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Xiao T, Lee J, Gauntner TD, Velegraki M, Lathia JD, Li Z. Hallmarks of sex bias in immuno-oncology: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:338-355. [PMID: 38589557 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Sex differences are present across multiple non-reproductive organ cancers, with male individuals generally experiencing higher incidence of cancer with poorer outcomes. Although some mechanisms underlying these differences are emerging, the immunological basis is not well understood. Observations from clinical trials also suggest a sex bias in conventional immunotherapies with male individuals experiencing a more favourable response and female individuals experiencing more severe adverse events to immune checkpoint blockade. In this Perspective article, we summarize the major biological hallmarks underlying sex bias in immuno-oncology. We focus on signalling from sex hormones and chromosome-encoded gene products, along with sex hormone-independent and chromosome-independent epigenetic mechanisms in tumour and immune cells such as myeloid cells and T cells. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future studies on sex differences that integrate sex hormones and chromosomes and other emerging cancer hallmarks such as ageing and the microbiome to provide a more comprehensive view of how sex differences underlie the response in cancer that can be leveraged for more effective immuno-oncology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xiao
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-The James, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Juyeun Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy D Gauntner
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-The James, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Velegraki
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-The James, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumour Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-The James, Columbus, OH, USA.
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2
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Coleman JR, Gumina R, Hund T, Cohen M, Neal MD, Townsend K, Kerlin BA. Sex dimorphisms in coagulation: Implications in trauma-induced coagulopathy and trauma resuscitation. Am J Hematol 2024; 99 Suppl 1:S28-S35. [PMID: 38567625 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is one of the leading causes of preventable death in injured patients. Consequently, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms underlying TIC and how to mitigate this mortality. An opportunity for advancement stems from the awareness that coagulation demonstrates a strong sex-dependent effect. Females exhibit a relative hypercoagulability compared to males, which persists after injury and confers improved outcomes. The mechanisms underlying sex dimorphisms in coagulation and its protective effect after injury have yet to be elucidated. This review explores sex dimorphisms in enzymatic hemostasis, fibrinogen, platelets, and fibrinolysis, with implications for resuscitation of patients with TIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Coleman
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Interventional Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Gumina
- Division of Interventional Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas Hund
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mitchell Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew D Neal
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristy Townsend
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bryce A Kerlin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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3
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Kielb J, Saffak S, Weber J, Baensch L, Shahjerdi K, Celik A, Farahat N, Riek S, Chavez-Talavera O, Grandoch M, Polzin A, Kelm M, Dannenberg L. Transformation or replacement - Effects of hormone therapy on cardiovascular risk. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 254:108592. [PMID: 38286163 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Hormone therapy (HT) is important and frequently used both regarding replacement therapy (HRT) and gender affirming therapy (GAHT). While HRT has been effective in addressing symptoms related to hormone shortage, several side effects have been described. In this context, there are some studies that show increased cardiovascular risk. However, there are also studies reporting protective aspects of HT. Nevertheless, the exact impact of HT on cardiovascular risk and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This article explores the relationship between diverse types of HT and cardiovascular risk, focusing on mechanistic insights of the underlying hormones on platelet and leukocyte function as well as on effects on endothelial and adipose tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kielb
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Süreyya Saffak
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Jessica Weber
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Leonard Baensch
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Khatereh Shahjerdi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Aylin Celik
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Nora Farahat
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Sally Riek
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Oscar Chavez-Talavera
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Maria Grandoch
- Institute for Translational Pharmacology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amin Polzin
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Lisa Dannenberg
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany.
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4
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James AH, James PD. What do we know about why women bleed and what do we not know? J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:315-322. [PMID: 37709147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Women or people with a uterus are vulnerable to both normal and abnormal bleeding. During the reproductive years, the uterus is prepared physiologically to accept an embryo and support its growth and development during pregnancy, or in the absence of implantation of an embryo, recycle through the process of menstruation and accept an embryo a month or so later. If fertilization takes place and an embryo or embryos implant in the uterus, the fetal trophoblast, or outer cell layer of the embryo, invades and dilates the maternal spiral arteries and forms the placenta. No matter when in gestation a pregnancy ends, at the conclusion of pregnancy, the placenta should separate from the wall of the uterus and be expelled. Abnormal bleeding occurs during pregnancy or after delivery when the normal uteroplacental interface has not been established or is interrupted; during miscarriage; during ectopic pregnancy; during premature separation of the placenta; or during postpartum hemorrhage. Heavy menstrual bleeding, a subset of abnormal menstrual bleeding, can be quantitatively defined as >80 mL of blood loss per cycle. Unlike postpartum hemorrhage, heavy menstrual bleeding is significantly associated with an underlying bleeding disorder. While there is other reproductive tract bleeding in women, notably bleeding at the time of ovulation or with a life-threatening ruptured ectopic pregnancy, the unique bleeding that women experience is predominantly uterine in origin. Many of the unique aspects of uterine hemostasis, however, remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra H James
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, Durham, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, Durham, USA.
| | - Paula D James
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Chang S, Larsen OH, Hvas AM, Skakkebaek A, Gravholt CH, Münster AMB. Platelet aggregation in Klinefelter syndrome is not aggravated by testosterone replacement therapy: A longitudinal follow-up study. Andrology 2023; 11:456-463. [PMID: 36300871 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) are routinely offered testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) suggested to potentially promote platelet aggregation and increase cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE We investigated platelet aggregation in men with KS before and during TRT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one adult men with KS participated, of which 20 had no history of TRT at baseline, with 15 completing follow-up after 18 months TRT. Further, we included 21 adult men with KS on long-term TRT (>10 years) and a male reference population. We assessed platelet impedance aggregometry using adenosine diphosphate (6.5 μM), thrombin-receptor-activating-peptide-6 (TRAP 32 μM), and arachidonic acid (ASPI 0.5 mM) as agonists in KS compared to a male reference population and stratified by route of TRT administration. RESULTS Platelet aggregation among men with KS at baseline or during TRT was not increased compared with the male reference population. For all three agonist, no change was seen in platelet aggregation in KS at follow-up compared with baseline (p ≥ 0.2). Platelet aggregation was not associated with total testosterone and furthermore, platelet count was not affected by treatment with testosterone. Men with KS treated with testosterone gel showed slightly increased TRAP- and ASPI-induced platelet aggregation compared with those treated with testosterone injection (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We observed normal platelet aggregation in men with KS before TRT and following both short and long term treatment. Our findings do not support an independent role of platelets in driving the cardiovascular risk in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chang
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Halfdan Larsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Skakkebaek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Højbjerg Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Coleman JR, Moore EE, Schmitt L, Hansen K, Dow N, Freeman K, Cohen MJ, Silliman CC. Estradiol provokes hypercoagulability and affects fibrin biology: A mechanistic exploration of sex dimorphisms in coagulation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2023; 94:179-186. [PMID: 36694329 PMCID: PMC9881840 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex dimorphisms in coagulation are well established, with female-specific hypercoagulability conferring a survival benefit in the setting of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC). The mechanism behind these phenomena remains to be elucidated. We hypothesize that estradiol provokes a hypercoagulable profile and alters clot proteomics and fibrin crosslinking. METHODS Whole blood was collected from healthy adult volunteers (n = 30). A battery of thrombelastography (TEG) assays (native, kaolin, platelet-mapping, functional fibrinogen), whole blood thrombin generation, proteomics, and clot structure architecture (via analysis of fibrin crosslinks and fluorescent fibrinogen-visualized clots) were performed after pre-treatment of the blood with physiologic concentrations of beta-estradiol. In addition, a prospective study of coagulation through the menstrual cycle was conducted by collecting blood from women on peak and nadir estrogen days in the standard 28-day menstrual cycle. RESULTS On TEG, in females, estradiol provoked a hypercoagulable phenotype, specifically a shorter time to clot formation and greater thrombin generation, greater rate of clot propagation and functional fibrinogen, higher clot strength, and diminished clot fibrinolysis. In both males and females, estradiol increased platelet hyperactivity. Similar changes were seen in time to clot formation and clot strength in vivo during peak estrus of the menstrual cycle. On proteomic analysis, in both males and females, estradiol was associated with increases in abundance of several procoagulant and antifibrinolytic proteins. Crosslinking mass spectrometry analysis showed addition of estradiol increased the abundance of several FXIII crosslinks within the FIBA alpha chain in both sexes. Fluorescent fibrinogen analysis revealed a trend toward increased fiber resolvability index after addition of estradiol. CONCLUSION Estradiol provokes a hypercoagulable phenotype, affecting time to clot formation, clot propagation, clot strength, clot fibrinolysis, and clot structure. In sum, these data highlight the role of estradiol is driving female-specific hypercoagulability and highlights its potential role as a therapeutic adjunct in resuscitation of TIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Coleman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Surgery, Columbus, OH
| | - Ernest E Moore
- Ernest E Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, Department of Surgery, Denver, CO
| | - Lauren Schmitt
- University of Colorado, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Aurora, CO
| | - Kirk Hansen
- University of Colorado, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Aurora, CO
| | - Nathan Dow
- University of Vermont, Department of Emergency Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Kalev Freeman
- University of Vermont, Department of Emergency Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | | | - Christopher C Silliman
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, CO
- University of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, CO
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7
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Hadley JB, Kelher MR, D’Alessandro A, Gamboni F, Hansen K, Coleman J, Jones K, Cohen M, Moore EE, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. A pilot study of the metabolic profiles of apheresis platelets modified by donor age and sex and in vitro short-term incubation with sex hormones. Transfusion 2022; 62:2596-2608. [PMID: 36309927 PMCID: PMC9837799 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets are part of innate immunity and comprise the cellular portion of hemostasis. Platelets express sex hormone receptors on their plasma membrane and sex hormones can alter their function in vitro. Little is known about how age and sex may affect platelet biology; thus, we hypothesized that platelets from males and females have different metabolomic profiles, which may be altered by age and in vitro treatment with sex hormones. METHODS Day 1 apheresis platelets were drawn from five 18-53-year-old, premenopausal younger females (YF), five ≥54-year-old, postmenopausal, older females (OF), five 18-44-year-old younger males (YM), and four ≥45-year-old older males (OM). Platelets were normalized to a standard concentration and metabolomics analyses were completed. Unsupervised statistical analyses and hierarchical clustering with principal component analyses were completed. RESULTS Platelets from OM had (1) elevated mono-, di- and tri-carboxylates, (2) increased levels of free fatty acids, acyl-carnitines, and free amino acids, and (3) increased purine breakdown and deamination products. In vitro incubation with sex hormones only affected platelets from OM donors with trends towards increased ATP and other high-energy purines and decreases in L-proline and other amino acids. CONCLUSION Platelets from OM's versus YF, OF, and YM have a different metabolome implying increased energy metabolism, more free fatty acids, acylcarnitines, and amino acids, and increased breakdown of purines and deamination products. However, only platelets from OM were affected by sex hormones in vitro. Platelets from OM are metabolically distinct, which may impart functional differences when transfused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B. Hadley
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marguerite R. Kelher
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fabia Gamboni
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk Hansen
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia Coleman
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mitchell Cohen
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ernest E. Moore
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher C. Silliman
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA,The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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8
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss the effects on androgens on the haemopoietic system, focussing largely on the effects of testosterone on erythropoiesis. Stimulation of erythropoiesis is one of the most consistent effects of testosterone treatment observed in clinical trials. In men with anaemia this effect can be beneficial. Conversely, erythrocytosis is one of the most common adverse effects of testosterone treatment with a relative risk of 8.14 (95% CI: 1.87-35.40) estimated by a recent meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled clinical trials. A reduction in haemoglobin is commonly seen in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer, and in transwomen receiving gender affirming therapy to reduce serum testosterone. While mechanisms by which androgens regulate erythropoiesis are not fully understood, it is likely that effects on erythropoietic progenitor cells and erythropoietin are involved, with secondary effects on iron metabolism. In contrast, whether androgens exert clinically relevant effects on white blood cells and on platelets requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle M Warren
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health and University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health and University of Melbourne, Australia.
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9
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Hadley JB, Kelher MR, Coleman JR, Kelly KK, Dumont LJ, Esparza O, Banerjee A, Cohen MJ, Jones K, Silliman CC. Hormones, age, and sex affect platelet responsiveness in vitro. Transfusion 2022; 62:1882-1893. [PMID: 35929193 PMCID: PMC9464702 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex confers a survival advantage following severe injury in the setting of trauma-induced coagulopathy, with female platelets having heightened responsiveness likely due to estrogen. The effects of testosterone on platelet biology are unknown, and platelets express both estradiol and androgen receptors on the plasma membrane. We hypothesize testosterone decreases platelet responses in vitro, and there are baseline differences in platelet function and metabolism stratified by sex/age. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Apheresis platelets were collected from: older males (OM) ≥45 years, younger males (YM) <45 years, older females (OF) ≥54 years, and younger females (YF) <54 years, and testosterone and estradiol were measured. Platelets were incubated with testosterone (5.31 ng/ml), estradiol (105 pg/ml) or vehicle and stimulated with buffer, adenosine diphosphate (20 μM), platelet activating factor (2 μM), or thrombin (0.3 U/ml). Aggregation, CD62P surface expression, fibrinogen receptor surface expression, and platelet mitochondrial metabolism were measured. RESULTS Testosterone significantly inhibited aggregation in OF and OM (p < .05), inhibited CD41a expression in YF, YM, and OM (p < .05), and affected a few of the baseline amounts of CD62P surface expression but not platelet activation to platelet-activating factor and adenosine diphosphate, and variably changed platelet metabolism. DISCUSSION Platelets have sex- and age-specific aggregation, receptor expression, and metabolism. Testosterone decreases platelet function dependent on the stimulus, age, and sex. Similarly, platelet metabolism has varying responses to sex hormones with baseline metabolic differences dependent upon sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Hadley
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marguerite R Kelher
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia R Coleman
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Larry J Dumont
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
- The Department of Pathology School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Orlando Esparza
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mitchell J Cohen
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christopher C Silliman
- The Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, USA
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10
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Sabetta A, Lombardi L, Stefanini L. Sex differences at the platelet-vascular interface. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:1267-1276. [PMID: 35576047 PMCID: PMC9352612 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-02994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are multifunctional cells that ensure the integrity of the vascular wall and modulate the immune response at the blood/vascular interface. Their pathological activation results in both thrombosis and inflammation and implicates them in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. Vascular diseases are sexually dimorphic in terms of incidence, clinical presentation, outcome, and efficacy of anti-platelet therapy. We here provide an overview of what is known about the role of platelets in the initiation and progression of vascular diseases and summarize what is known about the sex differences in platelet reactivity and in the thromboinflammatory mechanisms that drive these diseases, with a particular focus on atherosclerosis, obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease, and ischemic stroke. Understanding the sex differences at the platelet-vascular interface is clinically relevant as it will enable: (1) to design new therapeutic strategies that prevent the detrimental effects of the immune-modulatory function of platelets taking sex into account, and (2) to evaluate if sex-specific anti-platelet drug regimens should be used to reduce the risk not only of thrombosis but also of vascular disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sabetta
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Lombardi
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Stefanini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 37, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Schutte MH, Kleemann R, Nota NM, Wiepjes CM, Snabel JM, T’Sjoen G, Thijs A, den Heijer M. The effect of transdermal gender-affirming hormone therapy on markers of inflammation and hemostasis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261312. [PMID: 35290388 PMCID: PMC8923509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular risk is increased in transgender persons using gender-affirming hormone therapy. To gain insight into the mechanism by which sex hormones affect cardiovascular risk in transgender persons, we investigated the effect of hormone therapy on markers of inflammation and hemostasis. Methods In this exploratory study, 48 trans women using estradiol patches plus cyproterone acetate (CPA) and 47 trans men using testosterone gel were included. They were between 18 and 50 years old and did not have a history of cardiovascular events. Measurements were performed before and after 3 and 12 months of hormone therapy. Results After 12 months, in trans women, systemic and endothelial inflammatory markers decreased (hs-CRP -66%, (95% CI -76; -53), VCAM-1–12%, (95% CI -16; -8)), while platelet activation markers increased (PF-4 +17%, (95% CI 4; 32), β-thromboglobulin +13%, (95% CI 2; 24)). The coagulation marker fibrinogen increased transiently, after 3 months (+15%, (95% CI 1; 32)). In trans men, hs-CRP increased (+71%, (95% CI 19; 145)); platelet activation and coagulation markers were not altered. In both trans women and trans men, leptin and adiponectin changed towards reference values of the experienced gender. Conclusions Platelet activation and coagulation marker concentrations increased in trans women using transdermal estradiol plus CPA, but not in trans men using testosterone. Also, concentrations of inflammatory markers decreased in trans women, while hs-CRP increased in trans men. Our results indicate that hormone therapy may affect hemostasis in transgender persons, which could be an underlying mechanism explaining the increased cardiovascular risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moya H. Schutte
- Department of Endocrinology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke M. Nota
- Department of Endocrinology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal M. Wiepjes
- Department of Endocrinology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica M. Snabel
- Department Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guy T’Sjoen
- Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Abel Thijs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Papachristos A, Ratain MJ. Lurbinectedin-induced thrombocytopenia: the role of body surface area. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 89:573-575. [PMID: 35362793 PMCID: PMC8972734 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lurbinectedin is an alkylating agent approved for the second-line treatment of small cell lung cancer. Although initial studies showed no association between body surface area (BSA) and drug clearance, the recommended dose is 3.2 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. This recommendation was based on an exposure-response study, which demonstrated that patients with lower BSA had a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia. Herein we present the factors associated with BSA and thrombopoiesis, which may have contributed to the observed relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Papachristos
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 2115, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mark J Ratain
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 2115, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Higher platelet counts correlate to tumour progression and can be induced by intratumoural stroma in non-metastatic breast carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:464-471. [PMID: 34857895 PMCID: PMC8810836 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets support tumour progression. However, their prognostic significance and relation to circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in operable breast cancer (BrCa) are still scarcely known and, thus, merit further investigation. METHODS Preoperative platelet counts (PCs) were compared with clinical data, CTCs, 65 serum cytokines and 770 immune-related transcripts obtained using the NanoString technology. RESULTS High normal PC (hPC; defined by the 75th centile cut-off) correlated with an increased number of lymph node metastases and mesenchymal CTCs in the 70 operable BrCa patients. Patients with hPC and CTC presence revealed the shortest overall survival compared to those with no CTC/any PC or even CTC/normal PC. Adverse prognostic impact of hPC was observed only in the luminal subtype, when 247 BrCa patients were analysed. hPC correlated with high content of intratumoural stroma, specifically its phenotype related to CD8+ T and resting mast cells, and an increased concentration of cytokines related to platelet activation or even production in bone marrow (i.e. APRIL, ENA78/CXCL5, HGF, IL16, IL17a, MDC/CCL22, MCP3, MMP1 and SCF). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative platelets evaluated alone and in combination with CTCs have prognostic potential in non-metastatic BrCa and define patients at the highest risk of disease progression, putatively benefiting from anti-platelet therapy.
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Sobral MLP, Dias RR, Correia CDJ, Coutinho E Silva RDS, da Anunciação LF, Breithaupt-Faloppa AC, Moreira LFP. Protective effects of 17β-oestradiol on coagulation and systemic inflammation after total occlusion of the descending aorta in male rats. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 61:666-674. [PMID: 34528682 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezab381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The surgical treatment for diseases of the descending aorta is related to a high mortality rate because of the activation of a systemic inflammatory process due to ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Activation of coagulation can contribute to the inflammatory process, resulting in microcirculatory damage and multiple organ failure. Our goal was to evaluate the role of prophylactic intravenous 17β-oestradiol (E2) in coagulation, the inflammatory response and hepatic injury after occlusion of the descendent proximal aorta in male rats. METHODS Wistar male rats were randomized and allocated to 3 groups (n = 8 per group): sham, surgically manipulated; IR, animals subjected to I/R; and E2, animals treated with E2 (280 µg/kg, intravenously) before I/R. I/R was induced by insertion of a 2-Fr Fogarty arterial embolectomy catheter in the descending aorta, which was occluded for 20 min, followed by a reperfusion period of 2 h. Serological markers, platelet aggregation, hepatic vascular flow, systemic and liver inflammatory response and apoptosis were analysed. The coagulation process was evaluated by thromboelastometry. RESULTS The aortic occlusion led to a reduction in plasma fibrinogen concentration in parallel with increased clotting time, greater clot firmness and reduced lysis. E2 treatment was able to increase fibrinogen, prevent the increase in clotting time and normalize clot firmness, but it exerted only a mild effect on clot lysis. Platelet aggregation was increased by IR, and E2 treatment was able to reduce it. There was a reduction in flow percentage in the IR group that was not prevented by E2. In parallel, higher aggregate formation was observed in the vessels of the IR group of animals. There was increased systemic release of interleukin-1-β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in the IR group, which was reduced in the treated animals. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that pretreatment with E2 before an ischaemic period induced by occlusion of the proximal descending aorta is effective in preventing alterations in coagulation and systemic inflammation due to I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Luiz Peixoto Sobral
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro Dias
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano de Jesus Correia
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael Dos Santos Coutinho E Silva
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ferreira da Anunciação
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Breithaupt-Faloppa
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Kammers K, Taub MA, Mathias RA, Yanek LR, Kanchan K, Venkatraman V, Sundararaman N, Martin J, Liu S, Hoyle D, Raedschelders K, Holewinski R, Parker S, Dardov V, Faraday N, Becker DM, Cheng L, Wang ZZ, Leek JT, Van Eyk JE, Becker LC. Gene and protein expression in human megakaryocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1783-1799. [PMID: 33829634 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is interest in deriving megakaryocytes (MKs) from pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for biological studies. We previously found that genomic structural integrity and genotype concordance is maintained in iPSC-derived MKs. OBJECTIVE To establish a comprehensive dataset of genes and proteins expressed in iPSC-derived MKs. METHODS iPSCs were reprogrammed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) and MKs were derived from the iPSCs in 194 healthy European American and African American subjects. mRNA was isolated and gene expression measured by RNA sequencing. Protein expression was measured in 62 of the subjects using mass spectrometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS MKs expressed genes and proteins known to be important in MK and platelet function and demonstrated good agreement with previous studies in human MKs derived from CD34+ progenitor cells. The percent of cells expressing the MK markers CD41 and CD42a was consistent in biological replicates, but variable across subjects, suggesting that unidentified subject-specific factors determine differentiation of MKs from iPSCs. Gene and protein sets important in platelet function were associated with increasing expression of CD41/42a, while those related to more basic cellular functions were associated with lower CD41/42a expression. There was differential gene expression by the sex and race (but not age) of the subject. Numerous genes and proteins were highly expressed in MKs but not known to play a role in MK or platelet function; these represent excellent candidates for future study of hematopoiesis, platelet formation, and/or platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kammers
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret A Taub
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- The GeneSTAR Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- The GeneSTAR Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kanika Kanchan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vidya Venkatraman
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Barbra Streisand Woman's Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Niveda Sundararaman
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Barbra Streisand Woman's Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua Martin
- The GeneSTAR Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Senquan Liu
- Division of Hematology and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dixie Hoyle
- Division of Hematology and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Koen Raedschelders
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Barbra Streisand Woman's Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ronald Holewinski
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Barbra Streisand Woman's Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Parker
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Barbra Streisand Woman's Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Victoria Dardov
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Barbra Streisand Woman's Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nauder Faraday
- The GeneSTAR Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane M Becker
- The GeneSTAR Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Division of Hematology and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zack Z Wang
- Division of Hematology and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Leek
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Barbra Streisand Woman's Heart Center, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lewis C Becker
- The GeneSTAR Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Toelle LJ, Hatton GE, Refuerzo JS, Wade CE, Cotton BA, Kao LS. Hypercoagulability in pregnant trauma patients. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2021; 6:e000714. [PMID: 34250259 PMCID: PMC8230999 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2021-000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating hormones affect coagulopathy in pregnancy and after trauma. The hemostatic profile of pregnant women after injury has not been characterized. We hypothesized that injured pregnant females would present with an initial thrombelastography (TEG) reflecting a more hypercoagulable profile and a higher incidence of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) when compared with non-pregnant females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Toelle
- Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gabrielle E Hatton
- Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jerrie S Refuerzo
- Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles E Wade
- Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bryan A Cotton
- Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lillian S Kao
- Surgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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17
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Jaime-Pérez JC, Ramos-Dávila EM, Meléndez-Flores JD, Gómez-De León A, Gómez-Almaguer D. Insights on chronic immune thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: A bench to bedside update. Blood Rev 2021; 49:100827. [PMID: 33771403 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a heterogeneous disease with an unpredictable course. Chronicity can develop in up to two-thirds of adults and 20-25% of children, representing a significant burden on patients' quality of life. Despite acceptable responses to treatment, precise etiology and pathophysiology phenomena driving evolution to chronicity remain undefined. We analyzed reported risk factors for chronic ITP and associated them with proposed underlying mechanisms in its pathogenesis, including bone marrow (BM) microenvironment disturbances, clinical features, and immunological markers. Their understanding has diagnostic implications, such as screening for the presence of specific antibodies or BM examination employing molecular tools, which could help predict prognosis and recognize main pathogenic pathways in each patient. Identifying these underlying mechanisms could guide the use of personalized therapies such as all-trans retinoic acid, mTor inhibitors, FcRn inhibitors, oseltamivir, and others. Further research should lead to tailored treatments and chronic course prevention, improving patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Jaime-Pérez
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. Jose E. González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | - Eugenia M Ramos-Dávila
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. Jose E. González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jesús D Meléndez-Flores
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. Jose E. González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Andrés Gómez-De León
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. Jose E. González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - David Gómez-Almaguer
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine Division, Dr. Jose E. González University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
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18
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Roşca AE, Vlădăreanu AM, Mititelu A, Popescu BO, Badiu C, Căruntu C, Voiculescu SE, Onisâi M, Gologan Ş, Mirica R, Zăgrean L. Effects of Exogenous Androgens on Platelet Activity and Their Thrombogenic Potential in Supraphysiological Administration: A Literature Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10010147. [PMID: 33406783 PMCID: PMC7795962 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), simply called “androgens”, represent the most widespread drugs used to enhance performance and appearance in a sporting environment. High-dosage and/or long-term AAS administration has been associated frequently with significant alterations in the cardiovascular system, some of these with severe endpoints. The induction of a prothrombotic state is probably the most life-threatening consequence, suggested by numerous case reports in AAS-abusing athletes, and by a considerable number of human and animal studies assessing the influence of exogenous androgens on hemostasis. Despite over fifty years of research, data regarding the thrombogenic potential of exogenous androgens are still scarce. The main reason is the limited possibility of conducting human prospective studies. However, human observational studies conducted in athletes or patients, in vitro human studies, and animal experiments have pointed out that androgens in supraphysiological doses induce enhanced platelet activity and thrombopoiesis, leading to increased platelet aggregation. If this tendency overlaps previously existing coagulation and/or fibrinolysis dysfunctions, it may lead to a thrombotic diathesis, which could explain the multitude of thromboembolic events reported in the AAS-abusing population. The influence of androgen excess on the platelet activity and fluid–coagulant balance remains a subject of debate, urging for supplementary studies in order to clarify the effects on hemostasis, and to provide new compelling evidence for their claimed thrombogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Eugen Roşca
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.E.V.); (L.Z.)
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Research-Development in the Pathology Domain, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.E.R.); (A.-M.V.)
| | - Ana-Maria Vlădăreanu
- Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.R.); (A.-M.V.)
| | - Alina Mititelu
- Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (M.O.)
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Research-Development in the Pathology Domain, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Neurology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corin Badiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 11863 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Constantin Căruntu
- Division of Physiology, Department of Fundamental Disciplines, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Suzana Elena Voiculescu
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.E.V.); (L.Z.)
| | - Minodora Onisâi
- Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.); (M.O.)
| | - Şerban Gologan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Elias Clinical Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Radu Mirica
- Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Sf. Ioan” Clinical Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Leon Zăgrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.E.V.); (L.Z.)
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[ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY ON PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE CANCER AND ITS EFFECT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 2021; 112:81-88. [PMID: 35444086 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol.112.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
(Background) Patients with prostate cancer, which progresses slowly compared with other cancers, are generally older, and not a few are solely treated with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). The physical effects of ADT on bone health, body composition, and hematological parameters must be carefully considered. (Methods) We collected the clinical records of 185 men with pathologically diagnosed prostate cancer who were treated with ADT at our hospital. The primary aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and severity of adverse effects caused by ADT. The second aim was to analyze the effect of fluctuation in the rate of these adverse effects on overall survival (OS). (Results) The median age of patients was 75 years. After ADT for 1 or 2 years, evaluation of bone mineral density revealed median losses of 3% and 6%, respectively. After ADT for 1 year, body mass index was significantly increased by a median 2.1%, and total cholesterol and hemoglobin levels were significantly increased and decreased, respectively. The local and systemic symptoms of subcutaneous granuloma and hot flashes were experienced by 39% and 21.6% patients, respectively. Mono- and multivariate analysis revealed that significant fluctuation in the rate of adverse events after 1-year ADT did not affect OS. (Conclusion) Prevalence and severity of adverse effects caused by ADT were acceptable and almost all patients could be treated in the outpatient clinic, and significant fluctuation in the rate of adverse effects had no effect on OS.
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20
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Pather K, Augustine TN. Tamoxifen induces hypercoagulation and alterations in ERα and ERβ dependent on breast cancer sub-phenotype ex vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19256. [PMID: 33159119 PMCID: PMC7648622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen shows efficacy in reducing breast cancer-related mortality but clinically, is associated with increased risk for thromboembolic events. We aimed to determine whether breast tumour sub-phenotype could predict propensity for thrombosis. We present two ex vivo Models of Tamoxifen-therapy, Model 1 in which treatment recapitulates accumulation within breast tissue, by treating MCF7 and T47D cells directly prior to exposure to blood constituents; and Model 2 in which we recreate circulating Tamoxifen by treating blood constituents prior to exposure to cancer cells. Blood constituents included whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma. Hypercoagulation was assessed as a function of thrombin activity, expression of CD62P and CD63 activation markers defined as an index of platelet activation, and platelet morphology; while oestrogen receptor expression was assessed using immunocytochemistry with quantitative analysis. We determined, in concert with clinical studies and contrary to selected laboratory investigations, that Tamoxifen induces hypercoagulation, dependent on sub-phenotypes, with the T47D cell line capacity most enhanced. We determined a weak positive correlation between oestrogen receptor expression, and CD62P and CD63; indicating an association between tumour invasion profiles and hypercoagulation, however, other yet unknown factors may play a predictive role in defining hypercoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pather
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - T N Augustine
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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21
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Kharaba ZJ, Buabeid MA, Ibrahim NA, Jirjees FJ, Obaidi HJA, Kaddaha A, Khajehkarimoddini L, Alfoteih Y. Testosterone therapy in hypogonadal patients and the associated risks of cardiovascular events. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110423. [PMID: 32570122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the male secondary sex characters, libido and fertility are attributed to their major androgen hormone testosterone, the sub-optimum levels of testosterone in young adults may cause infertility and irregularities in their sexual behaviour. Such deficiency is often secondary to maladies involving testes, pituitary or hypothalamus that could be treated with an administration of exogenous testosterone. In the last few decades, the number of testosterone prescriptions has markedly increased to treat sub-optimal serum levels even though its administration in such conditions is not yet approved. On account of its associated cardiovascular hazards, the food and drug authority in the United States has issued safety alerts on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Owing to a great degree of conflict among their findings, the published clinical trials seem struggling in presenting a decisive opinion on the matter. Hence, the clinicians remain uncertain about the possible cardiovascular adversities while prescribing TRT in hypogonadal men. The uncertainty escalates even further while prescribing such therapy in older men with a previous history of cardiovascular ailments. In the current review, we analysed the pre-clinical and clinical studies to evaluate the physiological impact of testosterone on cardiovascular and related parameters. We have enlisted studies on the association of cardiovascular health and endogenous testosterone levels with a comprehensive analysis of epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses on the cardiovascular risk of TRT. The review is aimed to assist clinicians in making smart decisions regarding TRT in their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelal Jaber Kharaba
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manal Ali Buabeid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nihal A Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | - Yassen Alfoteih
- City University College of Ajman, Ajman, 18484, United Arab Emirates.
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Ben-Batalla I, Vargas-Delgado ME, von Amsberg G, Janning M, Loges S. Influence of Androgens on Immunity to Self and Foreign: Effects on Immunity and Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1184. [PMID: 32714315 PMCID: PMC7346249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that sex hormones can directly and indirectly influence immune cell function. Different studies support a suppressive role of androgens on different components of the immune system by decreasing antibody production, T cell proliferation, NK cytotoxicity, and stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Androgen receptors have also been detected in many different cells of hematopoietic origin leading to direct effects of their ligands on the development and function of the immune system. The immunosuppressive properties of androgens could contribute to gender dimorphisms in autoimmune and infectious disease and thereby also hamper immune surveillance of tumors. Consistently, females generally are more prone to autoimmunity, while relatively less susceptible to infections, and have lower incidence and mortality of the majority of cancers compared to males. Some studies show that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) can induce expansion of naïve T cells and increase T-cell responses. Emerging clinical data also reveal that ADT might enhance the efficacy of various immunotherapies including immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we will discuss the potential role of androgens and their receptors in the immune responses in the context of different diseases. A particular focus will be on cancer, highlighting the effect of androgens on immune surveillance, tumor biology and on the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies including emerging immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - María Elena Vargas-Delgado
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Janning
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Giagulli VA, Guastamacchia E, Magrone T, Jirillo E, Lisco G, De Pergola G, Triggiani V. Worse progression of COVID-19 in men: Is testosterone a key factor? Andrology 2020; 9:53-64. [PMID: 32524732 PMCID: PMC7307026 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) disease 2019 (COVID‐19) seems to have a worse clinical course among infected men compared with women, thus highlighting concerns about gender predisposition to serious prognosis. Therefore, androgens, particularly testosterone (T), could be suspected as playing a critical role in driving this excess of risk. However, gonadal function in critically ill men is actually unknown, mainly because serum T concentration is not routinely measured in clinical practice, even more in this clinical context. Objective To overview on possible mechanisms by which serum T levels could affect the progression of COVID‐19 in men. Methods Authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Google, and institutional websites for medical subject headings terms and free text words referred to “SARS‐CoV‐2,” “COVID‐19,” “testosterone,” “male hypogonadism,” “gender” “immune system,” “obesity,” “thrombosis” until May 19th 2020. Results T, co‐regulating the expression of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 in host cells, may facilitate SARS‐CoV‐2 internalization. Instead, low serum T levels may predispose to endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis and defective immune response, leading to both impaired viral clearance and systemic inflammation. Obesity, one of the leading causes of severe prognosis in infected patients, is strictly associated with functional hypogonadism, and may consistently strengthen the aforementioned alterations, ultimately predisposing to serious respiratory and systemic consequences. Discussion and conclusion T in comparison to estrogen may predispose men to a widespread COVID‐19 infection. Low serum levels of T, which should be supposed to characterize the hormonal milieu in seriously ill individuals, may predispose men, especially elderly men, to poor prognosis or death. Further studies are needed to confirm these pathophysiological assumptions and to promptly identify adequate therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito A Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Outpatients Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Conversano Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lisco
- Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolic Disease & Clinical Nutrition, Hospital "A. Perrino", Brindisi, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Departmentof Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine - Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Reprogramming of Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Peritoneal Diseases by Estrogen Receptor Modulation and TGF-β1 Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114158. [PMID: 32532126 PMCID: PMC7312018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic peritoneal diseases, mesothelial-mesenchymal transition is determined by cues from the extracellular environment rather than just the cellular genome. The transformation of peritoneal mesothelial cells and other host cells into myofibroblasts is mediated by cell membrane receptors, Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1), Src and Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). This article provides a narrative review of the reprogramming of mesothelial mesenchymal transition in chronic peritoneal diseases, drawing on the similarities in pathophysiology between encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis and peritoneal metastasis, with a particular focus on TGF-β1 signaling and estrogen receptor modulators. Estrogen receptors act at the cell membrane/cytosol as tyrosine kinases that can phosphorylate Src, in a similar way to other receptor tyrosine kinases; or can activate the estrogen response element via nuclear translocation. Tamoxifen can modulate estrogen membrane receptors, and has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MMT), peritoneal mesothelial cell migration, stromal fibrosis, and neoangiogenesis in the treatment of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis, with a known side effect and safety profile. The ability of tamoxifen to inhibit the transduction pathways of TGF-β1 and HIF and achieve a quiescent peritoneal stroma makes it a potential candidate for use in cancer treatments. This is relevant to tumors that spread to the peritoneum, particularly those with mesenchymal phenotypes, such as colorectal CMS4 and MSS/EMT gastric cancers, and pancreatic cancer with its desmoplastic stroma. Morphological changes observed during mesothelial mesenchymal transition can be treated with estrogen receptor modulation and TGF-β1 inhibition, which may enable the regression of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis and peritoneal metastasis.
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25
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Female platelets have distinct functional activity compared with male platelets: Implications in transfusion practice and treatment of trauma-induced coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 87:1052-1060. [PMID: 31162329 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Females are hypercoagulable and have survival benefit in trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC). The mechanism for this sex-specific hypercoagulability is unknown. Platelets and platelet function are central in providing hemostatic potential and are the largest contributor to clot strength. Ligands (adenosine diphosphate [ADP] and platelet-activating factor [PAF]) bind distinct platelet receptors to potentiate activation and aggregation. We hypothesize that female platelets have a differential response to ADP and PAF, resulting in greater aggregation and activation compared to males, and that estradiol pretreatment of male or female platelets enhances this activity. METHODS Platelets were collected from healthy volunteers: premenopausal/postmenopausal females (≤54 years, >54 years) and similarly aged males. Platelet aggregometry and flow cytometry (fibrinogen binding capacity) were examined. After treatment with ADP or PAF, platelet aggregation was assessed with Chronolog and activation assessed by CD41 receptor surface expression using flow cytometry. Aggregation and activation were again assessed after platelet pretreatment with estradiol. RESULTS Healthy volunteers included 12 premenopausal and 13 postmenopausal females and 18 similarly aged males. Female platelets (combined premenopausal and postmenopausal) had increased aggregation with ADP stimulation, as compared to male platelets. Male and female platelets had differential fibrinogen receptor expression, with female platelets (combined premenopausal and postmenopausal) demonstrating robust activation with ADP versus male platelets with PAF. In the presence of estradiol incubation, male platelets' activation with PAF approximated that of females (combined premenopausal and postmenopausal) and activation with PAF was enhanced in both male and female platelets. CONCLUSION Male and female platelets have differential response to stimuli, suggesting sex-dependent signaling and cellular activation. Female platelets have both increased aggregation and activation potential, and estradiol pretreatment feminizes male platelets to approximate female platelet activation with PAF. These findings offer potential explanation for sex-based differences in hemostatic potential in TIC and question whether donor sex of transfused platelets should be considered in resuscitation. Estradiol may also serve as a novel therapeutic adjunct in TIC.
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26
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Liu XZ, Wang JM, Ji YX, Zhao DB. Monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the presence and size of thyroid nodule irrespective of the gender. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:36. [PMID: 32164741 PMCID: PMC7069177 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation may be involved in the formation and progression of thyroid nodule (TN). The aim of this large-scale study was to investigate the association of several simple inflammatory markers with the presence and size of TN. Methods A total of 133,698 adults were included for the current analysis. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) were calculated. The logistic regression was used to explore the association of the four markers with the presence and size of TN. Results The prevalence of TN was 55.1% among females and 44% among males; 13% of women and 8% of men had non-micronodule. In women, MHR and PLR were significantly associated with the presence of TN and non-micronodule; in men, MHR and NLR were significantly associated with the presence of TN and non-micronodule. Conclusions As a low-cost, simple, and reproducible inflammatory marker, MHR is strongly associated with the presence and size of TN irrespective of the gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhen Liu
- Hangzhou Aeronautical Sanatorium of Chinese Air Force, Hangzhou, No. 27, Yang Gong Di, Xihu District, Zhejiang, 310007, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Min Wang
- Hangzhou Aeronautical Sanatorium of Chinese Air Force, Hangzhou, No. 27, Yang Gong Di, Xihu District, Zhejiang, 310007, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xin Ji
- Hangzhou Aeronautical Sanatorium of Chinese Air Force, Hangzhou, No. 27, Yang Gong Di, Xihu District, Zhejiang, 310007, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dong Bao Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University (The Second Military Medical University), No. 168 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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27
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Yan Z, Kamiguri N, Isobe N, Kawakami SI. Blood Testosterone Concentration and Testosterone-induced Aggressive Behavior in Male Layer Chicks: Comparison between Isolated- and Grouped-Raising. J Poult Sci 2019; 56:290-297. [PMID: 32055227 PMCID: PMC7005400 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0180135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone (T) is known to induce aggressive behavior, mainly in male animals. Subcutaneous implantation of T-filled silastic tubes, rather than intramuscular injection of T, is generally recommended for long-term treatment using exogenous T. However, the effect of T implantation on chicken aggressive behavior has not been investigated. In addition, the concentration of T required to induce aggressive behavior or whether rearing conditions such as isolated- or grouped-raising affect T-induced aggressive behavior in chickens is not known. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between the lengths of T-filled tubes, blood T concentration, and aggressive behavior in group- and isolation-raised male layer chicks. The testes were bilaterally removed and silactic tubes of various lengths filled with crystalline T were subcutaneously implanted at 14 days of age. A social interaction test was performed to quantitatively assess chick aggressive behavior at 32 days of age. Comb weight and size were used to assess the activation of endogenous androgen receptors. Total aggression frequencies (TAF) and aggression establishment rate (AER) were used to evaluate aggressiveness. Significant positive correlations (P<0.001) were observed between the comb parameters and plasma T concentration. In the isolation-raised chicks, the TAF and AER were high irrespective of the lengths of the implanted T tubes or the corresponding plasma T concentrations. However, in the group-raised chicks, the AER tended to differ between the T-implanted aggressors (P=0.0902), and the AER significantly increased with implantation of 1.0-cm-long T-filled tubes (P<0.05), which corresponded to approximately 47 pg/mL plasma T concentration. These results suggest that both grouped raising and approximately 47 pg/mL plasma T concentration are required for the induction of T-dependent aggressive behavior, and that isolation-induced aggressive behavior is T-independent in male layer chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Yan
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Naomasa Kamiguri
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kawakami
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
- Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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28
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Analysis of AR/ARV7 Expression in Isolated Circulating Tumor Cells of Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (SAKK 08/14 IMPROVE Trial). Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081099. [PMID: 31374981 PMCID: PMC6721786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite several treatment options and an initial high response rate to androgen deprivation therapy, the majority of prostate cancers will eventually become castration-resistant in the metastatic stage (mCRPC). Androgen receptor splice variant 7 (ARV7) is one of the best-characterized androgen receptor (AR) variants whose expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been associated with enzalutamide resistance. ARV7 expression analysis before and during enzalutamide treatment could identify patients requiring alternative systemic therapies. However, a robust test for the assessment of the ARV7 status in patient samples is still missing. Here, we implemented an RT-qPCR-based assay for detection of AR full length (ARFL)/ARV7 expression in CTCs for clinical use. Additionally, as a proof-of-principle, we validated a cohort of 95 mCRPC patients initiating first line treatment with enzalutamide or enzalutamide/metformin within a clinical trial. A total of 95 mCRPC patients were analyzed at baseline of whom 27.3% (26/95) had ARFL+ARV7+, 23.1% (22/95) had ARFL+ARV7−, 23.1% (22/95) had ARFL−ARV7−, and 1.1% (1/95) had ARFL−ARV7+ CTCs. In 11.6% (11/95), no CTCs could be isolated. A total of 25/95 patients had another CTC analysis at progressive disease, of whom 48% (12/25) were ARV7+. Of those, 50% (6/12) were ARV7− and 50% (6/12) were ARV7+ at baseline. Our results show that mRNA analysis of isolated CTCs in mCRPC is feasible and allows for longitudinal endocrine agent response monitoring and hence could contribute to treatment optimization in mCRPC.
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Unsworth AJ, Flora GD, Gibbins JM. Non-genomic effects of nuclear receptors: insights from the anucleate platelet. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:645-655. [PMID: 29452349 PMCID: PMC5915957 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) have the ability to elicit two different kinds of responses, genomic and non-genomic. Although genomic responses control gene expression by influencing the rate of transcription, non-genomic effects occur rapidly and independently of transcriptional regulation. Due to their anucleate nature and mechanistically well-characterized and rapid responses, platelets provide a model system for the study of any non-genomic effects of the NRs. Several NRs have been found to be present in human platelets, and multiple NR agonists have been shown to elicit anti-platelet effects by a variety of mechanisms. The non-genomic functions of NRs vary, including the regulation of kinase and phosphatase activity, ion channel function, intracellular calcium levels, and production of second messengers. Recently, the characterization of mechanisms and identification of novel binding partners of NRs have further strengthened the prospects of developing their ligands into potential therapeutics that offer cardio-protective properties in addition to their other defined genomic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Unsworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Harborne Building, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, Berkshire, UK
| | - Gagan D Flora
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Harborne Building, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, Berkshire, UK
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Harborne Building, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AS, Berkshire, UK
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30
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Dupuis M, Severin S, Noirrit-Esclassan E, Arnal JF, Payrastre B, Valéra MC. Effects of Estrogens on Platelets and Megakaryocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123111. [PMID: 31242705 PMCID: PMC6627332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In women, oral menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT) is associated with adverse effects including an increased incidence of thromboembolic events, classically attributed to an increase in several liver-derived coagulation factors due to hepatic first pass. While platelets are central players in thrombus constitution, their implication in women treated with estrogens remains incompletely characterized. Platelets and their medullar progenitors, megakaryocytes, express estrogen receptors (ER) that may explain, at least in part, a sensitivity to hormonal changes. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of estrogen actions on platelets and megakaryocytes in mice following in vivo administration and in women using MHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Dupuis
- Inserm, U1048 and Université Toulouse III, I2MC, Toulouse 31432, France.
| | - Sonia Severin
- Inserm, U1048 and Université Toulouse III, I2MC, Toulouse 31432, France.
| | | | | | - Bernard Payrastre
- Inserm, U1048 and Université Toulouse III, I2MC, Toulouse 31432, France.
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Toulouse 31059, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The effect of gender on use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is not well established. The purpose of this review is to understand gender-based differences in response to DAPT, so that treatment of ACS can be optimized in women to prevent ischemic events while minimizing bleeding risk. RECENT FINDINGS There are innate gender differences in platelet reactivity and response. However, it is unknown if this translates into differences in clinical outcomes. In all major studies evaluating the effect of DAPT in ACS, women are underrepresented. Hence, the results from the existing trials cannot be generalizable to women. There is a significant knowledge gap regarding how to balance the bleeding and ischemic risk profile among women with ACS. Currently, there is no recommendation to consider gender as covariate in choosing the type of antiplatelet drug or duration. The existing clinical evidence is limited by under representation of women in DAPT trials. The current literature does not strongly support considering gender in decision making regarding type or duration of DAPT after ACS. Future dedicated trial designs with adequate representation from women and gender specific analysis from large registry data are warranted to enhance our understanding of the interaction of gender with DAPT after ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Mallidi
- Division of Cardiology, Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital, 500 Doyle Park Drive, Suite G05, Santa Rosa, CA, 95405, USA.
| | - Kusum Lata
- Division of Cardiology, Sutter Gould Medical Foundation, Stockton, CA, USA
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32
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van der Toom EE, Axelrod HD, de la Rosette JJ, de Reijke TM, Pienta KJ, Valkenburg KC. Prostate-specific markers to identify rare prostate cancer cells in liquid biopsies. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:7-22. [PMID: 30479377 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in early detection and advances in treatment, patients with prostate cancer continue to die from their disease. Minimal residual disease after primary definitive treatment can lead to relapse and distant metastases, and increasing evidence suggests that circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and bone marrow-derived disseminated tumour cells (BM-DTCs) can offer clinically relevant biological insights into prostate cancer dissemination and metastasis. Using epithelial markers to accurately detect CTCs and BM-DTCs is associated with difficulties, and prostate-specific markers are needed for the detection of these cells using rare cell assays. Putative prostate-specific markers have been identified, and an optimized strategy for staining rare cancer cells from liquid biopsies using these markers is required. The ideal prostate-specific marker will be expressed on every CTC or BM-DTC throughout disease progression (giving high sensitivity) and will not be expressed on non-prostate-cancer cells in the sample (giving high specificity). Some markers might not be specific enough to the prostate to be used as individual markers of prostate cancer cells, whereas others could be truly prostate-specific and would make ideal markers for use in rare cell assays. The goal of future studies is to use sensitive and specific prostate markers to consistently and reliably identify rare cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley D Axelrod
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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33
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Reiner AP, Johnson AD. Platelet Genomics. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chaudhari S, Cushen SC, Osikoya O, Jaini PA, Posey R, Mathis KW, Goulopoulou S. Mechanisms of Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Function and Remodeling. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:375-411. [PMID: 30549017 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate disparities between men and women in cardiovascular disease prevalence, clinical symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. Enrollment of women in clinical trials is lower than men, and experimental studies investigating molecular mechanisms and efficacy of certain therapeutics in cardiovascular disease have been primarily conducted in male animals. These practices bias data interpretation and limit the implication of research findings in female clinical populations. This review will focus on the biological origins of sex differences in cardiovascular physiology, health, and disease, with an emphasis on the sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone. First, we will briefly discuss epidemiological evidence of sex disparities in cardiovascular disease prevalence and clinical manifestation. Second, we will describe studies suggesting sexual dimorphism in normal cardiovascular function from fetal life to older age. Third, we will summarize and critically discuss the current literature regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of estrogens and androgens on cardiac and vascular physiology and the contribution of these hormones to sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Fourth, we will present cardiovascular disease risk factors that are positively associated with the female sex, and thus, contributing to increased cardiovascular risk in women. We conclude that inclusion of both men and women in the investigation of the role of estrogens and androgens in cardiovascular physiology will advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex differences in cardiovascular disease. In addition, investigating the role of sex-specific factors in the development of cardiovascular disease will reduce sex and gender disparities in the treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:375-411, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Chaudhari
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Spencer C Cushen
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Oluwatobiloba Osikoya
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Paresh A Jaini
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Posey
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Keisa W Mathis
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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35
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Raparelli V, Proietti M, Lenzi A, Basili S. Sex and Gender Differences in Ischemic Heart Disease: Endocrine Vascular Disease Approach (EVA) Study Design. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 13:14-25. [PMID: 30511337 PMCID: PMC7010648 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in ischemic heart disease (IHD) management have been unbalanced between sexes, with coronary microvascular dysfunction considered the likely underlying reason. The Endocrine Vascular disease Approach (EVA) is an observational study (Clinicaltrial.gov NCT02737982) aiming to assess sex and gender interactions between coronary circulation, sexual hormones, and platelet function. Consecutive patients with IHD undergoing coronary angiography will be recruited: (1) to assess sex and gender differences in angiographic reperfusion indexes; (2) to evaluate the effects of estrogen/androgen on sex-related differences in myocardial ischemia; (3) to investigate the platelet biology differences between men and women with IHD; (4) to verify sex- and gender-driven interplay between response to percutaneous coronary intervention, platelets, sex hormones, and myocardial damage at baseline and its impact on 12-month outcomes. The integration of sex and gender in this translational project on IHD will contribute to the identification of new targets for further innovative clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Raparelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Marco Proietti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Gubbels Bupp MR, Jorgensen TN. Androgen-Induced Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:794. [PMID: 29755457 PMCID: PMC5932344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to determining biological sex, sex hormones are known to influence health and disease via regulation of immune cell activities and modulation of target-organ susceptibility to immune-mediated damage. Systemic autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis are more prevalent in females, while cancer shows the opposite pattern. Sex hormones have been repeatedly suggested to play a part in these biases. In this review, we will discuss how androgens and the expression of functional androgen receptor affect immune cells and how this may dampen or alter immune response(s) and affect autoimmune disease incidences and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trine N Jorgensen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Lundberg Slingsby MH, Nyberg M, Egelund J, Mandrup CM, Frikke-Schmidt R, Kirkby NS, Hellsten Y. Aerobic exercise training lowers platelet reactivity and improves platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin in pre- and postmenopausal women. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:2419-2431. [PMID: 29027349 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essentials It is unknown how regular exercise affects platelet function after menopause. We studied the effect of 3-months of high-intensity exercise in pre- and postmenopausal women. Platelet sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of arterially infused prostacyclin was increased. Reduced basal platelet reactivity was seen in the premenopausal women only. SUMMARY Background The risk of atherothrombotic events increases after the menopause. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce platelet reactivity in younger women, but it is unknown how regular exercise affects platelet function after the menopause. Objectives To examine the effects of regular aerobic exercise in late premenopausal and recent postmenopausal women by testing basal platelet reactivity and platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin and nitric oxide. Methods Twenty-five sedentary, but healthy, late premenopausal and 24 matched recently postmenopausal women, mean (95% confidence interval) 49.1 (48.2-49.9) and 53.7 (52.5-55.0) years old, participated in an intervention study: 3-month high-intensity supervised aerobic spinning-cycle training (1 h, × 3/week). Basal platelet reactivity was analyzed in platelet-rich plasma from venous blood as agonist-induced % aggregation. In a subgroup of 13 premenopausal and 14 postmenopausal women, platelet reactivity was tested ex vivo after femoral arterial infusion of prostacyclin, acetylcholine, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and after acute one-leg knee extensor exercise. Results Basal platelet reactivity (%aggregation) to TRAP-6 (1 μm) was higher in the postmenopausal, 59% (50-68), than the premenopausal women, 45% (35-55). Exercise training reduced basal platelet reactivity to collagen (1 μg mL-1 ) in the premenopausal women only: from 63% (55-71%) to 51% (41-62%). After the training intervention, platelet aggregation was more inhibited by the arterial prostacyclin infusion and the acute exercise in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Conclusions These results highlight previously unknown cardioprotective aspects of regular aerobic exercise in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, improving their regulation of platelet reactivity through an increased platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin, which may counterbalance the increased atherothrombotic risk associated with the menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Lundberg Slingsby
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Egelund
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C M Mandrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N S Kirkby
- Department of Vascular Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Y Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
The principle steroidal androgens are testosterone and its metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is converted from testosterone by the enzyme 5α-reductase. Through the classic pathway with androgens crossing the plasma membrane and binding to the androgen receptor (AR) or via mechanisms independent of the ligand-dependent transactivation function of nuclear receptors, testosterone induces genomic and non-genomic effects respectively. AR is widely distributed in several tissues, including vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Androgens are essential for many developmental and physiological processes, especially in male reproductive tissues. It is now clear that androgens have multiple actions besides sex differentiation and sexual maturation and that many physiological systems are influenced by androgens, including regulation of cardiovascular function [nitric oxide (NO) release, Ca2+ mobilization, vascular apoptosis, hypertrophy, calcification, senescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation]. This review focuses on evidence indicating that interplay between genomic and non-genomic actions of testosterone may influence cardiovascular function.
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Gudnadottir GS, Andersen K, Thrainsdottir IS, James SK, Lagerqvist B, Gudnason T. Gender differences in coronary angiography, subsequent interventions, and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2017; 191:65-74. [PMID: 28888272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to investigate whether gender disparities are found in referrals of patients with acute coronary syndromes to percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and, furthermore, to study gender differences in complications and mortality. METHODS All consecutive coronary angiographies (CAs) and PCIs performed in Sweden and Iceland are prospectively registered in the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry. For the present analysis, data of patients with acute coronary syndromes, enrolled in 2007-2011, were used to analyze gender differences in revascularization, in-hospital complications, and 30-day mortality. RESULTS A total of 106,881 CAs were performed during the study period. In patients with significant coronary artery disease, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for women to undergo PCI compared with men was 0.95 (95% CI 0.92-0.99) and 0.81 (0.76-0.87) for referrals to CABG. In patients with 1-vessel disease, women were less likely to undergo PCI than men, but women with 2- or 3-vessel or left main stem disease were more likely to undergo PCI. All in-hospital complications after CA followed by PCI were more frequent among women (adjusted OR 1.58 [1.47-1.70]). There was no gender difference in adjusted 30-day mortality after PCI (1.02 [0.92-1.12]) and after CABG (0.97 [0.72-1.31]). CONCLUSIONS After CA showing 1-vessel disease, women as compared with men were less likely to undergo PCI. In the group with 2- or 3-vessel disease or left main stem stenosis, women were more likely to undergo PCI but less likely to undergo CABG. However, there was no gender difference in 30-day mortality.
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Mostaghel EA, Martin PS, Mongovin S, Frayo S, Zhang A, Edlefsen KL, Press OW, Gopal AK. Androgen receptor expression in mantle cell lymphoma: Potential novel therapeutic implications. Exp Hematol 2017; 49:34-38.e2. [PMID: 28115200 PMCID: PMC5393923 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) affects approximately 4500 patients/year in the US and demonstrates a male to female ratio of approximately 4:1. While the pathobiology underlying this ratio is unknown, the hematopoietic system is characterized by sex-related differences in androgen receptor (AR) expression, leading us to hypothesize that the male-biased incidence of MCL may reflect sex-related differences in AR signaling during MCL lymphomagenesis. To explore the AR axis in MCL, we evaluated AR expression in MCL cell lines and human tumors, and tested the impact of androgen pathway inhibition on MCL proliferation. AR transcript levels ranged up to ~26 fold higher in MCL lines vs non-MCL NHL lines (p = 0.006) and were correlated with expression of the canonical AR-regulated gene, prostate-specific antigen (PSA; r = 0.715, p = 0.001), consistent with functional AR activity. Patient-derived MCL samples demonstrated a range of AR expression. Treatment of four different MCL lines with the potent AR antagonist enzalutamide demonstrated suppression of proliferation across both male and female-derived cell lines. These data suggest androgen-axis blockade may represent a novel therapeutic modality in MCL. This novel treatment approach is currently under investigation in a phase II clinical trial of AR inhibition in patients with relapsed/refractory MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul S Martin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen Mongovin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shani Frayo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerstin L Edlefsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliver W Press
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ajay K Gopal
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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AR-Signaling in Human Malignancies: Prostate Cancer and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9010007. [PMID: 28085048 PMCID: PMC5295778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1940s Charles Huggins reported remarkable palliative benefits following surgical castration in men with advanced prostate cancer, and since then the androgen receptor (AR) has remained the main therapeutic target in this disease. Over the past couple of decades, our understanding of AR-signaling biology has dramatically improved, and it has become apparent that the AR can modulate a number of other well-described oncogenic signaling pathways. Not surprisingly, mounting preclinical and epidemiologic data now supports a role for AR-signaling in promoting the growth and progression of several cancers other than prostate, and early phase clinical trials have documented preliminary signs of efficacy when AR-signaling inhibitors are used in several of these malignancies. In this article, we provide an overview of the evidence supporting the use of AR-directed therapies in prostate as well as other cancers, with an emphasis on the rationale for targeting AR-signaling across tumor types.
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Downstream Regulatory Element Antagonist Modulator (DREAM), a target for anti-thrombotic agents. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:283-287. [PMID: 28065857 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating platelets participate in the process of numerous diseases including thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer. Thus, it is of great importance to understand the underlying mechanisms mediating platelet activation under disease conditions. Emerging evidence indicates that despite the lack of a nucleus, platelets possess molecules that are involved in gene transcription in nucleated cells. This review will summarize downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator (DREAM), a transcriptional repressor, and highlight recent findings suggesting its novel non-transcriptional role in hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Franconi F, Rosano G, Basili S, Montella A, Campesi I. Human cells involved in atherosclerosis have a sex. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:983-1001. [PMID: 27915217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of sex has been largely described in cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is a complex process that involves many cell types such as vessel cells, immune cells and endothelial progenitor cells; however, many, if not all, studies do not report the sex of the cells. This review focuses on sex differences in human cells involved in the atherosclerotic process, emphasizing the role of sex hormones. Furthermore, we report sex differences and issues related to the processes that determine the fate of the cells such as apoptotic and autophagic mechanisms. The analysis of the data reveals that there are still many gaps in our knowledge regarding sex influences in atherosclerosis, largely for the cell types that have not been well studied, stressing the urgent need for a clear definition of experimental conditions and the inclusion of both sexes in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Franconi
- Assessorato alle Politiche per la Persona of Basilicata Region, Potenza, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties - Research Center on Gender and Evaluation and Promotion of Quality in Medicine (CEQUAM), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Montella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratory of Sex-Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo, Italy.
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Du C, Xu Y, Yang K, Chen S, Wang X, Wang S, Wang C, Shen M, Chen F, Chen M, Zeng D, Li F, Wang T, Wang F, Zhao J, Ai G, Cheng T, Su Y, Wang J. Estrogen promotes megakaryocyte polyploidization via estrogen receptor beta-mediated transcription of GATA1. Leukemia 2016; 31:945-956. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Age-related changes in platelet function are more profound in women than in men. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12235. [PMID: 26179119 PMCID: PMC4503960 DOI: 10.1038/srep12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), however the effect of age on platelet function remains unclear. Ideally, platelet function should be assayed under flow and shear conditions that occur in vivo. Our study aimed to characterise the effect of age on platelet translocation behaviour using a novel flow-based assay that measures platelet function in less than 200 μl of blood under conditions of arterial shear. Blood from males (n = 53) and females (n = 56), ranging in age from 19–82 and 21–70 respectively were perfused through custom-made parallel plate flow chambers coated with immobilised human von Willebrand Factor (VWF) under arterial shear (1,500s−1). Platelet translocation behaviour on VWF was recorded by digital-image microscopy and analysed. The study showed that aging resulted in a significant decrease in the number of platelet tracks, translocating platelets and unstable platelet interactions with VWF. These age related changes in platelet function were more profound in women than in men indicating that age and gender significantly impacts on platelet interactions with VWF.
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Haring R, Schurmann C, Homuth G, Steil L, Völker U, Völzke H, Keevil BG, Nauck M, Wallaschofski H. Associations between Serum Sex Hormone Concentrations and Whole Blood Gene Expression Profiles in the General Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127466. [PMID: 26001193 PMCID: PMC4441431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite observational evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies associating sex hormones with various cardiometabolic risk factors or diseases, pathophysiological explanations are sparse to date. To reveal putative functional insights, we analyzed associations between sex hormone levels and whole blood gene expression profiles. Methods We used data of 991 individuals from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND) with whole blood gene expression levels determined by array-based transcriptional profiling and serum concentrations of total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free testosterone (free T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione (AD), estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1) measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunoassay. Associations between sex hormone concentrations and gene expression profiles were analyzed using sex-specific regression models adjusted for age, body mass index, and technical covariables. Results In men, positive correlations were detected between AD and DDIT4 mRNA levels, as well as between SHBG and the mRNA levels of RPIA, RIOK3, GYPB, BPGM, and RAB2B. No additional significant associations were observed. Conclusions Besides the associations between AD and DDIT4 expression and SHBG and the transcript levels of RPIA, RIOK3, GYPB, BPGM, and RAB2B, the present study did not indicate any association between sex hormone concentrations and whole blood gene expression profiles in men and women from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Haring
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leif Steil
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Brian G. Keevil
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Farré AL, Modrego J, Zamorano-León JJ. Effects of hormones on platelet aggregation. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 18:27-36. [PMID: 25389998 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelets and their activation/inhibition mechanisms play a central role in haemostasis. It is well known agonists and antagonists of platelet activation; however, during the last years novel evidences of hormone effects on platelet activation have been reported. Platelet functionality may be modulated by the interaction between different hormones and their platelet receptors, contributing to sex differences in platelet function and even in platelet-mediated vascular damage. It has suggested aspects that apparently are well established should be reviewed. Hormones effects on platelet activity are included among them. This article tries to review knowledge about the involvement of hormones in platelet biology and activity.
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Del Principe D, Ruggieri A, Pietraforte D, Villani A, Vitale C, Straface E, Malorni W. The relevance of estrogen/estrogen receptor system on the gender difference in cardiovascular risk. Int J Cardiol 2015; 187:291-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Calgaroto NS, da Costa P, Cardoso AM, Pereira LB, Vieira JM, Dalenogare D, Pelinson LP, Baldissarelli J, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Vitamin D3 prevents the increase in ectonucleotidase activities and ameliorates lipid profile in type 1 diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:11-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Lev EI, Bliden KP, Jeong YH, Pandya S, Kang K, Franzese C, Tantry US, Gurbel PA. Influence of race and sex on thrombogenicity in a large cohort of coronary artery disease patients. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001167. [PMID: 25332180 PMCID: PMC4323822 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background It is uncertain whether sex and race affect thrombogenicity in patients with coronary artery disease. We evaluated the effects of sex and race on thrombogenicity in patients with coronary artery disease treated with aspirin. Methods and Results Patients on aspirin therapy for 1 week or longer with known or suspected coronary artery disease undergoing nonurgent cardiac catheterization (n=1172), of whom 924 were on aspirin and clopidogrel therapy, were studied. The primary end point was thrombin‐induced platelet‐fibrin clot strength (MAKH) measured by thrombelastography. Secondary end points included coagulation index, a measure of overall coagulation; G, another measure of clot strength; and maximal platelet aggregation. Women had greater MAKH, G, and coagulation index than men, both with and without clopidogrel therapy (with clopidogrel: 68.3±6 versus 65.8±6 mm, P<0.0001; 11.4±3 versus 9.5±4 dyne/cm2, P<0.0001; and 0.12±3 versus −0.7±3, P=0.003, respectively). Platelet aggregation (induced by ADP, thrombin receptor activating peptide, or collagen) did not differ between sexes. Black patients had greater MAKH and G than white patients (with clopidogrel: 67.8±7 versus 66.4±6 mm, P=0.005; 11±4 versus 10±3 dyne/cm2, P=0.02, respectively). Black women had the highest MAKH levels. By multivariate analysis, sex, race, diabetes, platelet count, and hemoglobin level were independently associated with MAKH. Sex, but not race, was also associated with the frequency of MAKH ≥72 mm (a threshold related to ischemic event occurrence in patients undergoing coronary intervention). Conclusions Sex and race independently influence platelet‐fibrin clot strength. Black women appear to have the highest thrombogenicity profile, potentially conferring a high‐risk phenotype for thrombotic event occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli I Lev
- Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore, MD (E.I.L., K.P.B., S.P., K.K., C.F., U.S.T., P.A.G.) Cardiology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, and the Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (E.I.L.)
| | - Kevin P Bliden
- Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore, MD (E.I.L., K.P.B., S.P., K.K., C.F., U.S.T., P.A.G.)
| | - Young-Hoon Jeong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital and Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea (Y.H.J.)
| | - Shachi Pandya
- Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore, MD (E.I.L., K.P.B., S.P., K.K., C.F., U.S.T., P.A.G.)
| | - Kelly Kang
- Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore, MD (E.I.L., K.P.B., S.P., K.K., C.F., U.S.T., P.A.G.)
| | - Christopher Franzese
- Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore, MD (E.I.L., K.P.B., S.P., K.K., C.F., U.S.T., P.A.G.)
| | - Udaya S Tantry
- Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore, MD (E.I.L., K.P.B., S.P., K.K., C.F., U.S.T., P.A.G.)
| | - Paul A Gurbel
- Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Baltimore, MD (E.I.L., K.P.B., S.P., K.K., C.F., U.S.T., P.A.G.)
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