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Grizzi F, Bax C, Farina FM, Tidu L, Hegazi MAAA, Chiriva-Internati M, Capelli L, Robbiani S, Dellacà R, Taverna G. Recapitulating COVID-19 detection methods: RT-PCR, sniffer dogs and electronic nose. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:116430. [PMID: 38996774 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In December 2019, a number of subjects presenting with an unexplained pneumonia-like illness were suspected to have a link to a seafood market in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, this illness was identified as the 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the World Committee on Virus Classification. Since its initial identification, the virus has rapidly sperad across the globe, posing an extraordinary challenge for the medical community. Currently, the Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is considered the most reliable method for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2. This procedure involves collecting oro-pharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs from individuals. Nevertheless, for the early detection of low viral loads, a more sensitive technique, such as droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), has been suggested. Despite the high effectiveness of RT-PCR, there is increasing interest in utilizing highly trained dogs and electronic noses (eNoses) as alternative methods for screening asymptomatic individuals for SARS-CoV-2. These dogs and eNoses have demonstrated high sensitivity and can detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs), enabling them to distinguish between COVID-19 positive and negative individuals. This manuscript recapitulates the potential, advantages, and limitations of employing trained dogs and eNoses for the screening and control of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carmen Bax
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milan, Italy
| | - Floriana Maria Farina
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tidu
- Italian Ministry of Defenses, "Vittorio Veneto" Division, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohamed A A A Hegazi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Laura Capelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Robbiani
- Politecnico di Milano, TechRes Lab, Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dellacà
- Politecnico di Milano, TechRes Lab, Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
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Soeiro RE, Souza RT, Bento SF, Cecatti JG, Surita FG, Freitas-Jesus JV, Pacagnella RC, Ribeiro-Do-Valle CC, Luz AG, Lajos GJ, Nobrega GM, Griggio TB, Charles CM, Silveira C, Miele MJ, Tedesco RP, Fernandes KG, Martins-Costa SH, Peret FJ, Feitosa FE, Traina E, Cunha Filho EV, Vettorazzi J, Haddad SM, Andreucci CB, Guida JP, Correa Junior MD, Dias MA, Oliveira LG, Melo Junior EF, Luz MGDA, Costa ML. The experience of pregnant women and their families who were infected with covid-19 before vaccination: A qualitative approach within a multicenter study in Brazil. Midwifery 2024; 135:104018. [PMID: 38729000 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2024.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant and postpartum women infected by COVID-19 are at increased risk of adverse outcomes, including negative effects on their mental health. Brazilian maternal mortality rate due to COVID-19 is 2.5 times higher than overall mortality rates. This study aimed to understand how pregnant/postpartum women experienced the COVID-19 suspicion/investigation or confirmed infection in different Brazilian cities, the pandemic's consequences to women and their families, and their needs to improve maternal health services during public health emergencies. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study with 27 women with COVID-19 and 6 of their family members, as part of a multicenter study among 15 maternity hospitals in Brazil. We applied in-depth interviews through telephone calls when women received the diagnostic or had a suspect infection and after 60 days. Another semi-structured interview was applied to their close family members. The interviews were considered through thematic analysis. RESULTS From the thematic content analysis three major themes emerged from the first and second interviews: (Cucinotta and Vanelli, 2020) assistance received by the woman and newborn in the medical services; (World Health Organization (WHO) 2021) stigma/fear of contamination from health workers and from family and friends reported by the women; (Allotey et al., 2020) the COVID-19 pandemic impact. CONCLUSION Before the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine, pregnant women experienced fear of death, hospitalization, quarantine, loss of family members, and financial repercussions, resulting in physical, psychological, and socioeconomic impacts on these women's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Soeiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato T Souza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Silvana F Bento
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose G Cecatti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Surita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodolfo C Pacagnella
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana G Luz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Giuliane J Lajos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Nobrega
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thayna B Griggio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Charles M Charles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Silveira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria J Miele
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Evelyn Traina
- Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Janete Vettorazzi
- Clinics Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Moinhos de Vento Hospital - HMV, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samira M Haddad
- Jorge Rossmann Regional Hospital - Sócrates Guanaes Institute, Itanhaém, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Ab Dias
- Fernandes Figueira Institute - IFF/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Laura Costa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Facente SN, De Zuzuarregui M, Frank D, Gomez-Aladino S, Muñoz A, Williamson S, Wang E, Hunter LA, Packel L, Reingold A. Anticipated and Experienced Stigma After Testing Positive for SARS-CoV-2: A Qualitative Study. Health Promot Pract 2024; 25:235-243. [PMID: 35950699 PMCID: PMC10908201 DOI: 10.1177/15248399221115063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stigma has inhibited public health practitioners' influence during the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore the experienced and anticipated stigma of people affiliated with a large university in the United States, using the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework. METHODS We conducted a qualitative secondary substudy of 20 people who tested SARS-CoV-2 positive and 10 who tested negative in the summer of 2020, selected from a study of 3,324 university students and employees. FINDINGS No participants reported anticipated stigmatization prior to testing positive. However, eight of 20 participants recounted stigma marking (being marked by COVID-19 diagnosis or membership in a "high-risk" group) or manifestations of stigma after testing positive, including feelings of guilt or shame, and concerns about being judged as selfish or irresponsible. Three described being denied services or social interactions as a result of having had COVID-19, long after their infectiousness ended. Participants noted that clear public health messaging must be paired with detailed scientific information, rather than leaving people to resort to non-experts to understand the science. DISCUSSION Public health messaging designed to mitigate spread of SARS-CoV-2 and protect the community may perpetuate stigma and exacerbate inequities. As a result, people may avoid testing or treatment, mistrust public health messaging, or even use risk-increasing behavior as coping mechanisms. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Intentional use of language that promotes equity and deters discrimination must be high priority for any COVID-19-related public health messaging. Partnership with community leaders to co-create programs and disseminate messaging is a critical strategy for reducing stigma, especially for historically mistreated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley N. Facente
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Facente Consulting, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Wang
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Cooper J, Theivendrampillai S, Lee T(T, Marquez C, Lau MWK, Straus SE, Fahim C. Exploring perceptions and experiences of stigma in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. BMC GLOBAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 1:26. [PMID: 38798820 PMCID: PMC11116254 DOI: 10.1186/s44263-023-00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic fueled stigmatization and discrimination, particularly towards individuals of Chinese or East Asian ethnicity. We conducted interviews with members of the public in Canada in order to describe and understand stigma perceptions and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We used a phenomenological approach to describe stigma experiences of Canadian residents during the COVID-19 pandemic and compared the stigma perceptions and experiences of East Asian and non-East Asian individuals. Participants were invited to take part in a single, semi-structured interview. The interview guide was rooted in the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework (HSDF). Interviews were conducted in English, Mandarin, and Cantonese. Following participant consent, interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were double coded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis guided by a framework approach. Results A total of 55 interviews were conducted between May and December 2020. Fifty-five percent of the sample identified as East Asian, 67.3% identified as women, and mean age was 52 years (range 20-76). Fear of infection, fear of social and economic ramifications, and blame for COVID-19 were reported drivers of stigma. Participants described preexisting perceptions on cultural norms and media influence as facilitators of stigma that propagated harmful stereotypes, particularly against Chinese and East Asian individuals. Participants observed or experienced stigmatization towards place of residence, race/ethnicity, culture, language, occupation, and age. Stigma manifestations present in the public and media had direct negative impacts on East Asian, particularly Chinese, participants, regardless of whether or not they personally experienced discrimination. Conclusions We used the HSDF as a rooting framework to describe perceptions and impact of stigma, particularly as they related to race/ethnicity-based stigmatization in Canada. Participants reported a number of drivers and facilitators of stigma that impacted perceptions and experiences. These findings should be used to develop sustained strategies to mitigate stigma during public health emergencies or other major crises. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44263-023-00020-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Cooper
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 1T8 Canada
| | - Suvabna Theivendrampillai
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 1T8 Canada
| | - Taehoon (Tom) Lee
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 1T8 Canada
| | - Christine Marquez
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 1T8 Canada
| | - Michelle Wai Ki Lau
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 1T8 Canada
| | - Sharon E. Straus
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 1T8 Canada
| | - Christine Fahim
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 1T8 Canada
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Gunawardena SA, Dassanayake N, Keerawelle BI, Kanthasamy S, Ranganatha H, Gunawardana JW. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the trends and characteristics of natural and unnatural deaths in an urban Sri Lankan cohort viewed through retrospective analysis of forensic death investigations from 2019 to 2022. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023; 14:468-482. [PMID: 38204426 PMCID: PMC10788415 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a severe impact on global health. Apart from the disease itself, the strict restrictions and lockdowns enforced to minimize its spread have also substantially disrupted personal and public health. METHODS An analysis of forensic autopsy investigations was conducted between 2019 and 2022 on a selected urban population in Colombo, Sri Lanka, assessing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality within these communities. RESULTS During the COVID-19 restrictions, there was a 2.5-fold increase in the total number of deaths, with a significantly higher percentage of female deaths than before. The majority of these deaths were due to cardiovascular causes, while COVID-19-related deaths ranked third overall. The highest proportion of COVID-19 deaths occurred among unvaccinated females. The monthly frequency of deaths from traffic accidents, poisoning, and asphyxiation decreased, while deaths from blunt trauma, sharp trauma, burns, and immersion increased. There was also a rise in blunt homicides and a greater number of femicides during the COVID-19 restrictions than in the pre-pandemic period. A significantly higher percentage of males who received the COVID-19 vaccine died from cardiovascular causes compared to those in the unvaccinated group. CONCLUSION The significant changes in mortality demographics and causes of death within this community during the COVID-19 restrictions underscore the disruption in healthcare, healthseeking behavior, and social interactions during this period. The vulnerability of individuals residing in highly urbanized areas with lower socioeconomic status, particularly women, is brought into sharp focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Anuruddha Gunawardena
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nishani Dassanayake
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Shivasankarie Kanthasamy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Hasini Ranganatha
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Jayani Wathsala Gunawardana
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Meskell P, Biesty LM, Dowling M, Roche K, Meehan E, Glenton C, Devane D, Shepperd S, Booth A, Cox R, Chan XHS, Houghton C. Factors that impact on recruitment to vaccine trials in the context of a pandemic or epidemic: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 9:MR000065. [PMID: 37655964 PMCID: PMC10472890 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.mr000065.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. Vaccine development and deployment were swiftly prioritised as a method to manage and control disease spread. The development of an effective vaccine relies on people's participation in randomised trials. Recruitment to vaccine trials is particularly challenging as it involves healthy volunteers who may have concerns around the potential risks and benefits associated with rapidly developed vaccines. OBJECTIVES To explore the factors that influence a person's decision to participate in a vaccine trial in the context of a pandemic or epidemic. SEARCH METHODS We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was June 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA We included qualitative studies and mixed-methods studies with an identifiable qualitative component. We included studies that explored the perspectives of adults aged 18 years or older who were invited to take part in vaccine trials in the context of a pandemic or epidemic. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed the title, abstracts and full texts identified by the search. We used a sampling frame to identify data-rich studies that represented a range of diseases and geographical spread. We used QSR NVivo to manage extracted data. We assessed methodological limitations using an adapted version of the Critical Skills Appraisal Programme (CASP) tool for qualitative studies. We used the 'best-fit framework approach' to analyse and synthesise the evidence from our included studies. We then used the Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual) assessment to assess our confidence in each finding and develop implications for practice. MAIN RESULTS We included 34 studies in our review. Most studies related to HIV vaccine trials. The other studies related to Ebola virus, tuberculosis, Zika virus and COVID-19. We developed 20 key findings, under three broad themes (with seven subthemes), that described the factors that people consider when deciding whether to take part in a vaccine trial for a pandemic or epidemic disease. Our GRADE-CERQual confidence was high in nine of the key findings, moderate in 10 key findings and low in one key finding. The main reason for downgrading review findings were concerns regarding the relevance and adequacy of the underlying data. As a result of the over-representation of HIV studies, our GRADE-CERQual assessment of some findings was downgraded in terms of relevance because the views described may not reflect those of people regarding vaccine trials for other pandemic or epidemic diseases. Adequacy relates to the degree of richness and quantity of data supporting a review finding. Moderate concerns about adequacy resulted in a downgrading of some review findings. Some factors were considered to be under the control of the trial team. These included how trial information was communicated and the inclusion of people in the community to help with trial information dissemination. Aspects of trial design were also considered under control of the trial team and included convenience of participation, provision of financial incentives and access to additional support services for those taking part in the trial. Other factors influencing people's decision to take part could be personal, from family, friends or wider society. From a personal perceptive, people had concerns about vaccine side effects, vaccine efficacy and possible impact on their daily lives (carer responsibilities, work, etc.). People were also influenced by their families, and the impact participation may have on relationships. The fear of stigma from society influenced the decision to take part. Also, from a societal perspective, the level of trust in governments' involvement in research and trial may influence a person's decision. Finally, the perceived rewards, both personal and societal, were influencing factors on the decision to participate. Personal rewards included access to a vaccine, improved health and improved disease knowledge, and a return to normality in the context of a pandemic or epidemic. Potential societal rewards included helping the community and contributing to science, often motivated by the memories of family and friends who had died from the disease. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review identifies many of the factors that influence a person's decision to take part in a vaccine trial, and these reflect findings from reviews that examine trials more broadly. However, we also recognise some factors that become more important in connection with a vaccine trial in the context of a pandemic or epidemic. These factors include the potential stigma of taking part, the possible adverse effects of a vaccine, the added motivation for helping society, the role of community leaders in trial dissemination, and the level of trust placed in governments and companies developing vaccines. These specific influences need to be considered by trial teams when designing, and communicating about, vaccine trials in the context of a pandemic or epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Meskell
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Linda M Biesty
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maura Dowling
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Elaine Meehan
- Ageing Research Centre, School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Declan Devane
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sasha Shepperd
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Booth
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, ScHARR, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rebecca Cox
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xin Hui S Chan
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Houghton
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Realino VJL, Cagasan EG, Gravoso RS. Lived experiences and meanings of the COVID-19 pandemic: A case of the elderly survivors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION : IJDRR 2023; 93:103772. [PMID: 37273282 PMCID: PMC10219836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The extent of risk brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being of the elderly has emphasized the need to investigate their experiences during these challenging times. This study was conducted to explore the elderly's lived experiences as COVID-19 patients and to understand how they make sense of and cope with what happened to them when infected with COVID-19. Using Husserl's descriptive phenomenology, 13 elderly from Naval, Biliran Province, Philippines were chosen as participants using purposive sampling. The total number of participants was determined through theoretical saturation. In-depth interviews and the writing of field notes were done to collect information on the participants' experiences. The transcripts were analyzed following Colaizzi's steps in descriptive phenomenological method of analysis. Four general themes emerged for the elderly's lived experiences during the pandemic. These included discrimination, social isolation, anxiety and stress, and fear. Findings revealed that despite the challenges the elderly encountered during the pandemic and when they tested positive for COVID-19, they had seen it as an opportunity to improve and change their practices. The strategies that the elderly employed to cope with the pandemic were all adaptive and have resulted in positive outcomes. Results of the study emphasize the need for more programs and policies to enhance the care and support provided to the elderly during a health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Editha G Cagasan
- Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines
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Medina JRC, Takeuchi R, Mercado CEG, de Los Reyes CS, Cruz RV, Abrigo MDR, Hernandez PMR, Garcia FB, Salanguit M, Gregorio ER, Kawamura S, Hung KE, Kaneko M, Nonaka D, Maude RJ, Kobayashi J. Spatial and temporal distribution of reported dengue cases and hot spot identification in Quezon City, Philippines, 2010-2017. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:31. [PMID: 37226211 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue remains a major public health problem in the Philippines, particularly in urban areas of the National Capital Region. Thematic mapping using geographic information systems complemented by spatial analysis such as cluster analysis and hot spot detection can provide useful information to guide preventive measures and control strategies against dengue. Hence, this study was aimed to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of dengue incidence and identify dengue hot spots by barangay using reported cases from Quezon City, the Philippines from 2010 to 2017. METHODS Reported dengue case data at barangay level from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2017 were obtained from the Quezon City Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit. The annual incidence rate of dengue from 2010 to 2017, expressed as the total number of dengue cases per 10,000 population in each year, was calculated for each barangay. Thematic mapping, global cluster analysis, and hot spot analysis were performed using ArcGIS 10.3.1. RESULTS The number of reported dengue cases and their spatial distribution varied highly between years. Local clusters were evident during the study period. Eighteen barangays were identified as hot spots. CONCLUSIONS Considering the spatial heterogeneity and instability of hot spots in Quezon City across years, efforts towards the containment of dengue can be made more targeted, and efficient with the application of hot spot analysis in routine surveillance. This may be useful not only for the control of dengue but also for other diseases, and for public health planning, monitoring, and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Robert C Medina
- Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 623 Pedro Gil St, Ermita, Manila, 1000, Metro Manila, Philippines.
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 625 Pedro Gil St, Ermita, Manila, 1000, Metro Manila, Philippines.
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-Cho, Nakagami-Gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Rie Takeuchi
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-Cho, Nakagami-Gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
- Graduate School of Public Health, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3, Kodunomori, Narita, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan.
| | - Chris Erwin G Mercado
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Calvin S de Los Reyes
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-Cho, Nakagami-Gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Padre Faura St., Ermita, Manila, 1000, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Rolando V Cruz
- Quezon City Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Local Government of Quezon City, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Melvin D R Abrigo
- Quezon City Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Local Government of Quezon City, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Paul Michael R Hernandez
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 625 Pedro Gil St, Ermita, Manila, 1000, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Fernando B Garcia
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 625 Pedro Gil St, Ermita, Manila, 1000, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Mika Salanguit
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 625 Pedro Gil St, Ermita, 1000, Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Ernesto R Gregorio
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 625 Pedro Gil St, Ermita, 1000, Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Shin'ya Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, 1200 Matsumoto-Cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Khew Ee Hung
- Department of Biosphere and Environmental Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodaimidoricho, Ebetsu-Shi, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Masami Kaneko
- Department of Biosphere and Environmental Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodaimidoricho, Ebetsu-Shi, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-Cho, Nakagami-Gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Richard J Maude
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Department of Global Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-Cho, Nakagami-Gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
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9
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Arceo-Gomez EO, Campos-Vazquez RM, Esquivel G, Alcaraz E, Martinez LA, Lopez NG. The impact of COVID-19 infection on labor outcomes of Mexican formal workers. WORLD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2023; 29:100488. [PMID: 36776540 PMCID: PMC9899779 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2023.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic had an immediate and severe impact on the economy. However, we do not know whether the disease may have a longer-term effect on people's employment opportunities. In this study, we focus on the effects of COVID-19 infection on labor market outcomes 12 months after diagnosis. We use a unique dataset that includes all formal private sector workers in the Mexican social security system and that links health outcomes with administrative records. We implement two alternative identification strategies to estimate the impact: matching estimators and individual fixed effects models. Our study finds that COVID-19 infection does not harm employment probabilities or wages. On the contrary, we find that workers who had tested positive for COVID had a higher likelihood of keeping their formal sector jobs and higher wages than those who did not. Moreover, our results describe mostly low-income workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva O Arceo-Gomez
- Universidad Iberoamericana, Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 880, Lomas de Santa Fe, Mexico City, CDMX 01219, Mexico
| | - Raymundo M Campos-Vazquez
- El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Económicos, Carretera Picacho Ajusco 20, Col. Ampliación Fuentes del Pedregal, Mexico City, CDMX C.P. 14110, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Esquivel
- El Colegio de México, Carretera Picacho Ajusco 20, Col. Ampliación Fuentes del Pedregal, Mexico City, CDMX, C.P. 14110, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Alcaraz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Paseo de la Reforma 476, Col. Juárez, Mexico City, CDMX C.P. 06600, Mexico
| | - Luis A Martinez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Paseo de la Reforma 476, Col. Juárez, Mexico City, CDMX C.P. 06600, Mexico
| | - Norma G Lopez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Paseo de la Reforma 476, Col. Juárez, Mexico City, CDMX C.P. 06600, Mexico
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Olal E, Mukunya D, Oloya JN, Baguma S, Okot C, Alema NO, Acullu D, Ochula DO, Atim PO, Odong PO, Okot GS, Pebolo FP, Oyat FWD, Ikoona EN, Aloyo J, Kitara DL. Prevalence and Factors Associated With Compliance With COVID-19 Presidential Lockdown Measures: A Cross-Sectional Study. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2023; 60:469580231201258. [PMID: 37803931 PMCID: PMC10559722 DOI: 10.1177/00469580231201258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the most severe global health uncertainties to date. Although significant global effort has been put into implementing COVID-19 pandemic control measures such as lockdowns, travel restrictions, and hygiene precautions, the transmission is expected to resurface once these efforts are discontinued. We aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with compliance with presidential 53-day lockdown measures in June-July 2021 in northern Uganda. In this cross-sectional study, 587 adult participants (≥18 years old) from northern Uganda were selected using a systematic sampling method. Data collection involved interviewer-administered questionnaires with an internal validity of Cronbach's α = .72. Socio-demographic characteristics of participants were described, and multivariable modified Poisson regressions were performed to assess prevalence ratios between dependent and selected independent variables, with respective P values at 95% confidence intervals. All analyses were conducted using Stata 17.0. Participants' compliance with the presidential lockdown directives was high at 88%(95% CI: 85%-90%). Compliance with the presidential directives was more likely among participants who agreed to the lockdown measures [adjusted Prevalence Ratio, aPR = 1.28 (95% CI: 1.10-1.49; P = .001)] compared to those who did not, and more likely among those who were afraid of death from COVID-19 [aPR = 1.08 (95% CI: 1.01-1.15; P = .023)] than those who did not. However, compliance was less likely among males [aPR = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86-0.97; P = .002)] compared to females, those aged 35 to 44 years [aPR = 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79-0.97; P = .013)] compared to those less 25 years; and unmarried [aPR = 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82-0.97; P = .011)] compared to the married. Compliance with the COVID-19 presidential lockdown measures in northern Uganda was high. The factors associated with compliance were the fear of death and agreement with presidential lockdown measures. However, compliance was less likely among males, unmarried persons, and persons aged 35 to 44. The authors recommend more community engagements, participation, sensitization, mobilization, and simultaneous application of multiple public health approaches to improve compliance and control of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Olal
- Yotkom Medical Centre, Kitgum, Uganda
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
| | - David Mukunya
- Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
- Nikao Medical Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Johnson Nyeko Oloya
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- Moroto Regional Referral Hospital, Moroto, Uganda
| | - Steven Baguma
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Gulu City, Uganda
| | - Christopher Okot
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Gulu City, Uganda
| | | | - Denis Acullu
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- Aga Khan Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Denish Omoya Ochula
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- Lamwo District Local Government, District Health Office, Padibe, Uganda
| | - Pamela Okot Atim
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- St. Joseph’s Hospital, Kitgum District, Uganda
| | - Patrick Olwedo Odong
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- Amuru District Local Government, District Health Office, Amuru, Uganda
| | - Godfrey Smart Okot
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- Dr. Ambrosoli Memorial Hospital, Kalongo, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Judith Aloyo
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- Rhites-N, Acholi, Gulu City, Uganda
| | - David Lagoro Kitara
- Uganda Medical Association, Gulu City, Uganda
- Gulu University, Gulu City, Uganda
- Gulu Centre for Advanced Medical Diagnostics, Research, Trainings, and Innovations (GRUDI BIONTECH), Gulu, Uganda
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11
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Purba RM, Widiyanta AW, Kasfi AK. Preliminary Study of Cultural-Based Empathic Support to Reduce Perceived Stigma for Covid-19 Survivors and Families. ANALITIKA 2022. [DOI: 10.31289/analitika.v14i2.7181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore appropriate and meaningful forms of cultural-based support to support the recovery of COVID-19 survivors and the psychological well-being of families who are still vulnerable to receiving social stigma from society. The research method used is qualitative, which is carried out on respondents from religious practitioners, cultural practitioners, and psychologists who have direct experience with the community. The results of this study are expected to be used as guidelines for psychological treatment that can be used by related parties such as hospitals, educational institutions, the government and the private sector to accelerate the recovery process for Covid-19 survivors and their families. The results showed that: 1). Culture plays a very important role in providing social stigma and also in dealing with stigma itself; 2) Several cultural-based support practices are carried out to restore psychological conditions; 3) Empathic support which focuses on understanding the thoughts and feelings of survivors and families in their own perceptions is a concern in culture-based support practices. This study concludes that the practice of culturally based empathy support is meaningful to reduce and prevent the stigma felt by Covid-19 survivors and their families.
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Doucet MH, Songbono CT, Plazy M, Martin C, Fritzell C, Sow MS, Traoré FA, Jaspard M, Poda A, Malvy D, Marcy O, Delamou A, Orne-Gliemann J. Perceptions of COVID-19 among communities of Conakry (Guinea): a qualitative study exploring the context of the ANRS COV33 Coverage-Africa therapeutic trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061715. [PMID: 36574985 PMCID: PMC9805824 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore communities' perceptions about COVID-19 in the context of the ANRS COV33 Coverage-Africa clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of treatments in preventing clinical worsening of COVID-19. DESIGN Descriptive qualitative study using semistructured in-depth individual interviews conducted by telephone in French and Soussou between May and September 2021. Data were transcribed, translated in French when applicable and analysed with the thematic analysis method. SETTING The eight neighbourhoods most affected by COVID-19 in Conakry's urban context, capital of Guinea. PARTICIPANTS 4 community leaders acting as key informants-providing insights regarding population's opinions-and six community members, who were exposed to an information session conducted as part of Coverage-Africa. RESULTS According to participants, community members have heterogeneous viewpoints about COVID-19: it exists and is dangerous; it is benign ('bad cold'); or it is fictitious (eg, government conspiracy). The fear of stigmatisation and social isolation of those sick or cured of COVID-19 was largely reported by participants, with illustrations of distressing situations for the victims. To avoid stigma, many patients seem to adopt strategies of discretion (eg, lying/hiding about the disease). Although community attitudes were reported to have evolved since the beginning of the epidemic, stigma remained a pervasive concern for many people. CONCLUSIONS Community perceptions about COVID-19 in Conakry may be partly explained by the Guinean context of Ebola history and of sociopolitical tensions. Stigmatisation of COVID+ people seems to be aimed at protecting others against contamination. However, social avoidance can greatly affect the morale of stigmatised people, especially in collectivist cultures like Guinea. Further investigating stigma, including its role on seeking COVID-19 screening and treatment services, and its consequences on mental health among affected/exposed people, would contribute to identifying improved prevention and care interventions in preparation for future health threats, and to promoting participation in health research. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04920838 (Pre-results stage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Doucet
- Team GHiGS, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Timbo Songbono
- Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Conakry, Guinea
- Africa Center of Excellence (CEA-PCMT), University Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mélanie Plazy
- Team GHiGS, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Martin
- Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Conakry, Guinea
| | - Camille Fritzell
- Team GHiGS, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mamadou Saliou Sow
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Donka National Hospital, Conakry, Guinea
- Infectious Diseases, University Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Fodé Amara Traoré
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Donka National Hospital, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Marie Jaspard
- Team GHiGS, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Emerging Infectious Disease Research, Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Paris, France
| | - Armel Poda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Sourô Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Denis Malvy
- Department of General Practice, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Hospital Centre Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Marcy
- Team GHiGS, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Delamou
- Africa Center of Excellence (CEA-PCMT), University Gamal Abdel Nasser, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Joanna Orne-Gliemann
- Team GHiGS, University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
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13
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Trinh DH, McKinn S, Nguyen AT, Fox GJ, Nguyen AT, Bernays S. Uneven stigma loads: Community interpretations of public health policies, 'evidence' and inequities in shaping Covid-19 stigma in Vietnam. SSM Popul Health 2022; 20:101270. [PMID: 36267122 PMCID: PMC9558770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious spread of COVID-19 has been accompanied by stigma in both global and local contexts, sparking concern about its negative effect on individuals, communities, and public health responses. The changing epidemiological context of the COVID-19 epidemic and evolving public health responses during the first year of the pandemic (2020) in Vietnam serve as a case study to qualitatively explore the fluidity of stigma. We conducted in-depth interviews with 38 individuals, (13 cases, 9 close contacts, and 16 community members) from areas affected by local outbreaks. Thematic analysis was conducted iteratively. Our analysis indicates that the extent and impacts of COVID-19-related stigma were uneven. Adapting the clinical term 'viral load' as a metaphor, we describe this variation through the wide range of 'stigma load' noted in participants' experiences. Individuals encountering more acute stigma, i.e. the highest 'stigma load', were those associated with COVID-19 at the start of the local outbreaks. These intensively negative social responses were driven by a social meaning-making process that misappropriated an inaccurate understanding of epidemiological logic. Specifically, contact tracing was presumed within the public consciousness to indicate linear blame, with individuals falsely considered to have engaged in 'transgressive mobility', with onward transmission perceived as being intentional. In contrast, as case numbers grew within an outbreak the imagined linearity of the infection chain was disrupted and lower levels of stigma were experienced, with COVID-19 transmission and association reframed as reflecting an environmental rather than behavioural risk. Our findings demonstrate the role of public health policies in unintentionally creating conditions for stigma to flourish. However, this is fluid. The social perceptions of infection risk shifted from being individualised to environmental, suggesting that stigma can be modified and mitigated through attending to the productive social lives of public health approaches and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon McKinn
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Greg J. Fox
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anh Thu Nguyen
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Bernays
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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14
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Paparini S, Whitacre R, Smuk M, Thornhill J, Mwendera C, Strachan S, Nutland W, Orkin C. Public understanding and awareness of and response to monkeypox virus outbreak: A cross‐sectional survey of the most affected communities in the United Kingdom during the 2022 public health emergency. HIV Med 2022; 24:544-557. [PMID: 36385726 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to examine the public response to public health and media messaging during the human monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak in the UK, focusing on at-risk communities. METHODS A co-produced, cross-sectional survey was administered in June and July 2022 using community social media channels and the Grindr dating app. Basic descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and odds ratio p values are presented. RESULTS Of 1932 survey respondents, 1750 identified as men, 88 as women, and 64 as gender non-conforming. Sexual identity was described as gay/lesbian/queer (80%), bisexual (12%), heterosexual (4%), and pansexual (2%); 39% were aged <40 years; 71% self-identified as White, 3% as Black, 8% as Asian, 2%as LatinX, and 11% as 'Mixed or Other' heritage groups. In total, 85% were employed and 79% had completed higher education. A total of 7% of respondents identified themselves as living with HIV. Overall, 34% reported limited understanding of public health information, 52% considered themselves at risk, 61% agreed that people with MPXV should isolate for 21 days, 49% reported they would first attend a sexual health clinic if symptomatic, 86% reported they would accept a vaccine, and 59% believed that MPXV originated from animals. The most trusted sources of information were healthcare professionals (37%), official health agencies (29%), and mainstream media (12%). CONCLUSIONS Vaccine acceptability was very high, yet the understanding and acceptance of public health information varied. Social determinants of health inequalities already shaping the UK landscape risk were compounded in this new emergency. Engagement with structurally disadvantaged members of affected communities and better dissemination of public health messaging by trusted healthcare professionals are essential for the public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Paparini
- SHARE Collaborative, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Ryan Whitacre
- Global Health Centre, Department of Anthropology and Sociology Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Geneva Switzerland
| | - Melanie Smuk
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - John Thornhill
- SHARE Collaborative, Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of London London UK
- Department of Infection and Immunity Barts Health NHS Trust London UK
| | - Chikondi Mwendera
- SHARE Collaborative, Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | | | | | - Chloe Orkin
- SHARE Collaborative, Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute Queen Mary University of London London UK
- Department of Infection and Immunity Barts Health NHS Trust London UK
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15
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Leong S, Eom K, Ishii K, Aichberger MC, Fetz K, Müller TS, Kim HS, Sherman DK. Individual costs and community benefits: Collectivism and individuals' compliance with public health interventions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275388. [PMID: 36327279 PMCID: PMC9632888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in national responses to COVID-19 have been associated with the cultural value of collectivism. The present research builds on these findings by examining the relationship between collectivism at the individual level and adherence to public health recommendations to combat COVID-19 during the pre-vaccination stage of the pandemic, and examines different characteristics of collectivism (i.e., concern for community, trust in institutions, perceived social norms) as potential psychological mechanisms that could explain greater compliance. A study with a cross-section of American participants (N = 530) examined the relationship between collectivism and opting-in to digital contact tracing (DCT) and wearing face coverings in the general population. More collectivistic individuals were more likely to comply with public health interventions than less collectivistic individuals. While collectivism was positively associated with the three potential psychological mechanisms, only perceived social norms about the proportion of people performing the public health interventions explained the relationship between collectivism and compliance with both public health interventions. This research identifies specific pathways by which collectivism can lead to compliance with community-benefiting public health behaviors to combat contagious diseases and highlights the role of cultural orientation in shaping individuals' decisions that involve a tension between individual cost and community benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyi Leong
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Kimin Eom
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Marion C. Aichberger
- Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Social Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karolina Fetz
- Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim S. Müller
- Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heejung S. Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - David K. Sherman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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16
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Vuzic XD, Burkart PL, Wenzl M, Fuchshuber J, Unterrainer HF. The relationship between religious/spiritual well-being, psychiatric symptoms and addictive behaviors among young adults during the COVID-19-pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:942149. [PMID: 36172231 PMCID: PMC9511163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is becoming increasingly apparent that the COVID-19 pandemic not only poses risks to physical health, but that it also might lead to a global mental health crisis, making the exploration of protective factors for mental well-being highly relevant. The present study seeks to investigate religious/spiritual well-being (RSWB) as a potential protective factor with regard to psychiatric symptom burden and addictive behavior. Materials and Methods The data was collected by conducting an online survey in the interim period between two national lockdowns with young adults (N = 306; age: 18-35) in Austria. The primary study variables were assessed through the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18; psychiatric symptom load), the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST; addictive behavior/addiction risk) and the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being short version (MI-RSWB 12), with its sub-dimensions Hope (HO), Forgiveness (FO), General Religiosity (GR), and Connectedness (CO). Results We observed HO and FO as substantial negative predictors of psychiatric symptom burden. With regard to addictive behavior, HO in particular but also GR seem to have a protective function. Furthermore, we found positive connections between CO, psychiatric symptom burden, and addictive behavior. Conclusion In line with our assumptions, HO, FO and to a minor extent GR were confirmed as negative predictors regarding psychiatric symptom burden or addictive behavior in young adults, coping with the psychological threat of COVID-19 pandemic. These dimensions might be further considered as potential resources in clinical treatment. However, the positive prediction of mental illness parameters by increased feelings of CO could also be interpreted as an expression of exhaustion and alienation from the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia D. Vuzic
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Magdalena Wenzl
- CIAR: Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fuchshuber
- CIAR: Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- CIAR: Center for Integrative Addiction Research, Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Zhou M. COVID-19-related stigma and its impact on psychological distress: A cross-sectional study in Wuhan, China. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e758. [PMID: 35949673 PMCID: PMC9358535 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Health-related stigma arises from the perceived association between a person or group of certain characteristics and a specific disease. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought about stigma targeted at individuals and groups who are perceived to be connected with the virus. Wuhan of China was not only the locale where the first COVID-19 cases were detected in the world but was also the hardest hit across China. Methods Using new data (N = 1153) from a survey conducted in Wuhan in August 2020, this cross-sectional study aims to reveal the stigma experienced by residents in Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of this experienced stigma on psychological distress, specifically posttraumatic stress disorder. Results 69.47% (95% confidence interval (CI): 66.81%─72.13%) of the surveyed Wuhan residents have experienced some forms of stigma related to COVID-19. The average posttraumatic stress disorder score based on the impact of event scale-revised is 20.28 (95% CI: 19.096─21.468) out of 88. In particular, 27.75% (95% CI: 25.17%─30.34%) of the respondents display clinically significant distress symptoms. Moreover, this stigma not only aggravates individuals' posttraumatic stress disorder score by 10.652 (95% CI: 8.163─13.141) but also elevates the chance of developing clinically significant distress symptoms. Specifically, the probability of clinical distress is significantly higher (p < 0.001) among those who have experienced stigma (33.66%) than those who have no such experiences (12.62%). Conclusion The public should be aware of the distress-inducing impact of stigma related to COVID-19 and prevent it from causing more harm to certain individuals and groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of SociologyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaCanada
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18
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Kang J, Kim J, Kim T, Song H, Han J. Experiencing Stress During COVID-19: A Computational Analysis of Stressors and Emotional Responses to Stress. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2022; 25:561-570. [PMID: 36108282 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to unveil how COVID-19 affected the experience of stress by focusing on the stressors. Using computational analysis based on a newly developed stressor identification model, we compared the experience of stress expressed by Korean Twitter users before and during the pandemic in terms of (1) the stressors as the source of stress and (2) emotion as the manifestation of stress. Both tweet-level (N = 202,556) and user-level (N = 24,803) analyses revealed that social factors are prevalent sources of stress both before and during the pandemic. Moreover, social stressors increased the most during the pandemic. While stress from social stressors was manifested mainly as sadness before the pandemic, anger became the predominant emotional manifestation during the pandemic. Public health policies and educators should consider social stressors as the predominant source of stress during the pandemic and seek ways to prepare the public better for such threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kang
- Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Human-AI Interaction, and Sungkyunkwan University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taenyun Kim
- Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Song
- Department of Human-AI Interaction, and Sungkyunkwan University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Han
- Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kitamura T, Matsunaga A, Hada A, Ohashi Y, Takeda S. Development of a Scale for COVID-19 Stigma and Its Psychometric Properties: A Study among Pregnant Japanese Women. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:257. [PMID: 36004828 PMCID: PMC9405207 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stigma towards COVID-19 may negatively impact people who suffer from it and those supporting and treating them. Objective: To develop and validate a scale to assess 11-item COVID-19−related stigma. Methods: A total of 696 pregnant women at a gestational age of 12 to 15 weeks were surveyed using an online survey with a newly developed scale for COVID-19 stigma and other variables. The internal consistency of the scale was calculated using omega indices. We also examined the measurement invariance of the scale. Results: Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) of the scale items were conducted using a halved sample (n = 350). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) among the other halved sample (n = 346) compared the single-, two-, three-, and four-factor structure models derived from the EFAs. The best model included the following three-factor structure (χ2/df = 2.718, CFI = 0.960, RMSEA = 0.071): Omnidirectional Avoidance, Attributional Avoidance, and Hostility. Its internal consistency was excellent (all omega indices > 0.70). The three-factor structure model showed configuration, measurement, and structural invariances between primiparas and multiparas, and between younger (less than 32 years) and older women (32 years or older). Fear of childbirth, mother−fetal bonding, obsessive compulsive symptoms, depression, adult attachment self-model, and borderline personality traits were not significantly correlated with the Omnidirectional Avoidance subscale but correlated with the Attributional Avoidance and Hostility subscales (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The findings suggested that our scale for COVID-19 stigma was robust in its factor structure, as well as in construct validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Kitamura
- Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo, Tokyo 151-0063, Japan; (A.M.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
- Kitamura KOKORO Clinic Mental Health, Tokyo 151-0063, Japan
- T. and F. Kitamura Foundation for Studies and Skill Advancement in Mental Health, Tokyo 151-0063, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan
| | - Asami Matsunaga
- Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo, Tokyo 151-0063, Japan; (A.M.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Ayako Hada
- Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo, Tokyo 151-0063, Japan; (A.M.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
- Kitamura KOKORO Clinic Mental Health, Tokyo 151-0063, Japan
- Department of Community Mental Health and Law, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-0031, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ohashi
- Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo, Tokyo 151-0063, Japan; (A.M.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Josai International University, Togane 283-0002, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
- Aiiku Research Institute for Maternal, Child Health and Welfare, Imperial Gift Foundation Boshi-Aiiku-Kai, Tokyo 106-0047, Japan
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Regmi PR, Dhakal Adhikari S, Aryal N, Wasti SP, van Teijlingen E. Fear, Stigma and Othering: The Impact of COVID-19 Rumours on Returnee Migrants and Muslim Populations of Nepal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158986. [PMID: 35897356 PMCID: PMC9331294 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper explores how COVID-19-related moral panics have led to fear and othering practices among returnee Nepalese migrants from India and Muslims living in Nepal. This qualitative study included in-depth interviews with 15 returnee migrants, 15 Muslims from Kapilvastu and Banke districts of Nepal, and eight interviews with media and health professionals, and representatives from migration organisations. Four themes emerged from our data analysis: (1) rumours and mis/disinformation; (2) impact of rumours on marginalised groups (with three sub-themes: (i) perceived fear; (ii) othering practices; (iii) health and social impact); (3) resistance; and (4) institutional response against rumours. Findings suggest that rumours and misinformation were fuelled by various media platforms, especially social media (e.g., Facebook, YouTube) during the initial months of the lockdown. This created a moral panic which led to returnee migrants and Muslim populations experiencing fear and social isolation. Resistance and effective institutional responses to dispel rumours were limited. A key contribution of the paper is to highlight the lived experiences of COVID-19 related rumours on marginalised groups. The paper argues that there is a need for clear government action using health promotion messages to tackle rumours (health-related or otherwise), mis/disinformation and mitigating the consequences (hatred and tensions) at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod R. Regmi
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth BH8 8GP, UK; (S.D.A.); (N.A.); (E.v.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Shovita Dhakal Adhikari
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth BH8 8GP, UK; (S.D.A.); (N.A.); (E.v.T.)
| | - Nirmal Aryal
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth BH8 8GP, UK; (S.D.A.); (N.A.); (E.v.T.)
| | - Sharada P. Wasti
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;
| | - Edwin van Teijlingen
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth BH8 8GP, UK; (S.D.A.); (N.A.); (E.v.T.)
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21
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Tolksdorf KH, Tischler U, Heinrichs K. Correlates of turnover intention among nursing staff in the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. BMC Nurs 2022; 21:174. [PMID: 35787700 PMCID: PMC9252069 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-022-00949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, shortage of nursing staff became even more evident. Nurses experienced great strain, putting them at risk to leave their jobs. Individual and organizational factors were known to be associated with nurses' turnover intention before the pandemic. The knowledge of factors associated with turnover intention during the pandemic could help to foster nurses' retention. Therefore, this review aims to identify factors associated with nurses' turnover intention during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS After a systematic search of six databases, the resulting records were screened in a two-step process based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The included quantitative studies were synthesized qualitatively due to their methodological heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 19 articles were included in the analysis. Individual factors such as health factors or psychological symptoms and demographic characteristics were associated with nurses' turnover intention. Organizational factors associated with turnover intention were e.g., caring for COVID-19 patients, low job control or high job demands, and moral distress. Resilience and supporting leadership could mitigate adverse associations with turnover intention. CONCLUSIONS The results help to identify high-risk groups according to individual factors and to develop possible interventions, such as trainings for nurses and their superiors, addressing individual and organizational factors. Future research should focus on longitudinal designs applying carefully defined concepts of turnover intention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Herta Tolksdorf
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulla Tischler
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Heinrichs
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Barker H, Chen C. Pandemic Outbreaks and the Language of Violence. Chest 2022; 162:196-201. [PMID: 35305972 PMCID: PMC8925085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought renewed attention to past narratives of disease outbreaks. What do the Black Death and COVID-19 have in common? How we tell outbreak stories is shaped by political, cultural, social, and historical contexts. It is deeply rhetorical. The general public relies on experts (scientists, historians, and government officials) to provide credible information, but uncertainties during an outbreak can make it difficult to provide definitive answers quickly. Experts need to be conscious about the contexts in which their statements would be received. Regarding the Black Death, historians of medicine have relied heavily on a single medieval account of the outbreak, which confirmed their preconceptions about Mongol violence, allowing them to present the Black Death as an instance of biological warfare. Looking at other medieval accounts, however, makes clear that this narrative of Mongol biological warfare is false. Similarly, modern outbreak narratives also tend to use militarized language, which results in othering peoples and cultures where a disease might have originated. Given the contemporary political tensions between China and the United States, narratives about the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its transmission have led to a transnational infodemic of misinformation as well as discrimination and violence against people of Asian descent. In light of this long-running pattern, we argue for more interdisciplinary collaborations between the experts whose work is used to build outbreak narratives to adopt more critical rhetorical approaches in communicating with the public.
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23
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Lewin A, De Serres G, Grégoire Y, Perreault J, Drouin M, Fournier MJ, Tremblay T, Beaudoin J, Boivin A, Goyette G, Finzi A, Bazin R, Germain M, Delage G, Renaud C. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among blood donors in Québec: an update from a serial cross-sectional study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2022; 113:385-393. [PMID: 35380364 PMCID: PMC8982303 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We previously estimated the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies following the first pandemic wave at 2.23% in Québec, Canada. Following the much bigger second wave in fall 2020 and early 2021, we estimated the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 in Québec during the first months of 2021. Methods Blood samples from regular, asymptomatic (for ≥ 14 days) donors were collected between January 25, 2021 and March 11, 2021. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that captures antibodies directed against the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (and hence cannot discriminate between infection- and vaccine-induced seropositivity). Seroprevalence estimates were adjusted for regional distribution, age, and sex. Results Samples from 7924 eligible donors were analyzed, including 620 (7.8%) vaccinated donors and 7046 (88.9%) unvaccinated donors (vaccination status unknown for 258 (3.3%) donors). Overall, median age was 51 years; 46.4% of donors were female. The adjusted seroprevalence was 10.5% (95% CI = 9.7–11.3) in the unvaccinated population and 14.7% (95% CI = 13.8–15.6) in the overall population. Seroprevalence gradually decreased with age and was higher among donors who self-identified as having a racial/ethnic background other than white, both in the overall and in the unvaccinated populations. Conclusion The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies significantly increased in Québec since spring 2020, with younger persons and ethnic minorities being disproportionately affected. When compared with the cumulative incidence rate reported by public health authorities (i.e., 3.3% as of March 11, 2021), these results suggest that a substantial proportion of infections remain undetected despite improvements in access to COVID-19 testing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.17269/s41997-022-00622-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Lewin
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Grégoire
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Perreault
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Drouin
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tony Tremblay
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Beaudoin
- Qualité et développement, Héma-Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Boivin
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Goyette
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Germain
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Delage
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Renaud
- Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Héma-Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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24
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Zhu J, Yan L, Mu Y. Comparisons Between COVID-19 Stigma and Other Stigmas: Distinct in Explicit Attitudes and Similar in Implicit Process. Front Psychol 2022; 13:848993. [PMID: 35558720 PMCID: PMC9087195 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the public stigma associated with COVID-19 has emerged. To better understand the COVID-19 stigma, the present research conducted three studies on 1,493 Chinese participants from the outbreak to the recovery period of the COVID-19 pandemic to examine the psychological mechanisms of COVID-19 stigma by comparing it with other disease-related stigmas in terms of their explicit and implicit processes. Study 1 and Study 2 jointly demonstrated that the public endorsed more stigma toward the COVID-19 related people (i.e., the COVID-19 patients) relative to the other disease-related people (i.e., the SARS patients, people with flu) in multiple explicit aspects, including emotional, motivational, cognitive, and social processing. Using the implicit association test (IAT), Study 3 found no significant difference in the implicit measures of the COVID-19 vs. the SARS groups, which further revealed that the pandemic stigmas (i.e., COVID-19 and SARS) were similar at the implicit level. These findings suggest common (implicit level) but distinct (explicit level) psychological processes of the pandemic-related stigmas, which provide reference to policymakers in formulating suitable interventions to deal with COVID-19 stigma and a newly generated potential stigma and provide psychological support for the public in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Yan Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yan Mu,
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25
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Endotypes of Prematurity and Phenotypes of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Toward Personalized Neonatology. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050687. [PMID: 35629108 PMCID: PMC9143617 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the chronic lung disease of prematurity, is increasingly recognized as the consequence of a pathological reparative response of the developing lung to both antenatal and postnatal injury. According to this view, the pathogenesis of BPD is multifactorial and heterogeneous with different patterns of antenatal stress (endotypes) that combine with varying postnatal insults and might distinctively damage the development of airways, lung parenchyma, interstitium, lymphatic system, and pulmonary vasculature. This results in different clinical phenotypes of BPD. There is no clear consensus on which are the endotypes of prematurity but the combination of clinical information with placental and bacteriological data enables the identification of two main pathways leading to birth before 32 weeks of gestation: (1) infection/inflammation and (2) dysfunctional placentation. Regarding BPD phenotypes, the following have been proposed: parenchymal, peripheral airway, central airway, interstitial, congestive, vascular, and mixed phenotype. In line with the approach of personalized medicine, endotyping prematurity and phenotyping BPD will facilitate the design of more targeted therapeutic and prognostic approaches.
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Embrett M, Sim SM, Caldwell HAT, Boulos L, Yu Z, Agarwal G, Cooper R, AJ AJG, Bielska IA, Chishtie J, Stone K, Curran J, Tricco A. Barriers to and strategies to address COVID-19 testing hesitancy: a rapid scoping review. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:750. [PMID: 35422031 PMCID: PMC9008387 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Testing is a foundational component of any COVID-19 management strategy; however, emerging evidence suggests that barriers and hesitancy to COVID-19 testing may affect uptake or participation and often these are multiple and intersecting factors that may vary across population groups. To this end, Health Canada’s COVID-19 Testing and Screening Expert Advisory Panel commissioned this rapid review in January 2021 to explore the available evidence in this area. The aim of this rapid review was to identify barriers to COVID-19 testing and strategies used to mitigate these barriers.
Methods
Searches (completed January 8, 2021) were conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, medRxiv/bioRxiv, Cochrane and online grey literature sources to identify publications that described barriers and strategies related to COVID-19 testing.
Results
From 1294 academic and 97 grey literature search results, 31 academic and 31 grey literature sources were included. Data were extracted from the relevant papers. The most cited barriers were cost of testing; low health literacy; low trust in the healthcare system; availability and accessibility of testing sites; and stigma and consequences of testing positive. Strategies to mitigate barriers to COVID-19 testing included: free testing; promoting awareness of importance to testing; presenting various testing options and types of testing centres (i.e., drive-thru, walk-up, home testing); providing transportation to testing centres; and offering support for self-isolation (e.g., salary support or housing).
Conclusion
Various barriers to COVID-19 testing and strategies for mitigating these barriers were identified. Further research to test the efficacy of these strategies is needed to better support testing for COVID-19 by addressing testing hesitancy as part of the broader COVID-19 public health response.
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van Staden Q, Laurenzi CA, Toska E. Two years after lockdown: reviewing the effects of COVID-19 on health services and support for adolescents living with HIV in South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc 2022; 25:e25904. [PMID: 35475319 PMCID: PMC9042673 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION South Africa's progress towards the 95-95-95 goals has been significantly slower among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), among whom antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, retention in care and viral suppression remain a concern. After 2 years of living with COVID-19, it is important to examine the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic on healthcare resources, access to HIV services and availability of support structures, to assess their impact on HIV care for ALHIV. DISCUSSION The COVID-19 response in South Africa has shifted healthcare resources towards combatting COVID-19, affecting the quality and availability of HIV services-especially for vulnerable populations, such as ALHIV. The healthcare system's response to COVID-19 has threatened to diminish fragile gains in engaging ALHIV with HIV services, especially as this group relies on overburdened public health facilities for their HIV care. Reallocation of limited health resources utilized by ALHIV disrupted healthcare workers' capacity to form and maintain therapeutic relationships with ALHIV and monitor ALHIV for ART-related side effects, treatment difficulties and mental health conditions, affecting their ability to retain ALHIV in HIV care. Prevailing declines in HIV surveillance meant missed opportunities to identify and manage opportunistic infections and HIV disease progression in adolescents. "Lockdown" restrictions have limited access to healthcare facilities and healthcare workers for ALHIV by reducing clinic appointments and limiting individual movement. ALHIV have had restricted access to social, psychological and educational support structures, including national feeding schemes. This limited access, coupled with reduced opportunities for routine maternal and sexual and reproductive health services, may place adolescent girls at greater risk of transactional sex, child marriages, unintended pregnancy and mother-to-child HIV transmission. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent HIV care in South Africa is often overlooked; however, ART adherence among ALHIV in South Africa is particularly susceptible to the consequences of a world transformed by COVID-19. The current structures in place to support HIV testing, ART initiation and adherence have been reshaped by disruptions to health structures, new barriers to access health services and the limited available education and psychosocial support systems. Reflecting on these limitations can drive considerations for minimizing these barriers and retaining ALHIV in HIV care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin van Staden
- Department of SociologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Universitas HospitalBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Christina A. Laurenzi
- Institute for Life Course Health ResearchDepartment of Global HealthFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityTygerbergSouth Africa
| | - Elona Toska
- Department of SociologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Centre for Social Science ResearchUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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28
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Wahyuhadi J, Efendi F, Al Farabi MJ, Harymawan I, Ariana AD, Arifin H, Adnani QES, Levkovich I. Association of stigma with mental health and quality of life among Indonesian COVID-19 survivors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264218. [PMID: 35196326 PMCID: PMC8865694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors face societal stigma. The study aims to analyze the association of this stigma with the mental health and quality of life of COVID-19 survivors. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we observed 547 adults who were previously documented as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) positive by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, treated in a hospital or an emergency hospital and proven to be SARS-CoV-2 negative by their latest PCR test. We adopted the Berger HIV Stigma Scale to measure stigma; the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Form to measure quality of life; and the Mental Health Inventory-38 to measure mental health. The chi-square and binary logistic regression tests were used to find the correlation between the variables. RESULTS The multivariate analysis revealed that medium stigma was more likely related to quality of life and mental health than low stigma. Females were less likely to experience stigma related to mental health than men, and respondents who worked as laborers and entrepreneurs were less likely to experience stigma related to mental health than those who worked as civil workers/army personnel/teachers/lecturers. COVID-19 survivors experienced medium stigma in society and lower quality of life and mental health status. We found that quality of life and mental health were affected by stigma, sex, and occupation. CONCLUSION COVID-19 survivors are a vulnerable group that is most at risk when they return to their communities. Creating a safe environment and providing respectful care, including addressing complex stigma factors, is vital for developing appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Wahyuhadi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soetomo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ferry Efendi
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Iman Harymawan
- Faculty of Economy and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Hidayat Arifin
- Department of Medical-Surgical, Critical, Emergency, and Disaster Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Inbar Levkovich
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Oranim Academic College of Education, Kiryat Tiyon, Israel
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29
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Kwon, PhD S. Mask Wearing and Perceived Discrimination Associated With COVID-19 in the United States From March 2020 to May 2021: Three-Level Longitudinal Analyses. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2022; 49:200-209. [DOI: 10.1177/10901981221076396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although mask wearing has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become a contentious issue. This is evident in the policy shift regarding mask wearing during the pandemic and the varying mask mandates across different states in the United States. This study investigates the relationship between mask wearing and COVID-19-associated discrimination (CAD) over the course of the pandemic (March 2020 through May 2021), and differences between states with and without mask mandates. This study utilized three-level longitudinal analyses to analyze a longitudinal panel data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults enrolled in the Understanding America Study (UAS). The experiences of CAD were much higher for those wearing a mask than those not wearing a mask before August 2020, but this pattern was reversed afterward. Another notable finding was that mask wearers reported greater CAD in states with no mask-wearing mandate than the ones in states with mask mandates. In contrast, the pattern was reversed for nonmask wearers. The findings highlight the importance of inclusiveness and openness when relatively new health practice is introduced during a public health crisis.
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30
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Ahmadi S, Irandoost SF, Ahmadi A, Yoosefi Lebni J, Mohammadi Gharehghani MA, Baba Safari N. Explaining Experiences, Challenges and Adaptation Strategies in COVID-19 Patients: A Qualitative Study in Iran. Front Public Health 2022; 9:778026. [PMID: 35186867 PMCID: PMC8850373 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.778026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Getting COVID-19 makes a person confront numerous individual, physical, psychological, family and social challenges. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explain the experiences, challenges and adaptation strategies in patients with COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran. METHODS The present study was performed with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method among 33 patients with COVID-19. From July 20 to September 21, access to participants and data collection were done in person (15 people) and by phone (18 people) through targeted sampling and snowball and semi-structured interviews. Data management was carried out using MAXQDA-2018 software and its analysis was done by the Colaizzi analysis method. Guba and Lincoln's criteria were also observed to improve the quality of results. RESULTS After analyzing the data, two main categories and 17 subcategories were obtained, including (1) experiences and challenges (ignoring the disease, blaming, physical health disorders, mental problems, guilt, and remorse, being blamed, living a life of disappointment and ambiguity, emotional challenges, frustrating reactions from others, helplessness and limitation) and (2) disease adaptation strategies (spirituality, learning about COVID-19, doing valuable and fun activities, participating in treatment, strengthening one's spirit and hope, trying to make up for past mistakes and virtual communication). CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, interventions and policies such as increasing people's health knowledge and literacy to get acquainted with the symptoms of the disease and prompt referral for diagnosis and treatment, teaching stress and psychological pressure management techniques, instructing families to continue emotional and social support for patients and strengthening and reproducing the strategies patients use, along with teaching disease coping skills, harnessing the potential of cyberspace and the media can make it easier to tolerate illness and get back to life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ahmadi
- Department of Social Welfare Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi
- PhD in Educational Technology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nafe Baba Safari
- PhD in Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Ahorlu CS, Okyere D, Pi-Bansa S, Otchere J, Marfo B, Asemanyi-Mensah K, Opare JL, Long EF, de Souza DK. COVID-19 related perception among some community members and frontline healthcare providers for NTD control in Ghana. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:106. [PMID: 35094689 PMCID: PMC8801039 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a major breakdown of health service provision in the fight against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). COVID-19 may impact NTDs service delivery in varied ways. As the Ghana NTD programme planned to resume MDA activities, we examined the COVID-19 related perceptions and practices among some community members and frontline health workers for NTD control activities in the country. Methods The study was conducted in seven communities in the Ahanta West district of Ghana. This was a qualitative study using in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGDs) for data collection. Participants were purposively selected from varied backgrounds to represent both beneficiaries and service providers directly involved in NTD programme implementation. Trained and experienced qualitative data collectors conducted the FGD and IDI sessions in the local Twi language, while health worker sessions were conducted in English. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed directly into English. Data was analysed using an iterative process. The transcripts were pre-coded using the broad themes, entered into a computer using Microsoft Word, and then imported into the MAXQDA software for thematic content analysis to select relevant representative narratives for presentation. Results Participants were aware of the COVID-19 pandemic and referred to it appropriately as ‘coronavirus’, COVID-19, and often as ‘the new disease’. Though many respondents could not describe the route of transmission, most of them reported that it is transmitted through touch or sharing of common items. They reported some signs/symptoms like fever, headache and difficulty breathing, and prevention methods like the use of hand sanitiser, washing of hands and sneezing appropriately. Respondents have reported that COVID-19 has negatively affected their daily lives by limiting their movements and therefore work. It also came to light that COVID-19 has also negatively affected the NTD programme implementation, especially mass drug administration (MDA) activities, leading to the postponement of the yearly MDA. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected clinic attendance; people are afraid that they may be tested for COVID-19 at the clinic. Conclusion COVID-19 has negatively affected the NTD programme. Education and the provision of personal protective equipment will be required to build the confidence of frontline care providers including community drug distributors and community members in order to enhance quality service and participation in future MDA activities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07084-0.
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Petrović-Lazić M, Babac S, Ilić-Savić I. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of laryngectomized patients. ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/afmnai39-36517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Quality of life is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to changes in the daily routine, there was a change in the psychosocial functioning of individuals. Given that laryngectomized patients belong to a vulnerable group that requires psychological support after surgery, specific epidemiological measures during the COVID-19 pandemic could only further increase the fear and reluctance that is especially pronounced after surgery. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was a link between the quality of life of laryngectomized patients and the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: The literature review was performed through the Google Scholar Advanced Search search engine and the Consortium of Libraries of Serbia for Unified Acqusition - KoBSON. Results: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted the emotional well-being of patients with head and neck cancer. These patients became even more anxious due to the high mortality from the COVID-19 viral infection, hospital occupancy and missed therapeutic examinations. The need for togetherness, impaired concentration and attention, irritability and fear that family members might suffer from a deadly disease were the most common behavioral problems identified during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The psychological burden associated with the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic should not be overlooked, given the fact that laryngectomized patients have twice the risk of suicide compared to patients who have undergone other types of cancer. Assessing the quality of life in laryngectomized patients is very important because it enables the timely identification of mental disorders and suggests the necessary support measures.
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Shetty K, Amaresha A, Bamney U, Rajkumar R, Srivastava P, Mahesh G. Stigma among COVID-19 patients in South India-A cross-sectional study. ARCHIVES OF MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/amh.amh_189_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Khatooni M. Stigma in the Context of COVID-19 Crisis. Prof Case Manag 2022; 28:20-32. [DOI: 10.1097/ncm.0000000000000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yoosefi Lebni J, Irandoost SF, Safari H, Xosravi T, Ahmadi S, Soofizad G, Ebadi Fard Azar F, Hoseini AS, Mehedi N. Lived Experiences and Challenges of the Families of COVID-19 Victims: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study in Tehran, Iran. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221081405. [PMID: 35225048 PMCID: PMC8886310 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221081405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Being COVID-19 positive and then dying causes a slew of personal, familial, and social issues for family members. Therefore, the current study was carried out to analyze the lived experiences and issues of COVID-19 victims' families in Tehran, Iran. The phenomenological approach was used in the qualitative analysis of 21 first-degree relatives of COVID-19 victims. From August 22 to October 21, 2020, data was gathered by phone (4 people) and in-person (17 people) using semi-structured interviews. The subjects were chosen through purposeful and snowball sampling. The MAXQDA-2018 program was used to organize the data, and the Colaizzi analytical technique was used to analyze it. Guba and Lincoln's criteria were also used to assess the findings' quality. After analyzing the data, 2 main categories and 14 subcategories were extracted, including (1) challenges in caring for a COVID-19 patient (being rejected, limited access to medical facilities, dissatisfaction with the behavior of medical staff, disruption of family life, the challenge of managing family members' behavior with the patient, and living with doubts and worries (2) challenges after a COVID-19 patient's death (incomplete farewell to the corpse, unbelievability of the death, ambiguity and tension in the burial process, lonely burial, the twinge of conscience, worry about not respecting the deceased, incomplete condolences, and abandonment). The troubles of victims' families can be ameliorated by developing the skills of caring for COVID-19 patients at home, providing medical and psychological services to families before and after the patient's death, appropriately informing the families to guarantee them about dignity and respect and respect of the deceased at the interment, and developing a culture of virtual condolence to provide emotional support to survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Health Promotion Research Center, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, 37555Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, 113106Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Tareq Xosravi
- 201574Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sina Ahmadi
- Social Welfare Management Research Centre, Department of Social Welfare Management, 48533University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Goli Soofizad
- School of Public Health and Safety, 556492Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farbod Ebadi Fard Azar
- Health Promotion Research Center, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Sadat Hoseini
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiul Mehedi
- Department of Social Work, 113074Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Shaibani MJ, Emamgholipour S, Moazeni SS. Investigation of robustness of hybrid artificial neural network with artificial bee colony and firefly algorithm in predicting COVID-19 new cases: case study of Iran. STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT : RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022; 36:2461-2476. [PMID: 34608374 PMCID: PMC8481113 DOI: 10.1007/s00477-021-02098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As an ongoing public health menace, the novel coronavirus pandemic has challenged the world. With several mutations and a high transmission rate, the virus is able to infect individuals in an exponential manner. At the same time, Iran is confronted with multiple wave peaks and the health care system is facing a major challenge. In consequence, developing a robust forecasting methodology can assist health authorities for effective planning. In that regard, with the help of Artificial Neural Network-Artificial Bee Colony (ANN-ABC) and Artificial Neural Network- Firefly Algorithm (ANN-FA) as two robust hybrid artificial intelligence-based models, the current study intends to select the optimal model with the maximum accuracy rate. To do so, first a sample of COVID-19 confirmed cases in Iran ranging from 19 February 2020 to 25 July 2021 is compiled. 75% (25%) of total observation is randomly allocated as training (testing) data. Afterwards, an ANN model is trained with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Accordingly, based on R-squared and root-mean-square error criteria, the optimal number of hidden neurons is computed as 17. The proposed ANN model is employed to develop ANN-ABC and ANN-FA models for achieving the maximum accuracy rate. According to ANN-ABC, the R- squared values of the optimal model are 0.9884 and 0.9885 at train and test stages. In respect to ANN-FA, the R-squared ranged from 0.9954 to 0.9940 at the train and test phases, which indicates the outperformance of ANN-FA for predicting COVID-19 new cases in Iran. Finally, the proposed ANN-ABC and ANN-FA are applied for simulating the COVID-19 new cases data in different countries. The results revealed that both models can be used as a robust predictor of COVID-19 data and in a majority of cases ANN-FA outperforms the ANN-ABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Shaibani
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Emamgholipour
- Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Sadate Moazeni
- Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Osei E, Amu H, Appiah PK, Amponsah SB, Danso E, Oppong S, Lotse CW, Owusu BE, Agongo SA, Yakubu E, Kye-Duodu G. Stigma and discrimination tendencies towards COVID-19 survivors: Evidence from a nationwide population-based survey in Ghana. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000307. [PMID: 36962445 PMCID: PMC10021222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically, infectious diseases have generated fears among populations. Unhealthy handling of these fears result in the stigma and discrimination of infected patients. Globally, measures taken so far by governments to curb the spread of the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, although helpful, have created fears in people. Consequently, there are reported Ghanaian media cases of stigmatisation against persons who were infected and recovered from COVID-19. However, these reports remain unsubstantiated. This study, therefore, sought to examine stigma and discriminatory tendencies towards COVID-19 survivors among the adult population in Ghana. This was a population-based cross-sectional study among 3,259 adults. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. Descriptive and inferential statistics comprising frequency, percentage, chi-square, and multivariable logistic regression were employed in analysing the data. Knowledge on COVID-19 was poor among 33.6% of the participants. Forty-three per cent had a good attitude towards COVID-19. Nearly half (45.9%) exhibited stigma and discriminatory tendencies towards COVID-19 survivors. Participants who had poor COVID-19 related knowledge (aOR = 1.91, 95%CI = 1.59-2.29, p<0.001) and poor attitude towards COVID-19 (aOR = 5.83, 95% CI = 4.85-6.98, p<0.001) were more likely to exhibit stigma and discriminatory tendencies towards COVID-19 survivors. Our study found relatively high proportions of poor knowledge and negative attitudes towards COVID-19. Stigma and discriminatory tendencies were consequently high. Our findings call for increased public education on COVID-19 by the Ghana Health Service and the Information Services Department, to increase the level of knowledge on the pandemic while reducing stigma and discrimination associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Osei
- Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
- Department of Public Health, Yonsei University of Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hubert Amu
- Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Prince Kubi Appiah
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
- Department of Medical Law and Bioethics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Solomon Boamah Amponsah
- Department of Health Research and Development, Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Eastern Region, Koforidua, Ghana
| | - Evans Danso
- Department of Community Health, College of Health, Yamfo, Bono East Region, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Samuel Oppong
- Municipal Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Bono Region, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Comfort Worna Lotse
- Department of Nursing, School of Nurses and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Bright Emmanuel Owusu
- Department of Mathematics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Simon Azure Agongo
- Department of Community Health, College of Health, Yamfo, Bono East Region, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Eliasu Yakubu
- Department of Community Health, College of Health, Yamfo, Bono East Region, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Gideon Kye-Duodu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Jain S, Das AK, Talwar V, Kishore J, Heena, Ganapathy U. Social Stigma of COVID-19 Experienced by Frontline Healthcare Workers of Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care of a Tertiary Healthcare Institution in Delhi. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25:1241-1246. [PMID: 34866820 PMCID: PMC8608627 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social stigma is associated with Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) particularly against people who have contracted the disease or have come in contact with it. There is paucity of studies regarding the prevalence of social stigma against healthcare workers (HCWs) in COVID-19 hospitals in India. The objective of this study was to measure social stigma faced by frontline HCWs of Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care in a COVID-19 hospital and to assess the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and social stigma. Patients and methods A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire (sociodemographic characteristics along with modified Berger HIV Stigma Scale) was conducted from October 10, 2020 to October 30, 2020, in the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care. The survey was distributed among frontline HCWs using Google Forms as well as Bilingual Physical Form. Total stigma and subgroups of stigma scale were measured for different sociodemographic parameters and compared. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. p-value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results Out of 120 frontline HCWs participated in the study, 68 (56.6%) reported severe level of COVID-19-related stigma. The mean score of COVID-19-related stigma was 41 + 7.69. Mean scores for subgroups of stigma scale, i.e., personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image, and concerns with public attitude, were 15.60 + 4.01, 6.68 + 3.21, 5.46 + 3.22, and 13.25 + 2.44, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the overall COVID-19-related stigma scores were associated with age >30 years, male gender, lower designation (technicians and nursing orderly), lesser education, and married HCWs. In logistic regression model, only male gender was significantly associated with severity of COVID-19 stigma. Conclusion This study concluded that more than half of frontline HCWs in the Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care experienced severe social stigma during COVID-19 pandemic, with highest stigma in concerns with public attitude subgroup. Severity of stigma was associated with age, male gender, designation, education, and marital status of HCW. Highlights Frontline HCWs of Department Anaesthesia and Critical Care experienced significant stigma related to COVID-19. How to cite this article Jain S, Das AK, Talwar V, Kishore J, Heena, Ganapathy U. Social Stigma of COVID-19 Experienced by Frontline Healthcare Workers of Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care of a Tertiary Healthcare Institution in Delhi. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(11):1241-1246.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Jain
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Akshaya Kumar Das
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vandana Talwar
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Jugal Kishore
- Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Heena
- Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Usha Ganapathy
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
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Medical Mistrust and Stigma Associated with COVID-19 Among People Living with HIV in South Africa. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:3967-3977. [PMID: 33999300 PMCID: PMC8127851 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated COVID-19 stigma and medical mistrust among people living with HIV in South Africa. We conducted telephone interviews with participants in a prospective study of a decentralized antiretroviral therapy program. Scales assessing medical mistrust, conspiracy beliefs, anticipated and internalized stigma, and stereotypes specific to COVID-19 were adapted primarily from the HIV literature, with higher scores indicating more stigma or mistrust. Among 303 participants, the median stigma summary score was 4 [interquartile range (IQR) 0-8; possible range 0-24] and 6 (IQR 2-9) for mistrust (possible range 0-28). A substantial proportion of participants agreed or strongly agreed with at least one item assessing stigma (54%) or mistrust (43%). Higher COVID-19 stigma was associated with female gender and antecedent HIV stigma, and lower stigma with reporting television as a source of information on COVID-19. Further efforts should focus on effects of stigma and mistrust on protective health behaviors and vaccine hesitancy.
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Labrague LJ, De Los Santos JAA, Fronda DC. Perceived COVID-19-associated discrimination, mental health and professional-turnover intention among frontline clinical nurses: The mediating role of resilience. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2021; 30:1674-1683. [PMID: 34374480 PMCID: PMC8447016 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19-associated discrimination (CAD) is an important issue that may adversely affect frontline nurses' work effectiveness and well-being. This study examined the relationships between frontline nurses' perceptions of COVID-19-associated discrimination and their resilience, mental health, and professional-turnover intention. This cross-sectional descriptive study involved 259 frontline nurses in the Central Philippines and used four online self-report measures. The results revealed that frontline nurses perceived a moderate level of COVID-19-associated discrimination. Frontline nurses who perceived a higher level of discrimination during the coronavirus pandemic reported poorer mental health and higher professional-turnover intention. Resilience acted as a mediator and reduced the effects of COVID-19-associated discrimination on nurses' mental health and their professional-turnover intention. Proactive measures to reduce the negative consequences of discrimination during the pandemic, and efforts to foster resilience in nurses who are in the forefront of the fight against the highly transmissible virus, should be given high priority by hospital and nursing administrators to better support nurses' mental health and foster retention.
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Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212162. [PMID: 34831917 PMCID: PMC8618012 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loneliness has been defined as an agonizing encounter, experienced when the need for human intimacy is not met adequately, or when a person’s social network does not match their preference, either in number or attributes. This definition helps us realize that the cause of loneliness is not merely being alone, but rather not being in the company we desire. With loneliness being introduced as a measurable, distinct psychological experience, it has been found to be associated with poor health behaviors, heightened stress response, and inadequate physiological repairing activity. With these three major pathways of pathogenesis, loneliness can do much harm; as it impacts both immune and metabolic regulation, altering the levels of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, acute-phase reactants, chemokines, immunoglobulins, antibody response against viruses and vaccines, and immune cell activity; and affecting stress circuitry, glycemic control, lipid metabolism, body composition, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular function, cognitive function and mental health, respectively. Taken together, there are too many immunologic and metabolic manifestations associated with the construct of loneliness, and with previous literature showcasing loneliness as a distinct psychological experience and a health determinant, we propose that loneliness, in and of itself, is not just a psychosocial phenomenon. It is also an all-encompassing complex of systemic alterations that occur with it, expanding it into a syndrome of events, linked through a shared network of immunometabolic pathology. This review aims to portray a detailed picture of loneliness as an “immunometabolic syndrome”, with its multifaceted pathology.
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Di Cicco M, Tozzi MG, Ragazzo V, Peroni D, Kantar A. Chronic respiratory diseases other than asthma in children: the COVID-19 tsunami. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:220. [PMID: 34742332 PMCID: PMC8571868 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects all components of the respiratory system, including the neuromuscular breathing apparatus, conducting and respiratory airways, pulmonary vascular endothelium, and pulmonary blood flow. In contrast to other respiratory viruses, children have less severe symptoms when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A minority of children experience a post-infectious inflammatory syndrome, the pathology and long-term outcomes of which are poorly understood. The reason for the lower burden of symptomatic disease in children is not yet clear, but several pathophysiological characteristics are postulated. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought distinct challenges to the care of children globally. Proper recommendations have been proposed for a range of non-asthmatic respiratory disorders in children, including primary ciliary dyskinesia and cystic fibrosis. These recommendations involve the continuation of the treatment during this period and ways to maintain stability. School closures, loss of follow-up visit attendance, and loss of other protective systems for children are the indirect outcomes of measures to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, COVID-19 has reshaped the delivery of respiratory care in children, with non-urgent and elective procedures being postponed, and distancing imperatives have led to rapid scaling of telemedicine. The pandemic has seen an unprecedented reorientation in clinical trial research towards COVID-19 and a disruption in other trials worldwide, which will have long-lasting effects on medical science. In this narrative review, we sought to outline the most recent findings on the direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on pediatric respiratory chronic diseases other than asthma, by critically revising the most recent literature on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Di Cicco
- Allergology Section, Paediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Via Roma n. 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma n. 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Tozzi
- Allergology Section, Paediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Via Roma n. 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma n. 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ragazzo
- Paediatrics and Neonatology Division, Women's and Children's Health Department, Versilia Hospital, Via Aurelia n. 335, Lido Di Camaioree, Italy, 55049
| | - Diego Peroni
- Allergology Section, Paediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Via Roma n. 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma n. 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ahmad Kantar
- Paediatric Asthma and Cough Centre, Istituti Ospedalieri Bergamaschi - Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato, via Forlanini n. 15, 24036, Ponte S. Pietro - Bergamo, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
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Bien-Gund CH, Shah J, Ho JI, Stephens-Shields A, Shea K, Fishman J, Thirumurthy H, Acri T, Dugosh K, Gross R. The COVID-19 Self-Testing through Rapid Network Distribution (C-STRAND) trial: A randomized controlled trial to increase COVID-19 testing in underserved populations. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 110:106585. [PMID: 34606989 PMCID: PMC8486581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Widely available population testing is critical to public health efforts to control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. However, COVID-19 testing has been low in underserved communities disproportionately affected by COVID-19. One approach to increase testing rates is through the secondary distribution of self-collection kits, where an individual distributes test kits to contacts in their social network and encourages them to self-collect test specimens. We outline a randomized clinical trial, COVID-19 Self-testing Through Rapid Network Distribution (C-STRAND), and a cohort study of individuals with COVID-19, to determine the impact of a secondary distribution strategy on COVID-19 testing among medically underserved populations. Methods The clinical trial will seek to enroll 1048 adult index participants from federally health qualified centers in Philadelphia, PA seeking COVID-19 testing. Eligible participants will be randomized 1:1 to receive multiple self-collection test kits or multiple referrals for standard clinic-based tests to distribute to contacts within their social network. The primary outcome will be testing among at least two network contacts at 8 weeks. Index participants and network contacts who test positive for COVID-19 from C-STRAND will be eligible to join the COVID-19 Close Contact Self-testing Study (CloseST), assessing the secondary distribution of self-collection test kits among individuals with COVID-19. The primary outcome of this cohort will be the number of close contacts who test positive at 8 weeks. Conclusion Novel strategies to promote COVID-19 testing are necessary, particularly among underserved populations most affected by COVID-19. We will determine the efficacy of a self-testing secondary distribution strategy. The results may inform efforts to increase testing rates during the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric H. Bien-Gund
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA,Corresponding author at: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Silverstein 3 Suite E, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19143, USA
| | - Jesal Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Joshua I. Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alisa Stephens-Shields
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kathleen Shea
- Public Health Management Corporation, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jessica Fishman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Harsha Thirumurthy
- Division of Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Trisha Acri
- Courage Medicine Health Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Karen Dugosh
- Public Health Management Corporation, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Robert Gross
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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Ozturk A. Stigmatization spreads faster than the virus. Viruses do not discriminate, and neither should we." Combatting the stigmatization surrounding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:2030-2034. [PMID: 33931855 PMCID: PMC8242440 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are one of the most important problems of the last century. Epidemics have caused the stigmatization of managers, healthcare professionals, and those likely to be infected throughout history. Although many infectious diseases caused stigmas both in the past and today, a new name is added to the list of epidemics in various regions in the world each year and the masses become alerted. The latest disease added to the list is the new coronavirus (COVID-19). Today, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has influenced the whole world, the risk of social stigmatization reappears. In this context, it is very important to take the necessary measures to prevent stigmatization and to plan the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Ozturk
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bartın University, Bartin, Turkey
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Jayakody S, Hewage SA, Wickramasinghe ND, Piyumanthi RAP, Wijewickrama A, Gunewardena NS, Prathapan S, Arambepola C. 'Why are you not dead yet?' - dimensions and the main driving forces of stigma and discrimination among COVID-19 patients in Sri Lanka. Public Health 2021; 199:10-16. [PMID: 34517288 PMCID: PMC8429037 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the experiences, and main driving forces of stigma and discrimination among COVID-19 patients, following hospital discharge, in Sri Lanka. STUDY DESIGN A qualitative study was used in order to gain insight and explore the depth and complexity of COVID-19 patients' experiences. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted via telephone in a purposively selected sample of 139 COVID-19 patients. Participants were interviewed during the first 3 weeks following discharge from four main state hospitals that were treating COVID-19 patients during the early phase of the pandemic. Questions on stigma and discrimination were open-ended, enabling patients to provide responses about their different experiences and settings; results were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The majority of participants were men (n = 80; 57.6%), with a mean age of 43 years (SD = 11.2). In total, up to one-third of the study participants experienced stigma related to COVID-19 and were discriminated against by the community, co-workers and healthcare workers in Sri Lanka. Social discrimination included barriers in accessing basic needs, insulting, blaming, defaming, spreading rumours and receiving no support during emergencies. Workplace discrimination included loss of jobs, not allowing re-entry and loss of earnings due to self-employment. Discrimination by healthcare workers included breaching of confidentiality, lack of respect, not providing health services and communication barriers. Discrimination has led to social isolation, not seeking help and severe psychosocial issues impacting their family relationships. Irresponsible media reporting and sensationalism of news coverage leading to breaching of privacy and confidentiality, defaming, false allegations and reporting household details without consent were perceived as the main factors underlying the views and opinions of the general public. CONCLUSIONS Stigma and discrimination experienced by COVID-19 patients in society, workplaces and healthcare facilities have serious negative consequences at the individual and family level. Regulations on responsible media reporting, including an effective risk communication strategy to counteract its effects, are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jayakody
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
| | - S A Hewage
- National Programme for Tuberculosis Control and Chest Diseases, Ministry of Health and Indigenous Medical Services, Sri Lanka
| | - N D Wickramasinghe
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka
| | - R A P Piyumanthi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - A Wijewickrama
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Angoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - S Prathapan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - C Arambepola
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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A cross-sectional study of COVID-19-related bullying in a sample of Lebanese adults: scale validation, correlates, and mediating effect of fear and anxiety. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:137. [PMID: 34496963 PMCID: PMC8425023 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to prolonged exposure to stress and anxiety, raising concerns about a large spectrum of psychological side effects. The primary objective of the study was to validate the COVID-19 Bullying Scale (CBS-11). The second objective was to explore factors associated with COVID-19-related bullying and evaluate the mediating effect of fear and anxiety between knowledge and COVID-19-related bullying.
Methods A cross-sectional online survey conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 5, 2021, recruited 405 Lebanese adults using a snowball sampling technique. The CBS-11, an 11-item tool specifically created for this study, was used to measure bullying behaviors towards COVID-19 patients. Results All items of the CBS-11 converged over a 1-factor solution with an eigenvalue over 1, accounting for a variance of 75.16%. The scale has a high Cronbach’s alpha (.974), indicating excellent reliability. A positive correlation was found between the COVID-19 bullying scale and fear, anxiety, and stigma discrimination. The logistic regression showed that higher fear of COVID-19 (ORa = 1.04), a positive attitude toward COVID-19 preventive measures and hygiene recommendations (ORa = 1.18), higher stigma discrimination scores (ORa = 1.09), and having a health professional family member (ORa = 2.42) were significantly associated with bullying. Conclusion Our main findings showed that the CBS-11 could be an efficient tool to measure bullying behaviors toward COVID-19 patients. Stigma discrimination and fear from COVID-19 were associated with higher bullying attitudes. Future prospective studies are needed to understand better the factors related to bullying among adults during a pandemic, such as COVID-19. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-021-00643-1.
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Dong F, Liu HL, Dai N, Yang M, Liu JP. A living systematic review of the psychological problems in people suffering from COVID-19. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:172-188. [PMID: 34126309 PMCID: PMC8169237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the psychological problems on people infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic. METHODS In this living systematic review and meta-analyses, we searched seven electronic databases for cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies on psychological problems on COVID-19 patients from Jan 1, 2020 to Oct 7, 2020. The primary outcome was prevalence of various psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia, somatization, and fear. We pooled data for prevalence with their 95% confidence interval (CI) using random effect models and assessed the study quality based on the 11-item checklist recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. RESULTS Fourty-four studies, including studies from China(35), Italy(2), Iran(2), India(1), Korea(1), Ecuador(1), Switzerland(1), Germany(1), were identified by comprising a total of 8587 completed questionnaires and 38 studies for meta-analyses. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), insomnia, somatization, and fear in patients with COVID-19 was 16.6% (10.1%-23.1%), 37.7% (29.3%-46.2%), 41.5% (9.3%-73.7%), 68.3% (48.6%-88.0%), 36.5% (20.2%-52.8%), 47.6% (9.4%-85.7%), respectively. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia in severe COVID-19 patients (intensive care unit inpatients) was higher than mild or clinically stable COVID-19 patients. LIMITATIONS A significant degree of heterogeneity in terms of populations, sampling methods, scales was noted across studies. CONCLUSIONS There existed high proportions of COVID-19 patients with psychological problem. The prevalence of psychological problems was closely related to the patients themselves, their surroundings and social support. It is imperative to provide ontime psychological care service for COVID-19 patients and to follow-up them for a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dong
- Center for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Liang Liu
- Gastroenterology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Dai
- Center for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Center for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Liu
- Center for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute for Excellence in Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Mourning Experiences of Families of Dead Infected with COVID-19: A Qualitative Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: With the outbreak of the Coronavirus, many restrictions are imposed on the processes of a funeral procession, funeral ablution, burial, mass mourning, and the memorial gathering of the family, relatives, friends, and neighbors. Objectives: Given the lack of research on the mourning experiences of families of the dead infected with coronavirus, the present study was to fill this gap in the literature. Methods: In this qualitative study, some semi-structured individual interviews were carried out in the Bu Ali Sina Medical Educational Center, Sari, Iran, with 16 individuals of the families of the dead with coronavirus, who were selected using the purposive sampling method. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, encoded, and categorized, and the data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative approach. Guba and Lincoln’s criteria were also adopted to ensure the data reliability and validity. Results: Four main themes (namely psychological, behavioral, and physical reactions, virtual mourning, regretful mourning, and feelings of rejection and fear) and twelve subthemes were extracted from the collected data. Conclusions: According to the research results, COVID-19 changed the personal and social lives of the families with dead infected with Coronavirus from different perspectives. In this regard, providing support to families during the mourning period would help them better adjust with such changes causing the loss of a family member.
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Alali W, AlFouzan W, Alajmi D, Al-Tawalah H, Kheirallah K, Yimer G. Perception and awareness of COVID-19 among health science students and staff of Kuwait University: An online cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2021; 10:566. [PMID: 38867917 PMCID: PMC11167330 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.54046.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is unprecedented. Health science students are the future frontliners to fight pandemics. Awareness and perception toward COVID-19 among health science students and staff at Kuwait University was assessed. Methods: Between June and July 2020, an online questionnaire was distributed to all students and staff at HCS. The questionnaire was divided into six sections: socio-demography, risk and awareness, preparedness and prevention, source of information, policies, and social stigma. Results: A total of 592 students and 162 staff completed the questionnaire. The prevalence of self-reported chronic condition among students and staff was 14.0% and 19.1%, respectively. Moreover, self-reported COVID-19 prevalence among students and staff was 2.7% and 1.2%, respectively. Interestingly, 54% of students and 38.3% of staff reported that they knew someone within their immediate social environment who have been/are infected with SARS-CoV-2. Among students, 92.4% wore face mask in indoor places (outside of their home) 'often/all the time' compared to wearing it outdoors (69.3%); whereas, for staff, it was more common to wear it outdoor than in indoor places (75.9% vs. 81.5%). Willingness to take COVID-19 vaccine was indicated by 50% of students 'strongly agreed' and an additional 25.8% agreed to taking it. Interest vaccine uptake was lower among staff (28.4% and 34.6% strongly agreed or agreed, respectively). Participants strongly agreed or agreed (72.5% and 19.6% of students as well as 68.5% and 22.2% of staff ) that wearing face mask in public should be obligatory. More than 18% of students and staff indicated that they would avoid contact with COVID-19 infected people. Conclusions: Responses of students and staff were mostly similar and showed that they follow precautionary measures to control spread of COVID-19, understand the viral transmission risk, and willing to raise awareness to reduce social stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Alali
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Wadha AlFouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Dhuha Alajmi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Haya Al-Tawalah
- Yacoub Behbehani Center, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Kuwait CIty, Kuwait
| | - Khalid Kheirallah
- School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Getnet Yimer
- Global One Health Eastern Africa Office, The Ohio State University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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S. SS, Gogoi N. Collecting the ‘Thick Descriptions’: A Pandemic Ethnography of the Lived Experiences of Covid-19 Induced Stigma and Social Discrimination in India. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2021.1947019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumesh S. S.
- Department of Sociology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Nitish Gogoi
- Department of Sociology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
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