1
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Keulen GM, Huckriede J, Wichapong K, Nicolaes GAF. Histon activities in the extracellular environment: regulation and prothrombotic implications. Curr Opin Hematol 2024; 31:230-237. [PMID: 39087372 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Thromboembolic complications are a major contributor to global mortality. The relationship between inflammation and coagulation pathways has become an emerging research topic where the role of the innate immune response, and specifically neutrophils in "immunothrombosis" are receiving much attention. This review aims to dissect the intricate interplay between histones (from neutrophils or cellular damage) and the haemostatic pathway, and to explore mechanisms that may counteract the potentially procoagulant effects of those histones that have escaped their nuclear localization. RECENT FINDINGS Extracellular histones exert procoagulant effects via endothelial damage, platelet activation, and direct interaction with coagulation proteins. Neutralization of histone activities can be achieved by complexation with physiological molecules, through pharmacological compounds, or via proteolytic degradation. Details of neutralization of extracellular histones are still being studied. SUMMARY Leveraging the understanding of extracellular histone neutralization will pave the way for development of novel pharmacological interventions to treat and prevent complications, including thromboembolism, in patients in whom extracellular histones contribute to their overall clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen M Keulen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Yong J, Toh CH. The convergent model of coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:2140-2146. [PMID: 38815754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
It is increasingly apparent that the pathologic interplay between coagulation and innate immunity, ie, immunothrombosis, forms the common basis of many challenges across the boundaries of specialized medicine and cannot be fully explained by the conventional concepts of cascade and cell-based coagulation. To improve our understanding of coagulation, we propose a model of coagulation that converges with inflammation and innate immune activation as a unified response toward vascular injury. Evolutionarily integral to the convergent response are damage-associated molecular patterns, which are released as a consequence of injury. Damage-associated molecular patterns facilitate diverse interactions within and between systems, not only to complement and reinforce cell-based clot formation but also to steer the response toward clot resolution and wound healing. By extending coagulation beyond its current boundaries, the convergent model aims to deliver novel diagnostics and therapeutics for contemporary and unexpected challenges across medicine, as exposed by COVID-19 and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
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3
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Nicolaes GAF, Soehnlein O. Targeting extranuclear histones to alleviate acute and chronic inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:651-662. [PMID: 38853103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular histones instigate an inflammatory triad - centered on cytotoxicity, immune cell stimulation, and coagulation - ultimately shaping the dynamics and outcome of various inflammatory pathologies. Given the virtual absence of beneficial functions of histones in the extracellular space, in recent years a number of interference strategies have emerged. In this review we summarize pathogenic functions of extracellular histones and highlight current developments of therapeutic interference. Finally, we elaborate on the current status of preclinical attempts to interfere with extracellular histones in the context of a focus on sepsis and cardiovascular diseases, both of which are leading causes of mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry A F Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center of Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Yang X, Zheng E, Sun X, Reynolds A, Gonzalez M, Villamil JH, Pando BD, Smith DJ, Yuan SY, Wu MH. C-TYPE LECTIN-2D RECEPTOR CONTRIBUTES TO HISTONE-INDUCED VASCULAR BARRIER DYSFUNCTION DURING BURN INJURY. Shock 2024; 61:592-600. [PMID: 37878490 PMCID: PMC10997737 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Severe burns are associated with massive tissue destruction and cell death where nucleus histones and other damage-associated molecular patterns are released into the circulation and contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple-organ dysfunction. Currently, there is limited information regarding the pathophysiology of extracellular histones after burns, and the mechanisms underlying histone-induced vascular injury are not fully understood. In this study, by comparing the blood samples from healthy donors and burn patients, we confirmed that burn injury promoted the release of extracellular histones into the circulation, evidenced by increased plasma levels of histones correlating with injury severity. The direct effects of extracellular histones on human endothelial monolayers were examined, and the results showed that histones caused cell-cell adherens junction discontinuity and barrier dysfunction in a dose-related manner. Like burn patients, mice subjected to a scald burn covering 25% total body surface area also displayed significantly increased plasma histones. Intravital microscopic analysis of mouse mesenteric microcirculation indicated that treatment with a histone antibody greatly attenuated burn-induced plasma leakage in postcapillary venules, supporting the pathogenic role of extracellular histones in the development of microvascular barrier dysfunction during burns. At the molecular level, intrigued by the recent discovery of C-type lectin domain family 2 member D (Clec2d) as a novel receptor of histones, we tested its potential involvement in the histone interaction with endothelial cells. Indeed, we identified abundant expression of Clec2d in vascular endothelial cells. Further proximity ligation assay demonstrated a close association between extracellular histones and endothelial expressing Clec2d. Functionally, in vivo administration of an anti-Clec2d antibody attenuated burn-induced plasma leakage across mesenteric microvessels. Consistently, Clec2d knockdown in endothelial cells partially inhibited histone-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Together, our data suggest that burn injury-induced increases in circulating histones contribute to microvascular leakage and endothelial barrier dysfunction via a mechanism involving the endothelial Clec2d receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ethan Zheng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Amanda Reynolds
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Monica Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Juan Hernandez Villamil
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Briana D. Pando
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - David J. Smith
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sarah Y. Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mack H. Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
- James A Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, Florida
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5
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Yong J, Abrams ST, Wang G, Toh CH. Cell-free histones and the cell-based model of coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1724-1736. [PMID: 37116754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The cell-based model of coagulation remains the basis of our current understanding of clinical hemostasis and thrombosis. Its advancement on the coagulation cascade model has enabled new prohemostatic and anticoagulant treatments to be developed. In the past decade, there has been increasing evidence of the procoagulant properties of extracellular, cell-free histones (CFHs). Although high levels of circulating CFHs released following extensive cell death in acute critical illnesses, such as sepsis and trauma, have been associated with adverse coagulation outcomes, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, new information has also emerged on how its local effects contribute to physiological clot formation. CFHs initiate coagulation by tissue factor exposure, either by destruction of the endovascular barrier or induction of endoluminal tissue factor expression on endothelia and monocytes. CFHs can also bind prothrombin directly, generating thrombin via the alternative prothrombinase pathway. In amplifying and augmenting the procoagulant signal, CFHs activate and aggregate platelets, increase procoagulant material bioavailability through platelet degranulation and Weibel-Palade body exocytosis, activate intrinsic coagulation via platelet polyphosphate release, and induce phosphatidylserine exposure. CFHs also inhibit protein C activation and downregulate thrombomodulin expression to reduce anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects. In consolidating clot formation, CFHs augment the fibrin polymer to confer fibrinolytic resistance and integrate neutrophil extracellular traps into the clot structure. Such new information holds the promise of new therapeutic developments, including improved targeting of immunothrombotic pathologies in acute critical illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon T Abrams
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool, UK
| | - Guozheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
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6
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Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) and Its Importance in Hemostasis—Part I: FSAP Structure, Synthesis and Activity Regulation: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065473. [PMID: 36982544 PMCID: PMC10052181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) was first isolated from human plasma less than 30 years ago. Since then, many research groups have described the biological properties of this protease and its role in hemostasis and other processes in humans and other animals. With the progress of knowledge about the structure of FSAP, several of its relationships with other proteins or chemical compounds that may modulate its activity have been explained. These mutual axes are described in the present narrative review. The first part of our series of manuscripts on FSAP describes the structure of this protein and the processes leading to the enhancement and inhibition of its activities. The following parts, II and III, concern the role of FSAP in hemostasis and in the pathophysiology of human diseases, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular diseases.
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7
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Etscheid M, Hanschmann KM, Sandset PM, Kanse SM. Development of a Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) generation assay and its application in studying FSAP in venous thrombosis. Thromb Res 2022; 220:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Cui XY, Stavik B, Thiede B, Sandset PM, Kanse SM. FSAP Protects against Histone-Mediated Increase in Endothelial Permeability In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213706. [PMID: 36430180 PMCID: PMC9690979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor-VII-activating protease (FSAP) is involved in the regulation of hemostasis and inflammation. Extracellular histones play a role in inflammation and the conversion of latent pro-FSAP into active FSAP. FSAP has been shown to regulate endothelial permeability, but the mechanisms are not clear. Here, we have investigated the effects of FSAP on endothelial permeability in vitro. A mixture of histones from calf thymus stimulated permeability, and the wild-type (WT) serine protease domain (SPD) of FSAP blocked this effect. WT-SPD-FSAP did not influence permeability on its own, nor that stimulated by thrombin or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A165. Histones induced a large-scale rearrangement of the junction proteins VE-cadherin and zona occludens-1 from a clear junctional distribution to a diffuse pattern. The presence of WT-SPD-FSAP inhibited these changes. Permeability changes by histones were blocked by both TLR-2 and TLR4 blocking antibodies. Histones upregulated the expression of TLR-2, but not TLR-4, in HUVEC cells, and WT-SPD-FSAP abolished the upregulation of TLR-2 expression. An inactive variant, Marburg I (MI)-SPD-FSAP, did not have any of these effects. The inhibition of histone-mediated permeability may be an important function of FSAP with relevance to sepsis, trauma, and stroke and the need to be investigated further in in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yan Cui
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Benedicte Stavik
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Morten Sandset
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Sandip M. Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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9
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Kim JY, Manna D, Etscheid M, Leergaard TB, Kanse SM. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) inhibits the outcome of ischemic stroke in mouse models. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22564. [PMID: 36165219 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200828r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of ischemic stroke can be improved by further refinements of thrombolysis and reperfusion strategies. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease that could be important in this context. Its levels are raised in patients as well as mice after stroke and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding sequence, which results in an inactive enzyme, is linked to an increased risk of stroke. In vitro, FSAP cleaves fibrinogen to promote fibrinolysis, activates protease-activated receptors, and decreases the cellular cytotoxicity of histones. Based on these facts, we hypothesized that FSAP can be used as a treatment for ischemic stroke. A combination of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a thrombolytic drug, and recombinant serine protease domain of FSAP (FSAP-SPD) improved regional cerebral perfusion and neurological outcome and reduced infarct size in a mouse model of thromboembolic stroke. FSAP-SPD also improved stroke outcomes and diminished the negative consequences of co-treatment with tPA in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke without altering cerebral perfusion. The inactive MI-isoform of FSAP had no impact in either model. FSAP enhanced the lysis of blood clots in vitro, but in the tail transection model of hemostasis, FSAP-SPD treatment provoked a faster clotting time indicating that it also has pro-coagulant actions. Thus, apart from enhancing thrombolysis, FSAP has multiple effects on stroke progression and represents a promising novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dipankar Manna
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Etscheid
- Division of Hematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Trygve B Leergaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Berge-Seidl S, Nielsen NV, Rodriguez Alfonso AA, Etscheid M, Kandanur SPS, Haug BE, Stensland M, Thiede B, Karacan M, Preising N, Wiese S, Ständker L, Declerck PJ, Løset GÅ, Kanse SM. Identification of a Phage Display-Derived Peptide Interacting with the N-Terminal Region of Factor VII Activating Protease (FSAP) Enables Characterization of Zymogen Activation. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2631-2642. [PMID: 36070465 PMCID: PMC9486805 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Factor VII Activating protease (FSAP) has a protective effect in diverse disease conditions as inferred from studies in FSAP-/- mice and humans deficient in FSAP activity due to single-nucleotide polymorphism. The zymogen form of FSAP in plasma is activated by extracellular histones that are released during tissue injury or inflammation or by positively charged surfaces. However, it is not clear whether this activation mechanism is specific and amenable to manipulation. Using a phage display approach, we have identified a Cys-constrained 11 amino acid peptide, NNKC9/41, that activates pro-FSAP in plasma. The synthetic linear peptide has a propensity to cyclize through the terminal Cys groups, of which the antiparallel cyclic dimer, but not the monocyclic peptide, is the active component. Other commonly found zymogens in the plasma, related to the hemostasis system, were not activated. Binding studies with FSAP domain deletion mutants indicate that the N-terminus of FSAP is the key interaction site of this peptide. In a monoclonal antibody screen, we identified MA-FSAP-38C7 that prevented the activation of pro-FSAP by the peptide. This antibody bound to the LESLDP sequence (amino acids 30-35) in an intrinsically disordered stretch in the N-terminus of FSAP. The plasma clotting time was shortened by NNKC9/41, and this was reversed by MA-FSAP-38C7, demonstrating the utility of this peptide. Peptide NNKC9/41 will be useful as a tool to delineate the molecular mechanism of activation of pro-FSAP, elucidate its biological role, and provide a starting point for the pharmacological manipulation of FSAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nis Valentin Nielsen
- Oslo
University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Bengt Erik Haug
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Pharmacy, University
of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Stensland
- Oslo
University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul J. Declerck
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway,Nextera
AS, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandip M. Kanse
- Oslo
University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway,
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11
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Tanaka Y, Yamanaka N, Koyano I, Hasunuma I, Kobayashi T, Kikuyama S, Iwamuro S. Dual Roles of Extracellular Histone H3 in Host Defense: Its Differential Regions Responsible for Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties and Their Modes of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091240. [PMID: 36140018 PMCID: PMC9495139 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular histones play a dual role—antimicrobial and cytotoxic—in host defense. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of histone H3 and identified the responsible molecular regions for these properties. Broth microdilution assays indicated that histone H3 exhibits growth inhibitory activity against not only Gram-negative and -positive bacteria but also fungi. Observations under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that histone H3 induced morphological abnormalities on the cell surface of a wide range of reference pathogens. MTT assays and SEM observations indicated that histone H3 has strong cytotoxic and cell lytic effects on mammalian normal, immortal, and tumor cell lines. Assays using synthetic peptides corresponding to fragments 1–34 (H3DP1), 35–68 (H3DP2), 69–102 (H3DP3), and 103–135 (H3DP4) of histone H3 molecule demonstrated that its antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity are elicited by the H3DP2 and H3DP3 protein regions, respectively. Enzyme-linked endotoxin binding assays indicated that histones H3 and H3DP1, H3DP2, and H3DP4, but not H3DP3, exhibited high affinities toward lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. Our findings are expected to contribute to the development of new histone H3-based peptide antibiotics that are not cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Nanako Yamanaka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Izumi Koyano
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Itaru Hasunuma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Sakae Kikuyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shawichi Iwamuro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-47-472-5206
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12
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Zhang Y, Wu C, Li L, Pandeya A, Zhang G, Cui J, Kirchhofer D, Wood JP, Smyth SS, Wei Y, Li Z. Extracellular Histones Trigger Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation by Lytic Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126800. [PMID: 35743244 PMCID: PMC9224270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histones are cationic nuclear proteins that are essential for the structure and functions of eukaryotic chromatin. However, extracellular histones trigger inflammatory responses and contribute to death in sepsis by unknown mechanisms. We recently reported that inflammasome activation and pyroptosis trigger coagulation activation through a tissue-factor (TF)-dependent mechanism. We used a combination of various deficient mice to elucidate the molecular mechanism of histone-induced coagulation. We showed that histones trigger coagulation activation in vivo, as evidenced by coagulation parameters and fibrin deposition in tissues. However, histone-induced coagulopathy was neither dependent on intracellular inflammasome pathways involving caspase 1/11 and gasdermin D (GSDMD), nor on cell surface receptor TLR2- and TLR4-mediated host immune response, as the deficiency of these genes in mice did not protect against histone-induced coagulopathy. The incubation of histones with macrophages induced lytic cell death and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, which is required for TF activity, a key initiator of coagulation. The neutralization of TF diminished the histone-induced coagulation. Our findings revealed lytic cell death as a novel mechanism of histone-induced coagulation activation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (G.Z.); (J.P.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 76549, USA;
| | - Congqing Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (G.Z.); (J.P.W.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (L.L.); (A.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Ankit Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (L.L.); (A.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (G.Z.); (J.P.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 76549, USA;
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (L.L.); (A.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Jeremy P. Wood
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (G.Z.); (J.P.W.)
| | - Susan S. Smyth
- Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 76549, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (L.L.); (A.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (G.Z.); (J.P.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 76549, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (Z.L.)
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13
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Fingerhut L, Yücel L, Strutzberg-Minder K, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Ohnesorge B, de Buhr N. Ex Vivo and In Vitro Analysis Identify a Detrimental Impact of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps on Eye Structures in Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830871. [PMID: 35251020 PMCID: PMC8896353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a common ocular disease of horses and described as a model for human autoimmune uveitis. This immune-mediated, inflammatory condition progressively destroys the eye, ultimately leading to blindness. Genetic and autoimmune factors, next to infections with Leptospira, are discussed as key factors in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, a release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by activated neutrophils is involved. NETs are composed of decondensed chromatin and proteins that can immobilize invading pathogens. However, if NETs accumulate, they can contribute to detrimental autoimmune processes. Thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of NETs in ERU patients. Therefore, we quantified several NET-markers (cell-free DNA, nucleosomes, citrullinated histone H3, histone-myeloperoxidase complexes, interleukin-17, equine cathelicidin 1 and DNase I activity) and NET-autoantibodies in sera and vitreous body fluids (VBF) of ERU-diseased horses and correlated the data with the disease status (signalment, ERU scores and Leptospira infection status). NET markers were detected to varying degrees in VBF of diseased horses, and partially correlated to disease severity and the presence of Leptospira spp. Cell-free DNA and nucleosomes as NET markers correlate with ERU severity in total and VBF scores, despite the presence of active DNases. Additionally, a significant correlation between fundus affection in the eye and NET autoantibodies was detectable. Therefore, we further investigated the influence of VBF samples from equine patients and isolated NETs on the blood-retina barrier in a cell culture model. VBF of diseased horses significantly induced cytotoxicity in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Moreover, partially digested NETs also resulted in cytotoxic effects. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main component of the leptospiral surface, both undigested and completely digested NETs were cytotoxic. Correlations between the ERU-scores and Leptospira were also calculated. Detection of leptospiral DNA, and antibody titers of the serovar Grippotyphosa correlated with disease severity. In addition, a correlation between Leptospira and several NET markers was observed in VBF. Altogether, our findings suggest a positive correlation between NET markers with disease severity and involvement of Leptospira in the VBF of ERU-diseased horses, as well as a cytotoxic effect of NETs in eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Fingerhut
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leyla Yücel
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Mechanisms of Immunothrombosis by SARS-CoV-2. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111550. [PMID: 34827548 PMCID: PMC8615366 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 contains certain molecules that are related to the presence of immunothrombosis. Here, we review the pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns. We also study the imbalance of different molecules participating in immunothrombosis, such as tissue factor, factors of the contact system, histones, and the role of cells, such as endothelial cells, platelets, and neutrophil extracellular traps. Regarding the pathogenetic mechanism, we discuss clinical trials, case-control studies, comparative and translational studies, and observational studies of regulatory or inhibitory molecules, more specifically, extracellular DNA and RNA, histones, sensors for RNA and DNA, as well as heparin and heparinoids. Overall, it appears that a network of cells and molecules identified in this axis is simultaneously but differentially affecting patients at different stages of COVID-19, and this is characterized by endothelial damage, microthrombosis, and inflammation.
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15
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The Balance of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Nuclease Degradation: an Unknown Role of Bacterial Coinfections in COVID-19 Patients? mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03304-20. [PMID: 33593982 PMCID: PMC8545112 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03304-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is leading to public health crises worldwide. An understanding of the pathogenesis and the development of treatment strategies is of high interest. Recently, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been identified as a potential driver of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. NETs are extracellular DNA fibers released by neutrophils after contact with various stimuli and accumulate antimicrobial substances or host defense peptides. When massively released, NETs are described to contribute to immunothrombosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome and in vascular occlusions. Based on the increasing evidence that NETs contribute to severe COVID-19 cases, DNase treatment of COVID-19 patients to degrade NETs is widely discussed as a potential therapeutic strategy. Here, we discuss potential detrimental effects of NETs and their nuclease degradation, since NET fragments can boost certain bacterial coinfections and thereby increase the severity of the disease.
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16
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Lupu F, Kinasewitz G, Dormer K. The role of endothelial shear stress on haemodynamics, inflammation, coagulation and glycocalyx during sepsis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12258-12271. [PMID: 32951280 PMCID: PMC7687012 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a multifactorial syndrome primarily determined by the host response to an invading pathogen. It is common, with over 48 million cases worldwide in 2017, and often lethal. The sequence of events in sepsis begins with the damage of endothelium within the microvasculature, as a consequence of the inflammatory and coagulopathic responses to the pathogen that can progress to multiple organ failure and death. Most therapeutic interventions target the inflammation and coagulation pathways that act as an auto-amplified vicious cycle, which, if unchecked can be fatal. Normal blood flow and shear stress acting on a healthy endothelium and intact glycocalyx have anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and self-repairing effects. During early stages of sepsis, the vascular endothelium and its glycocalyx become dysfunctional, yet they are essential components of resuscitation and recovery from sepsis. The effects of shear forces on sepsis-induced endothelial dysfunction, including inflammation, coagulation, complement activation and microcirculatory breakdown are reviewed. It is suggested that early therapeutic strategies should prioritize on the restoration of shear forces and endothelial function and on the preservation of the endothelial-glycocalyx barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Gary Kinasewitz
- Cardiovascular Biology Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
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17
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Semeraro F, Ammollo CT, Semeraro N, Colucci M. Extracellular histones promote fibrinolysis by single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator in a factor seven activating protease-dependent way. Thromb Res 2020; 196:193-199. [PMID: 32891905 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular histones inhibit tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)-mediated fibrinolysis by modifying fibrin structure and rheological properties. However, other plasminogen activators involved in intravascular and extravascular fibrinolysis have not been considered yet. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of histones on fibrinolysis driven by different plasminogen activators. METHODS Clot lysis induced by t-PA, urokinase (u-PA) and its single chain precursor (scu-PA) was evaluated by turbidimetry. Conversion of scu-PA to u-PA and activation of factor seven activating protease (FSAP) were assessed by fluorogenic and chromogenic assays, respectively. RESULTS Histones delayed t-PA- and u-PA-mediated fibrinolysis but strongly accelerated scu-PA-driven clot lysis through the enhancement of scu-PA to u-PA conversion. This effect required a plasma factor identified as FSAP by the following findings: 1) histones enhanced neither scu-PA activation nor scu-PA-mediated clot lysis under purified conditions; 2) in plasma, the enhancement of fibrinolytic activity by histones was abolished by a neutralizing anti-FSAP antibody; and 3) histones promoted the activation of plasma FSAP. The effect of the natural mixture of histones on scu-PA-driven fibrinolysis was differentially recapitulated by the individual recombinant histones, H4 displaying the strongest activity. When complexed to DNA, histones still accelerated scu-PA-mediated fibrinolysis but with a lesser efficiency due to a reduced FSAP activation. Finally, preincubation of histones with heparin or activated protein C, two known inhibitors of histones, further amplified histone-mediated boost of scu-PA-driven fibrinolysis. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement of FSAP-mediated scu-PA activity by histones may play yet unforeseen roles in intravascular fibrinolysis and contribute to extravascular proteolysis and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Semeraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
| | - Concetta T Ammollo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Semeraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Colucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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18
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Byskov K, Etscheid M, Kanse SM. Cellular effects of factor VII activating protease (FSAP). Thromb Res 2020; 188:74-78. [PMID: 32087413 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is a circulating serine protease of broad specificity that is likely to be involved in many pathophysiological processes. The activation of the circulating zymogen form of FSAP by histones, released from damaged cells, underlines its roles in regulating host responses to tissue damage and inflammation. Some of the direct cellular effects of FSAP are mediated through protease-activated receptors (PARs). Knock-down of each one of the four PARs in endothelial cells indicated that PAR-1 and -3 are involved in regulating endothelial permeability in response to FSAP. Overexpression of PARs in cell lines led to the conclusion that PAR-2 and -1 were the main receptors for FSAP. Studies with synthetic peptides and receptor mutants demonstrate that FSAP cleaves PAR-1 and -2 at their canonical cleavage site. However, PAR-1 is not activated by FSAP in all cells, which may be related to other, as yet, undefined factors. Inhibition of apoptosis by FSAP is mediated through PAR-1 and was observed in neurons, astrocytes and A549 cells. FSAP also mediates cellular effects by modulating the activity of growth factors, generation of bradykinin, C5a and C3a generation or histone inactivation. These cellular effects need to be further investigated at the in vivo level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Byskov
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sandip M Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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19
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VEGF-A-Cleavage by FSAP and Inhibition of Neo-Vascularization. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111396. [PMID: 31698750 PMCID: PMC6912458 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing leads to the secretion of multiple forms of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) that differ in their activity profiles with respect to neovascularization. FSAP (factor VII activating protease) is the zymogen form of a plasma protease that is activated (FSAPa) upon tissue injury via the release of histones. The purpose of the study was to determine if FSAPa regulates VEGF-A activity in vitro and in vivo. FSAP bound to VEGF165, but not VEGF121, and VEGF165 was cleaved in its neuropilin/proteoglycan binding domain. VEGF165 cleavage did not alter its binding to VEGF receptors but diminished its binding to neuropilin. The stimulatory effects of VEGF165 on endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and signal transduction were not altered by FSAP. Similarly, proliferation of VEGF receptor-expressing BAF3 cells, in response to VEGF165, was not modulated by FSAP. In the mouse matrigel model of angiogenesis, FSAP decreased the ability of VEGF165, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and their combination, to induce neovascularization. Lack of endogenous FSAP in mice did not influence neovascularization. Thus, FSAP inhibited VEGF165-mediated angiogenesis in the matrigel model in vivo, where VEGF’s interaction with the matrix and its diffusion are important.
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20
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Berezin A. Neutrophil extracellular traps: The core player in vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:3017-3023. [PMID: 30030160 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most important metabolic disease with major threat for public health and increased risk of premature death. The prevalence of DM steadily rises in developing and developed countries achieving the epidemic level. Manifestation and progression of DM corresponds to developing vasculopathies, such as retinopathy, micro- and macro angiopathies, which negatively influence on clinical outcomes and quality-of-life. Although there are remarkable differences in the prevalence of vasculopathy in various types of DM, hyperglycemia and lipotoxicity are discussed as a major factors contributing to vascular complications partly through inducing neutrophil extracellular trap (NET). The NET or NETosis is unique form of cell death, which is an important core component of innate immune system. The review is dedicated the role of NET as a link between endothelium, inflammation and thrombosis that is crucial for development of DM-induced vasculopathy. It has suggested that NET formation could be not just a target for the DM care, but also a biomarker for stratification of DM patients at higher risk of vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, State Medical University for Zaporozhye, 26, Mayakovsky Av., Zaporozhye, 69035, Ukraine.
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21
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Rut W, Nielsen NV, Czarna J, Poreba M, Kanse SM, Drag M. Fluorescent activity-based probe for the selective detection of Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) in human plasma. Thromb Res 2019; 182:124-132. [PMID: 31479940 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The zymogen form of circulating Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is activated by histones that are released as a consequence of tissue damage or excessive inflammation. This is likely to have consequences in a number of disease conditions such as stroke, atherosclerosis, liver fibrosis, thrombosis and cancer. To investigate the existence, as well as the concentration of active FSAP (FSAPa) in complex biological systems an active site probe is needed. We used Hybrid Combinatorial Substrate Library (HyCoSuL) to screen for natural and unnatural amino acids that specifically bind to P4-P2 pockets of FSAPa. This information was used to designing a fluorogenic substrate (Ac-Pro-DTyr-Lys-Arg-ACC) as well as an irreversible, fluorogenic activity-based probe Cy5-6-Ahx-Pro-DTyr-Lys-ArgP(OPh)2. In normal human plasma the probe showed very low non-specific reactivity with some plasma proteins but upon activation of pro-FSAP with histones, strong labelling of FSAPa was observed. This labelling could be inhibited by aprotinin and was not found in the plasma of a subject that was homozygous for a polymorphism, which leads to loss of activity, or in plasma that was depleted of FSAP by antibodies. This 2nd generation substrate exhibited 6-fold higher catalytic efficiency than the 1st generation substrate and a much higher selectivity for FSAPa over other plasma proteases. This substrate and probe can be useful to detect and localize FSAPa in normal and pathological tissue and plasma to gain more insight into its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rut
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Czarna
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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22
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Neutrophils: back in the thrombosis spotlight. Blood 2019; 133:2186-2197. [PMID: 30898858 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-10-862243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive and clonal neutrophil expansion has been associated with thrombosis, suggesting that neutrophils play a role in this process. However, although there is no doubt that activated monocytes trigger coagulation in a tissue factor-dependent manner, it remains uncertain whether stimulated neutrophils can also directly activate coagulation. After more than a decade of debate, it is now largely accepted that normal human neutrophils do not synthetize tissue factor, the initiator of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. However, neutrophils may passively acquire tissue factor from monocytes. Recently, the contact system, which initiates coagulation via the intrinsic pathway, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of thrombosis. After the recent description of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release by activated neutrophils, some animal models of thrombosis have demonstrated that coagulation may be enhanced by direct NET-dependent activation of the contact system. However, there is currently no consensus on how to assess or quantify NETosis in vivo, and other experimental animal models have failed to demonstrate a role for neutrophils in thrombogenesis. Nevertheless, it is likely that NETs can serve to localize other circulating coagulation components and can also promote vessel occlusion independent of fibrin formation. This article provides a critical appraisal of the possible roles of neutrophils in thrombosis and highlights some existing knowledge gaps regarding the procoagulant activities of neutrophil-derived extracellular chromatin and its molecular components. A better understanding of these mechanisms could guide future approaches to prevent and/or treat thrombosis.
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23
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Olsson M, Stanne TM, Pedersen A, Lorentzen E, Kara E, MartinezâPalacian A, RÃnnow Sand NP, Jacobsen AF, Sandset PM, Sidelmann JJ, EngstrÃm G, Melander O, Kanse SM, Jern C. Genome-wide analysis of genetic determinants of circulating factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) activity. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2024-2034. [PMID: 30070759 PMCID: PMC6485504 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Knowledge of genetic regulators of plasma factor VII activating protease (FSAP) levels is limited. We performed a genome-wide analysis of variants influencing FSAP activity in Scandinavian cohorts. We replicated an association for Marburg-1 and identified an association for a HABP2 stop variant. We identified a novel locus near ADCY2 as a potential additional regulator of FSAP activity. SUMMARY Background Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) has roles in both coagulation and fibrinolysis. Recent data indicate its involvement in several other processes, such as vascular remodeling and inflammation. Plasma FSAP activity is highly variable among healthy individuals and, apart from the low-frequency missense variant Marburg-I (rs7080536) in the FSAP-encoding gene HABP2, determinants of this variation are unclear. Objectives To identify novel genetic variants within and outside of the HABP2 locus that influence circulating FSAP activity. Patients/Methods We performed an exploratory genome-wide association study (GWAS) on plasma FSAP activity amongst 3230 Swedish subjects. Directly genotyped rare variants were also analyzed with gene-based tests. Using GWAS, we confirmed the strong association between the Marburg-I variant and FSAP activity. HABP2 was also significant in the gene-based analysis, and remained significant after exclusion of Marburg-I carriers. This was attributable to a rare HABP2 stop variant (rs41292628). Carriers of this stop variant showed a similar reduction in FSAP activity as Marburg-I carriers, and this finding was replicated. A secondary genome-wide significant locus was identified at a 5p15 locus (rs35510613), and this finding requires future replication. This common variant is located upstream of ADCY2, which encodes a protein catalyzing the formation of cAMP. Results and Conclusions This study verified the Marburg-I variant to be a strong regulator of FSAP activity, and identified an HABP2 stop variant with a similar impact on FSAP activity. A novel locus near ADCY2 was identified as a potential additional regulator of FSAP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Olsson
- Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of BiomedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - T. M. Stanne
- Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of BiomedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - A. Pedersen
- Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of BiomedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - E. Lorentzen
- Bioinformatics Core FacilityUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - E. Kara
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - A. MartinezâPalacian
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - N. P. RÃnnow Sand
- Department of CardiologyHospital of South West DenmarkEsbjerg and Department of Regional Health ResearchFaculty of Health ScienceUniversity of Southern DenmarkEsbjergDenmark
| | - A. F. Jacobsen
- Department of ObstetricsOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - P. M. Sandset
- Department of HematologyOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - J. J. Sidelmann
- Unit for Thrombosis ResearchDepartment of Regional Health ResearchFaculty of Health ScienceUniversity of Southern DenmarkEsbjergDenmark
| | - G. EngstrÃm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, MalmÃLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - O. Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, MalmÃLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - S. M. Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - C. Jern
- Department of Pathology and GeneticsInstitute of BiomedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Szatmary P, Huang W, Criddle D, Tepikin A, Sutton R. Biology, role and therapeutic potential of circulating histones in acute inflammatory disorders. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4617-4629. [PMID: 30085397 PMCID: PMC6156248 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histones are positively charged nuclear proteins that facilitate packaging of DNA into nucleosomes common to all eukaryotic cells. Upon cell injury or cell signalling processes, histones are released passively through cell necrosis or actively from immune cells as part of extracellular traps. Extracellular histones function as microbicidal proteins and are pro‐thrombotic, limiting spread of infection or isolating areas of injury to allow for immune cell infiltration, clearance of infection and initiation of tissue regeneration and repair. Histone toxicity, however, is not specific to microbes and contributes to tissue and end‐organ injury, which in cases of systemic inflammation may lead to organ failure and death. This review details the processes of histones release in acute inflammation, the mechanisms of histone‐related tissue toxicity and current and future strategies for therapy targeting histones in acute inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szatmary
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wei Huang
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - David Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alexei Tepikin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Sutton
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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