendritic cells under specific pathogen-free conditions, and can be induced by multiple factors constitutively present or induced in the small intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iwata
- Laboratory of Biodefense Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan.
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27
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Amersi FF, Terando AM, Goto Y, Scolyer RA, Thompson JF, Tran AN, Faries MB, Morton DL, Hoon DSB. Activation of CCR9/CCL25 in cutaneous melanoma mediates preferential metastasis to the small intestine. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:638-45. [PMID: 18245522 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Specific chemokines and their respective receptors have been implicated in distant tumor cell metastasis. Cutaneous melanoma has a distinct pattern of metastasis, preferentially targeting the submucosa of the small intestine. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanism remains unknown. Migration of CCR9(+) lymphocytes to the small intestine is known to occur in response to the chemoattractant effects of CCL25 (thymus-expressed chemokine). The integrin heterodimers alphabeta are also known to be important mediators of cellular adhesion. We hypothesize that the mechanism of small intestinal metastasis by melanoma is via the CCR9-CCL25 axis and specific integrins. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess melanoma tumors for CCR9 and CCL25. Integrin expression was assessed using flow cytometry. CCR9 expression by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was assessed in primary (n = 23) and metastatic (n = 198) melanomas, and melanoma lines derived from small intestinal metastases (n = 23). RESULTS We showed CCR9 expression in 88 of 102 paraffin-embedded metastatic melanomas from the small intestine, 8 of 8 melanoma lines derived from metastases in the small intestine, and 0 of 96 metastatic melanomas from other sites. In vitro migration and invasion studies done on CCR9(+) melanoma lines showed migration in response to CCL25 that was inhibited by anti-CCR9 antibody or by short interfering RNA CCR9. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed CCR9 expression by melanomas to the small intestine and showed concomitant alpha(4)beta(1) integrin expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that functionally active CCR9 on melanoma cells facilitates metastasis to the small intestine. The CCR9-CCL25 axis may explain the high incidence of melanoma metastasis to this specific location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farin F Amersi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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28
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Olaussen RW, Karlsson MR, Lundin KEA, Jahnsen J, Brandtzaeg P, Farstad IN. Reduced chemokine receptor 9 on intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease suggests persistent epithelial activation. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:2371-82. [PMID: 17570212 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease is caused by an inappropriate immune response to dietary gluten, with increased epithelial lymphocyte infiltration in the duodenum/jejunum as a hallmark. The chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is a small intestinal homing receptor normally found on most mucosal T cells in this organ. Because CCR9 expression appears to be activation dependent, we examined CCR9 on duodenal T cells from untreated and treated (gluten-free diet) patients with celiac disease and healthy controls. METHODS Duodenal biopsy specimens and blood samples were obtained for histologic analysis and flow-cytometric CCR9 analysis of isolated lymphocytes. CCR9 expression after activation was studied in peripheral blood T cells from healthy volunteers. RESULTS The median number of CCR9(+) cells among CD3(+) T cells in epithelium and lamina propria, respectively, was 56% and 48% in controls, 11% and 40% in treated patients, and 1% and 8% in untreated patients. Significant differences occurred between controls and treated or untreated patients in the epithelium but only between controls and untreated patients in the lamina propria (P=.008, all comparisons). No such differences were seen in peripheral blood, but stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin and, to a lesser extent, stimulation via NKG2D reduced the CCR9 expression on blood T cells. CONCLUSIONS CCR9 expression is reduced on epithelial and lamina propria T cells in untreated celiac disease. Down-regulation of CCR9 persists in intraepithelial T cells from well-treated patients. This suggests ongoing immune activation preferentially within the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Olaussen
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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29
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Parmo-Cabañas M, García-Bernal D, García-Verdugo R, Kremer L, Márquez G, Teixidó J. Intracellular signaling required for CCL25-stimulated T cell adhesion mediated by the integrin alpha4beta1. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:380-91. [PMID: 17510295 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1206726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha4beta1 integrin is expressed on thymocytes and mediates cell attachment to its ligands CS-1/fibronectin (CS-1/FN) and VCAM-1 in the thymus. The chemokine CCL25 is highly expressed in the thymus, where it binds to its receptor CCR9 on thymocytes promoting migration and activation. We show here that alpha4beta1 and CCR9 are coexpressed mainly on double- and single-positive thymocytes and that CCL25 strongly stimulates CD4(+)CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD8(-) adhesion to CS-1/FN and VCAM-1. CCL25 rapidly activated the GTPases Rac and Rap1 on thymocytes, and this activation was required for stimulation of adhesion, as detected using the CCR9(+)/alpha4beta1(+) human T cell line Molt-4. To study the role on CCL25-stimulated adhesion of the Rac downstream effector Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verproline-homologous protein 2 (WAVE2) as well as of Rap1-GTP-interacting proteins, regulator of adhesion and cell polarization enriched in lymphoid tissues (RAPL) and Rap1-GTP-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM), we knocked down their expression and tested transfectant attachment to alpha4beta1 ligands. We found that WAVE2 and RAPL but not RIAM were required for efficient triggering by CCL25 of T cell adhesion to CS-1/FN and VCAM-1. Although Rac and Rap1 activation was required during early steps of T cell adhesion stimulated by CCL25, WAVE2 was needed for the development of actin-dependent T cell spreading subsequent to adhesion strengthening but not during initial alpha4beta1-ligand interactions. These results suggest that regulation by CCL25 of adhesion of thymocyte subpopulations mediated by alpha4beta1 could contribute to control their trafficking in the thymus during maturation, and identify Rac-WAVE2 and Rap1-RAPL as pathways whose activation is required in inside-out signaling, leading to stimulated adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Parmo-Cabañas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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30
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Lee JH, Kang SG, Kim CH. FoxP3+ T cells undergo conventional first switch to lymphoid tissue homing receptors in thymus but accelerated second switch to nonlymphoid tissue homing receptors in secondary lymphoid tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:301-11. [PMID: 17182567 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)-positive T cells are a specialized T cell subset for immune regulation and tolerance. We investigated the trafficking receptor switches of FoxP3(+) T cells in thymus and secondary lymphoid tissues and the functional consequences of these switches in migration. We found that FoxP3(+) T cells undergo two discrete developmental switches in trafficking receptors to migrate from primary to secondary and then to nonlymphoid tissues in a manner similar to conventional CD4(+) T cells as well as unique to the FoxP3(+) cell lineage. In the thymus, precursors of FoxP3(+) cells undergo the first trafficking receptor switch (CCR8/CCR9-->CXCR4-->CCR7), generating mostly homogeneous CD62L(+)CCR7(+)CXCR4(low)FoxP3(+) T cells. CXCR4 expression is regained in FoxP3(+) thymic emigrants in the periphery. Consistent with this switch, recent FoxP3(+) thymic emigrants migrate exclusively to secondary lymphoid tissues but poorly to nonlymphoid tissues. The FoxP3(+) thymic emigrants undergo the second switch in trafficking receptors for migration to nonlymphoid tissues upon Ag priming. This second switch involves down-regulation of CCR7 and CXCR4 but up-regulation of a number of memory/effector type homing receptors, resulting in generation of heterogeneous FoxP3(+) T cell subsets expressing various combinations of trafficking receptors including CCR2, CCR4, CCR6, CCR8, and CCR9. A notable difference between the FoxP3(+) and FoxP3(-) T cell populations is that FoxP3(+) T cells undergo the second homing receptor switch at a highly accelerated rate compared with FoxP3(-) T cells, generating FoxP3(+) T cells with unconventionally efficient migratory capacity to major nonlymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee H Lee
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Purdue Cancer Center, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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31
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Takahama Y. Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:127-35. [PMID: 16491137 DOI: 10.1038/nri1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lympho-stromal interactions in multiple microenvironments within the thymus have a crucial role in the regulation of T-cell development and selection. Recent studies have implicated that chemokines that are produced by thymic stromal cells have a pivotal role in positioning developing T cells within the thymus. In this Review, I discuss the importance of stroma-derived chemokines in guiding the traffic of developing thymocytes, with an emphasis on the processes of cortex-to-medulla migration and T-cell-repertoire selection, including central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Takahama
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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32
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Wurbel MA, Malissen B, Campbell JJ. Complex regulation of CCR9 at multiple discrete stages of T cell development. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:73-81. [PMID: 16342233 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted a comprehensive assessment of CCR9 expression and function at the important milestone stages of murine thymocyte development. We reveal an unusually complex regulatory pattern, in which CCR9 influences T cell development at several widely dispersed stages. We find that CCR9 is not expressed within the thymus until the double-negative (DN)3 stage, although it appears to contribute to T cell precursor development prior to residence in the thymus. CCR9 expression is influenced by pre-T cell receptor signals, and is dramatically up-regulated in a population that appears to be transitional between the DN4 and double-positive stages. In the periphery, functional CCR9 is expressed by all naive CD8 T cells, but not by naive CD4 T cells. To our knowledge, this latter finding is the first difference observed in homing receptor expression between naive lymphocyte populations. This suggests that naive CD8 T cells might have access to lymphoid microenvironments from which naive CD4 T cells are excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Wurbel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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33
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Sen Y, Yongyi B, Yuling H, Luokun X, Li H, Jie X, Tao D, Gang Z, Junyan L, Chunsong H, Zhang X, Youxin J, Feili G, Boquan J, Jinquan T. V alpha 24-invariant NKT cells from patients with allergic asthma express CCR9 at high frequency and induce Th2 bias of CD3+ T cells upon CD226 engagement. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4914-26. [PMID: 16210593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that Valpha24(+)Vbeta11(+) invariant (Valpha24(+)i) NKT cells from patients with allergic asthma express CCR9 at high frequency. CCR9 ligand CCL25 induces chemotaxis of asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells but not the normal cells. A large number of CCR9-positive Valpha24(+)i NKT cells are found in asthmatic bronchi mucosa, where high levels of Th2 cytokines are detected. Asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells, themselves Th1 biased, induce CD3(+) T cells into an expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in cell-cell contact manner in vitro. CD226 are overexpressed on asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells. CCL25/CCR9 ligation causes directly phosphorylation of CD226, indicating that CCL25/CCR9 signals can cross-talk with CD226 signals to activate Valpha24(+)i NKT cells. Prestimulation with immobilized CD226 mAb does not change ability of asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells to induce Th2-cytokine production, whereas soluble CD226 mAb or short hairpin RNA of CD226 inhibits Valpha24(+)i NKT cells to induce Th2-cytokine production by CD3(+) T cells, indicating that CD226 engagement is necessary for Valpha24(+)i NKT cells to induce Th2 bias of CD3(+) T cells. Our results are providing with direct evidence that aberration of CCR9 expression on asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells. CCL25 is first time shown promoting the recruitment of CCR9-expressing Valpha24(+)i NKT cells into the lung to promote other T cells to produce Th2 cytokines to establish and develop allergic asthma. Our findings provide evidence that abnormal asthmatic Valpha24(+)i NKT cells induce systemically and locally a Th2 bias in T cells that is at least partially critical for the pathogenesis of allergic asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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34
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Henson SM, Snelgrove R, Hussell T, Wells DJ, Aspinall R. An IL-7 fusion protein that shows increased thymopoietic ability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4112-8. [PMID: 16148161 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of IL-7 during thymopoiesis has led to it being the focus of a number of therapeutic interventions. However, its small size and pleiotropic nature present problems for thymus-directed therapies. We have created a fusion molecule between the extracellular N-terminal domain of CCR9 and IL-7, which has the potential to overcome these difficulties. This novel fusion protein retains the thymopoietic activity of IL-7 and the ligand-binding ability of CCR9. As a thymopoietic agent, compared with IL-7, it shows an enhanced retention in the thymus, increased de novo T cell production, and increased thymic output. Old mice receiving the fusion protein show improved CD8 T cell responses and reduced viral load after infection with influenza virus compared with those receiving IL-7. This chimeric molecule offers a novel therapeutic strategy that may result in the production of an effective immunorestorative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M Henson
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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35
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Abstract
The dynamic process of thymocyte migration can now be visualized in real-time and in the context of the native thymic environment. With improved computational resources, key information can be extracted from real-time imaging data and the migratory behaviors of developing thymocytes can be quantitated. The extraction and exploitation of three dimensional data through time is providing new insight into the nature and regulation of intrathymic migration. In this review we discuss this interdisciplinary approach and the promise it holds for the study of thymocyte migration in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Witt
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 479 Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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36
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Benz C, Bleul CC. A multipotent precursor in the thymus maps to the branching point of the T versus B lineage decision. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:21-31. [PMID: 15983065 PMCID: PMC2212901 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic precursors continuously colonize the thymus where they give rise mainly to T cells, but also to B and dendritic cells. The lineage relationship between these three cell types is unclear, and it remains to be determined if precursors in the thymus are multipotent, oligopotent, or lineage restricted. Resolution of this question necessitates the determination of the clonal differentiation potential of the most immature precursors in the thymus. Using a CC chemokine receptor 9–enhanced green fluorescent protein knock-in allele like a surface marker of unknown function, we identify a multipotent precursor present in bone marrow, blood, and thymus. Single cells of this precursor give rise to T, B, and dendritic cells. A more differentiated stage of this multipotent precursor in the thymus has lost the capacity to generate B but not T, dendritic, and myeloid cells. Thus, the newly identified precursor maps to the branching point of the T versus B lineage decision in the hematopoietic lineage hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Benz
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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37
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Benz C, Heinzel K, Bleul CC. Homing of immature thymocytes to the subcapsular microenvironment within the thymus is not an absolute requirement for T?cell development. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:3652-63. [PMID: 15484191 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
T cell development is thought to occur in distinct microenvironments within the thymus. Namely, the subcapsular zone, the cortex and the medulla have been described to support expansion of the immature thymocyte pool, positive selection of useful specificities and elimination of potentially self-reactive specificities, respectively. Consistent with this model, thymocytes show a highly ordered migration pattern and move into these niches in the expected sequence. Here we show that the chemokine receptor CCR9 plays a nonredundant role in the homing of immature thymocytes to the subcapsular zone. In CCR9-deficient mice, T cells in early stages of development do not accumulate in their physiological microenvironment underneath the thymic capsule and are instead homogeneously distributed across the thymic cortex. Remarkably, this abnormality does not result in a detectable defect in T cell development in CCR9-deficient mice, suggesting that the transit of immature thymocytes through the subcapsular microenvironment is not an absolute requirement for proper T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Benz
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Qiuping Z, Jei X, Youxin J, Wei J, Chun L, Jin W, Qun W, Yan L, Chunsong H, Mingzhen Y, Qingping G, Kejian Z, Zhimin S, Qun L, Junyan L, Jinquan T. CC Chemokine Ligand 25 Enhances Resistance to Apoptosis in CD4+ T Cells from Patients with T-Cell Lineage Acute and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia by Means of Livin Activation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7579-87. [PMID: 15492285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes, CD4(+) T cells from typical patients with T-cell lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) and T cell lineage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL), and MOLT4 T cells in terms of CC chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) functions of induction of resistance to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-mediated apoptosis. We found that CCL25 selectively enhanced resistance to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in T-ALL and T-CLL CD4(+) T cells as well as in MOLT4 T cells, but CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes did not. One member protein of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, Livin, was selectively expressed in the malignant cells at higher levels, particularly in T-ALL CD4(+) T cells, in comparison with the expression in CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes. After stimulation with CCL25 and apoptotic induction with TNF-alpha, the expression levels of Livin in these malignant cells were significantly increased. CCL25/thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK), by means of CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) ligation, selectively activated Livin to enhance resistance to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in c-jun-NH(2)-kinase 1 (JNK1) kinase-dependent manner. These findings suggested differential functions of CCR9/CCL25 in distinct types of cells. CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes used CCR9/CCL25 for migration, homing, development, maturation, selection, cell homeostasis, whereas malignant cells, particularly T-ALL CD4(+) T cells, used CCR9/CCL25 for infiltration, resistance to apoptosis, and inappropriate proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Qiuping
- Department of Immunology, and Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Allergy and Immune-related Diseases and Center for Medical Research, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Republic of China
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39
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Efroni S, Harel D, Cohen IR. Toward rigorous comprehension of biological complexity: modeling, execution, and visualization of thymic T-cell maturation. Genome Res 2004; 13:2485-97. [PMID: 14597657 PMCID: PMC403768 DOI: 10.1101/gr.1215303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the problems biologists face is a data set too large to comprehend in full. Experimenters generate data at an ever-growing pace, each from their own niche of interest. Current theories are each able, at best, to capture and model only a small part of the data. We aim to develop a general approach to modeling that will help broaden biological understanding. T-cell maturation in the thymus is a telling example of the accumulation of experimental data into a large disconnected data set. The thymus is responsible for the maturation of stem cells into mature T cells, and its complexity divides research into different fields, for example, cell migration, cell differentiation, histology, electron microscopy, biochemistry, molecular biology, and more. Each field forms its own viewpoint and its own set of data. In this study we present the results of a comprehensive integration of large parts of this data set. The integration is performed in a two-tiered visual manner. First, we use the visual language of Statecharts, which makes specification precise, legible, and executable on computers. We then set up a moving graphical interface that dynamically animates the cells, their receptors, the different gradients, and the interactions that constitute thymic maturation. This interface also provides a means for interacting with the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Efroni
- Computer Science Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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40
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Savino W, Ayres Martins S, Neves-dos-Santos S, Smaniotto S, Ocampo JSP, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Terra-Granado E, Kusmenok O, Villa-Verde DMS. Thymocyte migration: an affair of multiple cellular interactions? Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36:1015-25. [PMID: 12886455 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003000800007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a crucial event in the general process of thymocyte differentiation. The cellular interactions involved in the control of this migration are beginning to be defined. At least chemokines and extracellular matrix proteins appear to be part of the game. Cells of the thymic microenvironment produce these two groups of molecules, whereas developing thymocytes express the corresponding receptors. Moreover, although chemokines and extracellular matrix can drive thymocyte migration per se, a combined role for these molecules appears to contribute to the resulting migration patterns of thymocytes in their various stages of differentiation. The dynamics of chemokine and extracellular matrix production and degradation is not yet well understood. However, matrix metalloproteinases are likely to play a role in the breakdown of intrathymic extracellular matrix contents. Thus, the physiological migration of thymocytes should be envisioned as a resulting vector of multiple, simultaneous and/or sequential stimuli involving chemokines, adhesive and de-adhesive extracellular matrix proteins, as well as matrix metalloproteinases. Accordingly, it is conceivable that any pathological change in any of these loops may result in the alteration of normal thymocyte migration. This seems to be the case in murine infection by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. A better knowledge of the physiological mechanisms governing thymocyte migration will provide new clues for designing therapeutic strategies targeting developing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Savino
- Laboratório de Pesquisa sobre Timo, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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41
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Kim CH, Nagata K, Butcher EC. Dendritic cells support sequential reprogramming of chemoattractant receptor profiles during naive to effector T cell differentiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:152-8. [PMID: 12816993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cells undergo chemokine receptor switches during activation and differentiation in secondary lymphoid tissues. Here we present evidence that dendritic cells can induce changes in T cell expression of chemokine receptors in two continuous steps. In the first switch over a 4-5 day period, dendritic cells up-regulate T cell expression of CXCR3 and CXCR5. Additional stimulation leads to the second switch: down-regulation of lymphoid tissue homing related CCR7 and CXCR5, and up-regulation of Th1/2 effector tissue-targeting chemoattractant receptors such as CCR4, CCR5, CXCR6, and CRTH2. We show that IL-4 and IL-12 can determine the fate of the secondary chemokine receptor switch. IL-4 enhances the generation of CCR4(+) and CRTH2(+) T cells, and suppresses the generation of CXCR3(+) T cells and CCR7(-) T cells, while IL-12 suppresses the level of CCR4 in responding T cells. Furthermore, IL-4 has positive effects on generation of CXCR5(+) and CCR7(+) T cells during the second switch. Our study suggests that the sequential switches in chemokine receptor expression occur during naive T cell interaction with dendritic cells. The first switch of T cell chemokine receptor expression is consistent with the fact that activated T cells migrate within lymphoid tissues for interaction with B and dendritic cells, while the second switch predicts the trafficking behavior of effector T cells away from lymphoid tissues to effector tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang H Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Purdue Cancer Center, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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42
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Savino W, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Silva JS, Dardenne M, Cotta-de-Almeida V. Intrathymic T-cell migration: a combinatorial interplay of extracellular matrix and chemokines? Trends Immunol 2002; 23:305-13. [PMID: 12072370 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is crucial for intrathymic T-cell differentiation. Chemokines and extracellular matrix proteins per se induce thymocyte migration, and recent data suggest a combinatorial role for these molecules in this event. For example, thymocyte migration induced by fibronectin plus CXCL12/SDF1-alpha (stromal cell-derived factor1-alpha) is higher than that elicited by the chemokine alone. If such interactions are relevant in the thymus, abnormal expression of any of these ligands and/or their corresponding receptors will lead to defects in thymocyte migration. At least in the murine model of Chagas disease, this seems to be the case. Therefore a better knowledge of this complex biological circuitry will provide new clues for understanding thymus physiology and designing therapeutic strategies targeting developing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Dept of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ave Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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43
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Uehara S, Grinberg A, Farber JM, Love PE. A role for CCR9 in T lymphocyte development and migration. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2811-9. [PMID: 11884450 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CCR9 mediates chemotaxis in response to CCL25/thymus-expressed chemokine and is selectively expressed on T cells in the thymus and small intestine. To investigate the role of CCR9 in T cell development, the CCR9 gene was disrupted by homologous recombination. B cell development, thymic alphabeta-T cell development, and thymocyte selection appeared unimpaired in adult CCR9-deficient (CCR9(-/-)) mice. However, competitive transplantation experiments revealed that bone marrow from CCR9(-/-) mice was less efficient at repopulating the thymus of lethally irradiated Rag-1(-/-) mice than bone marrow from littermate CCR9(+/+) mice. CCR9(-/-) mice had increased numbers of peripheral gammadelta-T cells but reduced numbers of gammadeltaTCR(+) and CD8alphabeta(+)alphabetaTCR(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes in the small intestine. Thus, CCR9 plays an important, although not indispensable, role in regulating the development and/or migration of both alphabeta(-) and gammadelta(-) T lymphocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Hematopoiesis/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Uehara
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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44
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Uehara S, Song K, Farber JM, Love PE. Characterization of CCR9 expression and CCL25/thymus-expressed chemokine responsiveness during T cell development: CD3(high)CD69+ thymocytes and gammadeltaTCR+ thymocytes preferentially respond to CCL25. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:134-42. [PMID: 11751956 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CCR9 mediates chemotaxis of thymocytes in response to CCL25/thymus-expressed chemokine, and its mRNA is selectively expressed in thymus and small intestine, the two known sites of T lymphopoiesis. To examine the expression of CCR9 during lymphocyte development, we generated polyclonal Ab that recognizes murine CCR9. CCR9 was expressed on the majority of immature CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) thymocytes, but not on immature CD4(-)CD8(-) (double-negative) thymocytes. CCR9 was down-regulated during the transition of double-positive thymocytes to the CD4+ or CD8+ (single-positive) stage, and only a minor subset of CD8+ lymph node T cells expressed CCR9. All CCR9+ thymocyte subsets migrated in response to CCL25; however, CD69+ thymocytes demonstrated enhanced CCL25-induced migration compared with CD69(-) thymocytes. Ab-mediated TCR stimulation also enhanced CCL25 responsiveness, indicating that CCL25-induced thymocyte migration is augmented by TCR signaling. Approximately one-half of all gammadeltaTCR+ thymocytes and peripheral gammadeltaTCR+ T cells expressed CCR9 on their surface, and these cells migrated in response to CCL25. These findings suggest that CCR9 may play an important role in the development and trafficking of both alphabetaTCR+ and gammadeltaTCR+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, CC/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Female
- Immunophenotyping
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Uehara
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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45
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Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of small, heparin-binding cytokines that induce directed migration of various types of leukocytes through interactions with a group of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. At present, over 40 members have been identified in humans. Until a few years ago, chemokines were mainly known as potent attractants for leukocytes such as neutrophils and monocytes, and were thus mostly regarded as the mediators of acute and chronic inflammatory responses. They had highly complex ligand-receptor relationships and their genes were regularly mapped on chromosomes 4 and 17 in humans. Recently, novel chemokines have been identified in rapid succession, mostly through application of bioinformatics on expressed sequence tag databases. A number of surprises have followed the identification of novel chemokines. They are constitutively expressed in lymphoid and other tissues with individually characteristic patterns. Most of them turned out to be highly specific for lymphocytes and dendritic cells. They have much simpler ligand-receptor relationships, and their genes are mapped to chromosomal loci different from the traditional chemokine gene clusters. Thus, the emerging chemokines are functionally and genetically quite different from the classical "inflammatory chemokines" and may be classified as "immune (system) chemokines" because of their profound importance in the genesis, homeostasis and function of the immune system. The emergence of immune chemokines has brought about a great deal of impact on the current immunological research, leading us to a better understanding on the fine traffic regulation of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. The immune chemokines and their receptors are also likely to be important future targets for therapeutic intervention of our immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yoshie
- Department of Microbiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
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46
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Wurbel MA, Malissen M, Guy-Grand D, Meffre E, Nussenzweig MC, Richelme M, Carrier A, Malissen B. Mice lacking the CCR9 CC-chemokine receptor show a mild impairment of early T- and B-cell development and a reduction in T-cell receptor gammadelta(+) gut intraepithelial lymphocytes. Blood 2001; 98:2626-32. [PMID: 11675330 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.9.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 9, the receptor for the CC-chemokine CCL25/thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK), is mainly expressed by thymocytes and by intraepithelial (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocytes of the small intestine. To study the biologic role of CCR9, a mouse strain was generated in which the CCR9 gene was deleted. In spite of the high level of CCR9 found in double- and single-positive thymocytes and of the expression of its corresponding ligand on thymic stromal cells, CCR9 deletion had no major effect on intrathymic T-cell development. It was noted that there was only a one-day lag in the appearance of double-positive cells during fetal ontogeny in CCR9(-/-) thymi. When tested in chemotaxis assay, thymocytes isolated from CCR9(-/-) mice failed to respond to TECK/CCL25. Taken together, these results suggest that in thymocytes, CCR9 is the only physiologic receptor for TECK/CCL25, and that it is dispensable for proper T-cell development. Bone marrow pre-pro-B cells migrate in response to TECK/CCL25, but more mature B cells do not. Consistent with this observation, it was shown that there are fewer pre-pro-B cells in CCR9(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. However, this diminution does not appear to have a detectable effect on the generation of a normal complement of mature B cells. Finally, it was shown that in the small intestine of CCR9-deficient mice, the intraepithelial T-cell-to-epithelial cell ratio is decreased, an observation that can be accounted for by a marked diminution of the T-cell receptor gammadelta(+) compartment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Cell Count
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Chemokines, CC/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Fetus
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/drug effects
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Wurbel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM-CNRS- Universite de la Mediterranee, Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France
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47
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Kim CH, Rott L, Kunkel EJ, Genovese MC, Andrew DP, Wu L, Butcher EC. Rules of chemokine receptor association with T cell polarization in vivo. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1331-9. [PMID: 11696578 PMCID: PMC209443 DOI: 10.1172/jci13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current concepts of chemokine receptor (CKR) association with Th1 and Th2 cell polarization and effector function have largely ignored the diverse nature of effector and memory T cells in vivo. Here, we systematically investigated the association of 11 CKRs, singly or in combination, with CD4 T cell polarization. We show that Th1, Th2, Th0, and nonpolarized T cells in blood and tissue can express any of the CKRs studied but that each CKR defines a characteristic pool of polarized and nonpolarized CD4 T cells. Certain combinations of CKRs define populations that are markedly enriched in major subsets of Th1 versus Th2 cells. For example, although Th0, Th1, and Th2 cells are each found among blood CD4 T cells coordinately expressing CXCR3 and CCR4, Th1 but not Th2 cells can be CXCR3(+)CCR4(-), and Th2 but only rare Th1 cells are CCR4(+)CXCR3(-). Contrary to recent reports, although CCR7(-) cells contain a higher frequency of polarized CD4 T cells, most Th1 and Th2 effector cells are CCR7(+) and thus may be capable of lymphoid organ homing. Interestingly, Th1-associated CKRs show little or no preference for Th1 cells except when they are coexpressed with CXCR3. We conclude that the combinatorial expression of CKRs, which allow tissue- and subset-dependent targeting of effector cells during chemotactic navigation, defines physiologically significant subsets of polarized and nonpolarized T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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48
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Youn BS, Kim YJ, Mantel C, Yu KY, Broxmeyer HE. Blocking of c-FLIP(L)--independent cycloheximide-induced apoptosis or Fas-mediated apoptosis by the CC chemokine receptor 9/TECK interaction. Blood 2001; 98:925-33. [PMID: 11493434 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.4.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a pivotal role in regulating leukocyte migration as well as other biological functions. CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is a specific receptor for thymus-expressed CC chemokine (TECK). It is shown here that engagement of CCR9 with TECK leads to phosphorylation of Akt (protein kinase B), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), glycogen synthase kinase--3 beta (GSK-3 beta), and a forkhead transcription factor, FKHR, in a human T-cell line, MOLT4, that naturally expresses CCR9. By means of chemical inhibitors, it is shown that phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase), but not MAPK, is required for CCR9-mediated chemotaxis. Akt, GSK-3 beta, FKHR, and MAPK have been previously implicated in cell survival signals in response to an array of death stimuli. When MOLT4 cells, which expressed Fas as well as CXCR4, were stimulated with cycloheximide (CHX), an agonistic anti-Fas antibody, or a combination of these, the cells rapidly underwent apoptosis. However, costimulation of MOLT4 cells with TECK or stromal derived factor--1 significantly blocked CHX-mediated apoptosis, whereas stimulation only with TECK partially blocked Fas-mediated apoptosis. Concomitant with this blocking, cleavage of poly (adenosine 5'-diphosphate--ribose) polymerase and activation of caspase 3 were significantly attenuated, but the expression level of FLICE inhibitory protein c-FLIP(L), which had been shown to be regulated by CHX, was unchanged. This demonstrates that activation of CCR9 leads to phosphorylation of GSK-3 beta and FKHR and provides a cell survival signal to the receptor expressing cells against CHX. It also suggests the existence of a novel pathway leading to CHX-induced apoptosis independently of c-FLIP(L). (Blood. 2001;98:925-933)
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Youn
- Department of Microbiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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49
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Annunziato F, Romagnani P, Cosmi L, Lazzeri E, Romagnani S. Chemokines and lymphopoiesis in human thymus. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:277-81. [PMID: 11323287 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Distinct and redundant chemokines are responsible for organizing the extraordinarily diverse thymocyte populations into discrete microenvironments, from the arrival of immature precursors in the thymus to the migration of different mature cell types to the periphery. We propose that, by selectively mobilizing cells, chemokines can sort positively selected cells from negatively selected cells, and that chemokines make distinctions among CD8+ subpopulations that previously have not been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Annunziato
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Section of Immunoallergology and Respiratory Diseases, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence-50134, Italy
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50
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Abstract
An important role has emerged for chemokines in regulating the distribution of progenitor cells during hematopoietic cell development. As well as recruiting cells, chemokines promote cell retention and cytokine expression. Furthermore, chemokines have been found to have an inductive function in secondary lymphoid organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ansel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.
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