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Modak A, Mishra SR, Awasthi M, Aravind A, Singh S, Sreekumar E. Fingolimod (FTY720), an FDA-approved sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist, restores endothelial hyperpermeability in cellular and animal models of dengue virus serotype 2 infection. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:267-285. [PMID: 38031996 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Extensive vascular leakage and shock is a major cause of dengue-associated mortality. At present, there are no specific treatments available. Sphingolipid pathway is a key player in the endothelial barrier integrity; and is mediated through the five sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PR1-S1PR5). Signaling through S1PR2 promotes barrier disruption; and in Dengue virus (DENV)-infection, there is overexpression of this receptor. Fingolimod (FTY720) is a specific agonist that targets the remaining barrier-protective S1P receptors, without targeting S1PR2. In the present study, we explored whether FTY720 treatment can alleviate DENV-induced endothelial hyperpermeability. In functional assays, in both in vitro systems and in AG129 animal models, FTY720 treatment was found effective. Upon treatment, there was complete restoration of the monolayer integrity in DENV serotype 2-infected human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). At the molecular level, the treatment reversed activation of the S1P pathway. It significantly reduced the phosphorylation of the key molecules such as PTEN, RhoA, and VE-Cadherin; and also, the expression levels of S1PR2. In DENV2-infected AG129 mice treated with FTY720, there was significant improvement in weight gain, in overall clinical symptoms, and in survival. Whereas 100% of the DENV2-infected, untreated animals died by day-10 post-infection, 70% of the FTY720-treated animals were alive; and at the end of the 15-day post-infection observation period, 30% of them were still surviving. There was a significant reduction in the Evan's-blue dye permeability in the organs of FTY720-treated, DENV-2 infected animals; and also improvement in the hemogram, with complete restoration of thrombocytopenia and hepatic function. Our results show that the FDA-approved molecule Fingolimod (FTY720) is a promising therapeutic intervention in severe dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Modak
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana (NCR Delhi), India
| | - Srishti Rajkumar Mishra
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana (NCR Delhi), India
| | - Mansi Awasthi
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana (NCR Delhi), India
| | - Arya Aravind
- Animal Research Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sneha Singh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Easwaran Sreekumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Molecular Bioassay Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Oltmanns F, Vieira Antão A, Irrgang P, Viherlehto V, Jörg L, Schmidt A, Wagner JT, Rückert M, Flohr AS, Geppert CI, Frey B, Bayer W, Gravekamp C, Tenbusch M, Gaipl U, Lapuente D. Mucosal tumor vaccination delivering endogenous tumor antigens protects against pulmonary breast cancer metastases. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008652. [PMID: 38458636 PMCID: PMC10921546 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, early-stage breast cancer has a good prognosis. However, if it spreads systemically, especially with pulmonary involvement, prospects worsen dramatically. Importantly, tumor-infiltrating T cells contribute to tumor control, particularly intratumoral T cells with a tissue-resident memory phenotype are associated with an improved clinical outcome. METHODS Here, we use an adenoviral vector vaccine encoding endogenous tumor-associated antigens adjuvanted with interleukin-1β to induce tumor-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the lung for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary metastases in the murine 4T1 breast cancer model. RESULTS The mucosal delivery of the vaccine was highly efficient in establishing tumor-specific TRM in the lung. Concomitantly, a single mucosal vaccination reduced the growth of pulmonary metastases and improved the survival in a prophylactic treatment. Vaccine-induced TRM contributed to these protective effects. In a therapeutic setting, the vaccination induced a pronounced T cell infiltration into metastases but resulted in only a minor restriction of the disease progression. However, in combination with stereotactic radiotherapy, the vaccine increased the survival time and rate of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION In summary, our study demonstrates that mucosal vaccination is a promising strategy to harness the power of antitumor TRM and its potential combination with state-of-the-art treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Oltmanns
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ana Vieira Antão
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pascal Irrgang
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vera Viherlehto
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leticia Jörg
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jannik T Wagner
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Rückert
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Flohr
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carol Imanuel Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine (FAU I-MED), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine (FAU I-MED), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo Gaipl
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine (FAU I-MED), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dennis Lapuente
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Arce FT, Younger S, Gaber AA, Mascarenhas JB, Rodriguez M, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Lamellipodia dynamics and microrheology in endothelial cell paracellular gap closure. Biophys J 2023; 122:4730-4747. [PMID: 37978804 PMCID: PMC10754712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a semipermeable barrier separating vascular contents from the interstitium, thereby regulating the movement of water and molecular solutes across small intercellular gaps, which are continuously forming and closing. Under inflammatory conditions, however, larger EC gaps form resulting in increased vascular leakiness to circulating fluid, proteins, and cells, which results in organ edema and dysfunction responsible for key pathophysiologic findings in numerous inflammatory disorders. In this study, we extend our earlier work examining the biophysical properties of EC gap formation and now address the role of lamellipodia, thin sheet-like membrane projections from the leading edge, in modulating EC spatial-specific contractile properties and gap closure. Micropillars, fabricated by soft lithography, were utilized to form reproducible paracellular gaps in human lung ECs. Using time-lapse imaging via optical microscopy, rates of EC gap closure and motility were measured with and without EC stimulation with the barrier-enhancing sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Peripheral ruffle formation was ubiquitous during gap closure. Kymographs were generated to quantitatively compare the lamellipodia dynamics of sphingosine-1-phosphate-stimulated and -unstimulated ECs. Utilizing atomic force microscopy, we characterized the viscoelastic behavior of EC lamellipodia. Our results indicate decreased stiffness and increased liquid-like behavior of expanding lamellipodia compared with regions away from the cellular edge (lamella and cell body) during EC gap closure, results in sync with the rapid kinetics of protrusion/retraction motion. We hypothesize this dissipative EC behavior during gap closure is linked to actomyosin cytoskeletal rearrangement and decreased cross-linking during lamellipodia expansion. In summary, these studies of the kinetic and mechanical properties of EC lamellipodia and ruffles at gap boundaries yield insights into the mechanisms of vascular barrier restoration and potentially a model system for examining the druggability of lamellipodial protein targets to enhance vascular barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Teran Arce
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida.
| | - Scott Younger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amir A Gaber
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Marisela Rodriguez
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida.
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Yu B, Shen K, Li T, Li J, Meng M, Liu W, Tang Q, Zhu T, Wang X, Leung SWS, Shi Y. Glycolytic enzyme PFKFB3 regulates sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 in proangiogenic glomerular endothelial cells under diabetic condition. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1354-C1368. [PMID: 37781737 PMCID: PMC10861147 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00261.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular angiogenesis is a characteristic feature of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Enhanced glycolysis plays a crucial role in angiogenesis. The present study was designed to investigate the role of glycolysis in glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) in a mouse model of DN. Mouse renal cortex and isolated glomerular cells were collected for single-cell and RNA sequencing. Cultured GECs were exposed to high glucose in the presence (proangiogenic) and absence of a vascular sprouting regimen. MicroRNA-590-3p was delivered by lipofectamine in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, a subgroup of GECs with proangiogenic features was identified in diabetic kidneys by using sequencing analyses. In cultured proangiogenic GECs, high glucose increased glycolysis and phosphofructokinase/fructose bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) protein expression, which were inhibited by overexpressing miRNA-590-3p. Mimics of miRNA-590-3p also increased receptor for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1pR1) expression, an angiogenesis regulator, in proangiogenic GECs challenged with high glucose. Inhibition of PFKFB3 by pharmacological and genetic approaches upregulated S1pR1 protein in vitro. Mimics of miRNA-590-3p significantly reduced migration and angiogenic potential in proangiogenic GECs challenged with high glucose. Ten-week-old type 2 diabetic mice had elevated urinary albumin levels, reduced renal cortex miRNA-590-3p expression, and disarrangement of glomerular endothelial cell fenestration. Overexpressing miRNA-590-3p via perirenal adipose tissue injection restored endothelial cell fenestration and reduced urinary albumin levels in diabetic mice. Therefore, the present study identifies a subgroup of GECs with proangiogenic features in mice with DN. Local administration of miRNA-590-3p mimics reduces glycolytic rate and upregulates S1pR1 protein expression in proangiogenic GECs. The protective effects of miRNA-590-3p provide therapeutic potential in DN treatment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Proangiogenetic glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) are activated in diabetic nephropathy. High glucose upregulates glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase/fructose bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in proangiogenetic cells. PFKFB3 protects the glomerular filtration barrier by targeting endothelial S1pR1. MiRNA-590-3p restores endothelial cell function and mitigates diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixue Yu
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyuan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Meng
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunye Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan W S Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Baweja S, Bihari C, Kumari A, Tripathi DM, Sarin SK. Reply to: Correspondence on "Hepatopulmonary syndrome is associated with low sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and can be ameliorated by the functional agonist fingolimod". J Hepatol 2023; 79:e196-e197. [PMID: 37516207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Baweja
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chhagan Bihari
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupama Kumari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Mani Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Breslin JW. Edema and lymphatic clearance: molecular mechanisms and ongoing challenges. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1451-1476. [PMID: 37732545 PMCID: PMC11025659 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of edema remains a significant clinical challenge. Conditions such as traumatic shock, sepsis, or diabetes often involve microvascular hyperpermeability, which leads to tissue and organ dysfunction. Lymphatic insufficiency due to genetic causes, surgical removal of lymph nodes, or infections, leads to varying degrees of tissue swelling that impair mobility and immune defenses. Treatment options are limited to management of edema as there are no specific therapeutics that have demonstrated significant success for ameliorating microvascular leakage or impaired lymphatic function. This review examines current knowledge about the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that control microvascular permeability and lymphatic clearance, the respective processes for interstitial fluid formation and removal. Clinical conditions featuring edema, along with potential future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, FL, U.S.A
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7
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Heng J, Wu D, Zhao Y, Lu S. SZ168 treats LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs pathways. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 307:103965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Song JH, Mascarenhas JB, Sammani S, Kempf CL, Cai H, Camp SM, Bermudez T, Zhang DD, Natarajan V, Garcia JGN. TLR4 activation induces inflammatory vascular permeability via Dock1 targeting and NOX4 upregulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166562. [PMID: 36179995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The loss of vascular integrity is a cardinal feature of acute inflammatory responses evoked by activation of the TLR4 inflammatory cascade. Utilizing in vitro and in vivo models of inflammatory lung injury, we explored TLR4-mediated dysregulated signaling that results in the loss of endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity and vascular permeability, focusing on Dock1 and Elmo1 complexes that are intimately involved in regulation of Rac1 GTPase activity, a well recognized modulator of vascular integrity. Marked reductions in Dock1 and Elmo1 expression was observed in lung tissues (porcine, rat, mouse) exposed to TLR4 ligand-mediated acute inflammatory lung injury (LPS, eNAMPT) in combination with injurious mechanical ventilation. Lung tissue levels of Dock1 and Elmo1 were preserved in animals receiving an eNAMPT-neutralizing mAb in conjunction with highly significant decreases in alveolar edema and lung injury severity, consistent with Dock1/Elmo1 as pathologic TLR4 targets directly involved in inflammation-mediated loss of vascular barrier integrity. In vitro studies determined that pharmacologic inhibition of Dock1-mediated activation of Rac1 (TBOPP) significantly exacerbated TLR4 agonist-induced EC barrier dysfunction (LPS, eNAMPT) and attenuated increases in EC barrier integrity elicited by barrier-enhancing ligands of the S1P1 receptor (sphingosine-1-phosphate, Tysiponate). The EC barrier-disrupting influence of Dock1 inhibition on S1PR1 barrier regulation occurred in concert with: 1) suppressed formation of EC barrier-enhancing lamellipodia, 2) altered nmMLCK-mediated MLC2 phosphorylation, and 3) upregulation of NOX4 expression and increased ROS. These studies indicate that Dock1 is essential for maintaining EC junctional integrity and is a critical target in TLR4-mediated inflammatory lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Song
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Joseph B Mascarenhas
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Saad Sammani
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Carrie L Kempf
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Hua Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Tadeo Bermudez
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
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Hach T, Shakeri-Nejad K, Bigaud M, Dahlke F, de Micco M, Petricoul O, Graham G, Piani-Meier D, Turrini R, Brinkmann V, Nicoletti F. Rationale for Use of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators in COVID-19 Patients: Overview of Scientific Evidence. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hach
- Patient Engagement, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kasra Shakeri-Nejad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bigaud
- Department of Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Dahlke
- Patient Engagement, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivier Petricoul
- Department of Neuroscience; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Graham
- Patient Engagement, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Renato Turrini
- Department of Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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10
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Beyer AM, Norwood Toro LE, Hughes WE, Young M, Clough AV, Gao F, Medhora M, Audi SH, Jacobs ER. Autophagy, TERT, and mitochondrial dysfunction in hyperoxia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H985-H1003. [PMID: 34559580 PMCID: PMC8616608 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00166.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ventilation with gases containing enhanced fractions of oxygen is the cornerstone of therapy for patients with hypoxia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Yet, hyperoxia treatment increases free reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced lung injury, which is reported to disrupt autophagy/mitophagy. Altered extranuclear activity of the catalytic subunit of telomerase, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), plays a protective role in ROS injury and autophagy in the systemic and coronary endothelium. We investigated interactions between autophagy/mitophagy and TERT that contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and pulmonary injury in cultured rat lung microvascular endothelial cells (RLMVECs) exposed in vitro, and rat lungs exposed in vivo to hyperoxia for 48 h. Hyperoxia-induced mitochondrial damage in rat lungs [TOMM20, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)], which was paralleled by increased markers of inflammation [myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL-1β, TLR9], impaired autophagy signaling (Beclin-1, LC3B-II/1, and p62), and decreased the expression of TERT. Mitochondrial-specific autophagy (mitophagy) was not altered, as hyperoxia increased expression of Pink1 but not Parkin. Hyperoxia-induced mitochondrial damage (TOMM20) was more pronounced in rats that lack the catalytic subunit of TERT and resulted in a reduction in cellular proliferation rather than cell death in RLMVECs. Activation of TERT or autophagy individually offset mitochondrial damage (MTT). Combined activation/inhibition failed to alleviate hyperoxic-induced mitochondrial damage in vitro, whereas activation of autophagy in vivo decreased mitochondrial damage (MTT) in both wild type (WT) and rats lacking TERT. Functionally, activation of either TERT or autophagy preserved transendothelial membrane resistance. Altogether, these observations show that activation of autophagy/mitophagy and/or TERT mitigate loss of mitochondrial function and barrier integrity in hyperoxia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells and in lungs exposed in vivo to hyperoxia, autophagy is activated, but clearance of autophagosomes is impaired in a manner that suggests cross talk between TERT and autophagy. Stimulation of autophagy prevents hyperoxia-induced decreases in mitochondrial metabolism and sustains monolayer resistance. Hyperoxia increases mitochondrial outer membrane (TOMM20) protein, decreases mitochondrial function, and reduces cellular proliferation without increasing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Laura E Norwood Toro
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - William E Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Micaela Young
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anne V Clough
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Research Service, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee Wisconsin
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Meetha Medhora
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Research Service, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | - Said H Audi
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Research Service, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elizabeth R Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Research Service, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee Wisconsin
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11
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Rauti R, Shahoha M, Leichtmann-Bardoogo Y, Nasser R, Paz E, Tamir R, Miller V, Babich T, Shaked K, Ehrlich A, Ioannidis K, Nahmias Y, Sharan R, Ashery U, Maoz BM. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 proteins on vascular permeability. eLife 2021; 10:69314. [PMID: 34694226 PMCID: PMC8545399 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 infection leads to severe disease associated with cytokine storm, vascular dysfunction, coagulation, and progressive lung damage. It affects several vital organs, seemingly through a pathological effect on endothelial cells. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes 29 proteins, whose contribution to the disease manifestations, and especially endothelial complications, is unknown. We cloned and expressed 26 of these proteins in human cells and characterized the endothelial response to overexpression of each, individually. Whereas most proteins induced significant changes in endothelial permeability, nsp2, nsp5_c145a (catalytic dead mutant of nsp5), and nsp7 also reduced CD31, and increased von Willebrand factor expression and IL-6, suggesting endothelial dysfunction. Using propagation-based analysis of a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, we predicted the endothelial proteins affected by the viral proteins that potentially mediate these effects. We further applied our PPI model to identify the role of each SARS-CoV-2 protein in other tissues affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). While validating the PPI network model, we found that the tight junction (TJ) proteins cadherin-5, ZO-1, and β-catenin are affected by nsp2, nsp5_c145a, and nsp7 consistent with the model prediction. Overall, this work identifies the SARS-CoV-2 proteins that might be most detrimental in terms of endothelial dysfunction, thereby shedding light on vascular aspects of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Rauti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meishar Shahoha
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Rami Nasser
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Paz
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rina Tamir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Victoria Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Babich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kfir Shaked
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avner Ehrlich
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roded Sharan
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Ashery
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ben Meir Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Warboys CM, Weinberg PD. S1P in the development of atherosclerosis: roles of hemodynamic wall shear stress and endothelial permeability. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1959243. [PMID: 34542010 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1959243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by focal accumulations of lipid within the arterial wall, thought to arise from effects of hemodynamic wall shear stress (WSS) on endothelial permeability. Identifying pathways that mediate the effects of shear on permeability could therefore provide new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we consider whether the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway could constitute such a route. We review effects of S1P in endothelial barrier function, the influence of WSS on S1P production and signaling, the results of trials investigating S1P in experimental atherosclerosis in mice, and associations between S1P levels and cardiovascular disease in humans. Although it seems clear that S1P reduces endothelial permeability and responds to WSS, the evidence that it influences atherosclerosis is equivocal. The effects of specifically pro- and anti-atherosclerotic WSS profiles on the S1P pathway require investigation, as do influences of S1P on the vesicular pathways likely to dominate low-density lipoprotein transport across endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Warboys
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Peter D Weinberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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13
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Ziegler AC, Gräler MH. Barrier maintenance by S1P during inflammation and sepsis. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1940069. [PMID: 34152926 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1940069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a multifaceted lipid signaling molecule that activates five specific G protein-coupled S1P receptors. Despite the fact that S1P is known as one of the strongest barrier-enhancing molecules for two decades, no medical application is available yet. The reason for this lack of translation into clinical practice may be the complex regulatory network of S1P signaling, metabolism and transportation.In this review, we will provide an overview about the physiology and the network of S1P signaling with the focus on endothelial barrier maintenance in inflammation. We briefly describe the physiological role of S1P and the underlying S1P signaling in barrier maintenance, outline differences of S1P signaling and metabolism in inflammatory diseases, discuss potential targets and compounds for medical intervention, and summarize our current knowledge regarding the role of S1P in the maintenance of specialized barriers like the blood-brain barrier and the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke C Ziegler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus H Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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14
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Pleiotropic and Potentially Beneficial Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species on the Intracellular Signaling Pathways in Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060904. [PMID: 34205032 PMCID: PMC8229098 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to molecular dioxygen and its derivative reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are now well established as important signaling messengers. Excessive production of ROS, however, results in oxidative stress, a significant contributor to the development of numerous diseases. Here, we analyze the experimental data and theoretical concepts concerning positive pro-survival effects of ROS on signaling pathways in endothelial cells (ECs). Our analysis of the available experimental data suggests possible positive roles of ROS in induction of pro-survival pathways, downstream of the Gi-protein-coupled receptors, which mimics insulin signaling and prevention or improvement of the endothelial dysfunction. It is, however, doubtful, whether ROS can contribute to the stabilization of the endothelial barrier.
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15
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Alborghetti M, Bellucci G, Gentile A, Calderoni C, Nicoletti F, Capra R, Salvetti M, Centonze D. Drugs used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis during COVID-19 pandemic: a critical viewpoint. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:107-125. [PMID: 33784961 PMCID: PMC9199540 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210330094017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since COVID-19 has emerged as a word public health problem, attention has been focused on how immune-suppressive drugs used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders influence the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we discuss the disease-modifying agents approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) within this context. Interferon (IFN)-β1a and -1b, which display antiviral activity, could be protective in the early stage of COVID-19 infection, although SARS-CoV-2 may have developed resistance to IFNs. However, in the hyperinflammation stage, IFNs may become detrimental by facilitating macrophage invasion in the lung and other organs. Glatiramer acetate and its analogues should not interfere with the development of COVID-19 and may be considered safe. Teriflunomide, a first-line oral drug used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), may display antiviral activity by depleting cellular nucleotides necessary for viral replication. The other first-line drug, dimethyl fumarate, may afford protection against SARS-CoV-2 by activating the Nrf-2 pathway and reinforcing the cellular defenses against oxidative stress. Concern has been raised regarding the use of second-line treatments for MS during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this concern is not always justified. For example, fingolimod might be highly beneficial during the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 for a number of mechanisms, including the reinforcement of the endothelial barrier. Caution is suggested for the use of natalizumab, cladribine, alemtuzumab, and ocrelizumab, although MS disease recurrence after discontinuation of these drugs may overcome a potential risk for COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Alborghetti
- Departments of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | - Gianmarco Bellucci
- Departments of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome. Italy
| | - Chiara Calderoni
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | | | - Ruggero Capra
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST Ospedali Civili, Brescia. Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Departments of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS),University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome. Italy
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16
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Pollard CA, Morran MP, Nestor-Kalinoski AL. The COVID-19 pandemic: a global health crisis. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:549-557. [PMID: 32991251 PMCID: PMC7686876 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00089.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the causative agent for a series of atypical respiratory diseases in the Hubei Province of Wuhan, China in December of 2019. The disease SARS-CoV-2, termed COVID-19, was officially declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 contains a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by an extracellular membrane containing a series of spike glycoproteins resembling a crown. COVID-19 infection results in diverse symptoms and morbidity depending on individual genetics, ethnicity, age, and geographic location. In severe cases, COVID-19 pathophysiology includes destruction of lung epithelial cells, thrombosis, hypercoagulation, and vascular leak leading to sepsis. These events lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and subsequent pulmonary fibrosis in patients. COVID-19 risk factors include cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes, which are highly prevalent in the United States. This population has upregulation of the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, which is exploited by COVID-19 as the route of entry and infection. Viral envelope proteins bind to and degrade ACE2 receptors, thus preventing normal ACE2 function. COVID-19 infection causes imbalances in ACE2 and induces an inflammatory immune response, known as a cytokine storm, both of which amplify comorbidities within the host. Herein, we discuss the genetics, pathogenesis, and possible therapeutics of COVID-19 infection along with secondary complications associated with disease progression, including ARDS and pulmonary fibrosis. Understanding the mechanisms of COVID-19 infection will allow the development of vaccines or other novel therapeutic approaches to prevent transmission or reduce the severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Pollard
- Department of Surgery, The University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Michael P Morran
- Department of Surgery, The University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- The University of Toledo Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, The University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Andrea L Nestor-Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, The University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- The University of Toledo Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, The University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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17
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Fan J, Li TJ, Zhao XH. Barrier-promoting efficiency of two bioactive flavonols quercetin and myricetin on rat intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cells via suppressing Rho activation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27249-27258. [PMID: 35516969 PMCID: PMC9055572 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are beneficial to human health because of their bio-activities. In this study, two flavonols quercetin and myricetin with or without heat treatment at 100 °C for 30 min were assessed for their barrier-promoting efficiency in rat intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cells. The results indicated that the heated and unheated flavonols at dose levels of 2.5–20 μmol L−1 had a nontoxic effect on the cells treated for 24 and 48 h but enhanced the values of cell viability larger than 100% (especially at a dose level of 5 μmol L−1). Moreover, the cells exposed to these flavonols of 5 μmol L−1 for 24 and 48 h had improved barrier integrity compared to the control cells without any flavonol treatment, reflected by enhanced transepithelial electrical resistance and anti-bacterial effect but decreased paracellular permeability and bacterial translocation. Moreover, the results from both mRNA and protein expression verified 1.1–3.4 fold up-regulation of zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-1 that are critical to tight junctions and barrier function of cells. Furthermore, the expression of other two proteins RhoA and ROCK in the treated cells was also down-regulated, demonstrating suppressed Rho activation and consequently barrier promotion via the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Overall quercetin, due to its lower molecular polarity, mostly gave higher barrier-promoting efficiency than myricetin, while the heated flavonols were always less efficient than the unheated counterparts to promote barrier integrity of IEC-6 cells. It is thus highlighted that flavonols can provide barrier-promoting effects on intestinal epithelial cells with a promoting efficiency dependent on flavonol polarity; however, heat treatment especially excessive heat treatment of plant foods might lead to damaged flavonol activity. Quercetin and myricetin have a barrier-promoting effect on IEC-6 cells via the RhoA/ROCK pathway but heated quercetin and myricetin show decreased barrier-promoting efficiency.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University 150030 Harbin PR China
| | - Tie-Jing Li
- College of Light Industry, Liaoning University 110136 Shenyang PR China
| | - Xin-Huai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University 150030 Harbin PR China .,School of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology 525000 Maoming PR China
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18
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Karki P, Birukov KG. Oxidized Phospholipids in Healthy and Diseased Lung Endothelium. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040981. [PMID: 32326516 PMCID: PMC7226969 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating and cell membrane phospholipids undergo oxidation caused by enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. As a result, a diverse group of bioactive oxidized phospholipids generated in these conditions have both beneficial and harmful effects on the human body. Increased production of oxidized phospholipid products with deleterious effects is linked to the pathogenesis of various cardiopulmonary disorders such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, acute lung injury (ALI), and inflammation. It has been determined that the contrasting biological effects of lipid oxidation products are governed by their structural variations. For example, full-length products of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine oxidation (OxPAPC) have prominent endothelial barrier protective and anti-inflammatory activities while most of the truncated oxidized phospholipids induce vascular leak and exacerbate inflammation. The extensive studies from our group and other groups have demonstrated a strong potential of OxPAPC in mitigating a wide range of agonist-induced lung injuries and inflammation in pulmonary endothelial cell culture and rodent models of ALI. Concurrently, elevated levels of truncated oxidized phospholipids are present in aged mice lungs that potentiate the inflammatory agents-induced lung injury. On the other hand, increased levels of full length OxPAPC products accelerate ALI recovery by facilitating production of anti-inflammatory lipid mediator, lipoxin A4, and other molecules with anti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest that OxPAPC-assisted lipid program switch may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of acute inflammatory syndromes. In this review, we will summarize the vascular-protective and deleterious aspects of oxidized phospholipids and discuss their therapeutic potential including engineering of stable analogs of oxidized phospholipids with improved anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(410)-706-2578; Fax: +1-(410)-706-6952
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19
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Rizzo AN, Belvitch P, Demeritte R, Garcia JGN, Letsiou E, Dudek SM. Arg mediates LPS-induced disruption of the pulmonary endothelial barrier. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 128-129:106677. [PMID: 32240815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating disease process that involves dysregulated inflammation and decreased alveolar-capillary barrier function. Despite increased understanding of the pathophysiology, no effective targeted therapies exist to treat ARDS. Recent preclinical studies suggest that the multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, which targets the Abl kinases c-Abl and Arg, has the potential to restore endothelial dysfunction caused by inflammatory agonists. Prior work demonstrates that imatinib attenuates LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced vascular leak and inflammation; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain incompletely understood. In the current study, we demonstrate that imatinib inhibits LPS-induced increase in the phosphorylation of CrkL, a specific substrate of Abl kinases, in human pulmonary endothelial cells. Specific silencing of Arg, and not c-Abl, attenuated LPS-induced pulmonary vascular permeability as measured by electrical cellular impedance sensing (ECIS) and gap formation assays. In addition, direct activation of Abl family kinases with the small molecule activator DPH resulted in endothelial barrier disruption that was attenuated by Arg siRNA. In complementary studies to characterize the mechanisms by which Arg mediates endothelial barrier function, Arg silencing was found to inhibit LPS-induced disruption of adherens junctions and phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC). Overall, these results characterize the mechanisms by which imatinib protects against LPS-induced endothelial barrier disruption and suggest that Arg inhibition may represent a novel strategy to enhance endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Rizzo
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Patrick Belvitch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Regaina Demeritte
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Eleftheria Letsiou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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20
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Marciniak A, Camp SM, Garcia JGN, Polt R. In silico Docking Studies of Fingolimod and S1P 1 Agonists. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:247. [PMID: 32210822 PMCID: PMC7076195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), originally the endothelial differentiation gene 1 receptor (EDG-1), is one of five G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) S1P1–5 that bind to and are activated by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). The lipid S1P is an intermediate in sphingolipid homeostasis, and S1P1 is a major medical target for immune system modulation; agonism of the receptor produces a myriad of biological responses, including endothelial cell barrier integrity, chemotaxis, lymphocyte trafficking/targeting, angiogenesis, as well as regulation of the cardiovascular system. Use of in silico docking simulations on the crystal structure of S1P1 allows for pinpointing the residues within the receptor’s active site that actively contribute to the binding of S1P, and point to how these specific interactions can be exploited to design more effective synthetic analogs to specifically target S1P1 in the presence of the closely related receptors S1P2, S1P3, S1P4, and S1P5. We examined the binding properties of the endogenous substrate as well as a selection of synthetic sphingosine-derived S1P1 modulators of S1P1 with in silico docking simulations using the software package Molecular Operating Environment® (MOE®). The modeling studies reveal the relevance of phosphorylation, i.e., the presence of a phosphate or phosphonate moiety within the substrate for successful binding to occur, and indicate which residues are responsible for S1P1 binding of the most prominent sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators, including fingolimod and its structural relatives. Furthermore, trends in steric preferences as for the binding of enantiomers to S1P1 could be observed, facilitating future design of receptor-specific substrates to precisely target the active site of S1P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Marciniak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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21
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Camp SM, Marciniak A, Chiang ET, Garcia AN, Bittman R, Polt R, Perez RG, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-independent lung endothelial cell barrier disruption induced by FTY720 regioisomers. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:10.1177_2045894020905521. [PMID: 32095229 PMCID: PMC7011338 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020905521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular permeability is a hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ventilator-induced lung injury pathobiology; however, the mechanisms underlying this vascular dysregulation remain unclear, thereby impairing the development of desperately needed effective therapeutics. We have shown that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and 2-amino-2-(2-[4-octylphenyl]ethyl)-1,3-propanediol (FTY720) analogues are useful tools for exploring vascular barrier regulation mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To experimentally define the effects of FTY720 regioisomers on lung endothelial cell barrier regulation. METHODS Specific barrier-regulatory receptor and kinase inhibitors were utilized to probe signaling mechanisms involved in FTY720 regioisomer-mediated human lung endothelial cell barrier responses (trans-endothelial electrical resistance, TER). Docking simulations with the S1P1 receptor were performed to further evaluate FTY720 regioisomer signaling. RESULTS FTY720 regioisomers produced potent endothelial cell barrier disruption reflected by declines in TER alterations. Pharmacologic inhibition of Gi-coupled S1P receptors (S1P1, S1P2, S1P3) failed to alter FTY720 regioisomer-mediated barrier disruption; findings that were corroborated by docking simulations demonstrating FTY720 regiosomers were repelled from S1P1 docking, in contrast to strong S1P1 binding elicited by S1P. Inhibition of either the barrier-disrupting PAR-1 receptor, the VEGF receptor, Rho-kinase, MAPK, NFkB, or PI3K failed to alter FTY720 regioisomer-induced endothelial cell barrier disruption. While FTY720 regioisomers significantly increased protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) activity, PP2A inhibitors failed to alter FTY720 regioisomer-induced endothelial cell barrier disruption. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results imply a vexing model of pulmonary vascular barrier dysregulation in response to FTY720-related compounds and highlight the need for further insights into mechanisms of vascular integrity required to promote the development of novel therapeutic tools to prevent or reverse the pulmonary vascular leak central to ARDS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Camp
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander Marciniak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eddie T. Chiang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander N. Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ruth G. Perez
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joe G. N. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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22
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Li J, Lu Y, Wang D, Quan F, Chen X, Sun R, Zhao S, Yang Z, Tao W, Ding D, Gao X, Cao Q, Zhao D, Qi R, Chen C, He L, Hu K, Chen Z, Yang Y, Luo Y. Schisandrin B prevents ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated-cancer by activating focal adhesion kinase and influence on gut microbiota in an in vivo and in vitro model. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:9-21. [PMID: 30951716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) has a close relationship with ulcerative colitis (UC). Therapeutic effect of Schisandrin B (SchB) on UC and CAC remains largely unknown. We investigated the preventative effect of SchB on the dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) model of UC and azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS model of CAC. Furthermore, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation and influence on commensal microbiota are important for UC treatment. Impact on FAK activation by SchB in UC development was evaluated in vivo and vitro. We also conducted 16S rRNA sequencing to detect regulation of gut microbiota by SchB. Enhanced protection of intestinal epithelial barrier by SchB through activating FAK contributed to protective effect on colon for the fact that protection of SchB can be reversed by inhibition of FAK phosphorylation. Furthermore, influence on gut microbiota by SchB also played a significant role in UC prevention. Our results revealed that SchB was potent to prevent UC by enhancing protection of intestinal epithelial barrier and influence on gut microbiota, which led to inhibition of CAC. SchB was potential to become a new treatment for UC and prevention of CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Li
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Duowei Wang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Fei Quan
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zhisen Yang
- No.30 Middle School of Taiyuan, Taiyuan, 030002, China
| | - Weiyan Tao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qiuhua Cao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ran Qi
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce, Nanjing, 211168, China
| | - Lihua He
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Kaiyong Hu
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Pharmacology Department, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yan Luo
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Dennhardt S, Finke KR, Huwiler A, Coldewey SM. Sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes barrier-stabilizing effects in human microvascular endothelial cells via AMPK-dependent mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:774-781. [PMID: 30660683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breakdown of the endothelial barrier is a critical step in the development of organ failure in severe inflammatory conditions such as sepsis. Endothelial cells from different tissues show phenotypic variations which are often neglected in endothelial research. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) have been shown to protect the endothelium and phosphorylation of AMPK by S1P was shown in several cell types. However, the role of the S1P-AMPK interrelationship for endothelial barrier stabilization has not been investigated. To assess the role of the S1P-AMPK signalling axis in this context, we established an in vitro model allowing real-time monitoring of endothelial barrier function in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and murine glomerular endothelial cells (GENCs) with the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS™) system. Following the disruption of the cell barrier by co-administration of LPS, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IFN-γ, and IL-6, we demonstrated self-recovery of the disrupted barrier in HMEC-1, while the barrier remained compromised in GENCs. Under physiological conditions we observed a rapid phosphorylation of AMPK in HMEC-1 stimulated with S1P, but not in GENCs. Consistently, S1P enhanced the basal endothelial barrier in HMEC-1 exclusively. siRNA-mediated knockdown of AMPK in HMEC-1 led to a less pronounced barrier enhancement. Thus we present evidence for a functional role of AMPK in S1P-mediated barrier stabilization in HMEC-1 and we provide insight into cell-type specific differences of the S1P-AMPK-interrelationship, which might influence the development of interventional strategies targeting endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dennhardt
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Septomics Research Centre, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Karl R Finke
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Septomics Research Centre, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sina M Coldewey
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Septomics Research Centre, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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24
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Fu P, Shaaya M, Harijith A, Jacobson JR, Karginov A, Natarajan V. Sphingolipids Signaling in Lamellipodia Formation and Enhancement of Endothelial Barrier Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:1-31. [PMID: 30360778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, first described in the brain in 1884, are important structural components of biological membranes of all eukaryotic cells. In recent years, several lines of evidence support the critical role of sphingolipids such as sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and ceramide as anti- or pro-inflammatory bioactive lipid mediators in a variety of human pathologies including pulmonary and vascular disorders. Among the sphingolipids, S1P is a naturally occurring agonist that exhibits potent barrier enhancing property in the endothelium by signaling via G protein-coupled S1P1 receptor. S1P, S1P analogs, and other barrier enhancing agents such as HGF, oxidized phospholipids, and statins also utilize the S1P/S1P1 signaling pathway to generate membrane protrusions or lamellipodia, which have been implicated in resealing of endothelial gaps and maintenance of barrier integrity. A better understanding of sphingolipids mediated regulation of lamellipodia formation and barrier enhancement of the endothelium will be critical for the development of sphingolipid-based therapies to alleviate pulmonary disorders such as sepsis-, radiation-, and mechanical ventilation-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark Shaaya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anantha Harijith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrei Karginov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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25
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Fazakas C, Nagaraj C, Zabini D, Végh AG, Marsh LM, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA, Olschewski H, Olschewski A, Bálint Z. Rho-Kinase Inhibition Ameliorates Dasatinib-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Physiol 2018; 9:537. [PMID: 29867576 PMCID: PMC5962749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-kinase inhibitor dasatinib is used for treatment of imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia, but is prone to induce microvascular dysfunction. In lung this can manifest as capillary leakage with pleural effusion, pulmonary edema or even pulmonary arterial hypertension. To understand how dasatinib causes endothelial dysfunction we examined the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of dasatinib on both human pulmonary arterial macro- and microvascular endothelial cells (ECs). The effects of dasatinib was compared to imatinib and nilotinib, two other clinically used BCR/Abl kinase inhibitors that do not inhibit Src. Real three-dimensional morphology and high resolution stiffness mapping revealed softening of both macro- and microvascular ECs upon dasatinib treatment, which was not observed in response to imatinib. In a dose-dependent manner, dasatinib decreased transendothelial electrical resistance/impedance and caused a permeability increase as well as disruption of tight adherens junctions in both cell types. In isolated perfused and ventilated rat lungs, dasatinib increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure, which was accompanied by a gain in lung weight. The Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 partly reversed the dasatinib-induced changes in vitro and ex vivo, presumably by acting downstream of Src. Co-administration of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 completely blunted the increased pulmonary pressure in response to dasatinib. In conclusion, a dasatinib-induced permeability increase in human pulmonary arterial macro- and microvascular ECs might explain many of the adverse effects of dasatinib in patients. Rho-kinase inhibition might be suitable to ameliorate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Fazakas
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Diana Zabini
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Attila G. Végh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Leigh M. Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bálint
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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26
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Fang M, Zhong WH, Song WL, Deng YY, Yang DM, Xiong B, Zeng HK, Wang HD. Ulinastatin Ameliorates Pulmonary Capillary Endothelial Permeability Induced by Sepsis Through Protection of Tight Junctions via Inhibition of TNF-α and Related Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:823. [PMID: 30150933 PMCID: PMC6099086 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased permeability of pulmonary capillary is a common consequence of sepsis that leads to acute lung injury. In this connection, ulinastatin, a urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), is used clinically to mitigate pulmonary edema caused by sepsis. However, the underlying mechanism of UTI in alleviating sepsis-associated pulmonary edema remains to be fully elucidated. As tight junctions (TJs) between the pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) play a pivotal role in the permeability of pulmonary capillary, this study investigated the effect of UTI on expression of junctional proteins in PMVECs during sepsis. Methods: Male adult Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and divided into sham, CLP, and UTI+CLP groups. UTI was administered every 8 h for 3 days before CLP. At 48 h after surgery, Evans blue (EB) was administered to evaluate the pulmonary vascular leakage. Histological staining was used for evaluation of lung injury score. Using immunofluorescence staining and Western blot, the expression of junctional proteins (occludin, claudin-5, and ZO-1) in pulmonary endothelia was assessed. In vitro, PMVECs were divided into control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and UTI+LPS groups for examination of expression of junctional proteins and TNF-α as well as inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) signaling pathways. Additionally, the expression of various junctional proteins was determined in PMVECs of control, LPS, and TNF-α receptor antagonist-LPS groups. PMVECs were also treated with TNF-α and TNF-α receptor antagonist and the expression of various junctional proteins was assessed. Results: Compared with the CLP group, UTI markedly decreased EB leakage and lung injury score. The expression of occludin, claudin-5, and ZO-1 was decreased in both CLP rats and LPS-treated PMVECs, but it was reversed by UTI and TNF-α receptor antagonist. TNF-α expression was vigorously elevated in the lung of CLP rats and in LPS-challenged PMVECs, which were suppressed by UTI. In addition, TNF-α also reduced occludin, claudin-5, and ZO-1 expression in PMVECs, but these effects of TNF-α were antagonized by pretreatment with TNF-α receptor antagonist. Furthermore, UTI inhibited LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways in PMVECs. Conclusion: UTI effectively protects TJs and helps to attenuate the permeability of pulmonary capillary endothelial cells during sepsis through inhibiting NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathways and TNF-α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Guangdong General Hospital’s Nanhai Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Wen-hong Zhong
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-liang Song
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-yu Deng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo-meng Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Burns, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-ke Zeng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-ke Zeng, ; Hua-dong Wang,
| | - Hua-dong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-ke Zeng, ; Hua-dong Wang,
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27
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Geng P, Ma T, Xing J, Jiang L, Sun H, Zhu B, Zhang H, Xiao H, Wang J, Zhang J. Dexamethasone ameliorates H 2S-induced acute lung injury by increasing claudin-5 expression via the PI3K pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:626-635. [PMID: 28741371 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117721961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a major outcome of exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Dexamethasone (DXM) has been used to treat ALI. However, the mechanisms involved in H2S-induced ALI and the protective mechanisms of DXM in treating ALI are still nebulous. To explore the mechanisms involved, we evaluated the role of claudin-5 in the protective effect of DXM against H2S-induced ALI. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to H2S to establish the ALI model. In parallel with the animal model, a cell model was also established by incubating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with NaHS. Lung hematoxylin-eosin staining, electron microscope assay, and wet/dry ratio were used to identify whether the ALI was successfully induced by H2S, and changes in claudin-5 expression were detected in both rats and HUVECs. Our results revealed that claudin-5 was markedly decreased after H2S exposure and that DXM significantly attenuated the H2S-induced downregulation of claudin-5 in both rats and HUVECs. In the animal experiment, p-Akt and p-FoxO1 presented a similar tendency as claudin-5, but their levels decreased 6 h prior to the levels of claudin-5. In a further investigation, the DXM-induced protective effect on ALI and rescue effect on downregulation of claudin-5 were both blocked by LY294002. The current study demonstrated that claudin-5 was involved in the development of H2S-induced ALI and that DXM exerted protective effects through increasing claudin-5 expression by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Therefore, claudin-5 might represent a novel pharmacological target for treating ALI induced by H2S and other hazardous gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Geng
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Ma
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Xing
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - L Jiang
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Sun
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Zhu
- 2 Department of Occupational Disease Prophylactic-Therapeutic Institution, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Zhang
- 2 Department of Occupational Disease Prophylactic-Therapeutic Institution, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Xiao
- 3 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Wang
- 3 Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Zhang
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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28
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Skora L, Jahnke W. 19F-NMR-Based Dual-Site Reporter Assay for the Discovery and Distinction of Catalytic and Allosteric Kinase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017. [PMID: 28626524 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern kinase drug discovery, allosteric inhibitors have become a focus of attention due to their potential selectivity, but such compounds are difficult to identify. Here we describe an NMR-based competition assay using 19F-containing reporter molecules, which allows for rapid identification and discrimination between ATP-competitive and allosteric kinase inhibitors. We illustrate the principle of such a dual-site competition assay with the example of catalytic and allosteric ABL1 kinase inhibitors. The assay can also be used to identify and characterize mixed binding modes of well-known drugs, as shown for crizotinib and fingolimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Skora
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Jahnke
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Fingolimod Associated Bilateral Cystoid Macular Edema-Wait and See? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122106. [PMID: 27983657 PMCID: PMC5187906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod 0.5-mg once-daily is an approved therapy for patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Several pivotal and real-world studies have demonstrated that fingolimod is associated with the development of macular edema (ME). Herein, we present a case of a diabetic MS patient who developed severe bilateral ME during fingolimod treatment. By means of this case study we provide a detailed review about fingolimod associated macular edema (FAME), its current incidence with or without diabetes mellitus, and previous therapy attempts and outcomes in MS patients. Intravitreal administration of antibodies raised against vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) has not yet been used in the management of FAME, however, the excellent therapeutic response in our patient may justify the use of anti-VEGF-A agents in combination with cessation of fingolimod to achieve fast resolution of FAME and to prevent visual deficits, particularly in bilateral FAME.
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30
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Viswanathan P, Ephstein Y, Garcia JGN, Cho M, Dudek SM. Differential elastic responses to barrier-altering agonists in two types of human lung endothelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:599-605. [PMID: 27473658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular integrity is primarily determined by endothelial cell (EC) cytoskeletal structure that is differentially regulated by various stimuli. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize structural and mechanical properties in the cytoskeleton of cultured human pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC) and human lung microvascular EC (HLMVEC) by determining elastic properties (Young's modulus) in response to endogenous barrier protective agents sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or the barrier disruptive molecule thrombin. Initial studies in unstimulated cells indicate higher baseline peripheral elastic modulus values in HPAEC (mean 2.9 KPa) than in HLMVEC (1.8 KPa). After 30 min of stimulation, S1P induced the highest Young's modulus increase (6.1 KPa) compared to the other barrier enhancing stimuli, HGF (5.8 KPa) and the pharmaceutical agent and S1P analog FTY720 (4.1 KPa). In contrast, the barrier disruptive agent thrombin decreased values from 2.5 KPa to 0.7 KPa depending on the cell type and treatment time. AFM topographical imaging supports these quantitative biophysical data regarding differential peripheral elastic properties in EC. Overall, these AFM studies provide novel insights into the biomechanical properties of human lung EC that regulate vascular barrier function and have potential applicability to pathophysiologic vascular leak syndromes such as acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Viswanathan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y Ephstein
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J G N Garcia
- Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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31
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Dengue Virus-Induced Inflammation of the Endothelium and the Potential Roles of Sphingosine Kinase-1 and MicroRNAs. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:509306. [PMID: 26609198 PMCID: PMC4644833 DOI: 10.1155/2015/509306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main pathogenic effects of severe dengue virus (DENV) infection is a vascular leak syndrome. There are no available antivirals or specific DENV treatments and without hospital support severe DENV infection can be life-threatening. The cause of the vascular leakage is permeability changes in the endothelial cells lining the vasculature that are brought about by elevated vasoactive cytokine and chemokines induced following DENV infection. The source of these altered cytokine and chemokines is traditionally believed to be from DENV-infected cells such as monocyte/macrophages and dendritic cells. Herein we discuss the evidence for the endothelium as an additional contributor to inflammatory and innate responses during DENV infection which may affect endothelial cell function, in particular the ability to maintain vascular integrity. Furthermore, we hypothesise roles for two factors, sphingosine kinase-1 and microRNAs (miRNAs), with a focus on several candidate miRNAs, which are known to control normal vascular function and inflammatory responses. Both of these factors may be potential therapeutic targets to regulate inflammation of the endothelium during DENV infection.
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32
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Camp SM, Chiang ET, Sun C, Usatyuk PV, Bittman R, Natarajan V, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. "Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Barrier Enhancement by Novel FTY720 Analogs: Methoxy-FTY720, Fluoro-FTY720, and β-Glucuronide-FTY720". Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 194:85-93. [PMID: 26496151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapeutic agents are lacking for the prevention and reversal of vascular leak, a frequent pathophysiologic result of inflammatory processes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. We previously demonstrated the potent barrier-enhancing effects of related compounds sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the pharmaceutical agent FTY720, and its analog (S)-FTY720 phosphonate (Tys) in models of inflammatory lung injury. In this study, we characterize additional novel FTY720 analogs for their potential to reduce vascular leak as well as utilize them as tools to better understand the mechanisms by which this class of agents modulates permeability. Transendothelial resistance (TER) and labeled dextran studies demonstrate that (R)-methoxy-FTY720 ((R)-OMe-FTY), (R)/(S)-fluoro-FTY720 (FTY-F), and β-glucuronide-FTY720 (FTY-G) compounds display in vitro barrier-enhancing properties comparable or superior to FTY720 and S1P. In contrast, the (S)-methoxy-FTY720 ((S)-OMe-FTY) analog disrupts lung endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity in TER studies in association with actin stress fiber formation and robust intracellular calcium release, but independent of myosin light chain or ERK phosphorylation. Additional mechanistic studies with (R)-OMe-FTY, FTY-F, and FTY-G suggest that lung EC barrier enhancement is mediated through lipid raft signaling, Gi-linked receptor coupling to downstream tyrosine phosphorylation events, and S1PR1-dependent receptor ligation. These results provide important mechanistic insights into modulation of pulmonary vascular barrier function by FTY720-related compounds and highlight common signaling events that may assist the development of novel therapeutic tools in the prevention or reversal of the pulmonary vascular leak that characterizes ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Eddie T Chiang
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Chaode Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter V Usatyuk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY, United States
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Rizzo AN, Sammani S, Esquinca AE, Jacobson JR, Garcia JGN, Letsiou E, Dudek SM. Imatinib attenuates inflammation and vascular leak in a clinically relevant two-hit model of acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1294-304. [PMID: 26432864 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00031.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), an illness characterized by life-threatening vascular leak, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Recent preclinical studies and clinical observations have suggested a potential role for the chemotherapeutic agent imatinib in restoring vascular integrity. Our prior work demonstrates differential effects of imatinib in mouse models of ALI, namely attenuation of LPS-induced lung injury but exacerbation of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Because of the critical role of mechanical ventilation in the care of patients with ARDS, in the present study we pursued an assessment of the effectiveness of imatinib in a "two-hit" model of ALI caused by combined LPS and VILI. Imatinib significantly decreased bronchoalveolar lavage protein, total cells, neutrophils, and TNF-α levels in mice exposed to LPS plus VILI, indicating that it attenuates ALI in this clinically relevant model. In subsequent experiments focusing on its protective role in LPS-induced lung injury, imatinib attenuated ALI when given 4 h after LPS, suggesting potential therapeutic effectiveness when given after the onset of injury. Mechanistic studies in mouse lung tissue and human lung endothelial cells revealed that imatinib inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB expression and activation. Overall, these results further characterize the therapeutic potential of imatinib against inflammatory vascular leak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Rizzo
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Chicago, Illinois; University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pharmacology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Saad Sammani
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Adilene E Esquinca
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Eleftheria Letsiou
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Steven M Dudek
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Chicago, Illinois; University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pharmacology, Chicago, Illinois;
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Chichger H, Braza J, Duong H, Harrington EO. SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 and focal adhesion kinase protein interactions regulate pulmonary endothelium barrier function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:695-707. [PMID: 25317600 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0489oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced protein tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with changes in vascular permeability through formation and dissolution of adherens junctions and regulation of stress fiber formation. Inhibition of the protein tyrosine phosphorylase SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) increases tyrosine phosphorylation of vascular endothelial cadherin and β-catenin, resulting in disruption of the endothelial monolayer and edema formation in the pulmonary endothelium. Vascular permeability is a hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI); thus, enhanced SHP2 activity offers potential therapeutic value for the pulmonary vasculature in diseases such as ALI, but this has not been characterized. To assess whether SHP2 activity mediates protection against edema in the endothelium, we assessed the effect of molecular activation of SHP2 on lung endothelial barrier function in response to the edemagenic agents LPS and thrombin. Both LPS and thrombin reduced SHP2 activity, correlated with decreased focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation (Y(397) and Y(925)) and diminished SHP2 protein-protein associations with FAK. Overexpression of constitutively active SHP2 (SHP2(D61A)) enhanced baseline endothelial monolayer resistance and completely blocked LPS- and thrombin-induced permeability in vitro and significantly blunted pulmonary edema formation induced by either endotoxin (LPS) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposure in vivo. Chemical inhibition of FAK decreased SHP2 protein-protein interactions with FAK concomitant with increased permeability; however, overexpression of SHP2(D61A) rescued the endothelium and maintained FAK activity and FAK-SHP2 protein interactions. Our data suggest that SHP2 activation offers the pulmonary endothelium protection against barrier permeability mediators downstream of the FAK signaling pathway. We postulate that further studies into the promotion of SHP2 activation in the pulmonary endothelium may offer a therapeutic approach for patients suffering from ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havovi Chichger
- 1 Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island; and
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Camp SM, Chiang ET, Sun C, Usatyuk PV, Bittman R, Natarajan V, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. Pulmonary endothelial cell barrier enhancement by novel FTY720 analogs: methoxy-FTY720, fluoro-FTY720, and β-glucuronide-FTY720. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 191:16-24. [PMID: 26272033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapeutic agents are lacking for the prevention and reversal of vascular leak, a frequent pathophysiologic result of inflammatory processes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. We previously demonstrated the potent barrier-enhancing effects of related compounds sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the pharmaceutical agent FTY720, and its analog (S)-FTY720 phosphonate (Tys) in models of inflammatory lung injury. In this study, we characterize additional novel FTY720 analogs for their potential to reduce vascular leak as well as utilize them as tools to better understand the mechanisms by which this class of agents modulates permeability. Transendothelial resistance (TER) and labeled dextran studies demonstrate that (R)-methoxy-FTY720 ((R)-OMe-FTY), (R)/(S)-fluoro-FTY720 (FTY-F), and β-glucuronide-FTY720 (FTY-G) compounds display in vitro barrier-enhancing properties comparable or superior to FTY720 and S1P. In contrast, the (S)-methoxy-FTY720 ((S)-OMe-FTY) analog disrupts lung endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity in TER studies in association with actin stress fiber formation and robust intracellular calcium release, but independent of myosin light chain or ERK phosphorylation. Additional mechanistic studies with (R)-OMe-FTY, FTY-F, and FTY-G suggest that lung EC barrier enhancement is mediated through lipid raft signaling, Gi-linked receptor coupling to downstream tyrosine phosphorylation events, and S1PR1-dependent receptor ligation. These results provide important mechanistic insights into modulation of pulmonary vascular barrier function by FTY720-related compounds and highlight common signaling events that may assist the development of novel therapeutic tools in the prevention or reversal of the pulmonary vascular leak that characterizes ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Eddie T Chiang
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Chaode Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter V Usatyuk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY, United States
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Schlingmann B, Molina SA, Koval M. Claudins: Gatekeepers of lung epithelial function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:47-57. [PMID: 25951797 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung must maintain a proper barrier between airspaces and fluid filled tissues in order to maintain lung fluid balance. Central to maintaining lung fluid balance are epithelial cells which create a barrier to water and solutes. The barrier function of these cells is mainly provided by tight junction proteins known as claudins. Epithelial barrier function varies depending on the different needs within the segments of the respiratory tree. In the lower airways, fluid is required to maintain mucociliary clearance, whereas in the terminal alveolar airspaces a thin layer of surfactant enriched fluid lowers surface tension to prevent airspace collapse and is critical for gas exchange. As the epithelial cells within the segments of the respiratory tree differ, the composition of claudins found in these epithelial cells is also different. Among these differences is claudin-18 which is uniquely expressed by the alveolar epithelial cells. Other claudins, notably claudin-4 and claudin-7, are more ubiquitously expressed throughout the respiratory epithelium. Claudin-5 is expressed by both pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells. Based on in vitro and in vivo model systems and histologic analysis of lungs from human patients, roles for specific claudins in maintaining barrier function and protecting the lung from the effects of acute injury and disease are being identified. One surprising finding is that claudin-18 and claudin-4 control lung cell phenotype and inflammation beyond simply maintaining a selective paracellular permeability barrier. This suggests claudins have more nuanced roles for the control of airway and alveolar physiology in the healthy and diseased lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schlingmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Samuel A Molina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Wang L, Bittman R, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. Junctional complex and focal adhesion rearrangement mediates pulmonary endothelial barrier enhancement by FTY720 S-phosphonate. Microvasc Res 2015; 99:102-9. [PMID: 25862132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Modulation of pulmonary vascular barrier function is an important clinical goal given the devastating effects of vascular leak in acute lung injury (ALI). We previously demonstrated that FTY720 S-phosphonate (Tys), an analog of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and FTY720, has more potent pulmonary barrier protective effects than these agents in vitro and in mouse models of ALI. Tys preserves expression of the barrier-promoting S1P1 receptor (S1PR1), whereas S1P and FTY720 induce its ubiquitination and degradation. Here we further characterize the novel barrier promoting effects of Tys in cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells (EC). METHODS/RESULTS In human lung EC, Tys significantly increased peripheral redistribution of adherens junction proteins VE-cadherin and β-catenin and tight junction protein ZO-1. Inhibition of VE-cadherin with blocking antibody significantly attenuated Tys-induced transendothelial resistance (TER) elevation, while ZO-1 siRNA partially inhibited this elevation. Tys significantly increased focal adhesion formation and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Pharmacologic inhibition of FAK significantly attenuated Tys-induced TER elevation. Tys significantly increased phosphorylation and peripheral redistribution of the actin-binding protein, cortactin, while cortactin siRNA partially attenuated Tys-induced TER elevation. Although Tys significantly increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β, neither PI3 kinase nor GSK3β inhibition altered Tys-induced TER elevation. Tys significantly increased Rac1 activity, while inhibition of Rac1 activity significantly attenuated Tys-induced VE-cadherin redistribution and TER elevation. CONCLUSION Junctional complex, focal adhesion rearrangement and Rac1 activation play critical roles in Tys-mediated barrier protection in pulmonary EC. These results provide mechanistic insights into the effects of this potential ALI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, New York, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Rizzo AN, Aman J, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Dudek SM. Targeting Abl kinases to regulate vascular leak during sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1071-9. [PMID: 25814671 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium separates circulating fluid and inflammatory cells from the surrounding tissues. Vascular leak occurs in response to wide-spread inflammatory processes, such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, because of the formation of gaps between endothelial cells. Although these disorders are leading causes of mortality in the intensive care unit, no medical therapies exist to restore endothelial cell barrier function. Recent evidence highlights a key role for the Abl family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in regulating vascular barrier integrity. These kinases have well-described roles in cancer progression and neuronal morphogenesis, but their functions in the vasculature have remained enigmatic until recently. The Abl family kinases, c-Abl (Abl1) and Abl related gene (Arg, Abl2), phosphorylate several cytoskeletal effectors that mediate vascular permeability, including nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase, cortactin, vinculin, and β-catenin. They also regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix junction dynamics, and the formation of actin-based cellular protrusions in multiple cell types. In addition, both c-Abl and Arg are activated by hyperoxia and contribute to oxidant-induced endothelial cell injury. These numerous roles of Abl kinases in endothelial cells and the current clinical usage of imatinib and other Abl kinase inhibitors have spurred recent interest in repurposing these drugs for the treatment of vascular barrier dysfunction. This review will describe the structure and function of Abl kinases with an emphasis on their roles in mediating vascular barrier integrity. We will also provide a critical evaluation of the potential for exploiting Abl kinase inhibition as a novel therapy for inflammatory vascular leak syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Rizzo
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (A.N.R., S.M.D.) and Department of Pharmacology (A.N.R., G.P.v.N.A., S.M.D.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Departments of Physiology (J.A., G.P.v.N.A.) and Pulmonary Diseases (J.A.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjan Aman
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (A.N.R., S.M.D.) and Department of Pharmacology (A.N.R., G.P.v.N.A., S.M.D.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Departments of Physiology (J.A., G.P.v.N.A.) and Pulmonary Diseases (J.A.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (A.N.R., S.M.D.) and Department of Pharmacology (A.N.R., G.P.v.N.A., S.M.D.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Departments of Physiology (J.A., G.P.v.N.A.) and Pulmonary Diseases (J.A.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven M Dudek
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (A.N.R., S.M.D.) and Department of Pharmacology (A.N.R., G.P.v.N.A., S.M.D.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Departments of Physiology (J.A., G.P.v.N.A.) and Pulmonary Diseases (J.A.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nishihara H, Shimizu F, Sano Y, Takeshita Y, Maeda T, Abe M, Koga M, Kanda T. Fingolimod prevents blood-brain barrier disruption induced by the sera from patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121488. [PMID: 25774903 PMCID: PMC4361641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Effect of fingolimod in multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to involve the prevention of lymphocyte egress from lymphoid tissues, thereby reducing autoaggressive lymphocyte infiltration into the central nervous system across blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) represent a possible additional target for fingolimod in MS patients by directly repairing the function of BBB, as S1P receptors are also expressed by BMECs. In this study, we evaluated the effects of fingolimod on BMECs and clarified whether fingolimod-phosphate restores the BBB function after exposure to MS sera. Methods Changes in tight junction proteins, adhesion molecules and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) in BMECs were evaluated following incubation in conditioned medium with or without fingolimod/fingolimod-phosphate. In addition, the effects of sera derived from MS patients, including those in the relapse phase of relapse-remitting (RR) MS, stable phase of RRMS and secondary progressive MS (SPMS), on the function of BBB in the presence of fingolimod-phosphate were assessed. Results Incubation with fingolimod-phosphate increased the claudin-5 protein levels and TEER values in BMECs, although it did not change the amount of occludin, ICAM-1 or MelCAM proteins. Pretreatment with fingolimod-phosphate restored the changes in the claudin-5 and VCAM-1 protein/mRNA levels and TEER values in BMECs after exposure to MS sera. Conclusions Pretreatment with fingolimod-phosphate prevents BBB disruption caused by both RRMS and SPMS sera via the upregulation of claudin-5 and downregulation of VCAM-1 in BMECs, suggesting that fingolimod-phosphate is capable of directly modifying the BBB. BMECs represent a possible therapeutic target for fingolimod in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nishihara
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yukio Takeshita
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Maeda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Michiaki Koga
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Letsiou E, Rizzo AN, Sammani S, Naureckas P, Jacobson JR, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. Differential and opposing effects of imatinib on LPS- and ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L259-69. [PMID: 25480336 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00323.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction underlies the pathophysiology of vascular disorders such as acute lung injury (ALI) syndromes. Recent work has identified the Abl family kinases (c-Abl and Arg) as important regulators of endothelial cell (EC) barrier function and suggests that their inhibition by currently available pharmaceutical agents such as imatinib may be EC protective. Here we describe novel and differential effects of imatinib in regulating lung pathophysiology in two clinically relevant experimental models of ALI. Imatinib attenuates endotoxin (LPS)-induced vascular leak and lung inflammation in mice but exacerbates these features in a mouse model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). We next explored these discrepant observations in vitro through investigation of the roles for Abl kinases in cultured lung EC. Imatinib attenuates LPS-induced lung EC permeability, restores VE-cadherin junctions, and reduces inflammation by suppressing VCAM-1 expression and inflammatory cytokine (IL-8 and IL-6) secretion. Conversely, in EC exposed to pathological 18% cyclic stretch (CS) (in vitro model of VILI), imatinib decreases VE-cadherin expression, disrupts cell-cell junctions, and increases IL-8 levels. Downregulation of c-Abl expression with siRNA attenuates LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression, whereas specific reduction of Arg reduces VE-cadherin expression in 18% CS-challenged ECs to mimic the imatinib effects. In summary, imatinib exhibits pulmonary barrier-protective and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-injured mice and lung EC; however, imatinib exacerbates VILI as well as dysfunction in 18% CS-EC. These findings identify the Abl family kinases as important modulators of EC function and potential therapeutic targets in lung injury syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Letsiou
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - A N Rizzo
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - S Sammani
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - P Naureckas
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - J R Jacobson
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - J G N Garcia
- Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Arizona
| | - S M Dudek
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
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Qian J, Ye Y, Lv L, Zhu C, Ye S. FTY720 attenuates paraquat-induced lung injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:426-31. [PMID: 24893116 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) poisoning, with the lung as a primary target organ, is a devastating disease which irreversibly progresses to diffuse alveolitis followed by extensive lung fibrosis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of FTY720, an immune modulator, on PQ-induced lung injury in mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomized into four groups: 1) PQ group (n=12): mice was instilled with PQ (30 mg/kg, ip); 2) PQ+FTY720 group (n=12): animals received FTY720 (0.1mg/kg, ip) solution 2h after PQ exposure and twice a week for 4 consecutive weeks; 3) FTY720 group (n=5): FTY720 (0.1mg/kg, ip) was administrated twice a week for 4 consecutive weeks; and 4) Control group (n=10): same volumes of saline were injected. Mice were sacrificed on either day 3 or day 28 for histopathological, biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of lung damage indicators. We found that FTY720 treatment attenuated PQ-induced acute lung injury and lung fibrosis as evaluated by histopathological changes and Ashcroft score. On day 3, FTY720 administration reduced PQ-induced increases in lung wet weight/body weight (LW/BW), total protein and cytokine levels including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in bronchoalceolar lavage fluid (BALF). On day 28, the expressions of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) detected by immunohistochemistry, as well as the mRNA levels of α-SMA, Type-I Collagen and Type-III Collagen examined by Real-time PCR were down-regulated after FTY720 treatment. These results indicate that FTY720 could attenuate PQ-induced lung injury, but further investigation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Lixiong Lv
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Shuang Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, China.
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Imeri F, Fallegger D, Zivkovic A, Schwalm S, Enzmann G, Blankenbach K, Meyer zu Heringdorf D, Homann T, Kleuser B, Pfeilschifter J, Engelhardt B, Stark H, Huwiler A. Novel oxazolo-oxazole derivatives of FTY720 reduce endothelial cell permeability, immune cell chemotaxis and symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:314-27. [PMID: 24863045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory FTY720 (fingolimod) is presently approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. It is a prodrug that acts by modulating sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor signaling. In this study, we have developed and characterized two novel oxazolo-oxazole derivatives of FTY720, ST-968 and the oxy analog ST-1071, which require no preceding activating phosphorylation, and proved to be active in intact cells and triggered S1P1 and S1P3, but not S1P2, receptor internalization as a result of receptor activation. Functionally, ST-968 and ST-1071 acted similar to FTY720 to abrogate S1P-triggered chemotaxis of mouse splenocytes, mouse T cells and human U937 cells, and reduced TNFa- and LPS-stimulated endothelial cell permeability. The compounds also reduced TNFα-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA expression, but restored TNFα-mediated downregulation of PECAM-1 mRNA expression. In an in vivo setting, the application of ST-968 or ST-1071 to mice resulted in a reduction of blood lymphocytes and significantly reduced the clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice comparable to FTY720 either by prophylactic or therapeutic treatment. In parallel to the reduced clinical symptoms, infiltration of immune cells in the brain was strongly reduced, and in isolated tissues of brain and spinal cord, the mRNA and protein expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, as well as of matrix metalloproteinase-9 were reduced by all compounds, whereas PECAM-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase TIMP-1 were upregulated. In summary, the data suggest that these novel butterfly derivatives of FTY720 could have considerable implication for future therapies of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faik Imeri
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 49, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fallegger
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 49, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Zivkovic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schwalm
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor-Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kira Blankenbach
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dagmar Meyer zu Heringdorf
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Homann
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor-Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 49, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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di Nuzzo L, Orlando R, Nasca C, Nicoletti F. Molecular pharmacodynamics of new oral drugs used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:555-68. [PMID: 24876766 PMCID: PMC4035221 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s52428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
New oral drugs have considerably enriched the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. This review focuses on the molecular pharmacodynamics of fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate (BG-12), laquinimod, and teriflunomide. We specifically comment on the action of these drugs at three levels: 1) the regulation of the immune system; 2) the permeability of the blood-brain barrier; and 3) the central nervous system. Fingolimod phosphate (the active metabolite of fingolimod) has a unique mechanism of action and represents the first ligand of G-protein-coupled receptors (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors) active in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Dimethyl fumarate activates the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 pathway of cell defense as a result of an initial depletion of reduced glutathione. We discuss how this mechanism lies on the border between cell protection and toxicity. Laquinimod has multiple (but less defined) mechanisms of action, which make the drug slightly more effective on disability progression than on annualized relapse rate in clinical studies. Teriflunomide acts as a specific inhibitor of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. We also discuss new unexpected mechanisms of these drugs, such as the induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by fingolimod and the possibility that laquinimod and teriflunomide regulate the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi di Nuzzo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy
| | - Carla Nasca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy ; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Samarska IV, Bouma HR, Buikema H, Mungroop HE, Houwertjes MC, Absalom AR, Epema AH, Henning RH. S1P1 receptor modulation preserves vascular function in mesenteric and coronary arteries after CPB in the rat independent of depletion of lymphocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97196. [PMID: 24819611 PMCID: PMC4018292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may induce systemic inflammation and vascular dysfunction. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) modulates various vascular and immune responses. Here we explored whether agonists of the S1P receptors, FTY720 and SEW2871 improve vascular reactivity after CPB in the rat. Methods Experiments were done in male Wistar rats (total n = 127). Anesthesia was induced by isoflurane (2.5–3%) and maintained by fentanyl and midazolam during CPB. After catheterization of the left femoral artery, carotid artery and the right atrium, normothermic extracorporeal circulation was instituted for 60 minutes. In the first part of the study animals were euthanized after either 1 hour, 1 day, 2 or 5 days of the recovery period. In second part of the study animals were euthanized after 1 day of postoperative period. We evaluated the contractile response to phenylephrine (mesenteric arteries) or to serotonin (coronary artery) and vasodilatory response to acethylcholine (both arteries). Results Contractile responses to phenylephrine were reduced at 1 day recovery after CPB and Sham as compared to healthy control animals (Emax, mN: 7.9±1.9, 6.5±1.5, and 11.3±1.3, respectively). Mainly FTY720, but not SEW2871, caused lymphopenia in both Sham and CPB groups. In coronary and mesenteric arteries, both FTY720 and SEW2871 normalized serotonin and phenylephrine-mediated vascular reactivity after CPB (p<0.05) and FTY720 increased relaxation to acetylcholine as compared with untreated rats that underwent CPB. Conclusion Pretreatment with FTY720 or SEW2871 preserves vascular function in mesenteric and coronary artery after CPB. Therefore, pharmacological activation of S1P1 receptors may provide a promising therapeutic intervention to prevent CPB-related vascular dysfunction in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna V. Samarska
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Hjalmar R. Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Buikema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert E. Mungroop
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Houwertjes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony R. Absalom
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne H. Epema
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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FTY720 (s)-phosphonate preserves sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 expression and exhibits superior barrier protection to FTY720 in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:e189-99. [PMID: 24335440 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effective therapies are needed to reverse the increased vascular permeability that characterizes acute inflammatory diseases such as acute lung injury. FTY720 is a pharmaceutical analog of the potent barrier-enhancing phospholipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate. Because both FTY720 and sphingosine 1-phosphate have properties that may limit their usefulness in patients with acute lung injury, alternative compounds are needed for therapeutic use. The objective of this study is to characterize the effects of FTY720 (S)-phosphonate, a novel analog of FTY720-phosphate, on variables of pulmonary vascular permeability in vitro and alveolar-capillary permeability in vivo. SETTING University-affiliated research institute. SUBJECTS Cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells; C57BL/6 mice. INTERVENTIONS Endothelial cells were stimulated with sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists to determine effects on sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 expression. Acute lung injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice with bleomycin to assess effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS FTY720 (S)-phosphonate potently increases human pulmonary endothelial cell barrier function in vitro as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance. Reduction of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 with small interference RNA significantly attenuates this transendothelial electrical resistance elevation. FTY720 (S)-phosphonate maintains endothelial sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 protein expression in contrast to greater than 50% reduction after incubation with sphingosine 1-phosphate, FTY720, or other sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists. FTY720 (S)-phosphonate does not induce β-arrestin recruitment, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 ubiquitination, and proteosomal degradation that occur after other agonists. Intraperitoneal administration of FTY720 (S)-phosphonate every other day for 1 week in normal or bleomycin-injured mice maintains significantly higher lung sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 expression compared with FTY720. FTY720 fails to protect against bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in mice, while FTY720 (S)-phosphonate significantly decreases lung leak and inflammation. CONCLUSION FTY720 (S)-phosphonate is a promising barrier-promoting agent that effectively maintains sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 levels and improves outcomes in the bleomycin model of acute lung injury.
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Stephens RS, Servinsky LE, Rentsendorj O, Kolb TM, Pfeifer A, Pearse DB. Protein kinase G increases antioxidant function in lung microvascular endothelial cells by inhibiting the c-Abl tyrosine kinase. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C559-69. [PMID: 24401847 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00375.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidant injury contributes to acute lung injury (ALI). We previously reported that activation of protein kinase GI (PKGI) posttranscriptionally increased the key antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx-1) and attenuated oxidant-induced cytotoxicity in mouse lung microvascular endothelial cells (MLMVEC). The present studies tested the hypothesis that the antioxidant effect of PKGI is mediated via inhibition of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase. We found that activation of PKGI with the cGMP analog 8pCPT-cGMP inhibited c-Abl activity and decreased c-Abl expression in wild-type but not PKGI(-/-) MLMVEC. Treatment of wild-type MLMVEC with atrial natriuretic peptide also inhibited c-Abl activation. Moreover, treatment of MLMVEC with the c-Abl inhibitor imatinib increased catalase and GPx-1 protein in a posttranscriptional fashion. In imatinib-treated MLMVEC, there was no additional effect of 8pCPT-cGMP on catalase or GPx-1. The imatinib-induced increase in antioxidant proteins was associated with an increase in extracellular H2O2 scavenging by MLMVEC, attenuation of oxidant-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, and prevention of oxidant-induced endothelial cell death. Finally, in the isolated perfused lung, imatinib prevented oxidant-induced endothelial toxicity. We conclude that cGMP, through activation of PKGI, inhibits c-Abl, leading to increased key antioxidant enzymes and resistance to lung endothelial oxidant injury. Inhibition of c-Abl by active PKGI may be the downstream mechanism underlying PKGI-mediated antioxidant signaling. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors may represent a novel therapeutic approach in oxidant-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Stephens
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, and
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Natarajan V, Dudek SM, Jacobson JR, Moreno-Vinasco L, Huang LS, Abassi T, Mathew B, Zhao Y, Wang L, Bittman R, Weichselbaum R, Berdyshev E, Garcia JGN. Sphingosine-1-phosphate, FTY720, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors in the pathobiology of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:6-17. [PMID: 23449739 PMCID: PMC3727889 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0411tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) attributable to sepsis or mechanical ventilation and subacute lung injury because of ionizing radiation (RILI) share profound increases in vascular permeability as a key element and a common pathway driving increased morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, despite advances in the understanding of lung pathophysiology, specific therapies do not yet exist for the treatment of ALI or RILI, or for the alleviation of unremitting pulmonary leakage, which serves as a defining feature of the illness. A critical need exists for new mechanistic insights that can lead to novel strategies, biomarkers, and therapies to reduce lung injury. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a naturally occurring bioactive sphingolipid that acts extracellularly via its G protein-coupled S1P1-5 as well as intracellularly on various targets. S1P-mediated cellular responses are regulated by the synthesis of S1P, catalyzed by sphingosine kinases 1 and 2, and by the degradation of S1P mediated by lipid phosphate phosphatases, S1P phosphatases, and S1P lyase. We and others have demonstrated that S1P is a potent angiogenic factor that enhances lung endothelial cell integrity and an inhibitor of vascular permeability and alveolar flooding in preclinical animal models of ALI. In addition to S1P, S1P analogues such as 2-amino-2-(2-[4-octylphenyl]ethyl)-1,3-propanediol (FTY720), FTY720 phosphate, and FTY720 phosphonates offer therapeutic potential in murine models of lung injury. This translational review summarizes the roles of S1P, S1P analogues, S1P-metabolizing enzymes, and S1P receptors in the pathophysiology of lung injury, with particular emphasis on the development of potential novel biomarkers and S1P-based therapies for ALI and RILI.
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Junctional protein regulation by sphingosine kinase 2 contributes to blood-brain barrier protection in hypoxic preconditioning-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1014-23. [PMID: 22314269 PMCID: PMC3367228 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protection of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is correlated with improved outcome in stroke. Sphingosine kinase (SphK)-directed production of sphingosine-1-phosphate, which we previously documented as being vital to preconditioning-induced stroke protection, mediates peripheral vascular integrity via junctional protein regulation. We used a hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) model in adult wild-type and SphK2-null mice to examine the isoform-specific role of SphK2 signaling for ischemic tolerance to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and attendant BBB protection. Reductions in infarct volume and BBB permeability in HPC-treated mice were completely lost in SphK2-null mice. Hypoxic preconditioning-induced attenuation of postischemic BBB disruption in wild types, evidenced by reduced extravascular immunoglobulin G intensity, suggests direct protection of BBB integrity. Measurement of BBB junctional protein status in response to HPC revealed SphK2-dependent increases in triton-insoluble claudin-5 and VE-cadherin, which may serve to strengthen the BBB before stroke. Postischemic loss of VE-cadherin, occludin, and zona occludens-1 in SphK2-null mice with prior HPC suggests that SphK2-dependent protection of these adherens and tight junction proteins is compulsory for HPC to establish a vasculoprotective phenotype. Further elucidation of the mediators of this endogenous, HPC-activated lipid signaling pathway, and their role in protecting the ischemic BBB, may provide new therapeutic targets for cerebrovascular protection in stroke patients.
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Belvitch P, Dudek SM. Role of FAK in S1P-regulated endothelial permeability. Microvasc Res 2011; 83:22-30. [PMID: 21925517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium serves as a semi-selective barrier between the circulating contents of the blood and the tissues through which they flow. Disruption of this barrier results in significant organ dysfunction during devastating inflammatory syndromes such as sepsis and acute lung injury (ALI). Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is an endogenous lipid regulator of endothelial permeability that produces potent barrier enhancement via actin and junctional protein rearrangement and resultant cytoskeletal changes. A key effector protein in this S1P response is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a highly conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase involved in the engagement of integrins and assembly of focal adhesions (FA) through the catalysis of multiple downstream signals. After stimulation by S1P, endothelial FAK undergoes specific tyrosine phosphorylation that results in activation of the kinase and dynamic interactions with other effector molecules to improve the endothelial barrier. FAK participates in peripheral actin cytoskeletal rearrangement as well as cell-matrix (FA) and cell-cell (adherens junction) junctional complex strengthening that combine to decrease vascular permeability. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of FAK in mediating enhanced endothelial barrier function by S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Belvitch
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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